2488:
377:
down to issues of group security. In situations when offensive and defensive actions are indistinguishable to outsiders, and in situations when the offensive actions are more effective in insuring group survival, then violence is sure to be present and harsh. This view of ethnic violence placed risk in areas where members of ethnic groups feel insecure about their future, not as a result of emotional tensions.
66:
168:
25:
407:
group responds with messages of their own group cohesion. Of course, this only happens when outside groups are already perceived as being potential threats. Using this logic, ethnic violence might be prevented by decreasing messages of group cohesion, while increasing messages of safety and solidarity with members of other ethnic groups.
338:
common bonds. According to Dr. May Lim, a researcher who is affiliated with NECSI, "Violence normally occurs when a group is large enough to impose cultural norms on public spaces, but not large enough to prevent those norms from being broken. Usually this occurs in places where boundaries between ethnic or cultural groups are unclear."
342:
is seen as the cause; Since there was no longer a strong centralized power (in the form of the USSR) to control the various ethnic groups, they then had to provide defense for themselves. This implies that once ethnicity is established, there needs to be strong distinctions, otherwise violence is inevitable.
345:
Another theory supports the belief that a general feeling that security is lacking can cause ethnic violence, particularly when different ethnic groups live in proximity to each other. This feeling can eventually cause different ethnic groups to distrust each other, which leads to their unwillingness
337:
There are various potential causes of ethnic violence. Research which has been conducted by the New
England Complex Systems Institute (NESCI) has shown that violence results when ethnic groups are partially mixed: neither clearly separated enough to reduce contact nor thoroughly mixed enough to build
341:
This theory also states that the minimum requirement for ethnic tensions to result in ethnic violence on a systemic level is a heterogeneous society and the lack of a power to prevent them from fighting. In the ethnic conflicts that erupted after the end of the Cold War, this lack of outer controls
376:
Ethnic violence obviously does not exist in exactly the same conditions in every example. Whereas one case of ethnic violence might result in a drawn out genocide, another case might result in a race riot. Different issues lead to different levels of intensity of violence. The problem mainly comes
372:
Another theory states that ethnic violence is the result of past tensions. Referring to the members of the other ethnic group based solely on their previous offences tends to increase the probability of future violence. This is referenced in the literature on ethnic violence that tends to focus on
406:
Using the media to change perceptions of ethnicity might lead to a change in the probability of ethnic violence. The use of media that results in ethnic violence is usually a cyclical relationship; one group increases messages of group cohesion in response to a perceived threat, and a neighboring
410:
Outside forces may also be effective in decreasing the likelihood of ethnic violence. However, not all interferences by outside forces may be helpful. If not handled delicately, the possibility might increase. Outside groups can help stabilize danger zones by imposing gentle economic sanctions,
384:
Because ethnic violence is particularly extreme, there are numerous theories on how it can be prevented, and once it starts, there are numerous theories on how it can be ended. At the New
England Complex Systems Institute, Yaneer Bar-Yam suggests that "clear boundaries" or "thorough mixing" can
380:
Ethnic violence frequently occurs as a result of individual domestic disputes which spiral out of control and lead to large-scale conflicts. When individual disputes occur between two members of different ethnic groups, they can result in peace or they can result in more violence. Peace is more
368:
Assuming that ethnic groups can be defined as groups of people which band together in order to protect material goods, while they are also satisfying the need to feel that they are a part of a group, violence which results from ethnicity can be a result of a violation which is committed against
381:
likely when offended persons feel that the offenders will be sufficiently punished by members of their own ethnic group. Or peace is simply achieved through the fear of greater ethnic violence. If the fear of retribution or the fear of violence is not present, ethnic violence may occur.
316:
411:
develop more representative political institutions that would allow for minority voices to be heard, and encourage the respect of ethnically diverse communities and minorities. However, if done incorrectly, outside interference can cause a nationalistic lash-back.
365:. Individual identities might change throughout the years, but strong emotional issues can lead to a desire to fulfill those needs above all other concerns. This strong desire to satisfy individual needs, without harming your own group, can have violent results.
1233:
908:
was fought along ideological lines (leftist rebel groups fought against the
Guatemalan government) but it acquired ethnic characteristics because the rebels were primarily supported by the indigenous Mayan groups.
1180:
Habyrimana, James, Macartan
Humphreys, Daniel Posner, Jeremy Weinstein, Richard Rosecrance, Arthur Stein, and Jerry Z. Muller. "Is Ethnic Conflict Inevitable?" Council on Foreign Relations (July 2008). Web.
2487:
916:
in Egypt qualifies as both ethnic and religious violence but it isn't occurring during an ongoing conflict, instead, it reflects a history of sporadic and continuous attacks, over the years.
535:
436:
1230:
1182:
299:
by an ethnic division, from violence that is motivated by other factors and just happens to break out between members of different ethnic groups (political or ideological).
369:
either ethnic group. However, violence occurs when the members of the opposing groups believe that there is no peaceful solution to the tensions which are plaguing them.
878:
472:
qualify as "ethnic violence" (of the most extreme sorts), because by definition, the victims of a genocide are usually killed based on their membership in a particular
765:
1157:
Petersen, Roger Dale. Understanding Ethnic
Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Cambridge [England: Cambridge UP, 2002. Print.
2734:
399:
The United States is often presented as the classic "melting pot" of ethnicities. "Ethnic" tensions in the United States are more typically viewed in terms of
2878:
1229:"Scientists Who study Ethnic Violence Find That in Switzerland, Separation Is the Key to Peace." Discover Blogs. Discover Magazine, 12 Oct. 2011. Web. <
2739:
2429:
1279:
1907:
687:
595:
600:
2888:
1839:
1123:
Brown, Michael E., and John Rex. The
Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Migration. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1997. 80–100. Print.
2834:
2462:
1231:
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/10/12/scientists-who-model-ethnic-violence-find-that-in-switzerland-separation-is-key-to-peace/
1171:
Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. "Explaining
Interethnic Cooperation." The American Political Science Review 90.4 (1996): 715–35. Print.
1337:
1183:
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64457/james-habyarimana-macartan-humphreys-daniel-posner-jeremy-weinst/is-ethnic-conflict-inevitable#
2911:
2814:
2804:
2365:
1356:
2849:
2824:
1844:
1431:
872:
692:
659:
615:
373:
areas that have already had a history of ethnic violence, instead of comparing them with areas that have had peaceful ethnic relations.
2794:
2775:
1824:
1819:
1800:
1795:
1782:
1265:
1021:
1016:
485:
2873:
2749:
1051:
792:
709:
229:
211:
149:
52:
1199:
178:
1893:
1849:
83:
38:
1888:
1808:
1311:
490:
130:
2861:
2841:
2527:
2422:
2018:
1854:
677:
87:
102:
2868:
1931:
1878:
1868:
698:
520:
866:
2682:
1403:
109:
2744:
2633:
1983:
1883:
1678:
1558:
500:
400:
193:
2563:
2532:
2467:
1901:
1873:
812:
682:
189:
76:
2656:
2415:
1949:
1829:
1663:
116:
1145:
M. Lim, R. Metzler, Y. Bar-Yam, Global
Pattern Formation and Ethnic/Cultural Violence, Science 317, 5844 (2007).
388:
Unfortunately, poorly planned separations do not lead to peace between members of different ethnic groups. the
2916:
2038:
996:
653:
550:
2692:
2672:
2603:
2452:
1920:
1912:
1757:
1424:
951:
726:
98:
2618:
2158:
2058:
1834:
1501:
1133:
1041:
1036:
2544:
2183:
1968:
1862:
1469:
1132:
Muller, Jerry Z. "Us and Them." Foreign
Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations, Mar.-Apr. 2008. Web. <
991:
329:
and all of the major conflicts between industrialised nations which occurred during the 19th century.
2770:
2575:
2517:
2457:
2396:
2320:
2228:
2053:
1936:
1688:
1658:
1653:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1061:
1026:
905:
806:
769:
671:
480:
44:
2856:
2677:
2553:
2549:
2512:
2502:
2360:
2263:
2258:
2145:
2063:
1683:
1474:
778:
610:
560:
495:
2718:
2588:
2243:
2203:
2198:
2103:
2043:
1988:
1673:
1568:
1521:
1496:
1464:
1417:
1076:
1066:
1056:
981:
735:
555:
389:
246:
396:
left large heterogeneous populations in India and since the separation, violence has occurred.
2921:
2687:
2608:
2558:
2472:
2325:
2238:
2223:
2208:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2088:
1973:
1963:
1693:
961:
941:
936:
931:
897:
730:
665:
648:
634:
585:
505:
303:
123:
2295:
2290:
2173:
1732:
1715:
1705:
1601:
1071:
966:
901:
575:
570:
545:
465:
428:
2765:
2713:
2651:
2276:
2248:
2188:
2123:
2078:
2013:
1747:
1742:
1720:
1648:
1361:
1237:
971:
946:
639:
590:
580:
515:
460:
424:
420:
277:
269:. "Racist terrorism" is a form of ethnic violence which is dominated by overt racism and
254:
860:
1206:
900:
are, however, fought along religious rather than ethnic lines; one such conflict is the
349:
The emotions that tend to cause ethnic tensions, which can lead to ethnic violence, are
2628:
2583:
2539:
2355:
2345:
2315:
2253:
2233:
2178:
1767:
1737:
1596:
1563:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1146:
800:
773:
751:
565:
525:
448:
362:
285:
2905:
2507:
2477:
2335:
2300:
2093:
2033:
2008:
2003:
1772:
1727:
1621:
1548:
1528:
1086:
976:
890:
837:
540:
250:
2593:
2370:
2310:
2193:
2135:
2128:
2083:
2023:
1954:
1762:
1752:
1700:
1638:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1591:
1543:
1459:
1391:
746:
720:
703:
627:
473:
289:
319:: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability
276:
Ethnic violence which is perpetrated in an organized, sustained form is known as
2305:
2113:
2098:
2073:
1998:
1668:
1643:
1633:
1611:
1538:
1091:
714:
322:
310:("Struggle of the Races", 1909); and more recently, it is the subject matter of
65:
1338:"List of attacks on Christians churches, institutions and individuals in Egypt"
16:
Form of political violence specifically targeted towards a certain ethnic group
2708:
2623:
2380:
2375:
2350:
2285:
2218:
2108:
1553:
1011:
1006:
926:
886:
358:
325:-based violence" as ethnic violence, a classification which would include the
270:
257:. Forms of ethnic violence which can be argued to have the characteristics of
2438:
2340:
2213:
2118:
1710:
1583:
1440:
1096:
1081:
986:
819:
756:
530:
326:
258:
856:
2598:
2028:
1993:
1031:
1001:
956:
643:
469:
393:
311:
281:
1280:"Horrific attacks prompt South Sudan's communities to form armed groups"
2048:
1978:
1134:
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63217/jerry-z-muller/us-and-them
841:
823:
605:
440:
385:
reduce the possibility of violence, citing
Switzerland as an example.
2613:
1533:
1046:
782:
630:
444:
354:
295:
Care must be taken to distinguish ethnic violence, which is violence
196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
302:
Violent ethnic rivalry is the subject matter of Jewish sociologist
2068:
1573:
1298:
The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Migration
913:
847:
510:
432:
1454:
796:
419:
The "Ancient Hatreds" type of ethnic violence associates modern
350:
2411:
1413:
1266:"Ethnic violence displaces hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians"
688:
Race riots and racial supremacist violence in the United States
161:
59:
18:
2407:
1409:
788:
Ethnic conflicts in the Russian federation and the Caucasus
185:
1312:"Egyptians take Tahrir Square to the junta's doorstep"
288:, where the dividing line is social class rather than
536:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
1388:
Killing Others: A Natural History of Ethnic Violence
1147:
http://www.necsi.edu/research/ethnicviolence/sci317/
2784:
2758:
2727:
2701:
2665:
2644:
2573:
2495:
2445:
2389:
2272:
2144:
1947:
1781:
1582:
1447:
1357:"The Muslim Brotherhood's War on Coptic Christians"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
766:history of Native Americans in the United States
2423:
1425:
1300:. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1997. 80–100. Print.
8:
879:Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec
840:and the history of ethnic conflicts in the
623:Other examples of ethnic violence include:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2430:
2416:
2408:
1432:
1418:
1410:
1205:. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from
1200:"The Security Problem and Ethnic Conflict"
596:Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State
435:in the 1990s was seen as revenge for the
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
601:Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State
321:. Some academicians would classify all "
1252:Russian Nationalism and Ethnic Violence
1167:
1165:
1163:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
346:to peacefully coexist with each other.
2735:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
1193:
1191:
611:Native American genocide in California
1404:New England Complex Systems Institute
7:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
660:Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore
616:Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea
2776:Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial
2740:Designated terrorist organizations
1022:List of ongoing military conflicts
1017:List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
486:List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
427:(or even mythical) conflicts. The
14:
1390:(Cornell University Press, 2017)
1296:Brown, Michael E., and John Rex.
1052:Political cleansing of population
743:Race riots in the United Kingdom
710:Black Legion (political movement)
666:War crime against the Afar people
392:which occurred between India and
34:This article has multiple issues.
2486:
1355:Powers, Kirsten (Aug 22, 2013).
1268:. irinnews.com. 8 November 2017.
873:Azanian People's Liberation Army
249:which is expressly motivated by
166:
64:
23:
1310:Abdelhadi, Magdi (3 May 2012).
491:List of genocides by death toll
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
846:Serb Paramilitary groups i.e.
678:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
267:ethnically motivated terrorism
1:
850:'s White tigers and many more
833:Other secessionist conflicts
699:Lynching in the United States
668:in Ethiopia from 2021 to 2022
521:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
333:Causality and characteristics
429:massacres of Bosnian Muslims
2912:Racially motivated violence
501:Herero and Namaqua genocide
192:the claims made and adding
2938:
2468:Anti-terrorism legislation
1801:Countries by ethnic groups
1796:Contemporary ethnic groups
813:2006 Moscow market bombing
683:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
458:
2750:Islamic terrorist attacks
2657:State-sponsored terrorism
2604:Environmental destruction
2484:
2463:International conventions
1198:Posen, Barry R. (1993).
997:Extrajudicial punishment
867:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
654:Ethnic violence in Konso
2673:Clandestine cell system
1913:Torres Strait Islanders
1758:Ethnopsychopharmacology
1502:In-group and out-groups
952:Crimes against humanity
727:Don Black (nationalist)
2619:Propaganda of the deed
2159:Cultural appropriation
2059:Lineage-bonded society
1406:(archived 24 May 2018)
1042:Persecution of Uyghurs
1037:Persecution of Muslims
662:in Ethiopia since 1994
656:in Ethiopia since 1994
2759:Memorials and museums
2184:Ethnic interest group
2019:Ethnicity in censuses
1969:Cultural assimilation
1470:Ethnolinguistic group
992:Extrajudicial killing
885:Numerous individual "
459:Further information:
2771:Topography of Terror
2458:History of terrorism
2397:Minzu (anthropology)
2366:Separatist movements
2229:Ethnographic village
2054:Legendary progenitor
1689:Transidioethnography
1492:Hyphenated ethnicity
1487:Ethnographic realism
1480:Ethnoreligious group
1062:Population cleansing
1027:List of ethnic riots
906:Guatemalan Civil War
896:Some of the world's
807:Russo-Circassian War
770:American Indian Wars
672:Oromo-Somali clashes
481:Genocides in history
390:religious separation
84:improve this article
2264:Multinational state
2259:Model minority myth
2146:Multiethnic society
2064:Linguistic homeland
1475:Ethnonational group
779:Cronulla Race Riots
674:in Ethiopia in 2017
561:East Timor genocide
496:Circassian genocide
439:perpetrated by the
431:perpetrated by the
280:or ethnic warfare (
2589:Aircraft hijacking
2244:Middleman minority
2204:Ethnic pornography
2199:Ethnic nationalism
2104:Pantribal sodality
2044:Imagined community
1569:Symbolic ethnicity
1497:Indigenous peoples
1465:Ethnographic group
1392:online book review
1286:. 7 December 2015.
1236:2012-01-16 at the
1077:Religious violence
1067:Sectarian violence
1057:Political violence
982:Ethnic nationalism
912:Terrorism against
889:" incidents, e.g.
736:Crown Heights riot
556:Cambodian genocide
314:'s notable study,
284:), in contrast to
247:political violence
177:possibly contains
2899:
2898:
2645:State involvement
2473:Counter-terrorism
2405:
2404:
2326:Ethnic stereotype
2239:Indigenous rights
2224:Ethnographic film
2209:Ethnic theme park
2169:Dominant minority
2164:Diaspora politics
2154:Consociationalism
2089:National language
1974:Cultural identity
1964:Cross-race effect
1908:Aboriginal groups
1250:Arnold, Richard.
962:Diaspora politics
942:Cultural genocide
937:Cultural conflict
932:Communal violence
898:ongoing conflicts
859:which was led by
731:Operation Red Dog
649:Muhajir genocides
586:Rohingya genocide
511:Assyrian genocide
506:Armenian genocide
304:Ludwig Gumplowicz
290:ethnic background
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
179:original research
160:
159:
152:
134:
99:"Ethnic violence"
57:
2929:
2490:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2296:Ethnic cleansing
2291:Ethnic bioweapon
2174:Ethnic democracy
1783:Groups by region
1733:Ethnomethodology
1716:Ethnomathematics
1706:Ethnolinguistics
1602:Ethnoarchaeology
1434:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1386:Lange, Matthew.
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1072:Social cleansing
967:Ethnic cleansing
902:Somali Civil War
826:, Russia in 2006
759:, United Kingdom
635:European history
606:Chechen genocide
576:Rwandan genocide
571:Bosnian genocide
566:Kurdish genocide
551:Bengali genocide
546:Romani Holocaust
466:Ethnic cleansing
421:ethnic conflicts
263:ethnic terrorism
261:may be known as
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
194:inline citations
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2917:Ethnic conflict
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2780:
2766:House of Terror
2754:
2723:
2714:Reign of Terror
2697:
2661:
2652:State terrorism
2640:
2569:
2523:Ethnic violence
2491:
2482:
2441:
2436:
2406:
2401:
2385:
2331:Ethnic violence
2279:
2277:ethnic conflict
2275:
2268:
2249:Minority rights
2189:Ethnic majority
2140:
2124:Detribalization
2079:Nation-building
2014:Ethnic religion
1957:
1953:
1943:
1850:Central America
1777:
1748:Ethnophilosophy
1743:Ethnomusicology
1721:Ethnostatistics
1679:Person-centered
1649:Autoethnography
1578:
1443:
1438:
1400:
1383:
1381:Further reading
1378:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1362:The Daily Beast
1354:
1353:
1349:
1342:Bishop Angaelos
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1238:Wayback Machine
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1111:
1106:
1101:
972:Ethnic conflict
947:Cultural rights
922:
738:, United States
723:, United States
717:, International
706:, United States
695:, United States
640:Foiba massacres
591:Amhara genocide
581:Darfur genocide
516:Bihari genocide
463:
461:Ethnic conflict
457:
417:
335:
308:Der Rassenkampf
278:ethnic conflict
255:ethnic conflict
243:Ethnic violence
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
183:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2629:Suicide attack
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Agro-terrorism
2580:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2542:
2540:Narcoterrorism
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:Indigenization
2353:
2348:
2346:Ethnosymbolism
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Ethnic penalty
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Model minority
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Ethnopluralism
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Ethnic enclave
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:Southeast Asia
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:Ethnosemiotics
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Ethnomuseology
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1597:Ethnic studies
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Supraethnicity
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:Minority group
1514:
1512:Metroethnicity
1509:
1507:Meta-ethnicity
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:External links
1396:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1347:
1329:
1302:
1289:
1271:
1257:
1242:
1222:
1187:
1173:
1159:
1150:
1138:
1125:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
923:
921:
918:
894:
893:
883:
882:
881:
876:
875:, South Africa
869:
863:
853:
852:
851:
831:
830:
829:
827:
816:
809:
803:
801:Czarist Russia
786:
776:
774:Trail of Tears
762:
761:
760:
754:
752:Bradford riots
749:
741:
740:
739:
733:
724:
718:
712:
707:
701:
696:
685:
680:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
646:
637:
621:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
526:Greek genocide
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
488:
483:
456:
453:
449:Ottoman Empire
416:
413:
334:
331:
286:class conflict
245:is a form of
238:
237:
220:
219:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:United States
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2693:Training camp
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2478:War on Terror
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:Main articles
2444:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Ethnocentrism
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Ethnic hatred
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:National myth
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Folk religion
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Ethnic origin
2007:
2005:
2004:Ethnic option
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Northern Asia
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:South America
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:United States
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1773:Ethnotaxonomy
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Ethnomedicine
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Institutional
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Ethnomycology
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Polyethnicity
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Monoethnicity
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1212:on 2012-02-27
1208:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:The Holocaust
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:Ethnic hatred
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
919:
917:
915:
910:
907:
903:
899:
892:
891:Hedvig Malina
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
868:
864:
862:
858:
855:The Croatian
854:
849:
845:
844:
843:
839:
838:Yugoslav Wars
835:
834:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
787:
784:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
737:
734:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
711:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
641:
638:
636:
632:
629:
626:
625:
624:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:The Holocaust
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
412:
408:
404:
402:
397:
395:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
318:
317:World On Fire
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:reactionism.
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:ethnic hatred
248:
244:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
195:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:This article
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2862:Soviet Union
2719:White Terror
2666:Organisation
2594:Bioterrorism
2522:
2371:Xenocentrism
2330:
2321:Ethnic slurs
2311:Ethnic party
2274:Ideology and
2194:Ethnic media
2136:White ethnic
2129:Neotribalism
2084:Nation state
2024:Ethnofiction
1955:ethnogenesis
1926:
1919:
1900:
1869:Central Asia
1861:
1814:
1807:
1790:
1763:Ethnoscience
1753:Ethnopoetics
1701:Ethnohistory
1639:Ethnogeology
1627:Ethnozoology
1617:Ethnoecology
1607:Ethnobiology
1592:Anthropology
1544:Panethnicity
1460:Ethnic group
1387:
1366:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:The Guardian
1315:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:the guardian
1283:
1274:
1260:
1254:. Routledge.
1251:
1245:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1176:
1153:
1141:
1128:
911:
895:
861:Ante Pavelić
747:Oldham riots
721:Death Angels
704:Ku Klux Klan
622:
474:ethnic group
464:
418:
409:
405:
398:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
348:
344:
340:
336:
315:
307:
301:
296:
294:
275:
266:
262:
242:
241:
226:
208:
202:October 2023
199:
176:
146:
140:October 2023
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2634:Palestinian
2599:Car bombing
2545:Nationalist
2528:Palestinian
2496:By ideology
2306:Ethnic joke
2114:Tribal name
2099:Origin myth
2074:Mythomoteur
1999:Ethnic flag
1984:Development
1669:Netnography
1644:Ethnography
1634:Ethnocinema
1612:Ethnobotany
1539:Nationality
1092:Vigilantism
715:Hammerskins
628:Antisemitic
323:nationalist
2906:Categories
2885:Venezuela
2785:By country
2709:Red Terror
2702:Historical
2624:Proxy bomb
2574:Types and
2518:Right-wing
2453:Definition
2381:Xenophobia
2376:Xenophilia
2351:Indigenism
2286:Allophilia
2219:Ethnocracy
2109:Statistext
2039:Historical
1932:Indigenous
1884:South Asia
1820:Indigenous
1554:Population
1322:7 December
1216:2012-03-11
1104:References
1012:Hate group
1007:Hate crime
927:Classicide
887:hate crime
359:resentment
327:World Wars
271:xenophobic
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2889:Sponsored
2879:Sponsored
2869:Sri Lanka
2850:Sponsored
2842:Palestine
2835:Sponsored
2831:Pakistan
2825:Sponsored
2815:Sponsored
2805:Sponsored
2795:Sponsored
2745:Incidents
2688:Lone wolf
2678:Financing
2554:Christian
2550:Religious
2513:Left-wing
2503:Communist
2439:Terrorism
2341:Ethnocide
2214:Ethnoburb
2119:Tribalism
1902:Australia
1894:West Asia
1874:East Asia
1845:Caribbean
1830:Greenland
1711:Ethnology
1584:Ethnology
1522:Influence
1441:Ethnicity
1368:22 August
1097:War crime
1082:Terrorism
987:Ethnocide
820:Kondopoga
818:Riots in
757:Combat 18
693:The Order
531:Holodomor
297:motivated
259:terrorism
190:verifying
45:talk page
2922:Violence
2361:Nativism
2029:Ethnonym
1994:Ethnarch
1950:Identity
1937:European
1815:Americas
1659:Critical
1654:Clinical
1448:Concepts
1318:. London
1234:Archived
1032:Lynching
1002:Genocide
957:Democide
920:See also
815:, Russia
793:Dashnaks
644:Dalmatia
470:genocide
455:Examples
437:genocide
394:Pakistan
312:Amy Chua
282:race war
2811:Kuwait
2801:Israel
2609:Nuclear
2576:tactics
2559:Islamic
2552: (
2533:Zionist
2390:Related
2049:Kinship
1989:Endonym
1979:Demonym
1927:Oceania
1684:Salvage
842:Balkans
824:Karelia
631:pogroms
447:of the
441:Ustashe
425:ancient
184:Please
124:scholar
2857:Russia
2846:Qatar
2821:Libya
2614:Piracy
2564:Jewish
1921:Europe
1835:Mexico
1825:Canada
1809:Africa
1674:Online
1534:Nation
1047:Pogrom
904:. The
857:Ustaše
785:, 2005
783:Sydney
445:hatred
361:, and
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2791:Iran
2728:Lists
2683:Front
2508:Green
2069:Mores
1791:World
1694:Video
1574:Tribe
1240:>.
1210:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
1185:>.
1136:>.
914:Copts
848:Arkan
433:Serbs
423:with
415:Types
131:JSTOR
117:books
1863:Asia
1559:Race
1455:Clan
1370:2013
1324:2012
1181:<
871:The
865:The
836:The
811:The
805:The
799:and
797:EOKA
791:The
764:The
729:and
468:and
443:and
401:race
363:rage
355:hate
351:fear
253:and
103:news
1952:and
781:in
642:in
633:in
306:'s
265:or
188:by
86:by
2908::
1359:.
1340:.
1314:.
1282:.
1190:^
1162:^
1112:^
822:,
795:,
772:,
768:;
476:.
451:.
403:.
357:,
353:,
292:.
48:.
2566:)
2431:e
2424:t
2417:v
1433:e
1426:t
1419:v
1372:.
1344:.
1326:.
1219:.
233:)
227:(
215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
182:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
