1317:. Desiccant silica gel canisters may be attached with screw-on nibs and higher power systems will have pressurized tanks for maintaining pressure including leakage monitors. Arcing may also occur if there is a hole, tear or bump in the conducting walls, if transmitting at high power (usually 200 watts or more). Waveguide plumbing is crucial for proper waveguide performance. Voltage standing waves occur when impedance mismatches in the waveguide cause energy to reflect back in the opposite direction of propagation. In addition to limiting the effective transfer of energy, these reflections can cause higher voltages in the waveguide and damage equipment.
1342:
1293:) measurements may be taken to ensure that a waveguide is contiguous and has no leaks or sharp bends. If such bends or holes in the waveguide surface are present, this may diminish the performance of both transmitter and receiver equipment connected at either end. Poor transmission through the waveguide may also occur as a result of moisture build up which corrodes and degrades conductivity of the inner surfaces, which is crucial for low loss propagation. For this reason, waveguides are nominally fitted with
1326:
997:
986:
66:
1375:(SHF) systems. For such applications, it is desired to operate waveguides with only one mode propagating through the waveguide. With rectangular waveguides, it is possible to design the waveguide such that the frequency band over which only one mode propagates is as high as 2:1 (i.e. the ratio of the upper band edge to lower band edge is two). The relation between the waveguide dimensions and the lowest frequency is simple: if
1195:
42:
1354:
2927:
1187:
1179:
953:
1166:(1938) and cavity magnetron (1940), resulted in the first widespread use of waveguide. Standard waveguide "plumbing" components were manufactured, with flanges on the end which could be bolted together. After the war in the 1950s and 60s waveguides became common in commercial microwave systems, such as airport radar and
2985:
due to the change in dielectric constant at the material surface. At millimeter wave frequencies and above, metal is not a good conductor, so metal waveguides can have increasing attenuation. At these wavelengths dielectric waveguides can have lower losses than metal waveguides. Optical fibre is a
2989:
One difference between dielectric and metal waveguides is that at a metal surface the electromagnetic waves are tightly confined; at high frequencies the electric and magnetic fields penetrate a very short distance into the metal. In contrast, the surface of the dielectric waveguide is an interface
1244:
is an electromagnetic waveguide (a) that is tubular, usually with a circular or rectangular cross section, (b) that has electrically conducting walls, (c) that may be hollow or filled with a dielectric material, (d) that can support a large number of discrete propagating modes, though only a few may
3554:
For bandwidths lower than 2:1 it is more common to express them as a percentage of the center frequency, which in the case of 1.360:1 is 26.55 %. For reference, a 2:1 bandwidth corresponds to a 66.67 % bandwidth. The reason for expressing bandwidths as a ratio of upper to lower band edges
1264:
Waveguides are almost exclusively made of metal and mostly rigid structures. There are certain types of "corrugated" waveguides that have the ability to flex and bend but only used where essential since they degrade propagation properties. Due to propagation of energy in mostly air or space within
1052:
Prior to the 1920s, practical work on radio waves concentrated on the low frequency end of the radio spectrum, as these frequencies were better for long-range communication. These were far below the frequencies that could propagate in even large waveguides, so there was little experimental work on
1517:
via higher order modes. The fourth condition is that which allows a 2:1 operation bandwidth. Although it is possible to have a 2:1 operating bandwidth when the height is less than half the width, having the height exactly half the width maximizes the power that can propagate inside the waveguide
1048:
below which waves would not propagate. Since the cutoff wavelength for a given tube was of the same order as its width, it was clear that a hollow conducting tube could not carry radio wavelengths much larger than its diameter. In 1902 R. H. Weber observed that electromagnetic waves travel at a
1260:
The dimensions of a hollow metallic waveguide determine which wavelengths it can support, and in which modes. Typically the waveguide is operated so that only a single mode is present. The lowest order mode possible is generally selected. Frequencies below the guide's cutoff frequency will not
1143:
and hit on the idea of using a hollow pipe as a feedline to feed radio waves to the antenna. By March 1936 he had derived the propagation modes and cutoff frequency in a rectangular waveguide. The source he was using had a large wavelength of 40 cm, so for his first successful waveguide
968:
materials. Generally, the lower the frequency to be passed the larger the waveguide is. For example, the natural waveguide the earth forms given by the dimensions between the conductive ionosphere and the ground as well as the circumference at the median altitude of the Earth is resonant at
2819:
is that waveguides support propagation with lower loss. For lower frequencies, the waveguide dimensions become impractically large, and for higher frequencies the dimensions become impractically small (the manufacturing tolerance becomes a significant portion of the waveguide size).
3555:
for bandwidths greater than 66.67 % is that in the limiting case that the lower edge goes to zero (or the upper edge goes to infinity), the bandwidth approaches 200 %, which means that the entire range of 3:1 to infinity:1 map into the range 100 % to 200 %.
1488:
Because rectangular waveguides have a much larger bandwidth over which only a single mode can propagate, standards exist for rectangular waveguides, but not for circular waveguides. In general (but not always), standard waveguides are designed such that
1273:
into the metal of the inner surface. Since this is where most of the resistive loss occurs, it is important that the conductivity of interior surface be kept as high as possible. For this reason, most waveguide interior surfaces are plated with
1232:
is generally used for radar and other similar applications. The waveguide serves as a feed path, and each slot is a separate radiator, thus forming an antenna. This structure has the capability of generating a radiation pattern to launch an
1132:, a Bell Labs mathematician, did theoretical analyses of waveguides and rediscovered waveguide modes. In December 1933 it was realized that with a metal sheath the dielectric is superfluous and attention shifted to metal waveguides.
2911:
of the guide. It is common to choose the size of the guide such that only this one mode can exist in the frequency band of operation. In rectangular and circular (hollow pipe) waveguides, the dominant modes are designated the
1069:
used short lengths of pipe to conduct the waves, so some sources credit him with inventing the waveguide. However, after this, the concept of radio waves being carried by a tube or duct passed out of engineering knowledge.
2810:
For historical reasons the outside rather than the inside dimensions of these waveguides are 2:1 (with wall thickness WG6–WG10: 0.08" (2.0 mm), WG11A–WG15: 0.064" (1.6 mm), WG16–WG17: 0.05" (1.3 mm), WG18–WG28: 0.04" (1.0
927:
The electromagnetic waves in a (metal-pipe) waveguide may be imagined as travelling down the guide in a zig-zag path, being repeatedly reflected between opposite walls of the guide. For the particular case of
1265:
the waveguide, it is one of the lowest loss transmission line types and highly preferred for high frequency applications where most other types of transmission structures introduce large losses. Due to the
1481:
1024:
of electromagnetic waves propagating through both conducting tubes and dielectric rods of arbitrary shape. He showed that the waves could travel without attenuation only in specific
623:
2904:, in which TEM mode is possible. Additionally, the propagating modes (i.e. TE and TM) inside the waveguide can be mathematically expressed as the superposition of two TEM waves.
1128:. At Bell Labs in 1931 he resumed work in dielectric waveguides. By March 1932 he observed waves in water-filled copper pipes. Rayleigh's previous work had been forgotten, and
2844:
of the equation system. Each mode is characterized by a cutoff frequency below which the mode cannot exist in the guide. Waveguide propagation modes depend on the operating
1426:
596:
1395:
3811:
932:, it is possible to base an exact analysis on this view. Propagation in a dielectric waveguide may be viewed in the same way, with the waves confined to the dielectric by
1085:
which by the 1930s had generated radio waves at up to 10 GHz. These made possible the first systematic research on microwaves in the 1930s. It was discovered that
608:
1214:, a waveguide normally consists of a hollow metallic conductor. These waveguides can take the form of single conductors with or without a dielectric coating, e.g. the
1139:
in
Germany. At MIT beginning in 1932 he worked on high frequency antennas to generate narrow beams of radio waves to locate aircraft in fog. He invented a
1147:
Barrow and
Southworth became aware of each other's work a few weeks before both were scheduled to present papers on waveguides to a combined meeting of the
1513:, a phenomenon in which the velocity of propagation is a function of frequency. It also limits the loss per unit length. The third condition is to avoid
859:
1225:, allowing higher power transmission. Conversely, waveguides may be required to be evacuated as part of evacuated systems (e.g. electron beam systems).
628:
1587:
1124:
in a long tank of water. He found that if he removed the Lecher line, the tank of water still showed resonance peaks, indicating it was acting as a
992:
who developed waveguides in the early 1930s, in front of mile-long experimental waveguide run at Bell Labs, Holmdel, New Jersey, used in his research
638:
3895:
1218:
and helical waveguides. Hollow waveguides must be one-half wavelength or more in diameter in order to support one or more transverse wave modes.
463:
3601:
1113:
478:
100:
3683:
Modi, Anuj Y.; Balanis, Constantine A. (2016). "PEC-PMC Baffle Inside
Circular Cross Section Waveguide for Reduction of Cut-Off Frequency".
1049:
slower speed in tubes than in free space, and deduced the reason; that the waves travel in a "zigzag" path as they reflect from the walls.
1116:, who worked without knowledge of one another. Southworth's interest was sparked during his 1920s doctoral work in which he measured the
1261:
propagate. It is possible to operate waveguides at higher order modes, or with multiple modes present, but this is usually impractical.
3756:
3729:
3478:
3308:
937:
1301:
build up or arcing in high power systems such as radio or radar transmitters. Moisture in waveguides can typically be prevented with
358:
3746:
3642:
3338:
877:
90:
2885:. Rectangular wave guides may be solved in rectangular coordinates. Round waveguides may be solved in cylindrical coordinates.
2840:
determined by the properties of the materials and their interfaces. These equations have multiple solutions, or modes, which are
3468:
1053:
waveguides during this period, although a few experiments were done. In a June 1, 1894 lecture, "The work of Hertz", before the
273:
3666:
3120:
3064:
1579:
852:
618:
95:
3719:
2926:
3905:
3536:. Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Dept. of Physics and Materials Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. 2012
3400:
3142:
2833:
1008:
meeting in 1938, showing 1.5 GHz microwaves passing through the 7.5 m flexible metal hose registering on a diode detector.
633:
338:
1152:
1005:
498:
488:
473:
238:
105:
3298:
1341:
538:
228:
1105:
873:
791:
666:
563:
458:
1485:
With circular waveguides, the highest possible bandwidth allowing only a single mode to propagate is only 1.3601:1.
291:
3004:
2978:
1148:
933:
845:
806:
333:
323:
263:
258:
198:
1074:
3900:
1431:
1211:
974:
921:
776:
656:
343:
1297:
at the outer end that will not interfere with propagation but keep the elements out. Moisture can also cause
3910:
3857:
2882:
1502:
the upper edge of the band is approximately 5% lower than the cutoff frequency of the next higher order mode
781:
751:
183:
173:
168:
3864:". New York, Van Nostrand , xi, 689 p. illus. 24 cm. Bell Telephone Laboratories series. LCCN 50009834
3529:
2874:
TEM modes (transverse electromagnetic) have no electric nor magnetic field in the direction of propagation.
3803:
3226:
3084:
2829:
1021:
603:
373:
148:
1129:
1066:
701:
388:
378:
328:
318:
65:
2888:
In hollow, single conductor waveguides, TEM waves are not possible. This contrasts with two-conductor
1294:
996:
2990:
between two dielectrics, so the fields of the wave penetrate outside the dielectric in the form of an
1097:, had excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, creating a need for a new transmission method.
3503:
3363:
3218:
2849:
1519:
1400:
1372:
1246:
1234:
1125:
1101:
989:
826:
726:
691:
443:
308:
208:
193:
128:
3879:
3231:
1378:
985:
233:
3620:
3069:
2837:
1510:
1325:
1117:
1078:
786:
766:
761:
568:
553:
438:
408:
303:
1012:
During the 1890s theorists did the first analyses of electromagnetic waves in ducts. Around 1893
3700:
2959:
2538:
2500:
2435:
1073:
During the 1920s the first continuous sources of high frequency radio waves were developed: the
970:
661:
401:
203:
163:
31:
3776:
3207:
1257:
field, and (h) in which discontinuities and bends may cause mode conversion but not radiation.
1194:
3752:
3725:
3662:
3638:
3597:
3474:
3334:
3304:
3116:
3054:
3044:
2889:
2877:
Hybrid modes have both electric and magnetic field components in the direction of propagation.
2853:
1509:
The first condition is to allow for applications near band edges. The second condition limits
1229:
1170:
networks which were built to transmit telephone calls and television programs between cities.
1136:
1086:
893:
721:
3328:
1065:
through a short cylindrical copper duct. In his pioneering 1894-1900 research on microwaves,
3692:
3628:
3574:
3511:
3379:
3371:
3330:
Planar
Microwave Engineering: A Practical Guide to Theory, Measurement, and Circuits, Vol. 1
3274:
3236:
3079:
3074:
3019:
3014:
2982:
1497:
1332:
1109:
1082:
1045:
821:
736:
696:
686:
573:
528:
511:
428:
363:
133:
57:
3431:
3263:"On the passage of electric waves through tubes, or the vibrations of dielectric cylinders"
3089:
2991:
2974:
2954:
is a dielectric guide designed to work at optical frequencies. Transmission lines such as
2861:
1514:
1250:
1167:
909:
756:
681:
676:
543:
418:
383:
278:
243:
143:
1397:
is the greater of its two dimensions, then the longest wavelength that will propagate is
796:
17:
3565:
Harvey, A. F. (July 1955). "Standard waveguides and couplings for microwave equipment".
3507:
3367:
3222:
1155:
in May 1936. They amicably worked out credit sharing and patent division arrangements.
3049:
1037:
1029:
913:
905:
716:
711:
533:
423:
348:
298:
248:
221:
178:
153:
123:
116:
2871:
TM modes (transverse magnetic) have no magnetic field in the direction of propagation.
2868:
TE modes (transverse electric) have no electric field in the direction of propagation.
1493:
one band starts where another band ends, with another band that overlaps the two bands
1269:
at high frequencies, electric current along the walls penetrates typically only a few
1253:
at any point is describable in terms of the supported modes, (g) in which there is no
3889:
3874:
3494:
Schelkunoff, Sergei A. (November 1937). "Electromagnetic Waves in
Conducting Tubes".
2967:
2951:
2893:
2857:
2841:
2569:
2241:
2053:
2021:
1989:
1957:
1094:
1054:
1017:
1013:
831:
816:
801:
741:
453:
368:
353:
268:
253:
158:
964:
Depending on the frequency, waveguides can be constructed from either conductive or
41:
3704:
3633:
3029:
1533:, and the number is the inner dimension width of the waveguide in hundredths of an
1222:
1199:
1140:
1058:
811:
706:
671:
613:
548:
433:
313:
188:
1044:), perpendicular to the direction of propagation. He also showed each mode had a
468:
3807:
1266:
1215:
1121:
1025:
941:
901:
731:
583:
413:
75:
3696:
3384:
3278:
3240:
3059:
3034:
2973:
Dielectric rod and slab waveguides are used to conduct radio waves, mostly at
2955:
2845:
2816:
2815:
For the frequencies in the table above, the main advantage of waveguides over
1537:(0.01 inch = 0.254 mm) rounded to the nearest hundredth of an inch.
1353:
1302:
1270:
1186:
1016:
derived the electromagnetic modes inside a cylindrical metal cavity. In 1897
965:
885:
448:
3578:
3375:
3300:
Digital
Microwave Communication: Engineering Point-to-Point Microwave Systems
3515:
3039:
3024:
2963:
2901:
2897:
1496:
the lower edge of the band is approximately 30% higher than the waveguide's
1306:
1254:
1221:
Waveguides may be filled with pressurized gas to inhibit arcing and prevent
1207:
1090:
1062:
897:
889:
771:
746:
558:
483:
80:
35:
3110:
30:"Waveguide (electromagnetism)" redirects here. For optical waveguides, see
1144:
experiments he used a 16-foot section of air duct, 18 inches in diameter.
3009:
1310:
1163:
957:
523:
518:
138:
3354:
Weber, R. H. (1902). "Elektromagnetische
Schwingungen in Metallrohren".
1135:
Barrow had become interested in high frequencies in 1930 studying under
2304:
2177:
1041:
1033:
493:
1178:
952:
3432:"Jagadish Chandra Bose: Millimeter-wave research in the 19th century"
2881:
Waveguides with certain symmetries may be solved using the method of
2466:
2404:
2373:
2342:
2114:
1925:
1893:
1805:
1298:
1279:
1275:
578:
85:
3262:
944:, use both metal walls and dielectric surfaces to confine the wave.
1100:
The waveguide was developed independently between 1932 and 1936 by
3470:
Technical and
Military Imperatives: A Radar History of World War 2
1314:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1159:
995:
984:
951:
917:
40:
3567:
Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and
Electronic Engineering
1162:
during World War 2 and the first high power microwave tubes, the
3112:
The IEEE Standard
Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms
1534:
1290:
1283:
3718:
Lioubtchenko, Dmitri; Sergei Tretyakov; Sergey Dudorov (2003).
1309:, or slight pressurization of the waveguide cavities with dry
3786:. Electrical Engineering Dept. Cornell Univ. pp. 2–3, 10
2950:
employs a solid dielectric rod rather than a hollow pipe. An
977:(EHF) communications can be less than a millimeter in width.
1525:
Below is a table of standard waveguides. The waveguide name
1371:
In practice, waveguides act as the equivalent of cables for
1237:
in a specific relatively narrow and controllable direction.
1061:
demonstrated the transmission of 3 inch radio waves from a
3875:
The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 24: Waveguides
3208:"The Origin of Waveguides: A Case of Multiple Rediscovery"
2986:
form of dielectric waveguide used at optical wavelengths.
1245:
be practical, (e) in which each discrete mode defines the
2977:
frequencies and above. These confine the radio waves by
3847:, p. 8 (1947) (reprinted by Dover: New York, 1964).
2907:
The mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is termed the
1020:
did a definitive analysis of waveguides; he solved the
900:
frequencies, for such purposes as connecting microwave
3862:
Principles and applications of wave-guide transmission
1382:
3784:
Class notes ECE 303: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
1434:
1403:
1381:
3215:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
2860:
pattern formed by waves confined in the cavity. The
1077:, the first oscillator which could produce power at
3880:
Derivation of Fields Within a Rectangular Waveguide
2828:Electromagnetic waveguides are analyzed by solving
1475:
1420:
1389:
3261:Strutt, William (Lord Rayleigh) (February 1897).
1331:Short length of rectangular waveguide (WG17 with
3333:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18, 118.
1505:the waveguide height is half the waveguide width
3802:This article is based in part on material from
3685:IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters
3615:
3613:
2936:mode of a circular hollow metallic waveguide.
853:
8:
3845:Theory and Applications of Mathieu Functions
3136:
3134:
3132:
45:Collection of standard waveguide components.
3751:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 327.
1089:used to carry lower frequency radio waves,
27:Hollow metal pipe used to carry radio waves
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3115:(6 ed.). IEEE Standards Association.
2805:Radio Components Standardization Committee
1539:
1458:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1411:
1407:
860:
846:
64:
48:
3632:
3437:. US National Radio Astronomy Observatory
3383:
3230:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
2970:may also be considered to be waveguides.
2852:and the shape and size of the guide. The
1476:{\displaystyle f\;=\;c/\lambda \;=\;c/2W}
1462:
1446:
1433:
1402:
1380:
936:at its surface. Some structures, such as
3777:"Lecture 26: Dielectric slab waveguides"
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
1543:Standard sizes of rectangular waveguide
973:. On the other hand, waveguides used in
3770:
3768:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3101:
2922:
609:Electromagnetism and special relativity
56:
1566:Inner dimensions of waveguide opening
1190:Flexible waveguide from a J-Band radar
3322:
3320:
2864:are classified into different types:
1565:
1547:
1114:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
884:is a hollow metal pipe used to carry
629:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7:
3625:Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
3206:Packard, Karle S. (September 1984).
34:. For other types of waveguide, see
938:non-radiative dielectric waveguides
3303:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 7.
25:
3141:Southworth, G. C. (August 1936).
1428:and the lowest frequency is thus
1347:Section of the flexible waveguide
2925:
1352:
1340:
1324:
1249:for that mode, (f) in which the
1120:of water with a radio frequency
3661:. CRC Press. pp. 257–258.
3530:"Module 12: Waveguide Plumbing"
3473:. CRC Press. pp. 146–148.
2856:of a waveguide is a particular
1623:584.20 × 292.10
1421:{\displaystyle \lambda \;=\;2W}
1198:Typical waveguide application:
969:7.83 Hz. This is known as
960:in an air traffic control radar
3896:Telecommunications engineering
3596:(1 ed.). Pergamon Press.
3405:Proc. Of the Royal Institution
3399:Lodge, Oliver (June 1, 1984).
3065:Substrate-integrated waveguide
1735:292.10 × 146.5
1707:381.00 × 190.5
1679:457.20 × 228.6
1651:533.40 × 266.7
1390:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle W}
1359:Waveguide (ankle piece 900MHz)
1158:The development of centimeter
1:
3627:, McGraw-Hill, pp. 7–8,
2834:electromagnetic wave equation
2832:, or their reduced form, the
2642:0.864 × 0.432
1975:58.17 × 29.08
1943:72.14 × 34.94
1911:86.36 × 43.18
1879:109.2 × 54.61
1851:129.5 × 64.77
1823:165.1 × 82.55
1791:195,6 × 97.79
1763:247.7 × 123.8
1560:of operation (GHz)
1289:Voltage standing wave ratio (
924:, and microwave radio links.
634:Relativistic electromagnetism
3592:Baden Fuller, A. J. (1969).
2798:0.25 × 0.125
2772:0.31 × 0.155
2720:0.47 × 0.235
2694:0.57 × 0.285
2668:0.71 × 0.355
2614:1.09 × 0.546
2586:1.30 × 0.648
2555:1.65 × 0.826
2100:28.50 × 12.6
2071:34.90 × 15.8
2039:40.38 × 20.2
2007:47.55 × 22.2
1182:Rectangular hollow Waveguide
1153:Institute of Radio Engineers
956:Example of waveguides and a
3745:Shevgaonkar, R. K. (2005).
3430:Emerson, Darrel T. (1998).
2892:used at lower frequencies;
2746:0.38 × 0.19
2520:2.03 × 1.02
2486:2.54 × 1.27
2452:3.10 × 1.55
2421:3.76 × 1.88
2390:4.78 × 2.39
2359:5.68 × 2.84
2328:7.11 × 3.56
2290:8.64 × 4.32
2261:10.7 × 4.32
2227:13.0 × 6.48
2198:15.8 × 7.90
2163:19.1 × 9.53
2134:22.9 × 10.2
1106:Bell Telephone Laboratories
1004:demonstrating waveguide at
874:radio-frequency engineering
3927:
3775:Rana, Farhan (Fall 2005).
3721:Millimeter-Wave Waveguides
3534:Introduction to Waveguides
1563:Cutoff frequency (GHz) of
878:communications engineering
359:Liénard–Wiechert potential
29:
3724:. Springer. p. 149.
3697:10.1109/LMWC.2016.2524529
3657:Someda, Carlo G. (1998).
3279:10.1080/14786449708620969
3241:10.1109/tmtt.1984.1132809
3005:Angular misalignment loss
2979:total internal reflection
1573:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1333:UBR120 connection-flanges
1149:American Physical Society
934:total internal reflection
624:Mathematical descriptions
334:Electromagnetic radiation
324:Electromagnetic induction
264:Magnetic vector potential
259:Magnetic scalar potential
18:Radio-frequency waveguide
3579:10.1049/pi-b-1.1955.0095
3376:10.1002/andp.19023130802
2994:(non-propagating) wave.
1515:evanescent-wave coupling
1212:electromagnetic spectrum
975:extremely high frequency
922:satellite communications
3858:George Clark Southworth
3634:2027/mdp.39015002091489
3516:10.1103/PhysRev.52.1078
3327:Lee, Thomas H. (2004).
3217:. MTT-32 (9): 961–969.
2883:separation of variables
1571:lowest order mode
912:, in equipment such as
174:Electrostatic induction
169:Electrostatic discharge
3804:Federal Standard 1037C
3297:Kizer, George (2013).
3267:Philosophical Magazine
3143:"Electric Wave Guides"
3085:Waveguide rotary joint
1477:
1422:
1391:
1203:
1191:
1183:
1022:boundary value problem
1009:
993:
961:
604:Electromagnetic tensor
46:
3840:, p. 125 (1897).
3830:, p. 321 (1894).
3748:Electromagnetic Waves
3659:Electromagnetic Waves
3467:Brown, Louis (1999).
2942:Dielectric waveguides
2824:Mathematical analysis
1531:waveguide rectangular
1478:
1423:
1392:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1130:Sergei A. Schelkunoff
1083:split-anode magnetron
1081:frequencies; and the
1067:Jagadish Chandra Bose
999:
988:
955:
930:rectangular waveguide
597:Covariant formulation
389:Synchrotron radiation
329:Electromagnetic pulse
319:Electromagnetic field
44:
3906:Microwave technology
3621:Harrington, Roger F.
2948:dielectric waveguide
2920:modes respectively.
1520:dielectric breakdown
1432:
1401:
1379:
1373:super high frequency
1247:propagation constant
1235:electromagnetic wave
1202:for military radar.
1126:dielectric waveguide
1102:George C. Southworth
1075:Barkhausen–Kurz tube
990:George C. Southworth
639:Stress–energy tensor
564:Reluctance (complex)
309:Displacement current
3508:1937PhRv...52.1078S
3401:"The Work of Hertz"
3368:1902AnP...313..721W
3223:1984ITMTT..32..961P
3070:Transmission medium
2838:boundary conditions
2830:Maxwell's equations
2795:0.009843 × 0.004921
2258:0.420 × 0.170
2131:0.900 × 0.400
2097:1.122 × 0.497
2068:1.372 × 0.622
2004:1.872 × 0.872
1940:2.840 × 1.340
1558:frequency band
1118:dielectric constant
554:Magnetomotive force
439:Electromotive force
409:Alternating current
344:Jefimenko equations
304:Cyclotron radiation
3882:antenna-theory.com
3356:Annalen der Physik
2960:coplanar waveguide
2898:parallel wire line
2890:transmission lines
2769:0.01220 × 0.006102
2743:0.01496 × 0.007480
2717:0.01850 × 0.009252
1473:
1418:
1387:
1386:
1204:
1192:
1184:
1087:transmission lines
1010:
994:
971:Schumann resonance
962:
402:Electrical network
239:Gauss magnetic law
204:Static electricity
164:Electric potential
47:
32:Waveguide (optics)
3843:N. W. McLachlan,
3818:Recent Researches
3603:978-0-08-006616-5
3385:2027/uc1.$ b24304
3055:Radio propagation
3045:Optical waveguide
2981:from the step in
2854:longitudinal mode
2802:
2801:
2691:0.02244 × 0.01122
2665:0.02795 × 0.01398
1295:microwave windows
1230:slotted waveguide
1137:Arnold Sommerfeld
894:transmission line
870:
869:
569:Reluctance (real)
539:Gyrator–capacitor
484:Resonant cavities
374:Maxwell equations
16:(Redirected from
3918:
3825:Proc. Roy. Inst.
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3464:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3273:(261): 125–132.
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3234:
3212:
3203:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3150:Short Wave Craft
3147:
3138:
3127:
3126:
3106:
3080:Waveguide flange
3075:Waveguide filter
3020:Cutoff frequency
3015:Cavity resonator
2983:refractive index
2929:
2862:transverse modes
2507:
2473:
2316:
2248:
2121:
1540:
1498:cutoff frequency
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1450:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1356:
1344:
1328:
1242:closed waveguide
1110:Wilmer L. Barrow
1046:cutoff frequency
1028:with either the
862:
855:
848:
529:Electric machine
512:Magnetic circuit
474:Parallel circuit
464:Network analysis
429:Electric current
364:London equations
209:Triboelectricity
199:Potential energy
68:
58:Electromagnetism
49:
21:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3901:Electrodynamics
3886:
3885:
3871:
3854:
3852:Further reading
3833:Lord Rayleigh,
3816:J. J. Thomson,
3799:
3789:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3496:Physical Review
3493:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3466:
3465:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3286:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3232:10.1.1.532.8921
3210:
3205:
3204:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3130:
3123:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:Flap attenuator
3000:
2975:millimeter wave
2944:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2919:
2915:
2826:
2639:0.0340 × 0.0170
2611:0.0430 × 0.0215
2583:0.0510 × 0.0255
2552:0.0650 × 0.0325
2528:
2526:
2505:
2471:
2314:
2308:
2246:
2181:
2119:
1648:21.000 × 10.500
1620:23.000 × 11.500
1559:
1557:
1552:
1548:Waveguide name
1430:
1429:
1399:
1398:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1176:
1168:microwave relay
983:
950:
914:microwave ovens
888:. This type of
866:
837:
836:
652:
644:
643:
599:
589:
588:
544:Induction motor
514:
504:
503:
419:Current density
404:
394:
393:
384:Poynting vector
294:
292:Electrodynamics
284:
283:
279:Right-hand rule
244:Magnetic dipole
234:Biot–Savart law
224:
214:
213:
149:Electric dipole
144:Electric charge
119:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3913:
3911:Wave mechanics
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3870:
3869:External links
3867:
3866:
3865:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3814:
3798:
3797:
3764:
3758:978-0070591165
3757:
3737:
3731:978-1402075315
3730:
3710:
3691:(3): 171–173.
3675:
3667:
3649:
3643:
3609:
3602:
3584:
3573:(4): 493–499.
3557:
3547:
3521:
3486:
3480:978-1420050660
3479:
3448:
3422:
3391:
3362:(4): 721–751.
3346:
3339:
3316:
3310:978-1118636800
3309:
3284:
3253:
3167:
3128:
3121:
3109:Radatz, Jane.
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Radiation mode
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2943:
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2938:
2933:
2931:
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2913:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2842:eigenfunctions
2825:
2822:
2817:coaxial cables
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2796:
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2790:
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2259:
2256:
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2250:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
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2117:
2112:
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2098:
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2034:
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2025:
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2016:
2013:
2009:
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1996:
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1981:
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1952:
1949:
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1944:
1941:
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1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
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1900:
1897:
1891:
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1880:
1877:
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1868:
1865:
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1840:
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1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:11.500 × 5.750
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:15.000 × 7.500
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:18.000 × 9.000
1674:
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1665:
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1660:
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1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
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1507:
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1320:
1319:
1210:region of the
1175:
1172:
1038:magnetic field
1030:electric field
982:
979:
949:
946:
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842:
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824:
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784:
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774:
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759:
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744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
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674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
619:Four-potential
616:
611:
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600:
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591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
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571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
534:Electric motor
531:
526:
521:
515:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
491:
489:Series circuit
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Kirchhoff laws
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Direct current
421:
416:
411:
405:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
379:Maxwell tensor
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:Larmor formula
346:
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336:
331:
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321:
316:
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299:Bremsstrahlung
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249:Magnetic field
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222:Magnetostatics
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154:Electric field
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124:Charge density
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117:Electrostatics
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52:Articles about
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2:
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3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
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3836:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:O. J. Lodge,
3822:
3819:
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3813:
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3785:
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3646:
3644:0-07-026745-6
3640:
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3616:
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3599:
3595:
3588:
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3576:
3572:
3568:
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3558:
3551:
3548:
3540:September 21,
3535:
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3522:
3517:
3513:
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3501:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3482:
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3472:
3471:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3411:(88): 331–332
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3340:9780521835268
3336:
3332:
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3190:
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3186:
3184:
3182:
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3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3156:(1): 198, 233
3155:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
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3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2968:coaxial cable
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:optical fibre
2949:
2941:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2910:
2909:dominant mode
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:coaxial cable
2891:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:standing wave
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:0.080 × 0.040
2516:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:0.100 × 0.050
2482:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:0.122 × 0.061
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:0.148 × 0.074
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:0.188 × 0.094
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:0.224 × 0.112
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:0.280 × 0.140
2324:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:0.340 × 0.170
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:0.510 × 0.255
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:0.622 × 0.311
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:0.750 × 0.375
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:1.590 × 0.795
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:2.290 × 1.145
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:3.400 × 1.700
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:4.300 × 2.150
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:5.100 × 2.550
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:6.500 × 3.250
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:7.700 × 3.850
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:9.750 × 4.875
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1383:
1374:
1366:
1355:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:coaxial cable
1092:
1091:parallel line
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Royal Society
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Lord Rayleigh
1015:
1014:J. J. Thomson
1007:
1003:
998:
991:
987:
980:
978:
976:
972:
967:
959:
954:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:is used as a
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
841:
840:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
648:
647:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
593:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
513:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:Joule heating
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
398:
397:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
369:Lorentz force
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
288:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Magnetization
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
254:Magnetic flux
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
218:
217:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Electric flux
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
96:Computational
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
50:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3861:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3817:
3788:. Retrieved
3783:
3747:
3740:
3720:
3713:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3658:
3652:
3624:
3593:
3587:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3533:
3524:
3502:(10): 1078.
3499:
3495:
3489:
3469:
3439:. Retrieved
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3408:
3404:
3394:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3329:
3299:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3214:
3158:. Retrieved
3153:
3149:
3111:
3104:
3030:Filled cable
2988:
2972:
2947:
2945:
2908:
2906:
2887:
2880:
2850:polarization
2827:
2814:
2186:12.4 — 18.0
2151:10.0 — 15.0
2088:7.05 — 10.0
2059:5.85 — 8.20
2027:4.90 — 7.05
1995:3.95 — 5.85
1963:3.30 — 4.90
1931:2.60 — 3.95
1899:2.20 — 3.30
1867:1.72 — 2.60
1839:1.45 — 2.20
1811:1.15 — 1.72
1779:0.97 — 1.45
1751:0.75 — 1.15
1723:0.63 — 0.97
1695:0.50 — 0.75
1667:0.45 — 0.63
1639:0.35 — 0.50
1611:0.32 — 0.45
1530:
1526:
1524:
1508:
1487:
1484:
1370:
1288:
1263:
1259:
1241:
1239:
1227:
1223:multipaction
1220:
1205:
1200:antenna feed
1157:
1146:
1141:horn antenna
1134:
1099:
1072:
1059:Oliver Lodge
1051:
1026:normal modes
1011:
1001:
963:
929:
926:
902:transmitters
881:
871:
614:Four-current
549:Linear motor
434:Electrolysis
314:Eddy current
274:Permeability
194:Polarization
189:Permittivity
3808:MIL-STD-188
2916:mode and TE
2786:750 — 1100
2122:8.2 — 12.4
1584:RCSC
1556:Recommended
1529:stands for
1367:In practice
1271:micrometers
1267:skin effect
1216:Goubau line
1174:Description
1122:Lecher line
1000:Southworth
942:Goubau line
886:radio waves
584:Transformer
414:Capacitance
339:Faraday law
134:Coulomb law
76:Electricity
3890:Categories
3835:Phil. Mag.
3668:0412578700
3594:Microwaves
3122:1559378336
3097:References
3060:Radio wave
3035:Leaky mode
2992:evanescent
2956:microstrip
2846:wavelength
2760:600 — 900
2734:500 — 750
2708:400 — 600
2682:325 — 500
2656:260 — 400
2630:220 — 330
2602:170 — 260
2574:140 — 220
2543:110 — 170
2249:18 — 26.5
1574:next mode
1553:band name
1511:dispersion
1303:silica gel
966:dielectric
896:mostly at
651:Scientists
499:Waveguides
479:Resistance
449:Inductance
229:Ampère law
3806:and from
3441:April 11,
3415:April 11,
3246:March 24,
3227:CiteSeerX
3160:March 27,
3040:Magic tee
3025:Feed horn
2964:stripline
2902:stripline
2508:90 — 140
2474:75 — 110
2313:26.5 — 40
1551:Frequency
1452:λ
1405:λ
1307:desiccant
1255:radiation
1208:microwave
1063:spark gap
1002:(at left)
948:Principle
908:to their
906:receivers
898:microwave
890:waveguide
882:waveguide
807:Steinmetz
737:Kirchhoff
722:Jefimenko
717:Hopkinson
702:Helmholtz
697:Heaviside
559:Permeance
444:Impedance
184:Insulator
179:Gauss law
129:Conductor
106:Phenomena
101:Textbooks
81:Magnetism
36:Waveguide
3790:June 21,
3623:(1961),
3010:Cantenna
2998:See also
2789:599.584
2766:967.072
2763:483.536
2740:788.927
2737:394.463
2714:637.856
2711:318.928
2688:525.951
2685:262.975
2662:422.243
2659:211.121
2636:347.143
2633:173.571
2608:274.485
2605:137.243
2580:231.429
2577:115.714
2549:181.583
2514:147.536
2480:118.030
2440:60 — 90
2409:50 — 75
2378:40 — 60
2347:33 — 50
2278:22 — 33
2215:15 — 22
1522:occurs.
1311:nitrogen
1164:klystron
1151:and the
1042:TM modes
1034:TE modes
958:diplexer
940:and the
910:antennas
832:Wiechert
787:Poynting
677:Einstein
524:DC motor
519:AC motor
354:Lenz law
139:Electret
3820:(1893).
3705:9594124
3504:Bibcode
3364:Bibcode
3219:Bibcode
2836:, with
2792:1199.2
2546:90.791
2511:73.768
2477:59.015
2446:96.746
2443:48.373
2415:79.750
2412:39.875
2384:62.782
2381:31.391
2353:52.692
2350:26.346
2322:42.154
2319:21.077
2284:34.715
2281:17.357
2255:28.102
2252:14.051
2221:23.143
2218:11.572
2192:18.976
2157:15.737
2128:13.114
2094:10.520
2056:(part)
2024:(part)
1992:(part)
1960:(part)
1928:(part)
1896:(part)
1808:(part)
1712:WR1150
1684:WR1500
1656:WR1800
1628:WR2100
1600:WR2300
1518:before
1206:In the
1112:at the
981:History
817:Thomson
792:Ritchie
782:Poisson
767:Neumann
762:Maxwell
757:Lorentz
752:Liénard
682:Faraday
667:Coulomb
494:Voltage
469:Ohm law
91:History
3810:, and
3755:
3728:
3703:
3665:
3641:
3600:
3477:
3337:
3307:
3229:
3119:
2751:WR1.2
2725:WR1.5
2699:WR1.9
2673:WR2.2
2647:WR2.8
2625:R2600
2597:R2200
2570:G band
2566:R1800
2539:D band
2535:R1400
2529:WR6.5
2501:F band
2497:R1200
2467:W band
2436:E band
2405:V band
2374:U band
2343:Q band
2242:K band
2189:9.488
2154:7.869
2125:6.557
2115:X band
2091:5.260
2076:WR112
2065:8.603
2062:4.301
2054:C band
2044:WR137
2033:7.423
2030:3.712
2022:C band
2012:WR159
2001:6.305
1998:3.153
1990:C band
1980:WR187
1969:5.154
1966:2.577
1958:C band
1951:WG11A
1948:WR229
1937:4.156
1934:2.078
1926:S band
1916:WR284
1905:3.471
1902:1.736
1894:S band
1884:WR340
1873:2.745
1870:1.372
1856:WR430
1845:2.314
1842:1.157
1828:WR510
1817:1.816
1814:0.908
1806:L band
1796:WR650
1785:1.533
1782:0.766
1768:WR770
1757:1.211
1754:0.605
1740:WR975
1729:1.026
1726:0.513
1701:0.787
1698:0.393
1673:0.656
1670:0.328
1645:0.562
1642:0.281
1617:0.513
1614:0.257
1603:WG0.0
1592:(inch)
1299:fungus
1280:silver
1276:copper
1036:) or
920:sets,
802:Singer
797:Savart
777:Ørsted
742:Larmor
732:Kelvin
687:Fizeau
657:Ampère
579:Stator
86:Optics
3780:(PDF)
3701:S2CID
3435:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
3146:(PDF)
2622:WG32
2594:WG31
2563:WG30
2532:WG29
2494:WG28
2463:R900
2460:WG27
2457:WR10
2432:R740
2429:WG26
2426:WR12
2401:R620
2398:WG25
2395:WR15
2370:R500
2367:WG24
2364:WR19
2339:R400
2336:WG23
2333:WR22
2301:R320
2298:WG22
2295:WR28
2272:R260
2269:WG21
2266:WR34
2238:R220
2235:WG20
2232:WR42
2209:R180
2206:WG19
2203:WR51
2174:R140
2171:WG18
2168:WR62
2145:R120
2142:WG17
2139:WR75
2111:R100
2108:WG16
2105:WR90
2079:WG15
2047:WG14
2015:WG13
1983:WG12
1919:WG10
1887:WG9A
1595:(mm)
1315:argon
1282:, or
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