1340:. Berman uses the example of a Taliban protection racket for convoys of consumer goods moving through Afghanistan: checkpoints are set up at several points along a trade route, and each checkpoint's team is given a small percentage of the convoy's total value if it arrives safely at its destination. The incentive for any one checkpoint's team deciding to simply hijack a convoy as it passes through, sell the goods off, and escape, increases as the value of the convoy increases. The same dynamic applies to attacks; while an individual in a terrorist group may not feel drawn by the reward of alerting the police to an impending low level crime, the reward for alerting the police to an impending high-profile attack, such as a mass bombing, becomes more attractive. While non-radicalized and criminal organizations can only rely on organizational cohesion through a calculus of greed, fear, and perhaps familial loyalty, Berman argues that religious radicalization greatly increases the defection constraints of radical terrorist organizations by requiring outsized demonstrations of commitment to the cause prior to recruiting operatives.
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world. There is a notable absence of research on this topic when it comes to the Arab world, Africa, and Asia. So much so, that the authors of this report had difficulty developing specific conclusions about the connections between the
Internet and social media, radicalization, and youth in these three areas of the world. The authors see these multiple gaps in research as opportunities for future studies, but also admit that there are specific challenges in carrying out research in this area successfully. They discuss empirical, methodological, and ethical challenges. For example, if youth and the influence of the Internet and social media on radicalizing them are to be studied, there are ethical concerns when it comes to the age of the youth being studied as well as the privacy and safety of these youth. The authors conclude their report with general recommendations as well as recommendations for government entities, the private sector, and civil society.
1278:. The report explores violent extremism in the countries within Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean; violent radicalization in the Arab world and Africa; and, violent radicalization in Asia. At this time, more research is available on this issue within Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean than is available in the Arab world, Africa, and Asia. The report expresses a need for continued research on this topic overall as there are multiple types of radicalization (political, religious, psychosocial) that can be explored in relation to youth and the role the Internet and social media play. One key conclusion of the report is that "social media constitutes a facilitating environment rather than a driving force for violent radicalization or the actual commission of violence."
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increasingly serious about their political, social, and religious beliefs as a product of "taking the next step". One can begin by participating in nonviolent activities such as mutual aid, wherein the best way to raise one's in-group social status is to demonstrate seriousness about the cause and increase the level of commitment in terms of beliefs and activities. As an individual commits act after act, sunk costs are developed. Even if activity is initially only ideological or only criminal, the process of radicalization equates the two such that criminal acts are justified for intellectually radical purposes, and radical purposes are invoked to justify what are ultimately criminal acts.
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1420:"Group grievance" radicalization dynamics are similar to those that are primed by personal grievances; the difference is that the subject perceives harm inflicted on a group that she belongs to or has sympathy for. This pathway accounts for the larger portion of political and ethnic radical violence, in which action is taken on behalf of the group at large rather than as an act of personal revenge. Radicalization out of sympathy for an outgroup is rarer, but can be observed in the Weather Underground's attempted alignment with the
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recruit, targeting angry and marginalized youth looking for solutions to their problems. But their most effective recruitment tool is extremist music, which avoids monitoring by moderating parties such as parents and school authorities. Risk factors for recruitment include exposure to racism during childhood, dysfunctional families such as divorced parents, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect, and disillusionment.
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unique typologies and motivations for radicalization as reported by insurgent groups. For instance, individuals that were radicalized expressed sentiments of volunteerism, yet extremist recruiters conveyed that their objective was to make "coercion feel like volunteerism." Barrett asserted that the motivations to become radicalized can be characterized as: ideologue, combatant, criminals, pragmatist, soldier, and follower.
807:. It was not widely used in social science as a concept but it obviously refers to a process of socialisation leading to the use of violence. In an initiating report of the European Commission's Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation – based on four deepening studies – the research paradigm has been opened for further scientific research, also flanked by research grants and funding via different security research programs.
1355:. Berman argues that religious organizations experience economic risks by extending mutual aid to all alleged believers—theological assent is cheap, action can be costly. By imposing a series of outwardly visible social rules, such as restrictions (or prescriptions) on dress, diet, language, and social interactions, groups impose a cost on entering into a mutual aid partnership, diminishing the occurrence of free riding.
899:, wrote "Radicalization is a dynamic process that varies for each individual, but shares some underlying commonalities that can be explored." Though there are many end products of the process of radicalization, to include all manner of extremist groups both violent and nonviolent, a common series of dynamics have been consistently demonstrated in the course of academic inquiry.
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becomes a threat to national security when
Canadian citizens or residents espouse or engage in violence or direct action as a means of promoting political, ideological or religious extremism. Sometimes referred to as "homegrown terrorism", this process of radicalization is more correctly referred to as domestic radicalization leading to terrorist violence.
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individual—disapproval would be tantamount to social death, personal isolation, and often a lack of access to the basic services that mutual aid communities fulfill. As an isolated minority, Islamic groups in the West are especially vulnerable to this form of radicalization. Being cut off from society at large through
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countries where
Internet availability is more widespread, individuals are "more likely to be recruited and radicalized via the Internet." Hence, the Internet, specifically social media sites such as extremists' chat rooms and blogs, "lures its users with a promise of friendship, acceptance, or a sense of purpose."
865:, the difficulty of defining radicalization is discussed. A distinction is drawn "between a process of radicalization, a process of violent radicalization (legitimizing the adoption of violence), and acts of violence." For the purposes of the UNESCO report, radicalization is defined by these three points:
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in which radical groups act to provoke governments to crack down on the populace at large and produce domestic blowback that legitimates further violent action. The primary purpose of a radical group using this tactic is not to destroy the enemy outright, but to make the enemy strike at political and
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This pathway emphasizes revenge for real or perceived harm inflicted upon oneself by an outside party. This initial offense triggers other psychodynamic mechanisms, such as thinking in more stark in-group and out-group terms, lowered inhibitions to violence, and lessened incentives to avoid violence.
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by demonstrating commitment to the cause, they also have had their exterior options limited such that it would be difficult to blend into a new environment for lack of skills and cultural understanding. As such, the threshold price point to defect, as represented by the value of the convoy, increases
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There is no universally accepted definition of radicalization. One of the difficulties with defining radicalization appears to be the importance of the context to determine what is perceived as radicalization. Therefore, radicalization can mean different things to different people. Presented below is
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Romantic and familial entanglement is often an overlooked factor in radicalization. Several violent extremist organizations, especially at their origin, owe their structure to a tight-knit group of friends who share religious, economic, social, and sexual bonds. While this example is evident in more
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These restrictions have a dual effect in radical groups. Not only do they ensure that an individual is committed to the cause, but they also diminish individual's access to consumption opportunities and social interaction that might persuade them to distance themselves from the cause. As individuals
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The association between radicalization and poverty is a myth. Many terrorists come from middle-class backgrounds and have university-level educations, particularly in the technical sciences and engineering. There is no statistical association between poverty and militant radicalization. As outlined
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Ideologues uphold a belief that ethnic supremacy is necessary and violence was the means to achieve this truth. Ideologues maintain a "readiness to die for the ethnic group if necessary; survival and preservation of the group or community is more important than survival or preservation of oneself".
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and prestige with the general populace. This pathway emphasizes increased radicalization in an effort to outdo other groups, whether that increase is in violence, time spent in religious ritual, economic and physical hardship endured, or all four. Religious movements and the terrorist elements that
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Within a radical group, high-risk behavior, if successful, offers a pathway to status insofar as it becomes re-construed as bravery and commitment to the cause. As such, violence or other radical activity provides a pathway to success, social acceptance, and physical rewards that might otherwise be
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creates a climate of "us versus them" leading to radicalization. The growth of white nationalism in a political climate of polarization has provided an opportunity for both on- and offline radicalization and recruitment as an alternative to increasingly distrusted traditional mainstream choices. In
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Despite being composed of multifarious pathways that lead to different outcomes and sometimes diametrically opposed ideological purposes, radicalization can be traced to a common set of pathways that translate real or perceived grievances into increasingly extreme ideas and readiness to participate
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Robert
Barrett is one of the leading researchers in field research with Nigerian terrorist groups. Barrett contributes a unique perspective to this type of research because his studies are conducted with current, not former, members of insurgent groups. Barrett's 2008 field research study revealed
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Other researchers such as
Alpaslan Ozerdem and Sukanya Podder contend that radicalization "can become the only route to survival, offering protection from torture, abuse, and politically instigated killing." Furthermore, individuals that do not join radical groups may be subjected to an indefinite
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The
European Commission defined and coined the term "radicalization" in the year 2005 as follows: "Violent radicalisation" is the phenomenon of people embracing opinions, views and ideas which could lead to acts of terrorism as defined in Article 1 of the Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism.
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Criminals are predominantly motivated by their "freedom to carry out activities that would otherwise be deemed illegal". As such, criminals thrive on instant self-gratification of engaging in violent acts against their enemies. Criminals thrive on conflict and in a sense believe their actions are
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As stated before the authors of the 2017 UNESCO report repeatedly call for the support of more research into the study of online violent radicalization. Especially as it relates to young people and women as available research has been gendered. Gaps in research also apply to specific areas of the
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Followers desire a sense of group dependence and attachment to overcome feelings of being an outsider. They are overwhelmingly concerned with social perception. "Ensuring one's acceptance and preserving or enhancing one's social status within the community was the most important factor promoting
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One such additional pathway of radicalization of individuals that feel isolated is the
Internet. Utilizing data compiled by the Internet World Stats, Robin Thompson contends that the rate of Middle East and North African Internet usage is "above average" in comparison to other countries, yet in
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Disproportionate involvement in risk taking and status seeking is particularly true of those young men who come from disadvantaged family backgrounds, have lower IQ levels, are of lower socioeconomic status, and who therefore have less opportunity to succeed in society along a traditional career
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and Daniel
Meierrieks, while left-wing terrorism is ideologically motivated, nationalist-separatist terrorism is ethnically motivated. They argue that the revolutionary goal of left-wing terrorism is non-negotiable whereas nationalist terrorists are willing to make concessions. They suggest that
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and violent extremism and, in some cases, then join terrorist groups." The MI5 report closes by saying that no single measure will reduce radicalisation in the UK and that the only way to combat it is by targeting the at-risk vulnerable groups and trying to assimilate them into society. This may
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James Pugel conducted a study in which
Liberian ex-combatants indicated that their radicalization was motivated by the opportunity to increase their economic and social status within their community. There was a belief that radicalized individuals lived better than non-radicalized individuals.
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defines radicalization as "the process by which individuals—usually young people—are introduced to an overtly ideological message and belief system that encourages movement from moderate, mainstream beliefs towards extreme views." While radical thinking is by no means problematic in itself, it
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Discussion, interaction, and experience within a radical group can result in an aggregate increase in commitment to the cause, and in some cases can contribute to the formation of divergent conceptions of the group's purpose and preferred tactics. Within a radical group, internal dynamics can
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become more involved with radical activities, their social circles become more constrained, which diminishes contact with non-radicalized persons and further entrenches radicalized thinking. For example, when a young man spends several years in a
Yeshiva in order to establish himself within a
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as promoting a range of political positions from mainstream libertarianism and conservatism to overt white nationalism. Many other online discussion groups and forums are used for online right-wing radicalization. Facebook was found to be offering advertisements targeted to 168,000 users in a
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propaganda and recruitment efforts on and around college campuses have been increasing sharply, with 1,187 incidents in 2018 compared to 421 in 2017, far exceeding any previous year. Far-right terrorists rely on a variety of strategies such as leafleting, violent rituals, and house parties to
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The "Slippery slope" represents gradual radicalization through activities that incrementally narrow the individual's social circle, narrow their mindset, and in some cases desensitize them to violence. This has also been called the "True Believer" syndrome, as a product of which one becomes
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During the last two decades, left-wing terrorism has commonly been perceived as a relatively minor phenomenon even if at times predictions have been made about its return. ... During the last two decades left-wing terrorism has been a relatively minor phenomenon in the whole spectrum of
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In protracted conflicts the enemy is increasingly seen as less human, such that their common humanity does not readily trigger natural inhibitions against violence. This involves "essentializing" both the self and enemies as respectively good and evil entities. The Islamist use of
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Isolation reinforces the influence of radical thinking by allowing serious and or persuasive members of the group to disproportionately define the body's agenda. When an individual only has access to one in-group social environment, that group gains a totalizing influence over the
1478:, it also applies to radicalization in secular and orthodox religious environments. Love can serve as a connection between influential figures, connecting their networks of followers through a combination of attraction and loyalty. This particular force was especially notable in
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An objective examination of numerous successful communities of faith reveals that they often stand on two pillars. The first is their ability to meet the spiritual needs of their members . The second pillar is an ability to provide more tangible services, social and economic
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implies that the person in question died for a cause or is willing to die for a cause. The symbolic impact of martyrdom varies across cultures, but within the field of radicalization the act or pursuit of martyrdom denotes the absolute value of a radical's way of life.
1525:
Specifically, extremists groups offered compensatory employment, which provided the means for basic needs to be met such as food and housing. In addition, radicalization provided protection and safety from local violence (i.e. abductions) for their entire family.
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Pragmatists are interested in the benefits of economic and social status mobility. Their goals are in "preserving the structures and environment conducive to either continued success or to newfound success" in wealth, land ownership, and/or mining rights.
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community, he foregoes future earnings that would be accessible should he choose a secular education. To quote Berman "As consumption opportunities are limited, work for pay becomes less appealing, freeing up even more time for community activities." This
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warned that jailed extremists attempt to recruit violent criminals into radical groups so they carry out attacks on the public once released. There have been several notable criticisms of radicalization theories for focusing disproportionately on Islam.
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contribute to the formation of different factions as a result of internal disillusionment (or, conversely, ambitions) with the group's activities as a whole, especially when it comes to a choice between violent terrorism and nonviolent activism. The
1545:, where individuals bind together over racial, religious, and gang identity to a greater degree than in the outside world and often bring their newfound radical identity beyond prison to connect with radical organizations in the populace at large.
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Soldiers believe "injustice and insecurity" are mitigating factors for radicalization. Prominent feelings that they have a duty to fight against injustices. Soldiers are motivated by a sense that they can instrumentally affect positive change.
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is one of many examples. The dynamics of group polarization imply that members of this larger group must either commit to one faction and demonstrate their loyalty through further radicalization, or leave the group entirely.
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853:(PET) defines radicalization as "A process by which a person to an increasing extent accepts the use of undemocratic or violent means, including terrorism, in an attempt to reach a specific political/ideological objective."
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figures into future calculations, and raises the defection constraint in a way that non-radicalized group dynamics cannot. Going back to the Taliban convoy example, not only have the two footsoldiers in question have been
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and the indignities inflicted upon them by security forces and the general public contributes to radicalization of new recruits. Such "us vs. them" hostility cited by commentators includes political positions such as the
1228:(17N), which lasted until 2002. Since then, left-wing terrorism has been relatively minor in the Western world in comparison with other forms, and is now mostly carried out by insurgent groups in the developing world.
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Insofar as a group is a dynamic system with a common goal or set of values it is possible that the group's mindset as a whole can affect individuals such that those individuals become more radical.
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Though personal psychology does play a significant part in radicalization, mental illness is not a root cause of terrorism specifically or ideological radicalization broadly. Even in the case of
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Combatants' express concerns that their basic survival depends on joining extremist groups. Hence, combatants are not motivated by ideologies and their primary objective is self-preservation.
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while the radical group gains legitimacy. By destroying moderates, radical groups encourage a bifurcated society and use state's reactions to violence as a justification for further violence.
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Matenia Sirseloudi, 2012 The Meaning of Religion and Identity for the Violent Radicalisation of the Turkish Diaspora in Germany. Terrorism and Political Violence, Volume 24, 2012 – Issue 5
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1252:, seeing them as engaged in a global struggle against capitalism. Since the nationalist sentiment is fueled by socio-economic conditions, some separatist movements, including the Basque
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above, poverty and disadvantage may incentivize joining a mutual aid organization with radical tendencies, but this does not mean that poverty proper is responsible for radicalization.
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rigidity of the demands of left-wing terrorists may explain their lack of support relative to nationalist groups. Nevertheless, many on the revolutionary left have shown solidarity for
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from friends, family, or other basic needs, individuals may begin to associate with unlike parties, to include political, religious, or cultural radicals. This is especially noted in
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has also been quantifiably demonstrated: perceived threats to proximal identity such as the presence of foreign troops or invasion accounts for the majority of suicide bombings.
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to include both the price of losing their existing support network and non-quantifiable factors such as friends, family, safety, and other goods over the course of their lives.
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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council concerning terrorist recruitment – Addressing the factors contributing to violent radicalisation
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Radicalisation Processes Leading to Acts of Terrorism. A concise Report prepared by the European Commission's Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation. Brussels Retrieved at:
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While the overall arch of radicalization usually involves multiple reinforcing processes, scholars have identified a series of individual pathways to radicalization.
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at large shape the outcomes of radicalization. Radicalization can result in both violent and nonviolent action – academic literature focuses on radicalization into
875:"The polarization of the social space and the collective construction of a threatened ideal 'us' against 'them,' where the others are dehumanized by a process of
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include helping young people find jobs, better integrating immigrant populations into the local culture, and effectively reintegrating ex-prisoners into society.
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2006/299/EC: Commission Decision of 19 April 2006 setting up a group of experts to provide policy advice to the Commission on fighting violent radicalisation
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Barrett, Robert. "Interviews with Killers: Six Types of Combatants and Their Motivations for Joining Deadly Groups". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 2011
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against the West while avoiding engagements that would allow the American military to draw on its technical superiority is an example of jiujitsu politics.
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Borum, Randy. Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories. Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 4 Issue 4. (2011) pp. 7–36
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apparatus. Both of these outcomes spoil specific plans to exercise violence in the name of the group at large. The "defection constraint" is similar to a
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https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396030/preventing-violent-extremism-systematic-review.pdf
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1412:" also known as Black Widows, women who have lost husbands, children, or other close family members in conflict with Russian forces are a good example.
1139:. From 2008 to 2016, there were more right-wing terror attacks both attempted and accomplished in the US than Islamist and left-wing attacks combined.
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differences that motivate this kind of competition, its greatest outward sign is an increased demand by the group for commitment to radical actions.
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Christmann, K. "Preventing Religious Radicalisation and Violent Extremism: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence". Youth Justice Board, UK (
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Della Porta, D. Social movements, political violence, and the state: A comparative analysis of Italy and Germany. Cambridge University Press. 1995
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777:. Furthermore, by compromising a group's ability to blend in with non-radical society and to participate in a modern, national or international
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Pugel, James. "What the Fighters Say: A Survey of Ex-combatants in Liberia: February – March 2006". United Nations Development Programme, 2007.
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Behavioural Science Operational Briefing Note: Understanding radicalisation and violent extremism in the UK. Report BSU 02/2008. Retrieved at:
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McCauley, C., Mosalenko, S. "Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways towards terrorism," Terrorism and Political Violence (2008). 416
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Mutual aid is the voluntary and reciprocal exchange of goods within an organization. Examples in various religious antecedents include Judaic
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by extension experience defection constraints. Within the context of a violent extremist organization, defection means either defection to a
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which Donald Trump initially campaigned for as "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States", or ironically Senator
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There have been concerns that converts to Islam are more susceptible to violent radicalization than individuals born into the faith. Dr.
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766:. Multiple separate pathways can promote the process of radicalization, which can be independent but are usually mutually reinforcing.
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UNESCO explored the role of the Internet and social media on the development of radicalization among youth in a 2017 research report,
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872:"The individual as part of a group's adoption of a violent form of expansion of root ideologies and related oppositionist objectives;
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for political purposes and mobilizes against out-groups in order to solidify that identity. This dynamic of hatred is not unique to
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of radical groups. When those groups decide to use violence, they also enjoy a heightened level of lethality and are protected from
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Most left-wing terrorist groups that had operated in the 1970s and 1980s disappeared by the mid-1990s. One exception was the Greek
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Fishman, Shira., et al. UMD START: Community-Level Indicators of Radicalization: A Data and Methods Task Force. 16 February 2010
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Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Radicalization: A Guide for the Perplexed. National Security Criminal Investigations. June 2009.
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Some commentators believe that the anger and suspicion directed toward innocent Muslims living in Western countries after the
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Loss of social connection can open an individual to new ideas and a new identity that may include political radicalization.
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Ozerdem, Alpaslan and Sukanya Podder. "Youth Radicalization and Violent Extremism". Journal of Strategic Security, 2011.
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Royzman, E.E., McCauley, C., Rozin, P. From Plato to Putnam: Four ways of thinking about hate. In R.J. Sternberg (ed.)
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McCauley, C. Mosalenko, S. Friction: How Radicalization Happens to Them and Us. Oxford University press 2009. pp. 62–63
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1975:
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1190:, Facebook announced that they have banned white nationalist and white separatist content along with white supremacy.
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that describes how new converts conceptualize Islam and the stages where they are most vulnerable to radicalization.
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path. These young men are more likely to be involved in gang activity, violent crime, and other high-risk behavior.
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Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment
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Extremism and Radicalization Branch, Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division and the FBI. (7 April 2009).
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identified economic and political conditions as leading to a rise in right-wing radicalization and recruitment.
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Marighella, C. Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla. J. Butt and R. Sheed (trans.) Havana, Transcontinental Press.
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often characterized police officers and government officials as "pigs" worthy of death and subhuman treatment.
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McCauley, C. Jiutitsu Politics: Terrorism and response to terrorism. In P.R. Kimmel & Chris Stout (Eds.),
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in that it denotes what rewards would justify the defection of any one individual within the context of an
2001:"Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review"
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Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review
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In a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) research report on the
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Thompson, Robin L. "Radicalization and the Use of Social Media". Journal of Strategic Security, 2011.
2136:. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: National Security System (NSS), Public Safety Canada. June 2009. p. 1
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platforms, and then rapidly manipulating them towards participating in violent action in their name.
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1956:, 1–167, Alava, Séraphin, Divina Frau-Meigs, and Ghayada Hassan, UNESCO. UNESCO Digital Library.
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category, which they removed shortly after being contacted by journalists in the wake of the 2018
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trap that gives individuals no other place to go to satisfy their material and spiritual needs.
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treatment, Muslim communities become more vulnerable to additional pathways of radicalization.
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PET, “Radikalisering og terror” Center for Terroranalyse (Denmark) October 2009. Available at
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869:"The individual person's search for fundamental meaning, origin and return to a root ideology;
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Radicalization that occurs across multiple reinforcing pathways greatly increases a group's
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National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (November 2016).
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The term "violent radicalisation" originated in EU policy circles and was coined after the
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2653:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence and Analysis
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The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective
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823:'s parent agency, defines radicalisation as "The process by which people come to support
2264:"British Muslim leader says May MUST crack down on prison radicalisation to beat terror"
2784:"The Christchurch shooting shows how a far-right web culture is driving radicalisation"
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1712:
1659:
1274:
1146:
1036:
1016:
911:
862:
462:
197:
1452:'s call to "patrol and secure Muslim neighborhoods before they become radicalized".
1976:
https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/20080500_cscp_report_vries.pdf
1947:
1728:
1337:
1173:
In 2018, researchers from the Data & Society think tank identified the YouTube
1108:
1076:
1068:
919:
876:
743:
472:
397:
1605:
form in their name display this characteristic. While in some cases there may be
2502:
2475:
2057:
1650:
ideological moderates, such that the existing political order loses its claim on
3158:
Rosebraugh, Craig. The Logic of Political Violence. PW Press. Portland, OR. 2004
1720:
1232:
1072:
1064:
984:
385:
380:
284:
3148:
Collateral Damage: The psychological consequences of America's War on Terrorism
3002:
Radical, Religious and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism (MIT Press 2009)
1921:
The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence
3277:
Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It
3243:
Emotion, Poverty, or Politics? Misconceptions About radical Islamist Movements
3013:
Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It
2810:"NZ Authorities Have Been Ignoring Online Right-Wing Radicalisation For Years"
2053:
1685:
1675:
1642:
Also called "the logic of political violence", Jiujitsu politics is a form of
1626:
1491:
1290:
1206:
988:
976:
895:
in political action beyond the status quo. Shira Fishman, a researcher at the
751:
432:
427:
390:
17:
2448:
2333:
2298:
3247:
http://faculty.nps.edu/ambaylou/baylouny%20emotions%20poverty%20politics.PDF
2320:
Silva, Derek (2018). "Radicalization: the journey of a concept, revisited".
1759:
1698:
1606:
1425:
1365:
1310:
1249:
1214:
1202:
980:
915:
824:
782:
774:
763:
42:
3050:
Post, Jerrold. "Notes on a Psychodynamic Theory of Terrorist Behavior," in
2836:"Day of the trope: White nationalist memes thrive on Reddit's r/The_Donald"
2645:
1301:
model to the process of radicalization, demonstrating that the presence of
3263:
https://www.amazon.com/Dying-Win-Strategic-Suicide-Terrorism/dp/1400063175
2155:
1860:
Violent extremism § Prevention of radicalization and deradicalization
3216:
1953:
Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research
1900:
1740:
1732:
1702:
1655:
1600:
Groups can become radicalized vis-a-vis other groups as they compete for
1479:
1449:
1409:
1344:
1329:
1325:
958:
897:
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
365:
75:
2130:
Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Radicalization: A Guide for the Perplexed
3178:
The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One
1529:"insufferable social burden that included demeaning names and labels".
1506:
served as the organizational and intellectual nucleus of these groups.
907:
778:
755:
417:
355:
2727:"Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube"
2433:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12.
863:
impact of the Internet and social media on youth and violent extremism
2381:"Muslim converts 'vulnerable to Isis radicalisation', research finds"
1926:
Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007
1724:
1682:
1610:
1370:
1360:
1351:, and various Christian institutions of charity, as described in the
1264:, incorporated communist and socialist ideology into their policies.
452:
2003:. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT).
1688:
and serves both the purposes of tactical and ideological advantage.
1621:
2571:"White nationalism, born in the USA, is now a global terror threat"
2285:
Kundnani, Arun (2012). "Radicalization: the journey of a concept".
2238:"Police probe how family man Khalid Masood became a violent zealot"
2189:"Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research"
2757:"YouTube's secret life as an engine for right-wing radicalization"
2673:"White Supremacists Step Up Off-Campus Propaganda Efforts in 2018"
2405:"Converts to Islam are likelier to radicalise than native Muslims"
1707:
1705:), to justify the murder of non-radical Muslims and nonbelievers (
1663:
1620:
1348:
3335:
Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research
3040:
Ted Cruz: Police need to 'patrol and secure' Muslim neighborhoods
1881:
Jihadist extremism in the United States#Places for radicalization
1719:
outlines a similar dynamic that contributed to the ideologies of
1394:
identifies 12 following sociological and psychodynamic pathways:
1275:
Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research
1475:
2187:
Alava, SĂ©raphin, Divina Frau-Meigs, and Ghayada Hassan (2017).
2059:
Radical, Religious, and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism
1295:
Radical, Religious, and Violent: the New Economics of Terrorism
3317:(International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2011)
3315:
Incitement to Terrorism: A Matter of Prevention or Repression?
3308:(International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2014)
2597:"How YouTube Built a Radicalization Machine for the Far-Right"
2117:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/aug/20/uksecurity.terrorism1
1313:
and other forms of intervention by states and outside groups.
820:
3128:. United States institute of Peace Special Report, Nov. 2010.
2356:"Why are converts to Islam more likely to become extremists?"
1316:
All organizations insofar as they include the possibility of
1217:
societies. Left-wing terrorism can also occur within already
2700:
Recruitment and Radicalization among US Far-Right Terrorists
1027:
in 1991. Groups associated with right-wing radicals include
3245:. Connections III, No. 1, Vol. 4. pp. 41–47 Available at:
1221:
as criminal action against the current ruling government.
910:
have a "tried and tested model" of contact with different
3126:
Countering Radicalization in America: Lessons from Europe
750:
views in opposition to a political, social, or religious
1950:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
3111:
Fighel, John. "The Radicalization Process in Prisons",
1678:, has called this the "accidental guerrilla syndrome".
1662:, into ground wars in Islamic states that polarize the
3259:
Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism
3115:. presented at NATO workshop, Eliat, 25 December 2007.
2889:"Facebook Bans White Nationalism and White Separatism"
2863:"Facebook Offered Advertisers 'White Genocide' Option"
27:
Social process by which people arrive at extreme views
794:
a list of definitions used by different governments.
2937:
Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism
2706:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. pp. 1–4
1846:, psychological pathologies, such as depression and
2619:"The Online Radicalization We're Not Talking About"
2056:(2009). "Why are religious terrorists so lethal?".
1392:
Friction: How Radicalization Happens to Them and Us
2980:
2978:
1007:. Modern radical right-wing terrorism appeared in
3274:Pape, Robert A.; Feldman, James K. (2010-10-07).
3098:
3096:
2431:Extremists in our midst : confronting terror
1994:
1992:
1970:
1968:
1658:'s strategy of luring the West, specifically the
918:individuals through online messaging services or
2558:, Germany: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, p. 9
2808:Todd, Andrew; Morton, Frances (21 March 2019).
1517:
1390:Clark McCauley and Sofia Mosalenko's 2009 book
1205:committed with the aim of overthrowing current
2569:Jipson, Art; Becker, Paul J. (20 March 2019).
2887:Cox, Joseph; Koebler, Jason (27 March 2019).
2617:Marwick, Alice; Lewis, Becca (May 18, 2017).
2501:Moghadam, Assaf; Eubank, William Lee (2006).
2236:Jones, Sam; Wright, Robert (March 23, 2017).
1156:United States Department of Homeland Security
963:Violence against Muslims in independent India
742:) is the process by which an individual or a
716:
8:
3113:International Institute for Counterterrorism
2477:The New Dimension of International Terrorism
2212:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1946: This article incorporates text from a
3029:Special Report: The Psychology of Terrorism
762:(RVE) or radicalisation leading to acts of
2062:. MIT Press (published 2011). p. 19.
723:
709:
541:
80:
29:
1328:apparatus, or defection to a non-radical
943:Convert's Cognitive Development Framework
2993:Brockhoff, Krieger and Meierrieks, p. 18
2984:Brockhoff, Krieger and Meierrieks, p. 17
1584:, cultural difference, and occasionally
851:Danish Security and Intelligence Service
178:Special-interest / Single-issue
2972:Brockhoff, Krieger and Meierrieks, p. 3
2530:"The radicalization of white Americans"
2156:http://www.pet.dk/upload/radikalisering
1964:
1931:U.S. counter violent extremism strategy
975:is motivated by a variety of different
590:
555:
211:
176:
121:
41:
2480:. vdf Hochschulverlag AG. p. 45.
2205:
2017:
2006:
1428:. The tie between radicalization into
1226:Revolutionary Organization 17 November
526:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
1482:radical groups, such as the American
1268:Role of the Internet and social media
781:, radicalization serves as a kind of
7:
3015:. University of Chicago Press, 2010.
1240:groups employing terrorism, such as
967:Violence against Christians in India
3052:Terrorism: An International Journal
2507:. Infobase Publishing. p. 57.
1711:: "pagans") is an example of this.
2963:Brockhoff, Krieger, and Meierrieks
25:
2931:Andrew Silke (3 September 2018).
2861:Jones, Rhett (November 2, 2018).
2725:Lewis, Rebecca (September 2018).
2595:Weill, Kelly (17 December 2018).
1568:Students for a Democratic Society
1258:Provisional Irish Republican Army
1246:Palestine Liberation Organization
2782:Manavis, Sarah (15 March 2018).
2528:Lopez, German (18 August 2017).
2262:Wood, Vincent (March 25, 2017).
1941:
1854:Prevention and de-radicalization
1745:Weather Underground Organization
1470:extreme cases, such as those of
1180:white genocide conspiracy theory
1149:(usually white nationalism) and
3280:. University of Chicago Press.
3180:. Oxford University Press. 2008
3011:Pape, Robert., Feldman, James.
2834:Ward, Justin (April 19, 2018).
1670:, Counterinsurgency advisor to
1025:dissolution of the Soviet Union
805:Madrid bombing of 11 March 2004
3204:The Origins of Totalitarianism
3027:, audio interview summarizing
1717:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1681:This tactic is also pillar of
1474:'s "Family" and other radical
1262:Irish National Liberation Army
1231:According to Sarah Brockhoff,
1117:National Socialist Underground
1:
2842:. Southern Poverty Law Center
2763:. No. September 19, 2018
1188:Christchurch mosque shootings
1184:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
983:ideologies, most prominently
838:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1999:Schmid, A. P. (2013-03-27).
1432:through group grievance and
1031:gangs, right-wing/far-right
931:Ahmadiyya Muslim Association
746:comes to adopt increasingly
3025:The Psychology Of Terrorism
2554:Greven, Thomas (May 2016),
1186:. After the March 15, 2019
890:Online youth radicalization
884:Varieties and commonalities
521:Designated terrorist groups
3401:
3217:"Exploding misconceptions"
2761:Columbia Journalism Review
2474:Aubrey, Stefan M. (2004).
2429:Baker, Abdul Haqq (2011).
1871:Algorithmic radicalization
1857:
1490:. The connections between
952:
887:
690:Anti-terrorism legislation
1891:Cumulative radicalization
685:International conventions
592:State-sponsored terrorism
3375:Sociological terminology
3337:(UNESCO Digital Library)
2939:. Taylor & Francis.
2334:10.1177/0306396817750778
2299:10.1177/0306396812454984
1398:Individual-level factors
1209:and replacing them with
1061:Brenton Harrison Tarrant
548:Violent non-state actors
3206:. Schocken Books. 1951.
1248:and the South American
1005:anti-abortion sentiment
995:and to a lesser extent
290:Clandestine cell system
3261:. Random House. 2005.
3191:The Psychology of Hate
2677:Anti-Defamation League
2504:The Roots of Terrorism
2016:Cite journal requires
1735:constructs an exalted
1634:
1522:
1386:McCauley and Mosalenko
1305:networks increase the
1163:Anti-Defamation League
1053:Anders Behring Breivik
458:Propaganda of the deed
3370:Political terminology
1624:
1543:prison radicalization
1334:threshold price-point
1175:recommendation system
1145:by those who support
1057:Alexandre Bissonnette
1041:Aryan Republican Army
925:It was reported that
674:Response to terrorism
295:Leaderless resistance
1911:Nonviolent extremism
1886:Political radicalism
1850:are largely absent.
1441:September 11 attacks
1353:Acts of the Apostles
1089:Frazier Glenn Miller
1029:white power skinhead
973:right-wing terrorism
113:Right-wing/Far-right
3385:Human rights abuses
2625:. New York Magazine
1617:Mass radicalization
1564:Weather Underground
1549:Group-level factors
1484:Weather Underground
1322:counterintelligence
1238:national liberation
1199:Left-wing terrorism
1143:Right-wing populism
1085:Eric Robert Rudolph
1045:Atomwaffen Division
695:Terrorism insurance
496:Rockets and mortars
236:Resistance movement
3322:2022-12-07 at the
3223:. 16 December 2010
3176:KilCullen, David.
3054:Vol. 7 No. 3. 1984
2736:. Data and Society
2193:unesdoc.unesco.org
1635:
1403:Personal grievance
1242:Irish nationalists
1207:capitalist systems
1151:oppose immigration
1105:Jim David Adkisson
1019:in the 1970s, and
341:Aircraft hijacking
98:Left-wing/Far-left
3332:, Ghayda Hassan,
3330:Divina Frau-Meigs
3328:Alava, SĂ©raphin,
3312:Bibi van Ginkel,
3124:Vidino, Lorenzo.
2946:978-1-317-59270-9
2912:Aubrey, pp. 44–45
2755:Ingram, Matthew.
2514:978-0-7910-8307-9
2487:978-3-7281-2949-9
1906:Moderation theory
1844:suicide terrorism
1647:political warfare
1638:Jiujitsu politics
1631:On Protracted War
1582:language barriers
1430:violent extremism
1167:white supremacist
1137:Wade Michael Page
1097:James Alex Fields
1001:Sovereign citizen
993:white nationalism
760:violent extremism
733:
732:
680:Counter-terrorism
665:
664:
423:Individual terror
244:
243:
221:Violent extremism
16:(Redirected from
3392:
3303:Alex P. Schmid,
3292:
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3265:
3255:
3249:
3239:
3233:
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3202:Arendt, Hannah.
3200:
3194:
3193:pp. 3–35. (2005)
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2575:The Conversation
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2322:Race & Class
2317:
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2287:Race & Class
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2273:
2271:
2266:. Sunday Express
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2195:. pp. 1–161
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2019:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1945:
1749:Red Army Faction
1496:Bernardine Dohrn
1488:Red Army Faction
1446:Trump travel ban
1378:Leading theories
1219:socialist states
1211:Marxist–Leninist
939:Abdul Haqq Baker
754:. The ideas of
725:
718:
711:
542:
515:Terrorist groups
497:
231:Militia movement
198:Green/Ecological
103:Narcotics-driven
81:
30:
21:
3400:
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3395:
3394:
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3390:
3389:
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3349:
3324:Wayback Machine
3300:
3298:Further reading
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3256:
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3241:Baylouni, A.M.
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2734:datasociety.net
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2385:The Independent
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2360:The Independent
2354:
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2314:
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2242:Financial Times
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2015:
2005:
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1990:
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1939:
1896:Martyrdom video
1867:
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1668:David Kilcullen
1640:
1619:
1598:
1577:
1559:
1551:
1535:
1512:
1510:Risk and status
1486:and the German
1467:
1458:
1434:suicide bombing
1418:
1416:Group grievance
1405:
1400:
1388:
1380:
1299:rational choice
1288:
1270:
1196:
1121:Timothy McVeigh
1113:National Action
1101:John T. Earnest
969:
955:Hindu terrorism
951:
905:
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886:
859:
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834:
813:
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729:
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667:
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557:State terrorism
539:
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508:
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502:Vehicle-ramming
495:
330:
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226:Ethnic violence
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3365:Radicalization
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3257:Pape, Robert.
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2817:. Retrieved
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2791:. Retrieved
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2765:. Retrieved
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2738:. Retrieved
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2627:. Retrieved
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2537:. Retrieved
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2413:. Retrieved
2411:. April 2017
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2388:. Retrieved
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2364:. Retrieved
2362:. 2017-03-24
2359:
2350:
2328:(4): 34–53.
2325:
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2268:. Retrieved
2257:
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2192:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2129:
2123:
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2100:
2089:
2080:
2075:18 September
2073:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2009:cite journal
1982:
1952:
1948:free content
1940:
1841:
1832:
1818:
1814:
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1796:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1758:
1743:groups. The
1729:antisemitism
1706:
1695:
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1644:asymmetrical
1641:
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1557:Polarization
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1109:Ku Klux Klan
1077:David Koresh
1069:Cliven Bundy
1003:beliefs and
970:
942:
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927:Raffia Hayat
924:
920:social media
906:
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877:scapegoating
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848:
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814:
801:
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783:sociological
768:
739:
735:
734:
642:Saudi Arabia
636:Soviet Union
572:Soviet Union
398:Bioterrorism
361:Animal-borne
269:
2893:Motherboard
2293:(2): 3–25.
2054:Berman, Eli
1802:Pragmatists
1731:, where an
1721:pan-slavism
1674:during the
1596:Competition
1318:free riders
1233:Tim Krieger
1129:Thomas Mair
1093:James Mason
1073:Dylann Roof
1065:Cesar Sayoc
1049:Army of God
985:neo-fascism
789:Definitions
285:Death squad
188:Suffragette
108:Nationalist
53:Definitions
3354:Categories
2952:terrorism.
2415:2018-06-03
2390:2018-06-03
2366:2018-06-03
2199:2019-05-12
1785:Combatants
1776:Ideologues
1686:insurgency
1676:Iraq Surge
1652:legitimacy
1627:Mao Zedong
1602:legitimacy
1533:Unfreezing
1492:Bill Ayers
1347:, Islamic
1307:resilience
1303:mutual aid
1297:applies a
1291:Eli Berman
1286:Mutual aid
1154:2009, the
1081:David Lane
989:neo-Nazism
977:right-wing
953:See also:
949:Right-wing
912:vulnerable
888:See also:
771:resilience
752:status quo
582:Uzbekistan
567:Kazakhstan
433:Kidnapping
428:Insurgency
376:Improvised
203:Misogynist
3360:Terrorism
3227:7 October
2840:Hatewatch
2449:709890472
2342:149001177
2307:147421959
2270:March 26,
2247:March 24,
1793:Criminals
1760:Martyrdom
1755:Martyrdom
1699:Takfirism
1625:Chairman
1607:doctrinal
1575:Isolation
1426:Viet Cong
1408:Chechen "
1366:sunk cost
1311:defection
1250:Tupamaros
1215:socialist
1203:terrorism
1194:Left-wing
1133:The Order
1033:hooligans
997:"Patriot"
981:far-right
916:extremist
825:terrorism
775:lethality
764:terrorism
657:Venezuela
538:Adherents
438:Lone wolf
351:Beheading
300:Lone wolf
260:Financing
253:Structure
138:Christian
123:Religious
93:Communist
88:Anarchist
63:Incidents
43:Terrorism
3320:Archived
2898:27 March
2872:28 March
2846:24 March
2819:26 March
2793:26 March
2767:26 March
2740:26 March
2710:26 March
2682:26 March
2657:26 March
2629:26 March
2602:26 March
2580:22 March
2539:26 March
2208:cite web
1901:Mindwipe
1865:See also
1811:Soldiers
1798:heroic.
1741:rightist
1733:in-group
1703:apostasy
1656:Al-Qaeda
1629:writing
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1480:New Left
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