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1035:. Many of the terms associated with ragtime have inexact definitions and are defined differently by different experts; the definitions are muddled further by the fact that publishers often labelled pieces for the fad of the moment rather than the true style of the composition. There is even disagreement about the term "ragtime" itself; experts such as David Jasen and
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on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of
Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating." He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...".
535:, in 1960, by Harriet Janis and Rudi Blesh. Some historians refer to this book as "The Ragtime Bible." Regardless, it was the first comprehensive and serious attempt to document the first ragtime era, and its three most important composers, Joplin, Scott, and Lamb. The second major factor was the rise to prominence of
692:, has stated that "Hogan was the first to put on paper the kind of rhythm that was being played by non-reading musicians." While the success of "All Coons Look Alike to Me" helped popularize the country to ragtime rhythms, its use of racial slurs created a number of derogatory imitation tunes, known as "
1030:
Ragtime pieces came in a number of different styles during the years of its popularity and appeared under a number of different descriptive names. It is related to several earlier styles of music, has close ties with later styles of music, and was associated with a few musical fads of the period such
970:
later came to be applied to an early style of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common
962:
accents occur between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat ("a rhythmic base of metric affirmation, and a melody of metric denial"). The ultimate (and intended) effect
665:
By the start of the 20th century, it became widely popular throughout North
America and was listened and danced to, performed, and written by people of many different subcultures. A distinctly American musical style, ragtime may be considered a synthesis of African syncopation and European classical
1364:
A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s. A wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded. Much of the ragtime recorded in this period is presented in a light-hearted novelty style, looked to with nostalgia as
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was written. However, its first performance, poorly staged with Joplin accompanying on the piano, was "disastrous" and was never performed again in Joplin's lifetime. The score was lost for decades, then rediscovered in 1970, and a fully orchestrated and staged performance took place in 1972. An
547:. Morath turned the latter into a one-man-show in 1969, and toured the U.S. with it for five years. Morath subsequently created different one-man-shows which also toured the U.S., that also educated and entertained audiences about ragtime. New ragtime composers soon followed, including Morath,
1336:
In the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire, and as early as 1936 78 rpm records of Joplin's compositions were produced. Old numbers written for piano were rescored for jazz instruments by jazz musicians, which gave the old style a new sound. The most famous
383:" (1902), although he was later forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime revival in the early 1970s. For at least 12 years after its publication, "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its
957:
Ragtime is not a meter in the same way that marches are in duple meter and waltzes are in triple meter; it is rather a musical style that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which
820:, a more improvisational piano style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Elements of ragtime found their way into much of the American popular music of the early 20th century. It also played a central role in the development of the musical style later referred to as
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composers were influenced by the form. The first contact with ragtime was probably at the Paris
Exposition in 1900, one of the stages of the European tour of John Philip Sousa. The first notable classical composer to take a serious interest in ragtime was
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rhythm to his music. Jazz largely surpassed ragtime in mainstream popularity in the early 1920s, although ragtime compositions continue to be written up to the present, and periodic revivals of popular interest in ragtime occurred in the 1950s and the
461:
Ragtime also made its way to Europe. Shipboard orchestras on transatlantic lines included ragtime music in their repertoire. In 1912 the first public concerts of ragtime were performed in the United
Kingdom by the American Ragtime Octette (ARO) at the
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number. These themes were typically 16 bars, each theme divided into periods of four four-bar phrases and arranged in patterns of repeats and reprises. Typical patterns were AABBACCC′, AABBCCDD and AABBCCA, with the first two strains in the
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composed the song "You've Been a Good Old Wagon But You Done Broke Down" the following year in 1896. The composition was a hit and helped popularize the genre to the mainstream. Another early ragtime pioneer was comedian and songwriter
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includes ragtime songs and excludes the later styles (which is closer to how ragtime was viewed originally). The terms below should not be considered exact, but merely an attempt to pin down the general meaning of the concept.
1286:; it presented a stereotypical wealthy American heir sailing on an ocean liner on the New York–Europe route, going to trade his fortune for an aristocratic title in Europe. There is a similar influence in Milhaud's ballets
1093:– the vocal form of ragtime, more generic in theme than the coon song. Though this was the form of music most commonly considered "ragtime" in its day, many people today prefer to put it in the "popular music" category.
1151:). Together with novelty piano, it may be considered a successor to ragtime, but is not considered by all to be "genuine" ragtime. Johnson composed the song that is arguably most associated with the Roaring Twenties, "
847:'s arrangements of Joplin's rags. Ragtime guitar continued to be popular into the 1930s, usually in the form of songs accompanied by skilled guitar work. Numerous records emanated from several labels, performed by
781:
has primarily been a written tradition distributed though sheet music. But sheet music sales ultimately depended on the skill of amateur pianists, which limited classical ragtime's complexity and proliferation. A
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Some early piano rags were classified as "jig", "rag", and "coon songs". These labels were sometimes used interchangeably in the mid-1890s, 1900s, and 1910s. Ragtime was also preceded by its close relative the
242:. Despite being overshadowed by jazz in the 1920s, ragtime has experienced several revivals, notably in the 1950s and 1970s (the latter renaissance due in large part to the use of "The Entertainer" in the film
521:
There have been numerous revivals since newer styles supplanted ragtime in the 1920s. First in the early 1940s, many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on
1065:– a march incorporating idiomatic touches (such as syncopation) supposedly characteristic of the race of their subject, which is usually African-Americans. Many early rags are characteristic marches.
1018:
662:
Ragtime originated in
African American music in the late 19th century and descended from the jigs and march music played by African American bands, referred to as "jig piano" or "piano thumping".
210:. Ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, often arranged in patterns of repeats and reprises. Scott Joplin, known as the "King of Ragtime", gained fame through compositions like "
1059:– a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1904. The music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize is a cake. Many early rags are cakewalks.
704:
images of black people. In Hogan's later years, he admitted shame and a sense of "race betrayal" from the song, while also expressing pride in helping bring ragtime to a larger audience.
526:. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime genres of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded.
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category. This recording reintroduced Joplin's music to the public in the manner the composer had intended, not as a nostalgic stereotype but as serious, respectable music. Second, the
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were among the first to crash the color bar in
American music. The new rhythms of ragtime changed the world of dance bands and led to new dance steps, popularized by the show-dancers
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key and the following strains in the subdominant. Sometimes rags would include introductions of four bars or bridges, between themes, of anywhere between four and 24 bars.
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1839:
1717:
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Ragtime music originated within
African-American communities in the late 19th century and became a distinctly American form of popular music. It is closely related to
3814:
1127:– a dance fad that began in 1913. Fox-trots contain a dotted-note rhythm different from that of ragtime, but which nonetheless was incorporated into many late rags.
1009:
1017:
790:), manifesting itself mostly through string bands, banjo and mandolin clubs (which experienced a burst of popularity during the early 20th century) and the like.
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soundtrack of Joplin rags, ragtime was brought to a wide audience. Hamlisch's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag "The
Entertainer" won an Academy Award, and was an
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was produced on
Broadway. With music by Stephen Flaherty and lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, the show featured several rags as well as songs in other musical styles.
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during his trip in 1922. Even the Swiss composer
Honegger wrote works in which the influence of African American music is pretty obvious. Examples include
939:
melody in the right hand. According to some sources the name "ragtime" may come from the "ragged or syncopated rhythm" of the right hand. A rag written in
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in Paris never made any secret of their sympathy for ragtime, which is sometimes evident in their works. Consider, in particular, the ballet of Satie,
486:
in 1912; the first ragtime recordings made in Europe. James R. Europe's 369th Regiment band generated great enthusiasm during its 1918 tour of France.
1523:
1254:, an overture for piano for a drama in three acts, composed in the early 1900s in memory of his friend J.P. Contamine de Latour. In 1902 the American
607:(1973) brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. The film's rendering of "The Entertainer", adapted and orchestrated by
4056:
1570:
4076:
1133:– a piano composition emphasizing speed and complexity, which emerged after World War I. It is almost exclusively the domain of white composers.
978:
In a note on the sheet music for the song "Leola" Joplin wrote, "Notice! Don't play this piece fast. It is never right to play 'ragtime' fast."
156:
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as the first American popular songs to influence British culture and music. The ARO recorded some of Muir's rags with the British record label
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may be coming from African music, although no historian or musicologist has made any connection with any music from Africa. Ragtime composer
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with a predominant left-hand pattern of bass notes on strong beats (beats 1 and 3) and chords on weak beats (beat 2 and 4) accompanying a
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1101:" (1911) was the single most widely performed and recorded piece of this sort, even though it contains virtually no ragtime syncopation.
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The emergence of mature ragtime is usually dated to 1897, the year in which several important early rags were published. "Harlem Rag" by
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during the 1910s. The growth of dance orchestras in popular entertainment was an outgrowth of ragtime and continued into the 1920s.
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tradition also existed before and during the period of classical ragtime (a designation largely created by Scott Joplin's publisher
682:". The following year he released another composition called "All Coons Look Alike to Me", which eventually sold a million copies.
529:
In the 1960s, two major factors brought about a greater public recognition of ragtime. The first was the publication of the book,
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745:, were present and performed both ragtime and jazz styles during the period the two styles overlapped. He also incorporated the
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1916:
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Although most ragtime was composed for piano, transcriptions for other instruments and ensembles are common, notably including
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to permit a more complex, pyrotechnic, performance-oriented style of rag to be heard. Chief among the novelty rag composers is
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choose to exclude ragtime songs from the definition but include novelty piano and stride piano (a modern perspective), while
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2423:
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446:) of New Orleans. Polite society embraced ragtime as disseminated by brass bands and "society" dance bands. Bands led by
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3877:
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1083:– a pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers in
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who toured Europe. Immensely popular with British audiences, the ARO popularized several of Muir's rags (such as "
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1951:
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1111:– ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least sounded as if they did.
147:
81:
20:
595:. It won a Grammy for Best Chamber Music Performance of the year and was named Top Classical Album of 1974 by
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and the instrument deliberately somewhat out of tune, supposedly to simulate the sound of a piano in an old
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1139:– a style of piano that emerged after World War I, developed by and dominated by black East-coast pianists (
734:" was published and became a great hit and demonstrated more depth and sophistication than earlier ragtime.
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531:
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The heyday of ragtime occurred before sound recording was widely available. Like European classical music,
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1966:
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85:
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hit in 1974, reaching No. 3 on May 18. Ragtime news and reviews publications during this period included
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539:. Morath created two television series for National Educational Television (now PBS) in 1960 and 1962:
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137:
achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime" by contemporaries. His "
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627:
1087:. Gradually died out in favor of the ragtime song. It was strongly associated with ragtime in its day.
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or a piano. It was performed in brothels, bars, saloons, and informal gatherings at house parties or
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57:
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591:, a compilation of some of Joplin's rags in period orchestrations edited by conservatory president
552:
1396:
Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (without orchestra)
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805:(or novelty ragtime) emerged that took advantage of new advances in piano roll technology and the
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1826:
The Blue Book of Tin Pan Alley: A Human Interest Encyclopedia of American Popular Music, Volume 2
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483:
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Ragtime – with Joplin's work at the forefront – has been cited as an American equivalent of the
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1937:
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race has been here, but the white people took no notice of it until about twenty years ago ."
356:
2153:
Dvorak to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots
1406:
which renewed interest in Joplin among musicians and prompted new stagings of Joplin's opera
1380:
Four events brought forward a different kind of ragtime revival in the 1970s. First, pianist
280:
Ragtime music was developed long before it was printed as sheet music. It had its origins in
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2016:
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Ragged But Right: Black Traveling Shows, 'Coon Songs' and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz
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sounds that predominated in the 1920s and 1930s when they adopted smoother rhythmic styles.
498:
293:
281:
1645:'Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist, Introduction to Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works
1159:(Jazz Archives No. 111, EPM, Paris, 1997). Johnson's recorded version has a ragtime flavor.
1077:– another dance form associated with early ragtime. A modest number of rags are slow drags.
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4454:
4406:
4211:
4189:
3948:
3943:
3646:
3626:
3614:
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3126:
3089:
2978:
2887:
2875:
1461:
1433:
1429:
1342:
1318:
1313:
1235:
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1071:– a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1911. A large number of rags are two-steps.
1001:
984:
859:, and others. Occasionally ragtime was scored for ensembles (particularly dance bands and
651:
639:
635:
608:
451:
399:
239:
179:, is a musical style that had its peak from the 1890s to 1910s. Its cardinal trait is its
62:
2684:
1365:
the product of a supposedly more innocent time. A number of popular recordings featured "
1270:, a march for piano soloist, was written for Paulette Darty and initially bore the title
737:
Ragtime was one of the main influences on the early development of jazz (along with the
707:
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often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training.
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585:(then a student group called The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble) recorded
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431:
407:, Scott Joplin asserted that there had been "ragtime music in America ever since the
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328:
104:
52:
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3003:
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2514:"Charis Music Group, compilation of cue sheets from the American Top 40 radio Show"
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2351:"Antonin Dvorak – Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" In Nature's Realm – Carnival"
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199:. Ragtime pieces (often called "rags") are typically composed for and performed on
188:
134:
99:
1121:– the Missouri-style ragtime popularized by Scott Joplin, James Scott, and others.
1051:
Shoe Tickler Rag, cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell
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2040:
Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music
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871:. Joplin had long-standing ambitions of synthesizing the worlds of ragtime and
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composed its music score, which was all original. In 1998, a stage version of
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1266:. Despite the two Anglo-Saxon settings, the tracks appear American-inspired.
203:, though the genre has been adapted for a variety of instruments and styles.
187:. Ragtime was popularized during the early 20th century by composers such as
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to have an impact on mainstream popular culture. Piano "professors" such as
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Cover for "La Pas Ma La" sheet music (1895). Words and Music by Ernest Hogan
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130:
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2020:
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was the most commercially successful composer of ragtime songs, and his "
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510:
336:
289:
42:
2113:
Ragging it: getting ragtime into history (and some history into ragtime)
4825:
4787:
4684:
3641:
3525:
3209:
2402:"L'Histoire du Soldat (The Soldier's Tale) A Brief Historical Overview"
2174:
Bastin, Bruce. "Truckin' My Blues Away: East Coast Piedmont Styles" in
2089:
1629:
1597:
1243:
1206:
emulated ragtime in three pieces for piano. The best-known remains the
1155:." A recording of Johnson playing the song appears on the compact disc
1124:
1032:
959:
623:
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388:
2701:
2657:
The Art of Ragtime: Form and Meaning of an Original Black American Art
1734:
Segregating Sound: Inventing Folk and Pop Music in the Age of Jim Crow
315:
256:, with some compositions adapted for other instruments and ensembles.
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1295:
801:. While the traditional rag was fading in popularity, a genre called
697:
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384:
375:
1868–1917) from Texas, became famous through the publication of the "
184:
2081:
1613:
1258:
was very popular in Paris and Satie two years later wrote two rags,
430:
Ragtime quickly established itself as a distinctly American form of
824:; indeed, much of the music played by such artists of the style as
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3515:
3194:
2944:
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1954:. Originally published, July 30, 1982; site accessed, July, 2021.
1807:"Theatrical Comment: Use of Vulgar Words a Detriment to Ragtime".
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872:
760:
738:
706:
631:
574:
released a compilation of Joplin's work which was nominated for a
509:. Dance orchestras started evolving away from ragtime towards the
408:
305:
268:
200:
129:
67:
2068:"From Piano Thumping to the Concert Stage: The Rise of Ragtime".
666:
music, especially the marches made popular by John Philip Sousa.
3391:
2816:
490:
219:
109:
3364:
2917:
2705:
2440:
Jasen, David A. Discography of 78 rpm Records of Joplin Works,
1933:
Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War
1216:). He later returned to the style with two preludes for piano:
2696:
769:
from 1885 are controlled by musical information in the center
304:. The instrument of choice by ragtime musicians was usually a
2379:
Gildo De Stefano, "Ragtime, jazz & dintorni", Preface by
493:; the influence of Jelly Roll Morton continued in the Harlem
1824:
Jack Burton, Graydon LaVerne Freeman, Larry Freeman (1962).
813:, whose "Kitten on the Keys" popularized the style in 1921.
1978:
Hitchcock, H. Wiley. "Stereo Review", 1971, p.84, cited in
1571:"The Easy Winners and other rag-time music of Scott Joplin"
1913:
British Dance Bands on Record 1911 to 1945 and Supplement
1186:'s 1904 "On the Pike", which refers to the midway of the
19:
This article is about ragtime music. For other uses, see
2913:
2007:
Dickinson, Peter (January 1, 1987). "Reviews of Books".
894:
The rag was a modification of the march made popular by
3360:
2573:
Ragtime: An Encyclopedia, Discography, and Sheetography
1962:
1960:
292:. Most of the early ragtime pianists could not read or
730:
were both release that year. In 1899, Scott Joplin's "
4802:
2543:"Mississippi Rag publisher Leslie Johnson dies at 66"
2178:. Ed. Lawrence Cohn. New York: Abbeville Press, 1993.
1322:
in 1919 and also included a rag in his theater piece
902:
coming from African music. It was usually written in
2283:
Joplin, Scott (1971). Brodsky Lawrence, Vera (ed.).
1969:, "1971 14th Grammy Awards". Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.
466:; a group organized by ragtime composer and pianist
4730:
4640:
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4504:
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4467:
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3398:
3281:
3218:
3145:
3048:
3012:
2951:
2866:
2802:
1660:
The Penguin History of the United States of America
678:
released the earliest ragtime composition, called "
323:
The first ragtime composition to be published was "
92:
76:
35:
30:
2654:
2601:
2284:
2214:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.
2207:
2176:Nothing But the Blues: The Music and the Musicians
276:, who is considered the "King of Ragtime" in 1912.
1360:", composed and released by Scott Joplin in 1908.
1228:), which was inspired by a MĂ©drano circus clown.
1000:Sheet music cover for "Spaghetti Rag" (1910) by
982:used the quotation as the epigraph to his novel
2661:. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
2201:
2199:
1384:released a compilation of Scott Joplin's work,
379:" (1899) and a string of ragtime hits such as "
248:). The music was distributed primarily through
2444:, New York Public Library, (1981), pp. 319–320
3376:
2929:
2717:
2608:. California: University of California Press.
2404:. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010
2192:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 37.
2188:Scott, William B.; Rutkoff, Peter M. (2001).
1412:. Next came the release and Grammy Award for
688:, a vaudeville entertainer and the author of
8:
1853:Stephen Inwood (2011). "Music and Dancing".
1838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1716:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1278:when Rouarts-Lerolle reprinted it in 1919.
230:, and European classical composers such as
4414:
4174:
3383:
3369:
3361:
2936:
2922:
2914:
2724:
2710:
2702:
2680:. Jazz at Lincoln Center Library Editions.
2322:. Oxford University Press. pp. 276–.
1884:After the Ball: Pop Music from Rag to Rock
1855:City Of Cities: The Birth Of Modern London
1662:(2 ed.). Penguin Books. p. 415.
840:could be referred to as "ragtime guitar."
27:
2319:King of Ragtime: Scott Joplin and His Era
442:played ragtime in the "sporting houses" (
2210:A century of musicals in black and white
1647:. New York Public Library. p. xvii.
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1424:. Finally, with the release of the film
1010:Spaghetti Rag (1910), by Lyons and Yosco
505:. Ragtime was also a major influence on
418:
314:
4809:
2604:Ragtime: A Musical and Cultural History
2271:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1995:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1980:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1795:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1783:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1771:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1759:Scott Joplin: Black-American Classicist
1536:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22825
1502:
690:100 Years of the Negro in Show Business
351:Ragtime was also a modification of the
2644:Jasen, D. A.; Tichenor, T. J. (1980).
2415:
2190:New York Modern: The Arts and the City
2155:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
2032:
2030:
1990:
1988:
1831:
1709:
1683:Abbott and Seroff, Lynn, Doug (2009).
1282:, another march, was initially titled
1754:
1752:
1157:James P. Johnson: Harlem Stride Piano
816:Ragtime also served as the roots for
398:In a 1913 interview published in the
7:
2685:RAGTIME HISTORY (Storia del Ragtime)
2316:Berlin, Edward A. (March 30, 2016).
1394:, which was nominated in 1971 for a
478:") which were credited by historian
2697:Classic Ragtime Piano by Ted Tjaden
2653:Schafer, W. J.; Riedel, J. (1973).
2291:. New York Public Library. p.
2287:The Collected Works of Scott Joplin
2043:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.
1952:"MAX MORATH IN RAG AND 'UNRAGTIME'"
1737:. Duke University Press. p. 43
1404:The Collected Works of Scott Joplin
1294:, which he wrote after a visit to
1105:was a famous singer in this style.
867:or as songs like those written by
749:in his performances, which gave a
489:Ragtime was an influence on early
141:" is one of the most famous rags.
14:
4738:Album covers of Blue Note Records
2460:. Psychology Press. p. 289.
2457:Scott Joplin: A Guide to Research
2442:Scott Joplin Complete Piano Works
2383:. Sugarco Editions, Milan, 2007.
1911:Brian Rust, Sandy Forbes (1989).
1882:Ian Whitcomb (2013). "Invasion".
793:Ragtime was also distributed via
4836:
4824:
4812:
4786:
3343:
3342:
3331:
3330:
3318:
2541:Vezner, Tad (January 21, 2009).
1414:The New England Ragtime Ensemble
1371:pianos with tacks on the hammers
1014:
583:The New England Ragtime Ensemble
152:
2615:They All Played Ragtime, 4th ed
2575:. Routledge. pp. 202–205.
2489:"Entertainment Awards Database"
2454:Ping-Robbins, Nancy R. (1998).
1950:John S. Wilson, New York Times
1917:General Gramophone Publications
1316:wrote a solo piano work called
1175:Influence on European composers
4118:Institutions and organizations
2400:Robert Bridge (May 17, 1994).
1731:Miller, Karl Hagström (2010).
1602:The Black Perspective in Music
1188:St. Louis World's Fair of 1904
1:
3815:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
2613:Blesh, R.; Janis, H. (1971).
2206:Peterson, Bernard L. (1993).
2037:Van der Merwe, Peter (1989).
1828:. Century House. p. 213.
1689:. University of Mississippi.
1402:released a two-volume set of
1248:Parade (Ragtime du Paquebot),
674:. In 1895, black entertainer
472:Waiting for the Robert E. Lee
327:" in 1895. It was written by
2627:Ragtime, Jazz & Dintorni
1356:The first edition cover of "
1337:recording of this period is
218:". Ragtime influenced early
2629:. Milan: Sugarco Editions.
1936:. Homewood Press. pp.
1813:. April 3, 1913. p. 6.
1530:. Oxford University Press.
1242:, and the other members of
1210:(from the 1908 Piano Suite
954:time is a "ragtime waltz".
611:, was a Top 5 hit in 1975.
434:. Ragtime became the first
426:'s 1916 "The Top Liner Rag"
4887:
1528:The Grove Music Dictionary
1252:La Mort de Monsieur Mouche
1167:
1164:American ragtime composers
696:" because of their use of
638:. Ragtime also influenced
18:
4869:19th-century music genres
4782:
4144:See Template: Jazz theory
3312:
2739:
2547:Twin Cities Pioneer Press
2422:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2115:. iUniverse. p. 99.
1930:Emmett Jay Scott (1919).
1596:Reed, Addison W. (1975).
1310:for piano and orchestra.
1274:; it was later subtitled
1170:List of ragtime composers
882:earlier opera by Joplin,
875:, to which end the opera
741:). Some artists, such as
726:and "Mississippi Rag" by
497:style of players such as
3294:Blues musicians by genre
2994:Traditional blues verses
2625:; Baraka, Amiri (2007).
2076:(8): 53–56. April 1973.
1465:was released on screen.
1455:In 1980, an adaption of
1387:Scott Joplin: Piano Rags
1222:General Lavine-excentric
1099:Alexander's Ragtime Band
992:Related forms and styles
21:Ragtime (disambiguation)
2070:Music Educators Journal
1598:"Scott Joplin, Pioneer"
1420:Joplin tunes edited by
1400:New York Public Library
1149:Willie 'The Lion' Smith
545:The Turn of the Century
532:They All Played Ragtime
456:Vernon and Irene Castle
4864:African-American music
2804:African-American music
2600:Berlin, E. A. (1980).
2569:"Ragtime Publications"
2111:White, Loring (2005).
1452:(monthly, 1973–2009).
1361:
1190:
1052:
1027:
863:) similar to those of
774:
719:
436:African-American music
427:
320:
277:
165:
2984:Musical improvisation
2676:Waldo, Terry (2009).
2567:Jasen, David (2007).
2493:The Los Angeles Times
2355:Musicallyspeaking.com
1658:Brogan, Hugh (1999).
1444:(bimonthly/sporadic,
1428:in 1973, which had a
1355:
1288:Le boeuf sur le toite
1182:
1050:
999:
857:Blind Lemon Jefferson
764:
710:
422:
415:The heyday of ragtime
355:style popularized by
318:
272:
133:
4532:Bibliography of jazz
4312:Continental European
2521:Charismusicgroup.com
2165:Garrett 2004, p. 94.
1967:Past Winner Database
1643:Blesh, Rudi (1981).
1459:'s historical novel
1325:L'Histoire du soldat
1276:Intermezzo Americain
1208:Golliwog's Cake Walk
1063:Characteristic march
788:John Stillwell Stark
642:composers including
4773:Straight, No Chaser
4562:Straight-ahead jazz
4019:Winter & Winter
3468:French horn in jazz
3040:American folk music
2733:American folk music
2617:. Oak Publications.
1450:The Mississippi Rag
1369:", playing rags on
1306:and especially the
1284:The Transatlantique
1268:La Diva de l'empire
1260:La Diva de l'empire
826:Reverend Gary Davis
601:magazine. The film
553:Trebor Jay Tichenor
296:music, but instead
4717:West African music
4542:British dance band
4332:European free jazz
4305:British dance band
3798:Musicians by genre
3578:Free improvisation
2361:on August 20, 2017
2021:10.1093/ml/68.1.78
1438:The Ragtime Review
1418:The Red Back Book,
1362:
1347:Twelfth Street Rag
1202:. French composer
1191:
1053:
1028:
898:, with additional
865:James Reese Europe
775:
720:
714:of Joplin's 1899 "
658:Historical context
484:The Winner Records
464:Hippodrome, London
428:
389:chord progressions
321:
278:
166:
4800:
4799:
4673:New Orleans blues
4520:
4519:
4463:
4462:
4037:Beaches (Toronto)
3448:Swing performance
3358:
3357:
2974:Call and response
2911:
2910:
2636:978-88-7198-532-9
2623:De Stefano, Gildo
2389:978-88-7198-532-9
2329:978-0-19-024605-1
2009:Music and Letters
1888:Faber & Faber
1696:978-1-4968-0030-5
1669:978-0-14-025255-2
1577:on April 26, 2013
1545:978-1-56159-263-0
1520:Berlin, Edward A.
1292:Creation du Monde
1272:Stand-Walk Marche
1213:Children's Corner
1019:
896:John Philip Sousa
886:, has been lost.
807:phonograph record
779:classical ragtime
765:The keys of this
743:Jelly Roll Morton
588:The Red Back Book
440:Jelly Roll Morton
357:John Philip Sousa
157:
128:
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36:Stylistic origins
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4557:Continental jazz
4450:Washington, D.C.
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3959:India Navigation
3657:Progressive jazz
3511:Avant-garde jazz
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3325:Blues portal
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2999:Twelve-bar blues
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1448:1962–2003), and
1447:
1422:Gunther Schuller
1416:'s recording of
1392:Nonesuch Records
1304:Prélude et Blues
1244:The Group of Six
1141:James P. Johnson
1041:Edward A. Berlin
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853:Blind Boy Fuller
845:Gunther Schuller
834:Elizabeth Cotten
830:Blind Boy Fuller
593:Gunther Schuller
565:William Albright
549:Donald Ashwander
499:James P. Johnson
282:African American
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93:Derivative forms
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3406:Outline of jazz
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3304:Blues festivals
3299:Blues standards
3289:Blues musicians
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2678:This Is Ragtime
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1367:prepared pianos
1343:Euday L. Bowman
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1319:Piano-Rag-Music
1314:Igor Stravinsky
1236:Arthur Honegger
1224:(from his 1913
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652:Igor Stravinsky
609:Marvin Hamlisch
541:The Ragtime Era
519:
452:James R. Europe
417:
400:black newspaper
393:metric patterns
381:The Entertainer
284:communities of
267:
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240:Igor Stravinsky
216:The Entertainer
171:, also spelled
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3754:Percussionists
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3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
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3684:
3677:Spiritual jazz
3674:
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3399:General topics
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3158:Classic female
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3132:United Kingdom
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2691:External links
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1457:E. L. Doctorow
1358:Pine Apple Rag
1341:'s version of
1333:
1330:
1240:Darius Milhaud
1204:Claude Debussy
1200:AntonĂn Dvořák
1176:
1173:
1168:Main article:
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980:E. L. Doctorow
945:
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908:
891:
888:
822:Piedmont blues
732:Maple Leaf Rag
716:Maple Leaf Rag
659:
656:
648:Claude Debussy
561:William Bolcom
524:78 rpm records
518:
515:
507:Piedmont blues
416:
413:
377:Maple Leaf Rag
359:. Jazz critic
266:
263:
261:
258:
236:Claude Debussy
228:Piedmont blues
212:Maple Leaf Rag
151:
148:Maple Leaf Rag
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139:Maple Leaf Rag
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4722:Western swing
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4445:New York City
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4377:
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4369:Flamenco jazz
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
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4195:South African
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3892:Discographies
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3779:Vibraphonists
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3699:Swing revival
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3687:
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3574:
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3558:Flamenco jazz
3556:
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3551:
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3500:
3494:
3493:Women in jazz
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Jazz trombone
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
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3459:
3458:Jazz drumming
3456:
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3426:Improvisation
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3273:Southern rock
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3259:
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3251:Southern rock
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3219:Fusion genres
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3190:Fife and drum
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3153:Boogie-woogie
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3025:Field hollers
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2903:Western swing
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
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2873:
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2868:Country music
2865:
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2668:9780807102206
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2335:September 12,
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2302:0-87104-242-8
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2251:Classical.net
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2225:0-313-26657-3
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2018:
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1981:
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1968:
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1868:9780330540674
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1859:Pan Macmillan
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1761:, pp. xv–xvi.
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1755:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:The Rag Times
1440:(1962–1966),
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:Joshua Rifkin
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
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1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
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1285:
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1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:, (1910) and
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:Novelty piano
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Irving Berlin
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1011:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
974:
969:
964:
961:
955:
948:
938:
934:
926:
911:
901:
897:
889:
887:
885:
880:
879:
874:
870:
869:Irving Berlin
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
803:novelty piano
800:
799:player pianos
796:
791:
789:
785:
780:
772:
768:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
747:Spanish tinge
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
728:William Krell
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
703:
702:stereotypical
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
681:
677:
673:
667:
663:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
590:
589:
584:
579:
577:
573:
572:Joshua Rifkin
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:
527:
525:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:Lewis F. Muir
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:popular music
425:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:played by ear
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
271:
264:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
149:
140:
136:
132:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:novelty piano
103:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:Early 1890s,
79:
75:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
53:Minstrel show
51:
49:
46:
44:
41:
40:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4784:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4753:(miniseries)
4750:
4742:
4712:Sophisti-pop
4699:
4546:
4142:
4133:Jazz royalty
4123:Jazz funeral
3919:Contemporary
3810:Chamber jazz
3764:Saxophonists
3734:Clarinetists
3706:Third stream
3543:Chamber jazz
3443:Scat singing
3347:
3335:
3316:
3173:Hill country
3085:Hill country
3063:Desert blues
3004:Walking bass
2964:Blues ballad
2952:Musical form
2845:
2768:Folk revival
2677:
2656:
2645:
2626:
2614:
2603:
2572:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2536:
2526:September 5,
2524:. Retrieved
2520:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2456:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2406:. Retrieved
2395:
2381:Amiri Baraka
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:the original
2354:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2318:
2311:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2209:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2039:
2015:(1): 78–79.
2012:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1979:
1974:
1946:
1932:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1883:
1877:
1854:
1848:
1825:
1819:
1810:New York Age
1808:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1739:. Retrieved
1733:
1726:
1700:. Retrieved
1685:
1678:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1608:(1): 45–52.
1605:
1601:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1527:
1487:
1483:Animal dance
1470:
1467:Randy Newman
1460:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1385:
1379:
1363:
1339:Pee Wee Hunt
1335:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1192:
1156:
1137:Stride piano
1109:Folk ragtime
1091:Ragtime song
1029:
983:
977:
965:
956:
946:
924:
909:
893:
890:Musical form
883:
876:
842:
818:stride piano
815:
792:
784:folk ragtime
776:
767:player piano
736:
721:
689:
686:Tom Fletcher
684:
680:La Pas Ma La
676:Ernest Hogan
668:
664:
661:
613:
602:
596:
586:
580:
576:Grammy Award
569:
544:
540:
530:
528:
520:
495:stride piano
488:
480:Ian Whitcomb
460:
429:
404:New York Age
402:
397:
372:
369:Scott Joplin
363:thought its
350:
346:Irving Jones
333:Ernest Hogan
325:La Pas Ma La
322:
279:
274:Scott Joplin
243:
224:stride piano
205:
189:Scott Joplin
183:or "ragged"
176:
172:
168:
167:
135:Scott Joplin
25:
4695:Quiet storm
4658:Contradanza
4440:New Orleans
4435:Kansas City
4238:Jazz mugham
4233:Azerbaijani
4157:Second line
4152:Rare groove
4138:Jazz theory
4128:Jazz poetry
4113:Contrafacts
4097:Saint Lucia
4077:New Orleans
4009:Strata-East
3984:MPS Records
3914:Cobblestone
3835:Smooth jazz
3825:Jazz fusion
3769:Trombonists
3682:Sacred jazz
3667:Smooth jazz
3600:Jazz fusion
3483:Jazz violin
3463:Jazz guitar
3438:Jam session
3411:Jazz (word)
3349:Blues songs
3241:Boogie rock
3236:Biker metal
3112:New Zealand
3095:New Orleans
2969:Blues scale
2770:(1950s–60s)
2744:Appalachian
2552:December 9,
2408:January 31,
1797:, p. xxiii.
1741:January 22,
1702:January 21,
1409:Treemonisha
1300:Pacific 231
1250:(1917) and
1184:James Scott
1145:Fats Waller
1119:Classic rag
1103:Gene Greene
900:polyrhythms
878:Treemonisha
861:brass bands
849:Blind Blake
811:Zez Confrey
795:piano rolls
712:Sheet music
503:Fats Waller
448:W. C. Handy
424:Joseph Lamb
310:juke joints
254:piano rolls
250:sheet music
197:Joseph Lamb
193:James Scott
120:classic rag
16:Music genre
4853:Categories
4680:Brass band
4668:Jump blues
4512:Ethno jazz
4475:Australian
4455:West Coast
4212:Zimbabwean
4052:Copenhagen
3974:Mainstream
3784:Violinists
3774:Trumpeters
3744:Guitarists
3652:Organ trio
3637:Modal jazz
3610:Latin jazz
3590:Gypsy jazz
3488:Vocal jazz
3473:Jazz piano
3231:Blues rock
3137:West Coast
3035:Work songs
3030:Spirituals
2898:Rockabilly
2893:Honky-tonk
2881:Roots rock
2851:Spirituals
2779:New Mexico
2136:Ragging It
1997:, p. xiii.
1785:, p. xviii
1497:References
1375:honky tonk
1308:Concertino
1280:Piccadilly
1264:Piccadilly
1232:Erik Satie
1153:Charleston
937:syncopated
838:Etta Baker
771:piano roll
724:Tom Turpin
694:coon songs
644:Erik Satie
557:John Arpin
537:Max Morath
476:Hitchy-Koo
365:polyrhythm
361:Rudi Blesh
341:Ben Harney
302:improvised
232:Erik Satie
181:syncopated
115:honky tonk
82:Midwestern
4648:Acid jazz
4505:Worldwide
4491:Brazilian
4288:Bulgarian
4250:Indo jazz
4200:Cape jazz
4087:North Sea
4042:Cape Town
4029:Festivals
4004:Riverside
3979:Milestone
3904:Blue Note
3899:Bethlehem
3883:post-1950
3855:Standards
3840:Soul jazz
3789:Vocalists
3749:Organists
3721:Musicians
3711:Trad jazz
3672:Soul jazz
3595:Jazz-funk
3583:Punk jazz
3573:Free funk
3568:Free jazz
3563:Folk jazz
3553:Dixieland
3548:Cool jazz
3538:Cape jazz
3453:Jazz bass
3416:Jazz band
3146:Subgenres
3090:Louisiana
2959:Blue note
2888:Bluegrass
2876:Americana
2822:Dixieland
2761:Swamp pop
2498:March 14,
2473:March 20,
2365:April 21,
2256:March 20,
2231:March 20,
2098:221056114
1982:, p. xiv.
1834:cite book
1773:, p. xiii
1712:cite book
1622:0090-7790
1524:"Ragtime"
1426:The Sting
1218:Minstrels
1195:Classical
1193:European
1113:Folk rags
1085:blackface
1081:Coon song
1075:Slow drag
966:The name
640:classical
630:, or the
604:The Sting
598:Billboard
581:In 1973,
570:In 1971,
444:bordellos
331:comedian
286:St. Louis
245:The Sting
222:, Harlem
63:classical
43:Cakewalks
4653:Afrobeat
4567:Pre-1920
4552:Jazz Age
4468:Oceanian
4418:American
4392:Canadian
4276:European
4267:Japanese
4228:Armenian
4190:Malawian
4185:Ethiopia
4072:Montreux
4067:Montreal
4062:Monterey
3999:Prestige
3969:Landmark
3954:Impulse!
3934:ESP-Disk
3863:Pre-1920
3820:Hard bop
3759:Pianists
3739:Drummers
3729:Bassists
3662:Ska jazz
3605:Jazz rap
3531:Post-bop
3521:Hard bop
3421:Big band
3337:Category
3205:Jug band
3185:Electric
3117:Piedmont
3049:Regional
2989:Shuffles
2784:Red dirt
2749:Old-time
2648:. Dover.
2418:cite web
2273:, p. xv.
2151:(2003).
2138:, p.100.
1581:June 17,
1551:June 29,
1522:(2001).
1477:See also
1332:Revivals
1328:(1918).
1256:cakewalk
1226:Préludes
1069:Two-step
1057:Cakewalk
751:habanera
672:cakewalk
624:mazurkas
517:Revivals
511:big band
337:Kentucky
329:minstrel
290:Missouri
177:rag time
173:rag-time
86:Southern
4859:Ragtime
4805:Portals
4700:Ragtime
4685:Exotica
4641:Related
4547:Ragtime
4525:History
4430:Chicago
4397:Haitian
4376:Swedish
4364:Spanish
4347:Italian
4300:British
4295:Belgian
4262:Iranian
4178:African
4106:Culture
4082:Newport
4057:Jakarta
4047:Chicago
3944:Freedom
3642:Nu jazz
3526:Neo-bop
3210:Skiffle
3163:Country
3107:Memphis
3075:Chicago
3020:Origins
3013:Origins
2846:Ragtime
2794:Western
2090:3394278
1630:1214379
1489:Ragtime
1471:Ragtime
1462:Ragtime
1125:Foxtrot
1033:foxtrot
1031:as the
985:Ragtime
960:melodic
632:waltzes
616:minuets
474:" and "
387:lines,
339:native
265:Origins
260:History
214:" and "
208:marches
169:Ragtime
58:marches
31:Ragtime
4352:Polish
4342:German
4337:French
4322:Danish
4283:Balkan
4245:Indian
4205:Marabi
4162:Venues
3689:Stride
3632:Marabi
3622:M-Base
3503:Genres
3258:Gospel
3200:Holler
3127:Turkey
3070:Canada
3058:Africa
3051:styles
2856:Gospel
2834:Zydeco
2829:Creole
2789:Tejano
2665:
2633:
2579:
2464:
2387:
2326:
2299:
2222:
2119:
2096:
2088:
2051:
1894:
1865:
1693:
1666:
1628:
1620:
1542:
1492:(film)
1296:Harlem
1147:, and
836:, and
758:1970s.
698:racist
650:, and
636:Brahms
628:Chopin
622:, the
620:Mozart
543:, and
385:melody
294:notate
238:, and
185:rhythm
100:Stride
4843:Music
4731:Media
4690:Plugg
4663:Blues
4617:2010s
4612:2000s
4607:1990s
4602:1980s
4597:1970s
4592:1960s
4587:1950s
4582:1940s
4577:1930s
4572:1920s
4537:Blues
4407:Cuban
4327:Dutch
4255:Sitar
4221:Asian
4014:Verve
3878:1940s
3873:1930s
3868:1920s
3845:Swing
3805:Bebop
3694:Swing
3516:Bebop
3282:Lists
3195:Hokum
3180:Dirty
3168:Delta
3122:Texas
3100:Swamp
3080:Delta
2945:Blues
2812:Blues
2756:Cajun
2517:(PDF)
2428:also
2094:S2CID
2086:JSTOR
1626:JSTOR
1390:, on
973:tonic
968:swing
873:opera
755:tango
739:blues
409:Negro
353:march
306:banjo
201:piano
68:blues
4831:Jazz
4751:Jazz
4744:Bird
4632:2022
4627:2021
4622:2020
4357:Yass
4092:Pori
3994:Muse
3830:Scat
3431:Jazz
3392:Jazz
3268:Soul
3263:Jump
3246:Punk
2817:Jazz
2663:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2554:2019
2528:2009
2500:2009
2475:2009
2462:ISBN
2424:link
2410:2012
2385:ISBN
2367:2013
2337:2018
2324:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2258:2009
2233:2009
2220:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2049:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1840:link
1743:2024
1718:link
1704:2024
1691:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1618:ISSN
1583:2019
1553:2009
1540:ISBN
1345:'s "
1290:and
1262:and
933:time
700:and
501:and
491:jazz
450:and
348:.
300:and
252:and
220:jazz
195:and
110:jazz
88:U.S.
84:and
48:folk
3989:MPS
3964:JMT
3929:ECM
3924:CTI
3909:BYG
2841:Jug
2430:PDF
2293:284
2216:357
2078:doi
2017:doi
1938:308
1610:doi
1532:doi
1446:fl.
1349:."
917:or
753:or
634:of
626:of
618:of
391:or
373:ca.
175:or
4855::
2571:.
2545:.
2519:.
2491:.
2420:}}
2416:{{
2353:.
2295:.
2249:.
2218:.
2198:^
2092:.
2084:.
2074:59
2072:.
2047:.
2045:63
2029:^
2013:68
2011:.
1987:^
1959:^
1915:.
1890:.
1886:.
1861:.
1857:.
1836:}}
1832:{{
1751:^
1714:}}
1710:{{
1624:.
1616:.
1604:.
1600:.
1569:.
1538:.
1526:.
1505:^
1377:.
1302:,
1238:,
1234:,
1143:,
988:.
855:,
851:,
832:,
828:,
654:.
646:,
578:.
567:.
563:,
559:,
555:,
551:,
395:.
335:.
288:,
234:,
226:,
191:,
4807::
3384:e
3377:t
3370:v
2937:e
2930:t
2923:v
2725:e
2718:t
2711:v
2671:.
2639:.
2585:.
2556:.
2530:.
2502:.
2477:.
2426:)
2412:.
2369:.
2339:.
2305:.
2260:.
2235:.
2125:.
2100:.
2080::
2057:.
2023:.
2019::
1940:.
1900:.
1871:.
1842:)
1745:.
1720:)
1706:.
1672:.
1632:.
1612::
1606:3
1585:.
1555:.
1534::
947:4
925:4
910:4
773:.
718:"
371:(
312:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
