Radcliffe Line - Knowledge (XXG)

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the princely state of Kapurthala (which had a Muslim majority) and would enclose within Pakistan the whole of the Amritsar district of which only one tehsil, Ajnala, had a Muslim majority. It would also give Pakistan the Shakargarh, Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils of the Gurdaspur district. If the boundary went by Doabs, Pakistan could get not only the 16 districts which had already under the notional partition been put into West Punjab, including the Gurdaspur District, but also get the Kangra District in the mountains, which was about 93% Hindu and was located to the north and east of Gurdaspur. Or one could go by commissioners' divisions. Any of these units being adopted would have been more favourable to Pakistan than the present boundary line. The tehsil was the most favourable unit. But all of the aforementioned Muslim majority tehsils, with the exception of Shakargarh, were handed over to India while Pakistan didn't receive any Non-Muslim majority district or tehsil in Punjab. Zafruallh Khan states that Radcliffe used district, tehsil, thana, and even village boundaries to divide Punjab in such a way that the boundary line was drawn much to the prejudice of Pakistan. However, while Muslims formed about 53% of the total population of Punjab in 1941, Pakistan received around 58% of the total area of the Punjab, including more of the most fertile parts.

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the creation of a separate Sikh state "Khalistan". Master Tara Singh wanted the right for an independent Khalistan to federate with either Hindustan or Pakistan. However, the Sikh state being proposed was for an area where neither religion was in absolute majority. Negotiations for the independent Sikh state had commenced at the end of World War II and the British initially agreed but the Sikhs withdrew this demand after pressure from Indian nationalists. The proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan had seriously jolted the Sikhs because while both the Congress and League could be satisfied the Sikhs saw nothing in it for themselves. as they would be subjected to a Muslim majority. Master Tara Singh protested this to Pethic-Lawrence on 5 May. By early September the Sikh leaders accepted both the long term and interim proposals despite their earlier rejection. The Sikhs attached themselves to the Indian state with the promise of religious and cultural autonomy.

2015:, para. 19: "Irrevocably enfeebled by the Second World War, the British belatedly realized that they had to leave the subcontinent, which had spiraled out of their control through the nineteen-forties. ... But in the British elections at the end of the war, the reactionaries unexpectedly lost to the Labour Party, and a new era in British politics began. As von Tunzelmann writes, 'By 1946, the subcontinent was a mess, with British civil and military officers desperate to leave, and a growing hostility to their presence among Indians.' ... The British could not now rely on brute force without imperiling their own sense of legitimacy. Besides, however much they 'preferred the illusion of imperial might to the admission of imperial failure,' as von Tunzelmann puts it, the country, deep in wartime debt, simply couldn't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire. Imperial disengagement appeared not just inevitable but urgent." 5842: 840: 1220:. On his motivation for writing the play, Brenton said he first became interested in the story of the Radcliffe Line while holidaying in India and hearing stories from people whose families had fled across the new line. Defending his portrayal of Cyril Radcliffe as a man who struggled with his conscience, Brenton said, "There were clues that Radcliffe had a dark night of the soul in the bungalow: he refused to accept his fee, he did collect all the papers and draft maps, took them home to England and burnt them. And he refused to say a word, even to his family, about what happened. My playwright's brain went into overdrive when I discovered these details." 626: 1093:), but was given to Pakistan. The Chittagong Hill Tracts People's Association (CHTPA) petitioned the Bengal Boundary Commission that, since the CHTs were inhabited largely by non-Muslims, they should remain within India. The Chittagong Hill Tracts was an excluded area since 1900 and was not part of Bengal. It had no representative at the Bengal Legislative Assembly in Calcutta, since it was not part of Bengal. Since they had no official representation, there was no official discussion on the matter, and many on the Indian side assumed the CHT would be awarded to India. 934:, one of the two non-Muslim members of the boundary commission, in his autobiography, has acknowledged that when he was selected for the boundary commission, he was not inclined to accept the invitation as he believed that the commission was just a farce and that decisions were actually to be taken by Mountbatten himself. It was only under British pressure that the charges against Mountbatten of last minute alterations in the Radcliffe Award were not officially brought forward by Pakistani Government in the UN Security Council while presenting its case on Kashmir. 518:

the High Court be appointed as the chairman of the commission. Jinnah and the Muslim League continued to oppose the idea of partitioning the provinces, and the Sikhs were disturbed about the possibility of getting only 12 districts (without Gurdaspur). In this context, the Partition Plan of 3 June was announced with a notional partition showing 17 districts of Punjab in Pakistan and 12 districts in India, along with the establishment of a Boundary Commission to decide the final boundary. In Sialkoti's view, this was done mainly to placate the Sikhs.

958:'s Histories flagship project, recently disclosed documents of the history of the partition reveal British complicity with the top Indian leadership to wrest Kashmir from Pakistan. Alastair Lamb, based on the study of recently declassified documents, has convincingly proven that Mountbatten, in league with Nehru, was instrumental in pressurizing Radcliffe to award the Muslim-majority district of Gurdaspur in East Punjab to India which could provide India with the only possible access to Kashmir. 634:

and regional information. The absence of some experts and advisers, such as the United Nations, was deliberate, to avoid delay. Britain's new Labour government "deep in wartime debt, simply couldn't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire." "The absence of outside participants—for example, from the United Nations—also satisfied the British Government's urgent desire to save face by avoiding the appearance that it required outside help to govern—or stop governing—its own empire."

149: 1100:, the capital of Chittagong Hill Tracts. When the boundaries of Pakistan and India were announced by radio on 17 August 1947, they were shocked to know that the Chittagong Hill Tracts had been awarded to Pakistan. The Baluch Regiment of the Pakistani Army entered Chittagong Hill Tracts a week later and lowered the Indian flag at gun point. The rationale of giving the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Pakistan was that they were inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural 1314:, p. 35): Wavell, however, had made a more significant political judgement in his plan, submitted to the secretary of state, Lord Pethick-Lawrence, in February 1946: 'Gurdaspur must go with Amritsar for geographical reasons and Amritsar being sacred city of Sikhs must stay out of Pakistan... Fact that much of Lahore district is irrigated from upper Bari Doab canal with headworks in Gurdaspur district is awkward but there is no solution that avoids all such difficulties.' 5860: 31: 5851: 461: 1615:

conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.

294: 2132:, p. 484: Years later, he told Leonard Mosley, "The heat is so appalling, that at noon it looks like the blackest night and feels like the mouth of hell. After a few days of it, I seriously began to wonder whether I would come out of it alive. I have thought ever since that the greatest achievement which I made as Chairman of the Boundary Commission was a physical one, in surviving." 2072:, pp. 484–485: "After the 3 June 1947 plan had been announced, the main Sikh organization, the Shiromani Akali Dal, had distributed a circular saying that 'Pakistan means total death to the Sikh Panth and the Sikhs are determined on a free sovereign state with the Chenab and the Jamna as its borders, and it calls on all Sikhs to fight for their ideal under the flag of the Dal.'" 647:

the community who, in his words, had "provided many thousands of splendid recruits for the Indian Army" in its service for the crown in World War I. However, the Sikhs were militant in their opposition to any solution which would put their community in a Muslim ruled state. Moreover, many insisted on their own sovereign state, something no one else would agree to.

380: 2003:, p. 482: "After the obligatory wrangles, with Jinnah playing for time by suggesting calling in the United Nations, which could have delayed things for months if not years, it was decided to set up two boundary commissions, each with an independent chairman and four High Court judges, two nominated by Congress and two by the League." 366:

of its sacredness to the Sikhs and that of Gurdaspur district because it had to go with Amritsar for 'geographical reasons'. The Secretary of State commended the proposal and forwarded it to the India and Burma Committee, saying, "I do not think that any better division than the one the Viceroy proposes is likely to be found".

1132:. The district overall had a slight Muslim majority, but was divided and most of it, including Malda town, went to India. The district remained under East Pakistan administration for 3–4 days after 15 August 1947. It was only when the award was made public that the Pakistani flag was replaced by the Indian flag in Malda. 321:, sent a memorandum to the viceroy titled "Next Step in India", wherein he recommended that the principle of 'Muslim homeland' be conceded but territorial adjustments made to the two provinces to meet the claims of the Hindus and Sikhs. Based on these discussions, the viceroy sent a note on the "Pakistan theory" to the 2868:

The division of India is now finally and irrevocably effected. No doubt we feel that the carving out of this great independent Muslim State has suffered injustices. We have been squeezed in as much it was possible, and the latest blow that we have received was the award of the Boundary Commission. It

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and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended

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The indigenous people sent a delegation led by Sneha Kumar Chakma to Delhi to seek help from the Indian leadership. Sneha Kumar Chakma contacted Sardar Patel by phone. Sardar Patel was willing to help, but insisted Sneha Kumar Chakma seek assistance from Prime Minister Pandit Nehru. But Nehru refused

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According to Zafrullah Khan, the assertion that the award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not 'affect' Kashmir is far-fetched. If Batala and Gurdaspur had gone to Pakistan, Pathankot tehsil would have been isolated and blocked. Even though it would have been possible for India to get

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that irrigated the Amritsar district lay in the Gurdaspur district and it was important to keep them under one administration. Radcliffe might have sided with Lord Wavell's reasoning from February 1946 that Gurdaspur had to go with the Amritsar district, and the latter could not be in Pakistan due to

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Before his appointment, Radcliffe had never visited India and knew no one there. To the British and the feuding politicians alike, this neutrality was looked upon as an asset; he was considered to be unbiased toward any of the parties, except of course Britain. Only his private secretary, Christopher

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arrived in India as the next viceroy, with an explicit mandate to achieve the transfer of power before June 1948. Over ten days, Mountbatten obtained the agreement of Congress to the Pakistan demand except for the 13 eastern districts of Punjab (including Amritsar and Gurdaspur). However, Jinnah held

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and called for independence on the grounds that no single religious community should control Punjab. Other Sikhs argued that just as Muslims feared Hindu domination the Sikhs also feared Muslim domination. Sikhs warned the British government that the morale of Sikh troops in the British Army would be

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The entire district of Gurdaspur had a bare majority of 50.2% Muslims. (In the `notional' award attached to the Indian Independence Act, all of Gurdaspur district was marked as Pakistan with a 51.14% Muslim majority. In the 1901 census, the population of Gurdaspur district was 49% Muslim, 40% Hindu,

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to keep the peace around Lahore, but 50,000 men was not enough to prevent thousands of killings, 77% of which were in the rural areas. Given the size of the territory, the force amounted to less than one soldier per square mile. This was not enough to protect the cities much less the caravans of the

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In fact, minimizing the numbers of Hindus and Muslims on the wrong side of the line was not the only concern to balance. The Punjab Border Commission was to draw a border through the middle of an area home to the Sikh community. Lord Islay was rueful for the British not to give more consideration to

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The equal representation given to politicians from Indian National Congress and the Muslim League appeared to provide balance, but instead created deadlock. The relationships were so tendentious that the judges "could hardly bear to speak to each other", and the agendas so at odds that there seemed

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All lawyers by profession, Radcliffe and the other commissioners had all of the polish and none of the specialized knowledge needed for the task. They had no advisers to inform them of the well-established procedures and information needed to draw a boundary. Nor was there time to gather the survey

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During the Partition developments, Jinnah offered Sikhs to live in Pakistan with safeguards for their rights. Sikhs refused because they opposed the concept of Pakistan and also because they did not want to become a small minority within a Muslim majority. Vir Singh Bhatti distributed pamphlets for

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in the eastern zone of Pakistan, which similarly had a marginal Muslim majority. After receiving comments from John Thorne, member of the Executive Council in charge of Home affairs, Wavell forwarded the proposal to the Secretary of State. He justified the exclusion of the Amritsar district because

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Though Mountbatten thought the concept of Pakistan 'sheer madness', he became reconciled to it in the course of six interviews with Jinnah from 5 to 10 April. Jinnah, whom he described as a 'psychopathic case', remained obdurate in the face of his insistence that Pakistan involved the partition of

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No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan

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However, some British works suggest that the 'Kashmir State was not in anybody's mind' when the Award was being drawn and that even the Pakistanis themselves had not realized the importance of Gurdaspur to Kashmir until the Indian forces actually entered Kashmir. Both Mountbatten and Radcliffe, of

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writes that Radcliffe in his initial maps awarded Gurdaspur district to Pakistan but one of Nehru's and Mountbatten's greatest concerns over the new Punjab border was to make sure that Gurdaspur would not go to Pakistan, since that would have deprived India of direct road access to Kashmir. As per

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Zafrullah Khan states that, in fact, adopting the tehsil as a unit would have given Pakistan the Firozepur and Zira tehsils of the Firozpur District, the Jullundur and Nakodar tehsils of Jullundur district and the Dasuya tehsil of the Hoshiarpur district. The line so drawn would also give Pakistan

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Indian historians now accept that Mountbatten probably did influence the Firozpur award in India's favour. The headworks of River Beas, which later joins River Sutlej flowing into Pakistan, were located in Firozpur. Congress leader Nehru and Viceroy Mountbatten had lobbied Radcliffe that headworks

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to meet with commission members, chiefly Nehru from the Congress and Jinnah, president of the Muslim League. He objected to the short time frame, but all parties were insistent that the line be finished by the 15 August British withdrawal from India. Mountbatten had accepted the post as Viceroy on

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wrote a note to Mountbatten proposing that Punjab be divided along Muslim and non-Muslim majority districts and proposed that a Boundary Commission be set up consisting of two Muslim and two non-Muslim members recommended by the Punjab Legislative Assembly. He also proposed that a British judge of

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It seems that Radcliffe had wanted to compensate Pakistan for having given a small portion of Lahore District and most of Gurdaspur to India, but he changed his mind. Firozpur was an important cantonment area, the major military bastion south of the Sutlej, and a junction point where four railway

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of the Gurdaspur District, but when, after a delay of two days, it was announced that the major portion of the district had been awarded to India instead of Pakistan, Cheema left for Pakistan. The major part of Gurdaspur district, i.e. three of the four sub-districts had been handed over to India

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that no matter what he did, people would suffer. The thinking behind this justification may never be known since Radcliffe "destroyed all his papers before he left India". He departed on Independence Day itself, before even the boundary awards were distributed. By his own admission, Radcliffe was

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states that Mountbatten, who was officially supposed to neither exercise any influence on Radcliffe nor to have any knowledge of his findings, intervened behind the scenes – probably at Nehru's behest – to alter the award. He had little difficulty in getting Radcliffe to change his boundaries to

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According to Read and Fisher, there is some circumstantial evidence that Nehru and Patel were secretly informed of the Punjab Award's contents on 9 or 10 August, either through Mountbatten or Radcliffe's Indian assistant secretary. Regardless of how it transpired, the award was changed to put a

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No amount of knowledge could produce a line that would completely avoid conflict; already, "sectarian riots in Punjab and Bengal dimmed hopes for a quick and dignified British withdrawal". "Many of the seeds of postcolonial disorder in South Asia were sown much earlier, in a century and half of

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The commission was instructed to "demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of the Punjab on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims. In doing so, it will also take into account other factors." Other factors were undefined, giving Radcliffe leeway, but

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In the tract, he discussed the boundaries of Muslim and non-Muslim regions of Punjab and Bengal. His calculations showed a Muslim majority in 16 western districts of Punjab and non-Muslim majority in 13 eastern districts. In Bengal, he showed non-Muslim majority in 15 districts. He thought the

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Upon the assurances of the Congress Party that Sikh interests would be respected as an independent India, Sikh leadership agreed to support the Congress Party and its vision of a united India rather than seeking a separate state. When Partition was announced by the British in 1946, Sikhs were

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Both India and Pakistan were loath to violate the agreement by supporting the rebellions of villages drawn on the wrong side of the border, as this could prompt a loss of face on the international stage and require the British or the UN to intervene. Border conflicts led to three wars, in

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believes that Mountbatten cheated over India-Pak frontier and states that if gerrymandering took place in the case of Firozepur, it is not too hard to believe that Mountbatten also pressurized Radcliffe to ensure that Gurdaspur wound up in India to give India road access to Kashmir.

2524: 915:; Gurdaspur was handed over to India and thus was manipulated the accession of Kashmir to India. In support of this view, some scholars claim the award to India "had little to do with Sikh demands but had much more to do with providing India a road link to Jammu and Kashmir." 658:

Perceiving the situation as intractable and urgent, Radcliffe went on to make all the difficult decisions himself. This was impossible from inception, but Radcliffe seems to have had no doubt in himself and raised no official complaint or proposal to change the circumstances.

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course, have strongly denied those charges. It is impossible to accurately quantify the personal responsibility for the tragedy of Kashmir as the Mountbatten papers relating to the issue at the India Office Library and records are closed to scholars for an indefinite period.

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out. Through a series of six meetings with Mountbatten, he continued to maintain that his demand was for six full provinces. He "bitterly complained" that the Viceroy was ruining his Pakistan by cutting Punjab and Bengal in half as this would mean a 'moth-eaten Pakistan'.

721:) east of the Sutlej canal within India's domain instead of Pakistan's. There were two apparent reasons for the switch: the area housed an army arms depot, and contained the headwaters of a canal which irrigated the princely state of Bikaner, which would accede to India. 1935:, 'It makes all the difference to me to know that you propose to make a statement in the House, terminating the British 'Raj' on a definite and specified date; or earlier than this date, if the Indian Parties can agree a constitution and form a Government before this.'" 1389:

After briefly visiting Lahore and Calcutta to meet the members of the two commissions, Radcliffe settled into the Controller's House on the edge of the viceregal estate, avoiding contact with the viceroy as far as possible, to minimize any suspicions of influence and

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or a 'larger Pakistan' under the sovereignty of the Indian Union. The Cabinet Mission came close to success with its proposal for an Indian Union under a federal scheme, but it fell apart in the end because of Nehru's opposition to a heavily decentralised India.

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The Partition of India is one of the central events in the collective memory in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. As a crucial determiner in the outcomes of the partition, the Radcliffe Line and award process has been referred to in many films, books, and other

1728:: "Just when Jinnah was beginning to turn in the direction that he both wanted and needed to go, his own followers pressed him to stick rigidly to his earlier unbending stance which he had adopted while he was preparing for the time of bargaining in earnest." 843:

Populations of Muslim and Non-Muslims in Gurdaspur District, based on Census Data. In the 1881 Census, Non-Muslims were in majority, at 52.49%. The proportion of the Muslim population increased in the following decades, turning them into a majority by the

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as well as the Governor telling them that Gurdaspur was a "non-Muslim district". They contended that even if it had a marginal Muslim majority of 51%, which they believed to be erroneous, the Muslims paid only 35% of the land revenue in the district.

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districts of the Lahore Division from Pakistan would put a majority of Sikhs in India. (Amritsar had a non-Muslim majority and Gurdaspur a marginal Muslim majority.) To compensate for the exclusion of the Gurdaspur district, they included the entire

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The term "Radcliffe Line" is also sometimes used for the entire boundary between India and Pakistan. However, outside of Punjab and Bengal, the boundary is made of existing provincial boundaries and had nothing to do with the Radcliffe commissions.

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As per the 'notional' award that had already been put into effect for purposes of administration ad interim, all of Gurdaspur district, owing to its Muslim majority, was assigned to Pakistan. From 14 to 17 August, Mushtaq Ahmed Cheema acted as the

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the condition of an early deadline. The decision was completed just a couple of days before the withdrawal, but due to political considerations, not published until 17 August 1947, two days after the grant of independence to India and Pakistan.

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its Sikh religious shrines. In addition, the railway line from Amritsar to Pathankot passed through the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils. He further claimed that to compensate for the exclusion of the Gurdaspur district, they included the entire

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The implementation was no less hasty than the process of drawing the border. On 16 August 1947 at 5:00 pm, the Indian and Pakistani representatives were given two hours to study copies, before the Radcliffe award was published on 17 August.

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featured an episode looking at "the ways that the Radcliffe line changed Punjab, and its everlasting effects" including disrupting "a centuries-old Sikh pilgrimage" and separating "Punjabi people of all faiths from each other."

2855: 930:, who represented the Muslim League in July 1947 before the Radcliffe Boundary Commission, stated that the boundary commission was a farce. A secret deal between Mountbatten and Congress leaders had already been struck. 472:

to India to find a solution to resolve the conflicting demands of Congress and the Muslim League. Congress agreed to allow Pakistan to be formed with 'genuine Muslim areas'. The Sikh leaders asked for a Sikh state with

903:. However, Shereen Ilahi points out that the land route to Kashmir was entirely within the Hindu-majority Pathankot tehsil. The award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not affect the Kashmir land route. 5841: 4048:

India: Volume XI: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty-Announcement and Reception of 3 June Plan, 31 May-7 July 1947. Reviewed by Wood, J.R. "Dividing the Jewel: Mountbatten and the Transfer of Power to India and Pakistan".

1701:: "... the Congress leadership, above all Jawaharlal Nehru, increasingly came to the conclusion that, under the Cabinet mission proposals, the centre would be too weak to achieve the goals of the Congress ..." 924:

giving India practical land access to Kashmir. It came as a great blow to Pakistan. Jinnah and other leaders of Pakistan, and particularly its officials, criticized the award as 'extremely unjust and unfair'.

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included decisions regarding "natural boundaries, communications, watercourses and irrigation systems", as well as socio-political consideration. Each commission also had four representatives—two from the

1148:(with a 70% Muslim majority), which went to India. However, the Pakistani flag remained hoisted in Murshidabad for three days until it was replaced by the Indian flag on the afternoon of 17 August 1947. 650:

Last of all, were the communities without any representation. The Bengal Border Commission representatives were chiefly concerned with the question of who would get Calcutta. The Buddhist tribes in the

1189:. Apart from the larger story of the partition, the specific commemoration of the award itself or the recounting of the story of the process and the people involved in it has been comparatively rare. 729:

After the partition, the fledgling governments of India and Pakistan were left with all responsibility to implement the border. After visiting Lahore in August, Viceroy Mountbatten hastily arranged a

234:. Moreover, any division based on religious communities was sure to entail "cutting through road and rail communications, irrigation schemes, electric power systems and even individual landholdings." 942:

access to Pathankot through the Hoshiarpur district, it would have taken quite long time to construct the roads, bridges and communications that would have been necessary for military movements.

3654: 2622:, pp. 65–66: "The final border was almost a ditto copy of Viceroy Lord Wavell's top secret Demarcation Plan of February 1946, which was an auxiliary to the Demarcation Plan of February 1946...". 3426: 313:, the private secretary of the viceroy (later the governor of Punjab), wrote a memorandum titled "Pakistan and the Punjab", where he discussed the issues surrounding the partition of Punjab. 120:, who, as the joint chairman of the two boundary commissions, had the ultimate responsibility to equitably divide 175,000 square miles (450,000 km) of territory with 88 million people. 4117:

The Transfer of Power, 1942-7: Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: Volume XI: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty Announcement and Reception of the 3rd June Plan 31 May- 7 July 1947

489:, which, however, did not meet the Cabinet delegates' agreement. In discussions with Jinnah, the Cabinet Mission offered either a 'smaller Pakistan' with all the Muslim-majority districts 164:

of the Parliament of the United Kingdom stipulated that British rule in India would come to an end just one month later, on 15 August 1947. The Act also stipulated the partition of the

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considered a Hindu sect for Partition purposes. They violently opposed the creation of Pakistan since historically Sikh territories and cities were included in the new Muslim homeland.

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Princely States were given the option of either acceding to one of the two countries (India and Pakistan) or declaring independence. The ruler of Kapurthala acceded to India.

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After arriving in India on 8 July 1947, Radcliffe was given just five weeks to decide on a border. He soon met with his fellow college alumnus Mountbatten and travelled to

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Pakistanis have alleged that the award of the three tehsils to India was a manipulation of the Award by Lord Mountbatten in an effort to provide a land route for India to

876:.) The division of the district was followed by a population transfer between the two nations, with Muslims leaving for Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs arriving from there. 505:

The Gurdaspur district remained a key contentious issue for the non-Muslims. Their members of the Punjab legislature made representations to Mountbatten's chief of staff

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direct and indirect British control of large part of the region, but, as book after book has demonstrated, nothing in the complex tragedy of partition was inevitable."

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and 10% Sikh.) The Pathankot tehsil was predominantly Hindu while the other three tehsils were Muslim majority. In the event, only Shakargarh was awarded to Pakistan.

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To avoid disputes and delays, the division was done in secret. The final Awards were ready on 9 and 12 August, but not published until two days after the partition.

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lines and three high ways met to cross the barrage-cum-bridge towards Kasur and Lahore. Perhaps geographical and strategic considerations weighed with Radcliffe.

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The demarcation line was published on 17 August 1947, two days after the independence of Pakistan and India. Today, the Punjab part of the line is part of the

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to be little point anyway. Even worse, "the wife and two children of the Sikh judge in Lahore had been murdered by Muslims in Rawalpindi a few weeks earlier."

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Beaumont, was familiar with the administration and life in Punjab. Wanting to preserve the appearance of impartiality, Radcliffe also kept his distance from

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in Bengal had no official representation and were left totally without information to prepare for their situation until two days after the partition.

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could see that any division of Punjab would leave the Sikhs divided between Pakistan and Hindustan. He espoused the doctrine of self-reliance,

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in the Reforms Office. They prepared a note called "Demarcation of Pakistan Areas", where they included the three western divisions of Punjab (

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The Transfer of Power, 1942-7: Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: Volume X: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty-Formulation of a Plan

554:. Given the deadlock between the interests of the two sides and their rancorous relationship, the final decision was essentially Radcliffe's. 242:

The idea of partitioning the provinces of Bengal and Punjab had been present since the beginning of the 20th century. Bengal had in fact been

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created a nine-minute short film where he explored the plausible scenario of Radcliffe regretting the line he drew. The film was inspired by

352:). However, they noted that this allocation would leave 2.2 million Sikhs in the Pakistan area and about 1.5 million in India. Excluding the 6771: 970:

allot the Muslim-majority district of Gurdaspur to India instead of Pakistan, thus giving India the only road access from Delhi to Kashmir.

6520: 6487: 6190: 5899: 4004:"An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue during the Last Two Decades of the British Raj until the Declaration of 3 June 1947" 3362: 3310: 2778: 440: 5570: 2688: 2489: 2167: 3051: 1779: 1689: 797:), Zira, Firozpur (in Firozpur District), Nakodar and Jullandur (in Jullandur District) to India instead of Pakistan. On the other hand, 336:

The Secretary of State responded by directing Lord Wavell to send 'actual proposals for defining genuine Muslim areas'. The task fell on

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in the northeast (54.4% Muslim). After elaborate discussions, these two provinces ended up being partitioned between India and Pakistan.

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Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, "they not understand the nature of their own demand".

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to-day celebrated Independence Day in the absence of any decision made by the Boundary Commission by saluting the Pakistan State Flag.

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sub-division (with a Muslim majority) was separated from Sylhet and given to India, where it became a district in 1983. As of the

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Sher Muhammad Garewal, "Mountbatten and Kashmir Issue", Journal of Research Society of Pakistan, XXXIV (April 1997), pp.9–10

2582: 864:

on its east bank. The Shakargarh tehsil, the biggest in size, was awarded to Pakistan. (It was subsequently merged into the

5859: 2965: 6498: 6481: 6375: 5993: 5766: 5560: 5529: 3557:"How the British failed India and Pakistan: The history of two neighbors born at war — and the British strategy behind it" 2494:

Select Documents on Partition of Punjab - 1947: India and Pakistan: Punjab, Haryana and Himachal-India and Punjab-Pakistan

2172:

Select Documents on Partition of Punjab - 1947: India and Pakistan: Punjab, Haryana and Himachal-India and Punjab-Pakistan

469: 153: 3636: 6610: 6567: 6527: 6268: 5826: 5816: 5771: 5580: 5236: 4592: 4199: 322: 188: 161: 4467: 395: 132: 6791: 6776: 6685: 6657: 6635: 6329: 5796: 5426: 4813: 3331: 1372: 4627: 3481: 2308: 6786: 6466: 6431: 6426: 6314: 6158: 6113: 5696: 5614: 5161: 4718: 4435: 4430: 3170:

Tinker, Hugh (August 1977), "Pressure, Persuasion, Decision: Factors in the Partition of the Punjab, August 1947",

959: 747: 743: 739: 243: 3676: 2203: 1484: 1263: 250:

in 1905, along with its adjoining regions. The resulting 'Eastern Bengal and Assam' province, with its capital at

128: 6461: 6411: 6118: 5721: 5136: 4833: 4713: 4552: 4492: 179:. Muslim-majority British provinces in the northwest were to become the foundation of Pakistan. The provinces of 1096:

On 15 August 1947, Chakma and other indigenous Buddhists celebrated independence day by hoisting Indian flag in

883:

Radcliffe explained that the reason for deviating from the notional award in the case of Gurdaspur was that the

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Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850, Ayesha Jalal, pages 433-434

538:

In order to determine exactly which territories to assign to each country, in June 1947, Britain appointed

265:

Proposals for partitioning Punjab had been made starting in 1908. Its proponents included the Hindu leader

6600: 6471: 6406: 6339: 6068: 5894: 5366: 5276: 5271: 4517: 4456: 4348: 4275: 4265: 1165: 1086: 872:.) The three eastern tehsils were awarded to India. (Pathankot was eventually made a separate district in 798: 763: 652: 362: 191:

became entirely Pakistani territory. However, two provinces did not have an overwhelming Muslim majority—

180: 4582: 3074: 6344: 6309: 6293: 6263: 6023: 5850: 5791: 5565: 5504: 5331: 5116: 5061: 4893: 4853: 4663: 4527: 4512: 4462: 4450: 4327: 1288: 1116:

to help fearing that military conflict for Chittagong Hill Tracts might draw the British back to India.

888: 730: 590: 514: 310: 3556: 3465:

As per announcement of June 3 last Murshidabad has been placed in Eastern Pakistan Dominion. People of

789:

In addition to Gurdaspur's Muslim majority tehsils, Radcliffe also gave the Muslim majority tehsils of

258:, had a Hindu majority. However, this partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911 in an effort to mollify 3531: 1866: 6401: 6168: 6123: 6073: 5946: 5914: 5882: 5731: 5416: 5371: 5306: 5251: 5196: 5081: 4986: 4943: 4898: 4818: 4723: 4567: 4472: 4322: 4087:

Heward, E. The Great and the Good: A Life of Lord Radcliffe. Chichester: Barry Rose Publishers, 1994.

1173: 1145: 3448: 689:

heavily influenced by his lack of fitness for the Indian climate and his eagerness to depart India.

390: 6534: 6446: 6319: 6273: 6223: 6103: 6028: 6008: 5988: 5658: 5646: 5401: 5346: 5231: 5226: 5121: 5101: 5026: 4823: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4768: 4612: 4074: 1626:

War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict , Jeffrey M Shaw, Timothy J Demmy, page 375

1610:

invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their

920: 873: 539: 329:

of Bengal and Punjab going to Pakistan with only minor adjustments, whereas Congress was expecting

259: 219: 4068:

Borders and Conflict in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab.

2309:"The Maharaja of Bikaner to Rear-Admiral Viscount Mountbatten of Burma: Telegram (10 August 1947)" 1977:

Borders and Conflicts in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab

202:

The Punjab's population distribution was such that there was no line that could neatly divide the

6456: 6416: 6396: 6324: 6299: 6278: 6258: 6233: 6133: 6093: 5801: 5776: 5666: 5585: 5431: 5351: 5281: 5266: 5176: 5166: 5076: 5066: 5051: 5036: 5016: 4991: 4863: 4808: 4537: 4507: 4402: 4382: 4332: 4230: 3979: 3903: 3801:"75 Years Post-Partition: Artist Pritika Chowdhry on her Partition Anti-Memorial Project | COSAS" 3782: 3513:"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India" 3385: 3197: 3189: 2669: 2252: 1247: 931: 861: 857: 834: 767: 605: 478: 357: 113: 80: 4081: 35:

The Radcliffe Line was drawn between the dark green and dark brown portions of the provinces of

2335: 148: 6615: 6585: 6441: 6391: 6163: 6153: 6098: 6063: 6058: 6033: 5977: 5756: 5751: 5741: 5726: 5706: 5637: 5575: 5406: 5391: 5291: 5186: 5146: 5071: 4976: 4948: 4908: 4738: 4522: 4482: 4445: 4407: 4387: 4377: 4260: 4250: 4060: 4029: 3989: 3966: 3935: 3923: 3881: 3835: 3774: 3571: 3393: 3358: 3306: 3266: 3151: 3041: 3035: 2955: 2949: 2929: 2845: 2727: 2694: 2661: 2497: 2461: 2453: 2420: 2381: 2236: 2209: 2175: 1981: 1769: 1763: 1718: 1679: 1673: 1598: 1560: 1492: 1378: 912: 893: 853: 819: 794: 734:

hundreds of thousands of refugees who were fleeing their homes in what would become Pakistan.

706: 436: 353: 278: 231: 196: 109: 3111: 3019: 2414: 2375: 6713: 6595: 6575: 6506: 6436: 6421: 6243: 6238: 6078: 6048: 6018: 5998: 5924: 5811: 5711: 5686: 5595: 5509: 5386: 5356: 5336: 5311: 5301: 5241: 5151: 5096: 5091: 4981: 4903: 4733: 4688: 4673: 4597: 4572: 4542: 4305: 4245: 4207: 4067: 3917: 3766: 3702: 3179: 2653: 2454:"The Truth of the Partition of the Punjab in August 1947: Statement by Christopher Beaumont" 1251: 884: 865: 669: 531: 498: 302: 297:

Districts of Punjab with Muslim (green) and non-Muslim (pink) majorities, as per 1941 census

227: 30: 4092: 3947: 2986: 6625: 6555: 6476: 6380: 6203: 6083: 5967: 5544: 5534: 5436: 5341: 5286: 5201: 5181: 5001: 4971: 4966: 4923: 4913: 4878: 4873: 4838: 4693: 4532: 4255: 4163: 3599: 1141: 950: 486: 482: 474: 270: 91: 333:

of these provinces to remain in India. This essentially framed the problem of partition.

2811: 2751: 2490:"Memorandum Submitted to the Punjab Boundary Commission by the Indian National Congress" 6580: 6386: 6288: 6213: 6173: 6128: 6043: 6003: 5983: 5376: 5326: 5316: 5296: 5261: 5221: 5206: 4928: 4858: 4843: 4783: 4773: 4607: 4497: 4367: 4317: 4215: 4097: 1932: 1217: 1125: 966: 771: 609: 314: 282: 266: 1650:

Ethnic Group's of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, James Minahan, page 292

946:

Assessments on the 'Controversial Award of Gurdaspur to India and the Kashmir Dispute'

460: 6765: 6671: 6605: 6590: 6541: 6283: 6253: 6248: 6138: 6108: 6038: 6013: 5691: 5321: 5246: 5211: 5171: 5086: 5056: 5046: 5031: 4918: 4888: 4868: 4602: 3786: 3565:

The two nations were born at war — which can be traced back to this British strategy.

3201: 2673: 2283:"Colonial Hydraulic Infrastructure, Princely States, and the Partition of the Punjab" 1975: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1198: 790: 318: 2644:

Ilahi, Shereen (2003). "The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Fate of Kashmir".

805:, with non-Muslim population of 97% and 51% respectively, were awarded to Pakistan. 6643: 6620: 6349: 6334: 6218: 6208: 6198: 5972: 5736: 5716: 5701: 5524: 5411: 5041: 5006: 4996: 4938: 4743: 4647: 4557: 4547: 4312: 4240: 4225: 3755:"The ambivalence of borders: Map art through the lens of North-East Indian artists" 1278: 1224: 718: 598: 4116: 4106: 1144:(with a marginal Hindu majority of 51%) was given to East Pakistan in lieu of the 4023: 3960: 3873: 3829: 3389: 3379: 3145: 2923: 2721: 1712: 896:

in the eastern zone of Pakistan, which similarly had a marginal Muslim majority.

104:

was the boundary demarcated by the two boundary commissions for the provinces of

6699: 5786: 5131: 5011: 4708: 4487: 4235: 2315:. Vol. XII. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 638, 645, 662 2313:

Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942-7

1283: 1268: 1228: 1101: 945: 869: 779: 337: 293: 274: 247: 4168: 3894:

Datta, V. N. (1998), "The Punjab Boundary Commission Award (12 August, 1947)",

3770: 3532:"How a border transformed a subcontinent: This line divided India and Pakistan" 2565: 2563: 2561: 6364: 6304: 6088: 5931: 5381: 5156: 5106: 5021: 4678: 4562: 4397: 3983: 3626: 3555:

Ranjani Chakraborty, Danush Parvaneh, and Christina Thornell (22 March 2019).

3466: 1109: 1105: 849: 751: 506: 63: 3778: 3754: 3397: 3242:. Calcutta: Central Publication Branch, Government of India. pp. 220–223 2665: 6727: 6354: 5939: 5361: 5256: 5216: 5191: 5126: 4788: 4778: 4683: 1293: 1169: 1097: 1090: 783: 341: 254:, had a Muslim majority and the 'West Bengal' province, with its capital at 3831:

Pakistan – The Garrison State: Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947-2011)

3327: 1530: 1254:

have created drawings, prints and sculptures depicting the Radcliffe Line.

3384:(Reports). Vol. 4. Simla: Government of India Press. pp. 24–25. 6741: 5904: 5676: 4728: 4372: 4146:

Chopra, R. M., "The Punjab And Bengal", Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta, 1999.

4126: 1714:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

1489:

The Shadow of the Great Game : The Untold Story of India's Partition

1054: 1024: 714: 562: 255: 169: 59: 3907: 3651:"Watch: This Bloody Line, Ram Madhvani's short film on India-Pak divide" 2256: 2240: 325:. The viceroy informed the Secretary of State that Jinnah envisaged the 5681: 4883: 4120: 4110: 4054: 3631: 3193: 1039: 207: 176: 4061:

Routing borders between territories, discourses, and practices (p.128)

2813:

The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University

2753:

The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University

2657: 2340:. Vol. 2. Lahore: National Documentation Centre. pp. 202–210 2337:

The Partition of the Punjab, 1947: A Compilation of Official Documents

448:

drafted a scheme of a separate Sikh state if India was to be divided.

4412: 1157: 1129: 955: 802: 775: 710: 685: 558: 542:

to chair two boundary commissions—one for Bengal and one for Punjab.

203: 5606: 3184: 2205:

Liberty or Death : India's Journey to Independence and Division

1847: 1835: 1823: 1749: 1737: 1659: 1542: 1518: 1470: 1458: 1430: 1124:

Another disputed decision made by Radcliffe was the division of the

5845:

The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

3233:"Census of India, 1931. Vol. V: Bengal and Sikkim. Part II: Tables" 2619: 2358: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2036: 2000: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1346: 589:

The Bengal Boundary Commission consisted of justices C. C. Biswas,

2334:

Sadullah, Mian Muhammad (1983). "Arguments of the Bikaner State".

1161: 1009: 624: 459: 292: 251: 211: 184: 56: 3516: 2583:"Gurdāspur District – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 395" 348:) in Pakistan, leaving two eastern divisions of Punjab in India ( 175:

Pakistan was intended as a Muslim homeland, while India remained

3589: 3587: 1801:

Moore, Robin James. "Mountbatten, India, and the Commonwealth".

1678:(Third ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 216–217, 1442: 762:

There were disputes regarding the Radcliffe Line's award of the

574:

Each boundary commission consisted of five people – a chairman (

5610: 4172: 309:, the idea of Pakistan began to be contemplated seriously. Sir 2951:

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India

2631: 2607: 2569: 2027:, "Boundary Commission Format and Procedure section", para. 5. 1311: 373: 1765:

Partition In Ireland India And Palestine: Theory And Practice

5858: 5849: 5840: 2548: 2546: 1946:"Minutes of the award meeting : Held on 16 August 1947" 1197:

As a part of a series on borders, the explanatory news site

3874:"Lord Mountbatten and the Punjab Boundary Commission Award" 2117: 2024: 911:

Pakistan maintains that the Radcliffe Award was altered by

2897:

Mehr Chand Mahajan, Looking Back: The Autobiography Bombay

1638:

The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3, J S Grewal, page 176

1089:

had a majority non-Muslim population of 97% (most of them

534:

prior to his replacement as Viceroy, in February 1947, by

3850:"The 1947 Partition: Drawing the Indo-Pakistani Boundary" 1176:, Karimganj district now has a Muslim majority of 52.3%. 848:

The Gurdaspur district was divided geographically by the

4053:, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 1985–1986), pp. 653–662. 2241:"The Punjab Boundary Commission Award (12 August, 1947)" 1646: 1644: 1557:

War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict

2869:

is an unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award.

144:

Events leading up to the Radcliffe Boundary Commissions

2723:

Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History

2174:. New Delhi: National Book Shop. pp. xxvi–xxvii. 954:"The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture", a part of 3530:

Johnny Harris and Christina Thornell (26 June 2019).

3449:"Hindus & Muslims embrace each other as brothers" 1491:. New York: Caroll and Graf Publishers. p. 195. 1377:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 483. 152:

Map illustrating the overall framework of partition.

2841:

Pakistan Pangs of Birth, 15 August-30 September 1947

2690:

Pakistan Pangs of Birth, 15 August-30 September 1947

6634: 6566: 6497: 6189: 5957: 5870: 5657: 5553: 5452: 4957: 4759: 4656: 4421: 4358: 4206: 3962:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

3543:

A brief history of how the region was split in two.

2369: 2367: 2290:

Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society

2105: 2093: 2012: 1374:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

604:The members of the Punjab Commission were justices 400:

Relevance to the topic of the article is not clear.

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India: Uppal Publishing House. p. 64. 2954:, Oxford University Press, USA, p. 167, 1366: 1364: 1187:artistic depictions of the Partition of India 468:In March 1946, the British government sent a 8: 4143:, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 3728:"Omar Kholeif on curating for Abu Dhabi Art" 3576:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2884:, Pakistan Printing Press, 1982, p. 515 2458:The Rediscovery of India: A New Subcontinent 526:A crude border had already been drawn up by 3419:"Nawabs' Murshidabad House lies in tatters" 2552: 1980:. Manchester: Manchester university Press. 1555:Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017). 1401: 705:salient portion of the non-Muslim majority 277:, and various Sikh leaders. After the 1940 214:. 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Minerva Press. p. 49. 1485:"Wavell Plays the Great game" 1420:, Bombay: Thacker and company 464:Pre-partition Punjab province 346:Rawalpindi, Multan and Lahore 317:, then prime minister of the 6529:Pakistan: A Personal History 6269:Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot 6054:Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq 5237:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 4518:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 4200:Indian independence movement 3353:Chakma, Dipak Kumar (2013). 2928:, Vanguard, pp. 76–77, 2452:Khan, Ansar Hussain (1999). 1865:Frank Jacobs (3 July 2012). 862:Gurdaspur and Batala tehsils 323:Secretary of State for India 189:North-West Frontier Province 162:Indian Independence Act 1947 5427:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 4814:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 3880:, Manohar, pp. 13–39, 3753:Anzi, Achia (1 June 2021). 3488:. July 1947. p. 8722. 3330:. Calcutta Research group. 3303:Chakmas: An Embattled Tribe 2413:Owen Bennett Jones (2003). 825:should not go to Pakistan. 398:. The specific problem is: 6813: 6467:Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni 6432:Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi 6315:Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan 6114:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan 6039:Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh 5162:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 4719:Indian Independence League 4436:Partition of Bengal (1947) 4431:Partition of Bengal (1905) 3916:Dhulipala, Venkat (2015), 3771:10.1007/s41020-021-00142-9 3703:"Zones of Dreams | Art UK" 3328:"Is there a "Neo-Racism"?" 3286:Chakma, Deepak K. (2013). 3240:Linguistic Survey of India 2416:Pakistan: Eye of the Storm 2307:Mansergh, Nicolas (1983). 1597:. Routledge. p. 100. 1231:'s poem on the Partition. 832: 817: 621:Boundary-making procedures 570:Members of the commissions 394:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 6462:Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri 6119:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 5838: 5722:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 5644: 5337:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 5137:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 4834:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 4714:Indian Home Rule movement 4553:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 4493:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 3805:southernasia.uchicago.edu 3261:Khisha, Mukur K. (1998). 2948:Wolpert, Stanley (2009), 2922:Sohail, Massarat (1991), 2720:Ziring, Lawrence (1997), 2525:"Narowal – Punjab Portal" 2120:, "Methodology", para. 1. 1559:. ABC-CLIO. p. 371. 1210:One notable depiction is 1193:Legacy and historiography 1076: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1048: 1038: 1033: 1023: 1018: 1008: 996: 991: 156:newspaper, 4th June 1947. 28: 6543:Pakistan: A Hard Country 6536:The Myth of Independence 6149:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 6144:Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan 5863:State emblem of Pakistan 5822:Constitution of Pakistan 5672:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5576:Indian annexation of Goa 5422:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 4934:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 4704:Indian National Congress 4503:Non-cooperation movement 4109:, 22 March-30 May 1947. 3759:Jindal Global Law Review 3301:Talukdar, S. P. (1994). 3172:Journal of Asian Studies 3040:. Orion. pp. 128–. 2281:Altaf, Muhammad (2021). 2202:French, Patrick (1998). 2106:Mishra, Exit Wounds 2007 2094:Mishra, Exit Wounds 2007 2013:Mishra, Exit Wounds 2007 1871:Opinionator: Borderlines 1274:Indo-Bangladesh enclaves 928:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 638:Political representation 580:Indian National Congress 548:Indian National Congress 238:Prior ideas of partition 6772:Bangladesh–India border 6452:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi 6360:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi 6229:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi 6159:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan 6094:Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan 5772:Indian Independence Act 5747:Round Table Conferences 5651:timeline: 1947–present) 5581:Indian Independence Act 5167:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 5142:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 5112:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 4849:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 4829:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 4669:All-India Muslim League 4623:Royal Air Force strikes 4588:Round table conferences 4578:Chittagong armoury raid 4468:Hindu–German Conspiracy 4451:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 4221:Porto Grande de Bengala 3828:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (2013), 3214:Robert, Andrew (1994), 3073:Robert, Andrew (1994), 2553:Tan & Kudaisya 2000 1711:Jalal, Ayesha (1994) , 1402:Tan & Kudaisya 2000 752:Kargil conflict of 1999 616:Problems in the process 595:Abu Saleh Mohamed Akram 536:Lord Louis Mountbatten. 168:into two new sovereign 133:Bangladesh–India border 6797:Eponymous border lines 6472:Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan 6407:Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh 6340:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum 6330:Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir 6069:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman 5915:Philosophical Congress 5864: 5855: 5846: 5367:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 5272:Purushottam Das Tandon 4643:Praja Mandala movement 4457:The Indian Sociologist 4141:A New History of India 3231:Porter, A. E. (1933). 3144:Hodson, H. V. (1969), 3116:London Review of Books 2488:Singh, Kirpal (2005). 2166:Singh, Kirpal (2006). 1974:Chester, Lucy (2009). 1873:. The New York Times. 1812:Bengal and the Punjab. 1762:Fraser, T. G. (1984). 1087:Chittagong Hill Tracts 983:Chittagong Hill Tracts 856:on its west bank, and 845: 799:Chittagong Hill Tracts 764:Chittagong Hill Tracts 680:Haste and indifference 653:Chittagong Hill Tracts 630: 522:Process and key people 465: 298: 172:: India and Pakistan. 157: 6782:India–Pakistan border 6383:(Pir of Manki Sharif) 6345:Jalaludin Abdur Rahim 6310:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas 6305:Hakeem Mohammad Saeed 6294:Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem 6264:Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot 6024:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V 5862: 5853: 5844: 5792:Objectives Resolution 5732:Now or Never pamphlet 5591:Political integration 5332:Shyamji Krishna Varma 5117:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 5062:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 4894:Rettamalai Srinivasan 4854:Mahadev Govind Ranade 4664:All India Kisan Sabha 4628:Coup d'état of Yanaon 4528:Qissa Khwani massacre 4513:Coolie-Begar movement 4328:Second Anglo-Sikh War 3919:Creating a New Medina 3872:Datta, V. N. (2002), 3453:Amrita Bazaar Patrika 3378:Dutch, R. A. (1942). 3217:Eminent Churchillians 3076:Eminent Chruchillians 3037:Eminent Churchillians 2994:, 2016, p. 355, 2900:, 1963, p. 113, 2838:Zaidi, Z. H. (2001), 2816:, 2004, p. 158, 2756:, 2004, p. 155, 2687:Zaidi, Z. H. (2001), 1289:Sykes-Picot Agreement 1264:India–Pakistan border 842: 731:Punjab Boundary Force 628: 463: 296: 287:Thoughts on Pakistan. 160:On 18 July 1947, the 151: 129:India–Pakistan border 6402:Lady Abdullah Haroon 6169:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani 6124:Jogendra Nath Mandal 6074:Choudhary Rahmat Ali 5417:Veeran Sundaralingam 5372:Tara Rani Srivastava 5307:Sahajanand Saraswati 5197:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 5082:Chandra Shekhar Azad 4987:Alluri Sitarama Raju 4944:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 4899:Sahajanand Saraswati 4819:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 4724:Indian National Army 4568:Dharasana Satyagraha 4473:Champaran Satyagraha 4323:First Anglo-Sikh War 4162:28 June 2011 at the 4139:Wolpert, S. (1989). 4070:Manchester UP, 2009. 2693:, pp. 378–379, 1867:"Peacocks at Sunset" 1447:Thoughts on Pakistan 1417:Thoughts on Pakistan 1146:Murshidabad district 405:improve this section 246:by the then viceroy 116:. It is named after 6447:Fatima Sughra Begum 6320:Sardar Ibrahim Khan 6274:Sikandar Hayat Khan 6224:Adamjee Haji Dawood 6104:Ghulam Bhik Nairang 6029:Mian Muhammad Shafi 6009:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 5994:Maulana Shaukat Ali 5989:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 5910:Renaissance Society 5900:Student Federations 5697:Partition of Bengal 5647:History of Pakistan 5402:V. K. Krishna Menon 5347:Subhas Chandra Bose 5232:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 5227:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 5122:Govind Ballabh Pant 5102:Dayananda Saraswati 5027:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 4824:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 4804:Dhondo Keshav Karve 4799:Dayananda Saraswati 4794:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 4769:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 4287:Anglo-Maratha Wars 4075:Freedom at Midnight 3985:Kashmir in Conflict 3980:Schofield, Victoria 3603:. 14 January 2014. 2266:– via JSTOR. 1850:, pp. 108–109. 921:Deputy Commissioner 670:Viceroy Mountbatten 540:Sir Cyril Radcliffe 350:Jullundur and Delhi 260:Bengali nationalism 6792:Partition of India 6777:Geography of India 6457:Viqar-un-Nisa Noon 6417:Naseer Ahmad Malhi 6397:Jahanara Shahnawaz 6325:Fida Mohammad Khan 6300:Ghulam Rasool Mehr 6279:Shaukat Hayat Khan 6259:Mian Iftikharuddin 6234:Zafar Ahmad Usmani 6134:Khawaja Nazimuddin 5980:(Nawab Salimullah) 5865: 5856: 5847: 5802:Pakistani monarchy 5777:Partition of India 5667:East India Company 5586:Partition of India 5432:Yashwantrao Holkar 5397:V. O. Chidamabaram 5352:Subramania Bharati 5282:Rahul Sankrityayan 5267:Pritilata Waddedar 5177:Shri Krishna Singh 5077:C. Rajagopalachari 5067:Bidhan Chandra Roy 5052:Bhavabhushan Mitra 5037:Begum Hazrat Mahal 4992:Annapurna Maharana 4864:Muthulakshmi Reddy 4809:G. Subramania Iyer 4508:Christmas Day Plot 4383:Indian nationalism 4333:Sannyasi rebellion 4231:East India Company 3936:Mansergh, Nicholas 3854:American Diplomacy 3627:"This Bloody Line" 3423:The Times of India 3326:Balibar, Etienne. 2785:. 15 August 2015. 2361:, pp. 487–488 2237:Datta, Vishwa Nath 1919:, pp. 482–483 1404:, p. 162–163. 1248:Reena Saini Kallat 1174:2001 Indian census 932:Mehr Chand Mahajan 846: 829:Gurdaspur District 768:Gurdaspur district 631: 606:Mehr Chand Mahajan 466: 456:Final negotiations 446:Giani Kartar Singh 299: 269:, Congress leader 158: 114:Partition of India 81:Partition of India 6787:Pakistan Movement 6759: 6758: 6751: 6737: 6723: 6709: 6695: 6681: 6667: 6653: 6616:Deena Public Hall 6586:Pakistan Monument 6442:Sharif al Mujahid 6392:Hafeez Jalandhari 6164:Ashraf Ali Thanwi 6154:Qazi Mohammad Isa 6099:Jafar Khan Jamali 6064:Abdur Rab Nishtar 6059:Abdul Qayyum Khan 6034:Mian Abdul Rashid 5978:Khwaja Salimullah 5757:Direct Action Day 5752:Lahore Resolution 5742:Two nation theory 5727:Allahabad Address 5707:Khilafat Movement 5677:Deobandi Movement 5638:Pakistan Movement 5604: 5603: 5571:Republic of India 5407:Vallabhbhai Patel 5392:Ubaidullah Sindhi 5292:Ram Prasad Bismil 5187:M. Bhaktavatsalam 5147:Jatindra Nath Das 5072:Bipin Chandra Pal 5007:Babu Kunwar Singh 4977:Achyut Patwardhan 4739:Khudai Khidmatgar 4583:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 4523:Kakori conspiracy 4483:Rowlatt Committee 4446:Direct Action Day 4408:Swadeshi movement 4388:Khilafat Movement 4378:Hindu nationalism 4338:Rebellion of 1857 4261:Anglo-Mysore Wars 4251:Battle of Plassey 4066:Chester, Lucy P. 4035:978-1-134-44048-1 3929:978-1-107-05212-3 3887:978-81-7304-306-2 3841:978-0-19-906636-0 3635:. 18 March 2017. 3390:saoa.crl.28215987 3263:All That Glisters 3047:978-0-297-86527-8 2783:The Tribune India 2733:978-0-19-577816-8 2658:10.1080/714002326 2634:, pp. 33–34. 2531:on 1 October 2011 2426:978-0-300-10147-8 2387:978-1-349-20942-2 1838:, pp. 97–98. 1826:, pp. 98–99. 1775:978-1-349-17610-6 1752:, pp. 95–96. 1740:, pp. 94–95. 1724:978-0-521-45850-4 1685:978-1-139-53705-6 1662:, pp. 87–89. 1604:978-1-134-44048-1 1223:Indian filmmaker 1081: 1080: 901:Jammu and Kashmir 894:Dinajpur district 854:Shakargarh tehsil 814:Firozpur District 795:Amritsar District 707:Firozpur district 550:and two from the 437:Master Tara Singh 433: 432: 425: 396:quality standards 387:This section may 363:Dinajpur district 279:Lahore resolution 232:Vallabhbhai Patel 98: 97: 6804: 6745: 6731: 6717: 6703: 6689: 6675: 6661: 6647: 6611:National Library 6596:Ziarat Residency 6576:Minar-e-Pakistan 6508:Idea of Pakistan 6437:Habib Rahimtoola 6422:Ahmed Saeed Nagi 6244:Malik Barkat Ali 6239:Ahmed Ali Lahori 6079:A. K. Fazlul Huq 6049:Bahadur Yar Jung 6019:Liaquat Ali Khan 5999:Hakim Ajmal Khan 5854:Flag of Pakistan 5832:Protestant Islam 5827:British heritage 5817:National symbols 5812:Kashmir conflict 5712:Shuddhi movement 5687:Aligarh Movement 5682:Barelvi Movement 5631: 5624: 5617: 5608: 5596:Simla Conference 5387:Tiruppur Kumaran 5357:Subramaniya Siva 5312:Sangolli Rayanna 5302:Rash Behari Bose 5242:Nagnath Naikwadi 5152:Jawaharlal Nehru 5097:Dadabhai Naoroji 5092:Chittaranjan Das 4982:A. K. Fazlul Huq 4904:Savitribai Phule 4734:Khaksar movement 4689:Berlin Committee 4674:Anushilan Samiti 4638:Independence Day 4598:Aundh Experiment 4573:Vedaranyam March 4478:Kheda Satyagraha 4463:Singapore Mutiny 4246:Portuguese India 4193: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4102: 4038: 4018: 4008: 3998: 3975: 3955: 3932: 3910: 3890: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3856:, archived from 3844: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3683:. September 2019 3681:www.artforum.com 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3515:. 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Archived from 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1942: 1936: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1862: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1521:, p. 85–86. 1516: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1480: 1474: 1473:, p. 84–85. 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1440: 1434: 1433:, p. 73–76. 1428: 1422: 1421: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1368: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1252:Pritika Chowdhry 1213:Drawing the Line 989: 988: 866:Narowal district 532:Viceroy of India 499:Lord Mountbatten 491:except Gurdaspur 435:The Sikh leader 428: 421: 417: 414: 408: 382: 381: 374: 303:Simla Conference 273:, industrialist 228:Jawaharlal Nehru 33: 21: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6645:Youm-e-Pakistan 6630: 6626:Jinnah Terminal 6562: 6493: 6477:Abdullah Ropari 6381:Amin ul-Hasanat 6204:Abdullah Haroon 6185: 6084:Jamaat Ali Shah 5968:Syed Ahmad Khan 5953: 5866: 5857: 5848: 5836: 5767:Cabinet Mission 5653: 5640: 5635: 5605: 5600: 5561:Cabinet Mission 5549: 5453:British leaders 5448: 5437:Yogendra Shukla 5342:Siraj ud-Daulah 5297:Rani Lakshmibai 5287:Rajendra Prasad 5277:R. Venkataraman 5222:Mithuben Petit‎ 5202:Mahadaji Shinde 5182:Lala Lajpat Rai 5017:Bahadur Shah II 5002:Ashfaqulla Khan 4972:Accamma Cherian 4967:Abul Kalam Azad 4959: 4953: 4924:Syed Ahmad Khan 4914:Sister Nivedita 4879:Pandita Ramabai 4874:Niralamba Swami 4839:J. B. Kripalani 4761: 4755: 4694:Ghadar Movement 4652: 4533:Flag Satyagraha 4441:Revolutionaries 4423: 4417: 4360: 4354: 4256:Battle of Buxar 4202: 4197: 4164:Wayback Machine 4153: 4132:Tunzelmann, A. 4090: 4051:Pacific Affairs 4045: 4043:Further reading 4036: 4021: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3978: 3973: 3958: 3945: 3930: 3915: 3893: 3888: 3871: 3863: 3861: 3860:on 28 June 2011 3847: 3842: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3600:TheGuardian.com 3593: 3592: 3585: 3568: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3519:on 14 May 2007. 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3185:10.2307/2054436 3169: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2962: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2861: 2859: 2852: 2844:, p. 380, 2837: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2821: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2750: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2559: 2551: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2388: 2373: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2261: 2259: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1776: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1686: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1605: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1567: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1385: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1260: 1234:Visual artists 1208: 1195: 1182: 1168:. However, the 1154: 1142:Khulna District 1138: 1122: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1061: 1046: 1031: 1016: 985: 980: 951:Stanley Wolpert 948: 909: 837: 831: 822: 816: 811: 760: 727: 699: 682: 665: 663:Local knowledge 640: 623: 618: 572: 524: 497:In March 1947, 487:Multan Division 470:Cabinet Mission 458: 429: 418: 412: 409: 402: 383: 379: 372: 271:Lala Lajpat Rai 240: 146: 141: 118:Cyril Radcliffe 92:Cyril Radcliffe 79: 48:Characteristics 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6810: 6808: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6764: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6743:Youm-e-Viladat 6739: 6725: 6711: 6697: 6683: 6669: 6655: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6581:Bab-e-Pakistan 6578: 6572: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6387:Syed Wajid Ali 6384: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6291: 6289:Ziauddin Ahmad 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6214:Mahmoud Haroon 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6174:Zafar Ali Khan 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6129:K. H. Khurshid 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Mohsin-ul-Mulk 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004:Muhammad Iqbal 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5984:Syed Ameer Ali 5981: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:Radcliffe Line 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5377:Tarak Nath Das 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5327:Shuja-ud-Daula 5324: 5319: 5317:Sarojini Naidu 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Prafulla Chaki 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5207:Mahatma Gandhi 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929:Vakkom Moulavi 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4859:Mahatma Gandhi 4856: 4851: 4846: 4844:Jyotirao Phule 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4784:B. R. Ambedkar 4781: 4776: 4774:Ayya Vaikundar 4771: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4608:Cripps Mission 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4498:Noakhali riots 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4361:and ideologies 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4343:Radcliffe Line 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4318:Vellore Mutiny 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4152: 4151:External links 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4113: 4103: 4098:The New Yorker 4088: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4019: 3999: 3995:978-1860648984 3994: 3976: 3971: 3956: 3952:The New Yorker 3943: 3942:. (12 volumes) 3933: 3928: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3886: 3869: 3845: 3840: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3792: 3765:(1): 117–137. 3745: 3734:. 31 July 2017 3719: 3694: 3668: 3642: 3618: 3583: 3547: 3522: 3503: 3473: 3440: 3410: 3370: 3363: 3345: 3318: 3311: 3293: 3290:. p. 239. 3278: 3272:978-1861060525 3271: 3253: 3223: 3206: 3162: 3156: 3136: 3102: 3093: 3065: 3046: 3026: 3011: 2978: 2960: 2940: 2934: 2914: 2887: 2873: 2850: 2830: 2800: 2770: 2738: 2732: 2712: 2699: 2679: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2574: 2557: 2542: 2516: 2502: 2480: 2466: 2444: 2425: 2405: 2386: 2363: 2351: 2326: 2299: 2273: 2228: 2214: 2194: 2180: 2168:"Introduction" 2158: 2146: 2144:, p. .494 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2041: 2039:, 483, para. 1 2029: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1986: 1963: 1937: 1933:Clement Attlee 1921: 1909: 1897: 1888: 1852: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1793: 1774: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1723: 1703: 1684: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1619: 1603: 1585: 1576: 1565: 1547: 1535: 1533:, p. 858. 1523: 1511: 1497: 1475: 1463: 1451: 1435: 1423: 1406: 1394: 1383: 1360: 1351: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1316: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1218:Howard Brenton 1207: 1204: 1194: 1191: 1181: 1178: 1153: 1150: 1137: 1134: 1126:Malda district 1121: 1120:Malda District 1118: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1000: 998: 994: 993: 987: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 967:Perry Anderson 960:Andrew Roberts 947: 944: 908: 905: 830: 827: 815: 812: 810: 807: 759: 756: 726: 725:Implementation 723: 698: 695: 681: 678: 664: 661: 639: 636: 622: 619: 617: 614: 610:Muhammad Munir 591:B. K. Mukherji 571: 568: 523: 520: 457: 454: 431: 430: 386: 384: 377: 371: 368: 327:full provinces 315:K. M. Panikkar 283:B. R. Ambedkar 267:Bhai Parmanand 239: 236: 145: 142: 140: 137: 102:Radcliffe Line 96: 95: 88: 84: 83: 78:17 August 1947 76: 72: 71: 67: 66: 54: 50: 49: 45: 44: 34: 26: 25: 24:Radcliffe Line 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6809: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6716: 6715:Youm-e-Tasees 6712: 6710: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6674: 6673:Youm-e-Takbir 6670: 6668: 6665: 6660: 6659:Youm-e-Dastur 6656: 6654: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606:Wazir Mansion 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Mazar-e-Quaid 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427:Niaz Ali Khan 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6284:Muhammad Asad 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6254:Yusuf Khattak 6252: 6250: 6249:Aslam Khattak 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:Mahmud Husain 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6109:Hasrat Mohani 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Fatima Jinnah 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5888:Bengal Branch 5886: 5884: 5883:Punjab Branch 5881: 5880: 5879: 5878:Muslim League 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871:Organisations 5869: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:Urdu movement 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Satyapal Dang 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5247:Nana Fadnavis 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Mangal Pandey 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172:Khudiram Bose 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5087:Chetram Jatav 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Bhikaiji Cama 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047:Bharathidasan 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032:Basawon Singh 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4919:Sri Aurobindo 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:Ram Mohan Roy 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869:Narayana Guru 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657:Organisations 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:Bombay Mutiny 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4603:Indian Legion 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4543:1928 Protests 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4488:Rowlatt Bills 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4136:. Henry Holt. 4135: 4134:Indian Summer 4131: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4093:"Exit Wounds" 4089: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4028:, Routledge, 4027: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3972:9780393045949 3968: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948:"Exit Wounds" 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3220:, p. 105 3219: 3218: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3157:9780090971503 3153: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3012: 2997: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2967: 2963: 2961:9780195393941 2957: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2935:9789694020570 2931: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2857: 2853: 2851:9789698156091 2847: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2831: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2713: 2702: 2700:9789698156091 2696: 2692: 2691: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2652:(1): 77–102. 2651: 2647: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2610:, p. 38. 2609: 2604: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2572:, p. 35. 2571: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2555:, p. 91. 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2505: 2503:9788171164455 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2481: 2469: 2467:9788125015956 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2406: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2327: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2296:(2): 128–131. 2295: 2291: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2217: 2215:9780006550457 2211: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2195: 2183: 2181:9788171164455 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2156:, p. 490 2155: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2084:, p. 481 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2060:, p. 485 2059: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2026: 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