1356:, which reduces staff time. This can all be done by the borrowers themselves, reducing the need for library staff assistance. With portable readers, inventories could be done on a whole shelf of materials within seconds. However, as of 2008 this technology remained too costly for many smaller libraries, and the conversion period has been estimated at 11 months for an average-size library. A 2004 Dutch estimate was that a library which lends 100,000 books per year should plan on a cost of €50,000 (borrow- and return-stations: 12,500 each, detection porches 10,000 each; tags 0.36 each). RFID taking a large burden off staff could also mean that fewer staff will be needed, resulting in some of them getting laid off, but that has so far not happened in North America where recent surveys have not returned a single library that cut staff because of adding RFID. In fact, library budgets are being reduced for personnel and increased for infrastructure, making it necessary for libraries to add automation to compensate for the reduced staff size. Also, the tasks that RFID takes over are largely not the primary tasks of librarians. A finding in the Netherlands is that borrowers are pleased with the fact that staff are now more available for answering questions.
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information, and the tags used in the majority of libraries use a frequency only readable from approximately 10 feet (3.0 m). Another concern is that a non-library agency could potentially record the RFID tags of every person leaving the library without the library administrator's knowledge or consent. One simple option is to let the book transmit a code that has meaning only in conjunction with the library's database. Another possible enhancement would be to give each book a new code every time it is returned. In future, should readers become ubiquitous (and possibly networked), then stolen books could be traced even outside the library. Tag removal could be made difficult if the tags are so small that they fit invisibly inside a (random) page, possibly put there by the publisher.
2014:(GSA) issued a set of test procedures for evaluating electromagnetically opaque sleeves. For shielding products to be in compliance with FIPS-201 guidelines, they must meet or exceed this published standard; compliant products are listed on the website of the U.S. CIO's FIPS-201 Evaluation Program. The United States government requires that when new ID cards are issued, they must be delivered with an approved shielding sleeve or holder. Although many wallets and passport holders are advertised to protect personal information, there is little evidence that RFID skimming is a serious threat; data encryption and use of
1417:
657:(EPC) is one common type of data stored in a tag. When written into the tag by an RFID printer, the tag contains a 96-bit string of data. The first eight bits are a header which identifies the version of the protocol. The next 28 bits identify the organization that manages the data for this tag; the organization number is assigned by the EPCGlobal consortium. The next 24 bits are an object class, identifying the kind of product. The last 36 bits are a unique serial number for a particular tag. These last two fields are set by the organization that issued the tag. Rather like a
1609:
RFID tags means that a product may be tracked as it moves from location to location while being delivered to a person. This may help to combat theft and other forms of product loss. The tracing of products is an important feature that is well supported with RFID tags containing a unique identity of the tag and the serial number of the object. This may help companies cope with quality deficiencies and resulting recall campaigns, but also contributes to concern about tracking and profiling of persons after the sale.
693:"Bulk reading" is a strategy for interrogating multiple tags at the same time, but lacks sufficient precision for inventory control. A group of objects, all of them RFID tagged, are read completely from one single reader position at one time. However, as tags respond strictly sequentially, the time needed for bulk reading grows linearly with the number of labels to be read. This means it takes at least twice as long to read twice as many labels. Due to collision effects, the time required is greater.
865:
987:
1937:. More generally, privacy organizations have expressed concerns in the context of ongoing efforts to embed electronic product code (EPC) RFID tags in general-use products. This is mostly as a result of the fact that RFID tags can be read, and legitimate transactions with readers can be eavesdropped on, from non-trivial distances. RFID used in access control, payment and eID (e-passport) systems operate at a shorter range than EPC RFID systems but are also vulnerable to
1376:. A visitor entering the museum received an RF tag that could be carried as a card. The eXspot system enabled the visitor to receive information about specific exhibits. Aside from the exhibit information, the visitor could take photographs of themselves at the exhibit. It was also intended to allow the visitor to take data for later analysis. The collected information could be retrieved at home from a "personalized" website keyed to the RFID tag.
2059:
1439:
1408:, England, uses RFID to track pupils and staff in and out of the building via a specially designed card. In the Philippines, during 2012, some schools already use RFID in IDs for borrowing books. Gates in those particular schools also have RFID scanners for buying items at school shops and canteens. RFID is also used in school libraries, and to sign in and out for student and teacher attendance.
764:. The tag can be read if passed near a reader, even if it is covered by the object or not visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time; barcodes can only be read one at a time using current devices. Some RFID tags, such as battery-assisted passive tags, are also able to monitor temperature and humidity.
1522:
921:
678:
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1489:. Skiers do not have to take their passes out of their pockets. Ski jackets have a left pocket into which the chip+card fits. This nearly contacts the sensor unit on the left of the turnstile as the skier pushes through to the lift. These systems were based on high frequency (HF) at 13.56 megahertz. The bulk of ski areas in Europe, from Verbier to Chamonix, use these systems.
6753:
850:
1321:
2148:, then it would be possible to indirectly deduce the identity of the purchaser by reading the globally unique ID of that item contained in the RFID tag. This is a possibility if the person watching also had access to the loyalty card and credit card data, and the person with the equipment knows where the purchaser is going to be.
1590:(EAN) barcodes. They may never completely replace barcodes, due in part to their higher cost and the advantage of multiple data sources on the same object. Also, unlike RFID labels, barcodes can be generated and distributed electronically by e-mail or mobile phone, for printing or display by the recipient. An example is airline
2263:, one is encouraged to "imagine a world of no privacy. Where your every purchase is monitored and recorded in a database and your every belonging is numbered. Where someone many states away or perhaps in another country has a record of everything you have ever bought. What's more, they can be tracked and monitored remotely".
880:), etc. without manual data entry. Manufactured products such as automobiles or garments can be tracked through the factory and through shipping to the customer. Automatic identification with RFID can be used for inventory systems. Many organisations require that their vendors place RFID tags on all shipments to improve
775:
633:
1952:(CRA) are commonly used to foil monitor-repetition of the messages between the tag and reader, as any messages that have been recorded would prove to be unsuccessful on repeat transmission. Rolling codes rely upon the tag's ID being changed after each interrogation, while CRA uses software to ask for a
1975:
Unauthorized reading of RFID tags presents a risk to privacy and to business secrecy. Unauthorized readers can potentially use RFID information to identify or track packages, persons, carriers, or the contents of a package. Several prototype systems are being developed to combat unauthorized reading,
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Not every successful reading of a tag (an observation) is useful for business purposes. A large amount of data may be generated that is not useful for managing inventory or other applications. For example, a customer moving a product from one shelf to another, or a pallet load of articles that passes
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In races using RFID, racers wear tags that are read by antennas placed alongside the track or on mats across the track. UHF tags provide accurate readings with specially designed antennas. Rush error, lap count errors and accidents at race start are avoided, as anyone can start and finish at any time
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countries (around 2006), Singapore (2006), Australia, Hong Kong, the United States (2007), the United
Kingdom and Northern Ireland (2006), India (June 2008), Serbia (July 2008), Republic of Korea (August 2008), Taiwan (December 2008), Albania (January 2009), The Philippines (August 2009), Republic of
329:
The RFID tag receives the message and then responds with its identification and other information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific information. Since tags have individual
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and
Guenter Karjoth. After the point of sale, a person may tear off a portion of the tag. This allows the transformation of a long-range tag into a proximity tag that still may be read, but only at short range – less than a few inches or centimeters. The modification of the tag may be confirmed
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One of the missions of EPCglobal was to simplify the Babel of protocols prevalent in the RFID world in the 1990s. Two tag air interfaces (the protocol for exchanging information between a tag and a reader) were defined (but not ratified) by EPCglobal prior to 2003. These protocols, commonly known as
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current research. The North
American UHF standard is not accepted in France as it interferes with its military bands. On July 25, 2012, Japan changed its UHF band to 920 MHz, more closely matching the United States' 915 MHz band, establishing an international standard environment for RFID.
704:
Under operational conditions, bulk reading is not reliable. Bulk reading can be a rough guide for logistics decisions, but due to a high proportion of reading failures, it is not (yet) suitable for inventory management. However, when a single RFID tag might be seen as not guaranteeing a proper read,
696:
A group of tags has to be illuminated by the interrogating signal just like a single tag. This is not a challenge concerning energy, but with respect to visibility; if any of the tags are shielded by other tags, they might not be sufficiently illuminated to return a sufficient response. The response
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region, the tag is closely coupled electrically with the transmitter in the reader. The tag can modulate the field produced by the reader by changing the electrical loading the tag represents. By switching between lower and higher relative loads, the tag produces a change that the reader can detect.
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tags), may catch fire if subjected to this process for too long (as would any metallic item inside a microwave oven). This simple method cannot safely be used to deactivate RFID features in electronic devices, or those implanted in living tissue, because of the risk of damage to the "host". However
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The unique identity is a mandatory requirement for RFID tags, despite special choice of the numbering scheme. RFID tag data capacity is large enough that each individual tag will have a unique code, while current barcodes are limited to a single type code for a particular product. The uniqueness of
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There is controversy regarding human applications of implantable RFID technology including concerns that individuals could potentially be tracked by carrying an identifier unique to them. Privacy advocates have protested against implantable RFID chips, warning of potential abuse. Some are concerned
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In 2011, the cost of passive tags started at US$ 0.09 each; special tags, meant to be mounted on metal or withstand gamma sterilization, could cost up to US$ 5. Active tags for tracking containers, medical assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centers started at US$ 50 and could be
325:
Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by the system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple; "blank" tags may be written with an
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The RFID Network responded to these fears in the first episode of their syndicated cable TV series, saying that they are unfounded, and let RF engineers demonstrate how RFID works. They provided images of RF engineers driving an RFID-enabled van around a building and trying to take an inventory of
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Ultra-HighFID tags (pallets and cartons) are difficult to read when placed within a few millimetres of a metal surface, although their read range is actually increased when they are spaced 2–4 cm from a metal surface due to positive reinforcement of the reflected wave and the incident wave at
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In
October 2004, the FDA approved the USA's first RFID chips that can be implanted in humans. The 134 kHz RFID chips, from VeriChip Corp. can incorporate personal medical information and could save lives and limit injuries from errors in medical treatments, according to the company. Anti-RFID
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process for customers. Tags of different types can be physically removed with a special tool or deactivated electronically once items have been paid for. On leaving the shop, customers have to pass near an RFID detector; if they have items with active RFID tags, an alarm sounds, both indicating an
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frequency identification (TFID) tag that is barely 1 square millimeter in size. The devices are essentially a piece of silicon that are inexpensive, small, and function like larger RFID tags. Because of the small size, manufacturers could tag any product and track logistics information for minimal
209:
are still used by most powered aircraft. An early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry
Stockman, who predicted that "Considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of
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Libraries have used RFID to replace the barcodes on library items. The tag can contain identifying information or may just be a key into a database. An RFID system may replace or supplement bar codes and may offer another method of inventory management and self-service checkout by patrons. It can
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store the same information that is printed within the passport, and include a digital picture of the owner. The United States
Department of State initially stated the chips could only be read from a distance of 10 centimetres (3.9 in), but after widespread criticism and a clear demonstration
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system, the reader broadcasts an initialization command and a parameter that the tags individually use to pseudo-randomly delay their responses. When using an "adaptive binary tree" protocol, the reader sends an initialization symbol and then transmits one bit of ID data at a time; only tags with
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However, read range is a function of both the reader and the tag itself. Improvements in technology may increase read ranges for tags. Tags may be read at longer ranges than they are designed for by increasing reader power. The limit on read distance then becomes the signal-to-noise ratio of the
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recommendation 70 03, allowing RFID operation with somewhat complex band restrictions from 865–868 MHz. Readers are required to monitor a channel before transmitting ("Listen Before Talk"); this requirement has led to some restrictions on performance, the resolution of which is a subject of
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industry. RFID tags are installed on waste collection carts, linking carts to the owner's account for easy billing and service verification. The tag is embedded into a garbage and recycle container, and the RFID reader is affixed to the garbage and recycle trucks. RFID also measures a customer's
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Signaling between the reader and the tag is done in several different incompatible ways, depending on the frequency band used by the tag. Tags operating on LF and HF bands are, in terms of radio wavelength, very close to the reader antenna because they are only a small percentage of a wavelength
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In 2010, three factors drove a significant increase in RFID usage: decreased cost of equipment and tags, increased performance to a reliability of 99.9%, and a stable international standard around HF and UHF passive RFID. The adoption of these standards were driven by EPCglobal, a joint venture
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RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery-assisted passive tag has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of an RFID reader. A passive tag is cheaper and
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Privacy concerns have been raised surrounding library use of RFID. Because some RFID tags can be read up to 100 metres (330 ft) away, there is some concern over whether sensitive information could be collected from an unwilling source. However, library RFID tags do not contain any patron
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cards. These badges need only be held within a certain distance of the reader to authenticate the holder. Tags can also be placed on vehicles, which can be read at a distance, to allow entrance to controlled areas without having to stop the vehicle and present a card or enter an access code.
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Adoption of RFID in the medical industry has been widespread and very effective. Hospitals are among the first users to combine both active and passive RFID. Active tags track high-value, or frequently moved items, and passive tags track smaller, lower cost items that only need room-level
350:) system has a passive reader which only receives radio signals from active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The reception range of a PRAT system reader can be adjusted from 1–2,000 feet (0–600 m), allowing flexibility in applications such as asset protection and supervision.
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In 2004, the
Hardware Action Group created a new protocol, the Class 1 Generation 2 interface, which addressed a number of problems that had been experienced with Class 0 and Class 1 tags. The EPC Gen2 standard was approved in December 2004. This was approved after a contention from
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2191:
contained RFID tags with customer IDs, a fact that was disclosed neither to customers receiving the cards, nor to this group of privacy advocates. This happened despite assurances by METRO that no customer identification data was tracked and all RFID usage was clearly disclosed.
1459:. The chips must be about 400 mm from the mat, therefore giving very good temporal resolution. Alternatively, a chip plus a very large (125mm square) antenna can be incorporated into the bib number worn on the athlete's chest at a height of about 1.25 m (4.10 ft).
138:, up from US$ 7.77 billion in 2013 and US$ 6.96 billion in 2012. This figure includes tags, readers, and software/services for RFID cards, labels, fobs, and all other form factors. The market value is expected to rise from US$ 12.08 billion in 2020 to US$ 16.23 billion by 2029.
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UHF RFID tags that comply with the EPC2 Gen 2 Class 1 standard usually support this mechanism, while protecting the chip from being killed with a password. Guessing or cracking this needed 32-bit password for killing a tag would not be difficult for a determined attacker.
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industry, RFID tags mounted on locomotives and rolling stock identify the owner, identification number and type of equipment and its characteristics. This can be used with a database to identify the type, origin, destination, etc. of the commodities being carried.
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On July 22, 2006, Reuters reported that two hackers, Newitz and
Westhues, at a conference in New York City demonstrated that they could clone the RFID signal from a human implanted RFID chip, indicating that the device was not as secure as was previously claimed.
372:) system uses active tags activated with an interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the tag's return reporting signal.
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that the standard may infringe a number of their RFID-related patents. It was decided that the standard itself does not infringe their patents, making the standard royalty free. The EPC Gen2 standard was adopted with minor modifications as ISO 18000-6C in 2006.
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Often more than one tag will respond to a tag reader. For example, many individual products with tags may be shipped in a common box or on a common pallet. Collision detection is important to allow reading of data. Two different types of protocols are used to
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Fixed readers are set up to create a specific interrogation zone which can be tightly controlled. This allows a highly defined reading area for when tags go in and out of the interrogation zone. Mobile readers may be handheld or mounted on carts or vehicles.
2229:) and triggered a large press debate. Topics included electronic passports, Mifare cryptography and the tickets for the FIFA World Cup 2006. Talks showed how the first real-world mass application of RFID at the 2006 FIFA Football World Cup worked. The group
228:. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of radio frequency (RF), sound and light as transmission carriers. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system,
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RFID is being adapted by many recruitment agencies which have a PET (physical endurance test) as their qualifying procedure, especially in cases where the candidate volumes may run into millions (Indian
Railway recruitment cells, police and power sector).
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smaller because it has no battery; instead, the tag uses the radio energy transmitted by the reader. However, to operate a passive tag, it must be illuminated with a power level roughly a thousand times stronger than an active tag for signal transmission.
6000:
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signal reflected from the tag back to the reader. Researchers at two security conferences have demonstrated that passive Ultra-HighFID tags normally read at ranges of up to 30 feet can be read at ranges of 50 to 69 feet using suitable equipment.
1967:
While a variety of secure protocols have been suggested for RFID tags, in order to support long read range at low cost, many RFID tags have barely enough power available to support very low-power and therefore simple security protocols such as
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that spelled out health risks. According to the FDA, these include "adverse tissue reaction", "migration of the implanted transponder", "failure of implanted transponder", "electrical hazards" and "magnetic resonance imaging incompatibility."
232:, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic chequebook, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).
1094:(PIN) in the form of characters printed on the passport data page. Before a passport's tag can be read, this PIN must be entered into an RFID reader. The BAC also enables the encryption of any communication between the chip and interrogator.
216:'s device, patented on January 23, 1973, was the first true ancestor of modern RFID, as it was a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the
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In North
America, UHF can be used unlicensed for 902–928 MHz (±13 MHz from the 915 MHz center frequency), but restrictions exist for transmission power. In Europe, RFID and other low-power radio applications are regulated by
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1928:
A primary RFID security concern is the illicit tracking of RFID tags. Tags, which are world-readable, pose a risk to both personal location privacy and corporate/military security. Such concerns have been raised with respect to the
1500:; however, numerous plays are happening simultaneously on the field. The RFID chip will provide new insight into these simultaneous plays. The chip triangulates the player's position within six inches and will be used to digitally
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Some RFID tags implement a "kill command" mechanism to permanently and irreversibly disable them. This mechanism can be applied if the chip itself is trusted or the mechanism is known by the person that wants to "kill" the tag.
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According to an RSA laboratories FAQ, RFID tags can be destroyed by a standard microwave oven; however, some types of RFID tags, particularly those constructed to radiate using large metallic antennas (in particular RF tags and
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As of 31 October 2014, regulations are in place in 78 countries representing approximately 96.5% of the world's GDP, and work on regulations was in progress in three countries representing approximately 1% of the world's GDP.
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It is possible that active or battery-assisted passive (BAP) RFID tags could broadcast a signal to an in-store receiver to determine whether the RFID tag – and by extension, the product it is attached to – is in the store.
963:
To prevent retailers diverting products, manufacturers are exploring the use of RFID tags on promoted merchandise so that they can track exactly which product has sold through the supply chain at fully discounted prices.
1351:
Since RFID tags can be read through an item, there is no need to open a book cover or DVD case to scan an item, and a stack of books can be read simultaneously. Book tags can be read while books are in motion on a
1227:
had an advanced glass capsule RFID device surgically implanted into his left hand and subsequently demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems.
1605:. Filtering and categorizing RFID data is needed to create useful information. It is likely that goods will be tracked by the pallet using RFID tags, and at package level with UPC or EAN from unique barcodes.
1976:
including RFID signal interruption, as well as the possibility of legislation, and 700 scientific papers have been published on this matter since 2002. There are also concerns that the database structure of
1054:
in 1998. In addition to information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, Malaysian e-passports record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entry into and exit out of the country.
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As the owner of an item may not necessarily be aware of the presence of an RFID tag and the tag can be read at a distance without the knowledge of the individual, sensitive data may be acquired without
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that special equipment can read the test passports from 10 metres (33 ft) away, the passports were designed to incorporate a thin metal lining to make it more difficult for unauthorized readers to
1283:
Since 2004 a number of U.S. hospitals have begun implanting patients with RFID tags and using RFID systems, usually for workflow and inventory management. The use of RFID to prevent mix-ups between
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identification. Medical facility rooms can collect data from transmissions of RFID badges worn by patients and employees, as well as from tags assigned to items such as mobile medical devices. The
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Several specific industries have also set guidelines, including the Financial Services Technology Consortium (FSTC) for tracking IT Assets with RFID, the Computer Technology Industry Association
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are operated with RFID cards assigned to individual users. A prepaid card is required to open or enter a facility or locker and is used to track and charge based on how long the bike is parked.
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Soltanaghaei, E., Prabhakara, A., Balanuta, A., Anderson, M., Rabaey, J. M., Kumar, S., & Rowe, A. (2021). "Millimetro: MmWave retro-reflective tags for accurate, long range localization".
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racing. Riders have a transponder on their person, normally on their arm. When they complete a lap they swipe or touch the receiver which is connected to a computer and log their lap time.
728:
Hitachi holds the record for the smallest RFID chip, at 0.05 mm × 0.05 mm. This is 1/64th the size of the previous record holder, the mu-chip. Manufacture is enabled by using the
1718:
Ultra-high-frequency (UHF: 865–928 MHz) (Ultra-HighFID or UHFID) tags cannot be used globally as there is no single global standard, and regulations differ from country to country.
2277:
the time required is extremely short (a second or two of radiation) and the method works in many other non-electronic and inanimate items, long before heat or fire become of concern.
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1170:
123:
Since RFID tags can be attached to physical money, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals and people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information without
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3162:
Hester, Jimmy GD, and Manos M. Tentzeris. (2017). "A Mm-wave ultra-long-range energy-autonomous printed RFID-enabled van-atta wireless sensor: At the crossroads of 5G and IoT".
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The tag information is stored in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includes either fixed or programmable logic for processing the transmission and sensor data, respectively.
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Most concerns revolve around the fact that RFID tags affixed to products remain functional even after the products have been purchased and taken home and thus can be used for
650:
a signal. Active tags may contain functionally separated transmitters and receivers, and the tag need not respond on a frequency related to the reader's interrogation signal.
1916:
The frequencies used for UHF RFID in the USA are as of 2007 incompatible with those of Europe or Japan. Furthermore, no emerging standard has yet become as universal as the
1902:
Event filtering is required to reduce this data inflow to a meaningful depiction of moving goods passing a threshold. Various concepts have been designed, mainly offered as
1504:
replays. The RFID chip will make individual player information accessible to the public. The data will be available via the NFL 2015 app. The RFID chips are manufactured by
1496:
in the United States equips players with RFID chips that measures speed, distance and direction traveled by each player in real-time. Currently cameras stay focused on the
1453:
The design of the chip and of the antenna controls the range from which it can be read. Short range compact chips are twist tied to the shoe, or strapped to the ankle with
1074:
RFID chips in e-passports as "contactless integrated circuits". ICAO standards provide for e-passports to be identifiable by a standard e-passport logo on the front cover.
1013:
Where ship, rail, or highway tanks are being loaded, a fixed RFID antenna contained in a transfer hose can read an RFID tag affixed to the tank, positively identifying it.
6867:
3833:
1715:
Low-frequency (LF: 125–134.2 kHz and 140–148.5 kHz) (LowFID) tags and high-frequency (HF: 13.56 MHz) (HighFID) tags can be used globally without a license.
884:. Warehouse Management System incorporate this technology to speed up the receiving and delivery of the products and reduce the cost of labor needed in their warehouses.
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191:, rather than an identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID because it was passive, being energised and activated by waves from an outside source.
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980:
In commercial aviation, RFID is used to support maintenance on commercial aircraft. RFID tags are used to identify baggage and cargo at several airports and airlines.
253:
In 1996, the first patent for a batteryless RFID passive tag with limited interference was granted to David Everett, John Frech, Theodore Wright, and Kelly Rodriguez.
6317:
2025:, does work. Others claim that simply wrapping an RFID card in aluminum foil only makes transmission more difficult and is not completely effective at preventing it.
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1828:
D7580, Standard Test Method for Rotary Stretch Wrapper Method for Determining the Readability of Passive RFID Transponders on Homogenous Palletized or Unitized Loads
4132:
3571:"D3.7 A Structured Collection on Information and Literature on Technological and Usability Aspects of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), FIDIS deliverable 3(7)"
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in Germany. RFID can provide race start and end timings for individuals in large races where it is impossible to get accurate stopwatch readings for every entrant.
1368:
RFID technologies are now also implemented in end-user applications in museums. An example was the custom-designed temporary research application, "eXspot", at the
709:
method for process support. From the perspective of cost and effect, bulk reading is not reported as an economical approach to secure process control in logistics.
2032:
LowFID tags, like those used in implantable devices for humans and pets, are relatively resistant to shielding, although thick metal foil will prevent most reads.
1400:, England, starting in 2008, uses an RFID card system to check in and out of the main gate, to both track attendance and prevent unauthorized entrance. Similarly,
3652:
Vivaldi, F.; Melai, B.; Bonini, A.; Poma, N.; Salvo, P.; Kirchhain, A.; Tintori, S.; Bigongiari, A.; Bertuccelli, F.; Isola, G.; Di Francesco, F. (October 2020).
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5210:"How do libraries manage the ethical and privacy issues of RFID implementation? A qualitative investigation into the decision-making processes of ten libraries"
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896:
in retail stores. In addition to inventory control, this provides both protection against theft by customers (shoplifting) and employees ("shrinkage") by using
1006:
tags as a means for monitoring the traffic flow. The data is fed through the broadband wireless infrastructure to the traffic management center to be used in
6293:
2021:
There are contradictory opinions as to whether aluminum can prevent reading of RFID chips. Some people claim that aluminum shielding, essentially creating a
1650:
1277:
1885:
In 2007, the lowest cost of Gen2 EPC inlay was offered by the now-defunct company SmartCode, at a price of $ 0.05 apiece in volumes of 100 million or more.
5912:
S. A. E., Elshrief; R. A. Sadek; A. Ghalwash (March 2014). "Comparative analysis of authentication techniques to Secure Low Level Reader Protocol (LLRP)".
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were invited to the METRO Future Store in Germany, where an RFID pilot project was implemented. It was uncovered by accident that METRO "Payback" customer
705:
multiple RFID tags, where at least one will respond, may be a safer approach for detecting a known grouping of objects. In this respect, bulk reading is a
330:
serial numbers, the RFID system design can discriminate among several tags that might be within the range of the RFID reader and read them simultaneously.
108:
RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the
1816:
D7434, Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Palletized or Unitized Loads
3689:
951:
Automotive brands have adopted RFID for social media product placement more quickly than other industries. Mercedes was an early adopter in 2011 at the
701:
RFID tags and coil antennas in magnetic fields appear better than for UHF or SHF dipole fields, but then distance limits apply and may prevent success.
5462:
1772:: This standard is a popular HF (13.56 MHz) standard for HighFIDs which is being used as the basis of RFID-enabled passports under ICAO 9303. The
4178:
1670:
1665:
To avoid injuries to humans and animals, RF transmission needs to be controlled. A number of organizations have set standards for RFID, including the
1067:
243:. The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's UHFID and microwave RFID tags.
217:
102:
31:
2767:, Cardullo, Mario W. & Parks, William L., "Transponder apparatus and system", published May 21, 1970, issued Jan 23, 1973
6571:
5381:
4729:
Rosenbaum, Benjamin P. (28 February 2014). "Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Health Care: Privacy and Security Concerns Limiting Adoption".
1804:: This is the industry standard for electronic seals or "e-seals" for tracking cargo containers using the 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies.
6257:
5437:
6862:
2196:
1693:
1156:
5735:"ISO 28560-2:2011 – Information and documentation – RFID in libraries – Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962"
3761:
6821:
3107:
Kaleja, M. M., Herb, A. J., Rasshofer, R. H., Friedsam, G., & Biebl, E. M. (1999). "Imaging RFID system at 24 GHZ for object localization".
2251:
According to ZDNet, critics believe that RFID will lead to tracking individuals' every movement and will be an invasion of privacy. In the book
1188:
that use RFID technology are being routinely implanted in humans. The first-ever human to receive an RFID microchip implant was American artist
1920:. To address international trade concerns, it is necessary to use a tag that is operational within all of the international frequency domains.
1810:
Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol −2 (NFCIP-2)
1622:
set-out rate and provides insight as to the number of carts serviced by each waste collection vehicle. This RFID process replaces traditional "
5191:
Conference: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2004, Washington, DC, USA, October 25–29, 2004
4629:
4541:
4157:
1949:
1822:
D7435, Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Transponders on Loaded Containers
1143:
can also be used for animal identification. The transponders are better known as PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) tags, passive RFID, or "
6636:
6183:
5598:
5508:
4793:
4486:
3282:
3179:
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1798:
Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Near Field Communication—Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)
1127:
RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest uses of RFID. Originally meant for large ranches and rough terrain, since the outbreak of
153:
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6226:
646:
At UHF and higher frequencies, the tag is more than one radio wavelength away from the reader, requiring a different approach. The tag can
4022:
2597:
1899:
several readers while being moved in a warehouse, are events that do not produce data that are meaningful to an inventory control system.
6722:
5333:
2432:
6887:
5826:
4208:
2083:
1930:
1736:
239:(modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle and Robert Frayman at the
75:. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag transmits digital data, usually an
837:, which were responsible for driving global adoption of the barcode in the 1970s and 1980s. The EPCglobal Network was developed by the
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by using only $ 250 worth of equipment. This suggests that with the information captured, it would be possible to clone such cards.
1569:
1102:
In many countries, RFID tags can be used to pay for mass transit fares on bus, trains, or subways, or to collect tolls on highways.
995:
798:
6166:
Albrecht, Katherine (2010). "Microchip-induced tumors in laboratory rodents and dogs: A review of the literature 1990–2006".
1388:
made a decision to start chipping children's clothing, backpacks, and student IDs in a primary school. Later, in 2007, a school in
725:
in order to study their behavior. This trend towards increasingly miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology advances.
4415:
2167:. The Clipped Tag is an RFID tag designed to increase privacy for the purchaser of an item. The Clipped Tag has been suggested by
661:, the total electronic product code number can be used as a key into a global database to uniquely identify a particular product.
6776:
6098:
2506:
2481:
5759:
1223:
offered implanted chips to identify their VIP customers, who could in turn use it to pay for service. In 2009 British scientist
4050:"The use of the RFID in rail freight transport in the world as one of the new technologies of identification and communication"
3837:
2011:
1334:
897:
361:) system has an active reader, which transmits interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags.
90:. Active tags are powered by a battery and thus can be read at a greater range from the RFID reader, up to hundreds of meters.
56:
5800:
5703:
4290:
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116:
in livestock and pets enables positive identification of animals. Tags can also be used in shops to expedite checkout, and to
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2739:
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240:
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6341:
4227:
2941:
1416:
6827:
Hardgrave, Bill C.; Aloysius, John; Goyal, Sandeep (2009). "Does RFID improve inventory accuracy? A preliminary analysis".
6208:
3947:
6877:
6652:
5774:
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2040:
and access badges) are sensitive to shielding and are difficult to read when within a few centimetres of a metal surface.
564:
434:
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6401:
4136:
3449:
2857:
David F. Everett, John W. Frech, Theodore Wright, Kelly M. Rodriguez "Identification system and method with passive tag"
1743:
In some countries, a site license is needed, which needs to be applied for at the local authorities, and can be revoked.
757:
An RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track tools, equipment, inventory, assets, people, or other objects.
5734:
3972:
2507:"USDA Announces Intent to Pursue Rulemaking on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Use in Animal Disease Traceability"
2218:
1708:
1232:
195:
5890:
983:
Some countries are using RFID for vehicle registration and enforcement. RFID can help detect and retrieve stolen cars.
6697:
4107:
2366:
2245:
1643:
1471:
1243:
this could lead to abuse by an authoritarian government, to removal of freedoms, and to the emergence of an "ultimate
1192:
in 1997. Kac implanted the microchip live on television (and also live on the Internet) in the context of his artwork
6397:
6075:"Business risks from naive use of RFID in tracking, tracing and logistics - Conference papers - VDE Publishing House"
4846:
4085:
3734:
1532:
4817:
3997:
2136:
are two prominent critics of the "spychip" technology. The two main privacy concerns regarding RFID are as follows:
948:
Facebook is using RFID cards at most of their live events to allow guests to automatically capture and post photos.
5416:
3884:
1957:
1835:
In order to ensure global interoperability of products, several organizations have set up additional standards for
1144:
1136:
225:
160:
113:
6626:
5482:
3423:
3337:
1551:
1536:
1392:, England, piloted a monitoring system designed to keep tabs on pupils by tracking radio chips in their uniforms.
2335:
1373:
1236:
1185:
1070:(ICAO), and are contained in ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volumes 1 and 2 (6th edition, 2006). ICAO refers to the
247:
131:
concerns. These concerns resulted in standard specifications development addressing privacy and security issues.
98:
4339:
2214:
staff conducted a workshop and review of RFID privacy concerns and issued a report recommending best practices.
2345:
2211:
1981:
1773:
1007:
658:
229:
172:
5072:
2925:
Bays, Barbara; McGowan, Mike (2016). "Use of RFID for Tracking Government Property - Proof of Concept/Pilot".
6398:
Identification and Tracking of Individuals and Social Networks using the Electronic Product Code on RFID Tags
4679:
3909:
2244:
By early 2007, Chris Paget of San Francisco, California, showed that RFID information could be pulled from a
1642:
back to a base station. Applications of tagometry data could include sensing of road conditions by implanted
3011:
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2273:
1961:
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881:
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5956:
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4254:
3998:"Mexico's Electronic Vehicle Registration system opens with Sirit open road toll technology, Dec 29, 2009"
3066:
2204:
1703:
for RFID tags, and not all radio bands are available in all countries. These frequencies are known as the
1583:
1455:
1340:
It is estimated that over 30 million library items worldwide now contain RFID tags, including some in the
1078:
1021:
At least one company has introduced RFID to identify and locate underground infrastructure assets such as
955:, and by the 2013 Geneva Motor Show many of the larger brands were using RFID for social media marketing.
206:
38:
6575:
6145:
3615:
Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages?
2079:
2067:
1653:
is a passive tag that reports temperature, acceleration and capacitance to commercial Gen2 RFID readers.
990:
RFID E-ZPass reader attached to the pole and mast arm (right) used in traffic monitoring in New York City
6268:
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2260:
2133:
1977:
1627:
1304:
1132:
864:
180:
52:
5539:
5002:
3931:
1247:", a society where all citizens behave in a socially accepted manner because others might be watching.
5872:
5359:
4179:"Face and fingerprints swiped in Dutch biometric passport crack: Chip skimmed, then security breached"
3614:
2764:
1280:
recently announced plans to deploy RFID in hospitals across America to improve care and reduce costs.
986:
736:(ROM). A major challenge is the attachment of antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimeters.
3665:
2041:
1700:
1204:
1162:
RFID tags are required for all cattle sold in Australia and in some states, sheep and goats as well.
1087:
929:
869:
729:
6781:
5961:
5647:
4947:
4891:
3071:
1446:
5298:
Hsi, Sherry; Fait, Holly (2005). "RFID enhances visitors' museum experience at the Exploratorium".
4633:
4537:
2222:
1783:
1428:
793:
5516:
1776:
standard that lets mobile devices act as RFID readers/transponders is also based on ISO/IEC 14443.
1116:
car-sharing service uses RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars and for member identification.
618:
Requires semi-passive tags. Uses retrodirective backscatter approaches to achieve extended ranges
179:
which retransmitted incident radio waves with the added audio information. Sound waves vibrated a
6812:
6189:
6029:
5925:
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Other countries that insert RFID in passports include Norway (2005), Japan (March 1, 2006), most
1047:
1041:
1025:
893:
816:
718:
717:
RFID tags are easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009 researchers at
642:
290:
6454:
6380:
5635:
4511:
3570:
3496:
1732:
1728:
1801:
1782:: This is also a popular HF (13.56 MHz) standard for HighFIDs widely used for non-contact
6882:
6762:
6726:
6632:
6179:
6008:
5855:
5685:
5594:
5337:
5084:
4970:
4914:
4789:
4746:
4482:
3860:"Keeping Track of Promotion Progress: How Marketing Will Become the Greatest Advocate of RFID"
3381:
3320:
3299:
3278:
3232:
3175:
3120:
3041:
2658:
2581:
2440:
2356:
2330:
706:
117:
17:
6061:
5830:
5704:"Regulatory status for using RFID in the EPC Gen 2 band (860 to 960 MHz) of the UHF spectrum"
4390:
2819:
1861:
and GS1 US, is working on international standards for the use of mostly passive RFID and the
1445:
8-channel receiver next to timing mat. The athlete wears a chip on a strap around his ankle.
1258:
is notorious online for their vocal opposition to human RFID chipping, which they claim is a
6872:
6836:
6171:
5966:
5917:
5584:
5576:
5307:
5229:
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5114:
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2711:
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2121:
1623:
1618:
952:
745:
733:
147:
128:
5047:
4658:
2461:
1442:
685:
Both methods have drawbacks when used with many tags or with multiple overlapping readers.
6801:
6460:
6443:
6437:
6074:
6041:
5974:
5469:
5402:
5164:"Implementation Of RFID Technology In Library – Book Exhausting and Retrieval For Readers"
4545:
3935:
3219:
Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking
3085:
2997:
2468:
2411:
2391:
2376:
1908:
performing the filtering from noisy and redundant raw data to significant processed data.
1638:
Active RFID tags have the potential to function as low-cost remote sensors that broadcast
1591:
1341:
1255:
1208:
1128:
933:
462:
308:
301:
60:
4274:
4212:
3811:
3398:
2795:
1508:. Zebra Technologies tested the RFID chip in 18 stadiums last year to track vector data.
1151:
began using RFID tags as a replacement for barcode tags. Currently CCIA tags are used in
972:
Yard management, shipping and freight and distribution centers use RFID tracking. In the
876:
RFID provides a way for organizations to identify and manage stock, tools and equipment (
6758:
3669:
1707:(Industrial Scientific and Medical bands). The return signal of the tag may still cause
677:
6628:
Spychips: how major corporations and government plan to track your every move with RFID
4705:
3590:
2361:
2241:
Some individuals have grown to fear the loss of rights due to RFID human implantation.
2184:
2172:
2108:
2033:
2001:
1059:
973:
877:
698:
669:
a particular tag, allowing its data to be read in the midst of many similar tags. In a
213:
68:
6243:
6102:
1324:
RFID tags used in libraries: square book tag, round CD/DVD tag and rectangular VHS tag
6856:
6797:
6790:
6258:"FIPS-201, Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors"
5673:
5589:
5209:
5186:
5163:
5003:
Indoor Positioning and Digital Management: Emerging Surveillance Regimes in Hospitals
4049:
3685:
3471:
3246:
2386:
2315:
2029:
2007:
1953:
1938:
1831:
ISO 28560-2— specifies encoding standards and data model to be used within libraries.
1807:
1795:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1369:
1353:
1200:
1182:
1083:
1071:
1063:
Macedonia (2010), Argentina (2012), Canada (2013), Uruguay (2015) and Israel (2017).
999:
901:
472:
468:
403:
269:
attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called
246:
In 1983, the first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to
168:
109:
5929:
5608:
5243:
5019:
4803:
4758:
4585:
4437:
3786:
3189:
3134:
2873:
2723:
2207:, protested the use of RFID security cards by covering his card with aluminum foil.
6520:
6499:
6193:
5804:
5483:"How a pair of microchips could transform football into an intricate dance of data"
5319:
4966:
4910:
4516:
4496:
3717:"Crucial Factors for Implementing Warehouse Management System - SIPMM Publications"
3548:
2593:
2381:
2188:
2153:
2145:
2022:
1969:
1945:
1866:
1836:
1463:
1284:
1262:
attempt to enslave the human race; one of their web domains is "dont-get-chipped".
1212:
838:
768:
over US$ 100 each. Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tags were in the US$ 3–10 range.
674:
matching bits respond, and eventually only one tag matches the complete ID string.
298:
202:
176:
152:
5710:
2964:
2743:
1438:
101:
of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of
6604:
6572:"Hacker clones passports in drive-by RFID heist – V3.co.uk – formerly vnunet.com"
6345:
4231:
2652:
338:
RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag and reader. There are 3 types:
4854:
3765:
3654:"A Temperature-Sensitive RFID Tag for the Identification of Cold Chain Failures"
2396:
2340:
2310:
2164:
1521:
1497:
1405:
1224:
1197:
1189:
1175:
1140:
1106:
1022:
920:
666:
647:
198:
72:
64:
6175:
5778:
5580:
4478:
3951:
3171:
2715:
1839:. These standards include conformance, performance and interoperability tests.
1617:
Since around 2007 there been increasing development in the use of RFID in the
732:(SOI) process. These dust-sized chips can store 38-digit numbers using 128-bit
187:, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a
6840:
6698:"EPC™ Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID, Version 2.0.0"
6477:
6366:
5921:
4742:
4369:
3677:
3613:
Silva, S., Lowry, M., Macaya-Solis, C., Byatt, B., & Lucas, M. C. (2017).
3116:
2859:
2844:
2351:
2176:
visually. The tag may still be used later for returns, recalls, or recycling.
2037:
1904:
1482:
1244:
909:
294:
87:
76:
6521:"Radio Frequency Identification: Applications and Implications for Consumers"
5689:
5225:
5088:
3976:
2702:
Stockman, Harry (October 1948), "Communication by Means of Reflected Power",
2585:
2253:
SpyChips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move
1873:
Class 0 and Class 1, saw significant commercial implementation in 2002–2005.
5945:"Practical eavesdropping and skimming attacks on high-frequency RFID tokens"
5898:
5311:
5187:"Privacy and Security in Library RFID: Issues, Practices, and Architectures"
5119:
5106:
5007:
Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life
4577:
3227:
3109:
1999 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.99CH36282)
2577:
2401:
2230:
2183:
In January 2004 privacy advocates from CASPIAN and the German privacy group
2160:
items inside. They also discussed satellite tracking of a passive RFID tag.
2144:
If a tagged item is paid for by credit card or in conjunction with use of a
1984:, after the EPCglobal Network ONS root servers were shown to be vulnerable.
1854:
1792:: Information technology—Radio frequency identification for item management:
1763:
1682:
1639:
1598:, along with several other schemes, is widely available at reasonable cost.
1501:
1389:
1220:
1216:
1152:
1086:
information when the passport is closed. The department will also implement
803:
549:
184:
80:
5073:"Radio Frequency Identification: An Introduction for Library Professionals"
4974:
4918:
4778:
2009 Fourth International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications
4750:
4111:
2103:
5970:
4785:
849:
534:
507:
4825:
4001:
1878:
1704:
1602:
1486:
1330:
1051:
1029:
868:
Sewn-in RFID label in garment manufactured by the French sports supplier
670:
603:
450:
6786:
5573:
2007 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference
5382:"Using rfid technology to develop an attendance system and avoid traff…"
4347:
3948:"Bermuda's RFID Vehicle Registration System Could Save $ 2 Million/Year"
3888:
3595:"A World Of Smart Objects: The Role Of Auto Identification Technologies"
3345:
2956:
2156:
and other purposes unrelated to their supply chain inventory functions.
2078:
Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections
86:
Passive tags are powered by energy from the RFID reader's interrogating
6673:
6414:
4374:
3762:"RFID-Tagged Gaming Chips Render Hotel Bellagio Robbery Haul Worthless"
2406:
2305:
2125:
1917:
1689:
1427:
began in the early 1990s with pigeon racing, introduced by the company
1003:
858:
761:
156:
135:
124:
94:
37:
For the practice of identifying frequencies of broadcast stations, see
5417:"Epic Mix – Skiiers [sic] and Snowboarders Social Media Dream"
5234:
1320:
945:
In 2010 Vail Resorts began using UHF Passive RFID tags in ski passes.
6816:
5674:"Radio frequency identification (RFID) projects for computer science"
4892:"Evaluation of Real-time Location Systems in their Hospital Contexts"
4680:"EN - TALKS WITH TEACHINGS FROM MY COSMIC FRIENDS - space-people.org"
4464:"Human Enhancement: Could you become infected with a computer virus?"
2371:
2320:
2300:
2295:
2226:
1601:
The storage of data associated with tracking items will require many
1467:
1397:
1113:
834:
807:
482:
478:
112:, RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses, and
6005:
RFID handbook : applications, technology, security, and privacy
5020:"Electronic tags for eggs, sperm and embryos – life – 30 March 2005"
4538:
Somatic Surveillance: Corporeal Control through Information Networks
4391:"CNN – Is human chip implant wave of the future? – January 14, 1999"
4370:"1º implante de chip ao vivo - Jornal das 10 - Canal 21 - SP - 1997"
1462:
Passive and active RFID systems are used in off-road events such as
6829:
International Journal of RF Technologies: Research and Applications
6318:"There Are Plenty Of RFID-Blocking Products, But Do You Need Them?"
4158:"Contactless inlays from SMARTRAC ordered for US ePassport project"
6600:
4773:
4683:
3497:"Cryptographic "tag of everything" could protect the supply chain"
3086:"RFID and Rail: Advanced Tracking Technology – Railway Technology"
3063:
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Principles and Applications
2102:
1956:
coded response from the tag. The protocols used during CRA can be
1766:– Radiofrequency identification of animals – Advanced transponders
1678:
1437:
1415:
1385:
1319:
1169:
985:
919:
863:
848:
773:
676:
631:
512:
Defense applications, Underground Miner Tracking with active tags
151:
63:
tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radio
2842:
Charles A. Walton "Portable radio frequency emitting identifier"
2120:
The use of RFID has engendered considerable controversy and some
220:
and other potential users. It consisted of a transponder with 16
30:"RFID" redirects here. For restrictive food intake disorder, see
6549:
6264:
6227:"Electromagnetically Opaque Sleeve Test Procedure version 3.0.0"
5914:
2014 31st National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), Cairo, Egypt
4048:
Rosová, Balog, and Šimeková., Andrea, Michal, and Žofia (2013).
3368:
RFID at ultra and super high frequencies: theory and application
2974:
2657:(third ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. 2008. p. 298.
1992:
Microchip–induced tumours have been noted during animal trials.
1825:
1819:
1813:
1724:
1649:
Passive RFID tags can also report sensor data. For example, the
1345:
1288:
774:
632:
5168:
Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities
1119:
In Singapore, RFID replaces paper Season Parking Ticket (SPT).
912:, and can selectively invalidate any chips known to be stolen.
4869:"Veterans Affairs to Install RFID in Hospitals across America"
3834:"Social Media Winner's Circle at Geneva Motor Show [Video"
3812:"Mercedes Provides RFID Facebook Checkins at PGA Championship"
2489:
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
2168:
2052:
2015:
1858:
1515:
1493:
1485:
have adopted RFID tags to provide skiers hands-free access to
1292:
830:
722:
221:
6847:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
4948:"Tracking the Social Dimensions of RFID Systems in Hospitals"
3520:
2654:
Hacking Exposed Linux: Linux Security Secrets & Solutions
2028:
Shielding effectiveness depends on the frequency being used.
681:
An example of a binary tree method of identifying an RFID tag
1582:
RFID tags are often a complement, but not a substitute, for
6168:
2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society
4471:
2010 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society
3929:
3617:
A test with lampreys. Ecological engineering, 102, 291–302.
3521:"EPTLS - The Electronic Product Tag & Labelling Scheme"
2163:
The concerns raised may be addressed in part by use of the
1148:
6244:"FIPS 201 Evaluation Program Approved Products List (APL)"
6123:
5623:"RFID Still In Early Stages of Adoption by Waste Industry"
5463:
Vail shows that Consumer RFID delivers a better experience
5438:"Vail Resorts Launches Epic Mix | SNOWBOARD MAGAZINE"
5564:
Chowdhury, Belal; Chowdhury, Morshed (December 2, 2007).
5134:
Wadham, Rachel (2003). "Radio Frequency Identification".
4133:"Uruguay a la vanguardia con nuevo pasaporte electrónico"
3594:
1178:
in his left hand with an RFID microchip (March 16, 2009).
5208:
Ferguson, Stuart; Thornley, Clare; Gibb, Forbes (2015),
4289:. Meat & Livestock Australia Limited. Archived from
3545:"Barcoding Inc. - FAQ - How much does an RFID tag cost?"
2482:"Wildlife Animal Tracking Using RFID and GSM Technology"
1944:
A second method of prevention is by using cryptography.
771:
RFID can be used in a variety of applications, such as:
487:
ISO-compatible microprocessor cards (Desfire EV1, Seos)
5174:(2). ISSN: 2321 – 788X: 25–32 – via ResearchGate.
4774:"A Short Overview of the RFID Technology in Healthcare"
3164:
2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS)
2107:
Logo of the anti-RFID campaign by German privacy group
1155:
and by United States farmers on a voluntary basis. The
79:, back to the reader. This number can be used to track
5077:
Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services
2018:
chips rather than RFID makes this sort of theft rare.
1002:, RFID readers are deployed at intersections to track
5472:. Blog.odintechnologies.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
4135:. Ministerio del Interior. 2015-10-15. Archived from
3629:"EU considers overhauling rules for lost air luggage"
3036:
Sen, Dipankar; Sen, Prosenjit; Das, Anand M. (2009),
760:
RFID offers advantages over manual systems or use of
5566:"RFID-based real-time smart waste management system"
5540:"All NFL Players Are Getting RFID Chips This Season"
2638:
RFID Forecasts, Players and Opportunities 2019-2029b
1384:
In 2004, school authorities in the Japanese city of
456:
0.1–1 m (4 in – 3 ft 3 in)
6782:
What is RFID? Educational video by The RFID Network
3735:"Benefits of RFID in Theft Protection – CONTROLTEK"
2901:"Construction of RFID Tags - RFID chip and antenna"
2462:
Automatic Identification and Data Collection (AIDC)
1066:Standards for RFID passports are determined by the
721:successfully glued RFID micro-transponders to live
4438:"Technology | Barcelona clubbers get chipped"
4416:"Professor has world's first silicon chip implant"
2267:Deliberate destruction in clothing and other items
201:, was routinely used by the Allies and Germany in
134:In 2014, the world RFID market was worth US$ 8.89
6007:( ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 478.
4023:"New York's award-winning traffic control system"
1865:(EPC) in the identification of many items in the
1333:device, taking the place of the more traditional
824:Monitoring the physical state of perishable goods
6725:. Smart Card Alliance. July 2006. Archived from
5672:Yang, Kuo-pao; Beaubouef, Theresa (2011-04-01).
5214:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science
1941:and eavesdropping, albeit at shorter distances.
1032:, electrical cables, communication cables, etc.
277:send a signal to the tag and read its response.
6777:An open source RFID library used as door opener
5162:Chellappandi, P; Sivankalai, S (October 2013).
4847:"Group Health Reinvents Patient Care With RTLS"
2742:. RFID Journal. 10 October 2012. Archived from
2734:
2732:
2010:" of RFID-enabled cards or passports, the U.S.
2002:Aluminium foil § Electromagnetic shielding
1980:may be susceptible to infiltration, similar to
1646:, weather reports, and noise level monitoring.
439:Animal identification, factory data collection
6146:"Putting RFID Network Security in Perspective"
5999:Ilyas, edited by Syed Ahson, Mohammad (2008).
5994:
5992:
5105:Sing, Jay; Brar, Navjit; Fong, Carmen (2013).
3424:"Hitachi's RFID powder freaks us the heck out"
1667:International Organization for Standardization
744:In early 2020, MIT researchers demonstrated a
6294:"Do You Really Need an RFID-Blocking Wallet?"
5801:"Gen 2 EPC Protocol Approved as ISO 18000-6C"
5185:Molnar, David; Wagner, David (June 8, 2004).
5107:"The State of RFID Applications in Libraries"
3975:. Rfidjournal.com. 2002-10-11. Archived from
3950:. Rfidjournal.com. 2007-05-18. Archived from
3446:"Hitachi Develops World's Smallest RFID Chip"
1760:– Animal identification. Uses 134.2 kHz.
1203:had an RFID chip implanted in his arm by his
905:unpaid-for item, and identifying what it is.
261:A radio-frequency identification system uses
205:to identify aircraft as friendly or hostile.
8:
5281:"RFID Technology in use at the Otago Museum"
4987:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4955:International Journal of Medical Informatics
4931:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4899:International Journal of Medical Informatics
4613:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4540:. Surveillance & Society 4 (3): 154–173
4070:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3275:The RF in RFID: Passive UHF RFID In Practice
3259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3202:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3147:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2621:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2534:"Then and Now: RFID, Self-Checkout, and IoT"
2217:RFID was one of the main topics of the 2006
1753:that have been made regarding RFID include:
1651:Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform
5509:"The NFL has a (RFID) Chip on its shoulder"
4311:Carvalho, Mario Cesar (November 11, 1997).
4255:"HDB Introduces RFID Season Parking Ticket"
3862:. Consumer Goods Technology. Archived from
3787:"RFID use raises on-slope privacy concerns"
3472:"Pushing the limits of electronic circuits"
1550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
293:which stores and processes information and
6674:"Declara - Your Personal Knowledge Engine"
5258:"RFID Poses No Problem for Patron Privacy"
5066:
5064:
4287:"National Livestock Identification System"
4226:Mary Catherine O'Connor (7 January 2008).
3296:Computer and information security handbook
539:EAN, various standards; used by railroads
6868:Automatic identification and data capture
6625:Katherine Albrecht; Liz McIntyre (2005).
6474:"The METRO "Future Store" Special Report"
6047:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5960:
5678:Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
5588:
5233:
5118:
4209:"United States sets date for E-passports"
3226:
3070:
2895:
2893:
2891:
1671:International Electrotechnical Commission
1570:Learn how and when to remove this message
1235:in the United States approved the use of
1159:is currently developing its own program.
1068:International Civil Aviation Organization
924:RFID antenna for vehicular access control
778:Electronic key for RFID based lock system
740:TFID (Terahertz Frequency Identification)
311:for receiving and transmitting the signal
285:RFID tags are made out of three pieces:
103:automatic identification and data capture
97:, the tag does not need to be within the
32:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
6246:. U.S. CIO and the Federal CIO Councils.
5100:
5098:
4946:Fisher, Jill A., Monahan, Torin (2008).
4890:Fisher, Jill A., Monahan, Torin (2012).
4655:"Stop Chipping image by Universe People"
3858:James P. Farrell & Ralf Saykiewicz.
1699:Every country can set its own rules for
1278:U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
1174:A surgeon implants British scientist Dr
1017:Infrastructure management and protection
384:
183:which slightly altered the shape of the
6209:"Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors"
5799:Catherine O'Connor, Mary (2004-07-12).
4346:(in Spanish). La Nación. Archived from
4275:USDA Bets the Farm on Animal ID Program
2424:
2197:World Summit on the Information Society
1694:International Air Transport Association
1692:for certifying RFID engineers, and the
6400:, IFIP Summer School, Karlstad, 2007,
6037:
6027:
5398:
5387:
5360:"Schoolkid chipping trial 'a success'"
5336:. Networks.silicon.com. Archived from
4980:
4924:
4606:
4108:"Datatilsynet misfornøyd med nye pass"
4063:
3252:
3195:
3140:
3038:RFID For Energy and Utility Industries
2992:
2991:
2980:
2785:"Shrouds of Time: The history of RFID"
2614:
1077:Since 2006, RFID tags included in new
5895:Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
5709:. GS1.org. 2014-10-31. Archived from
4536:Monahan, Torin and Tyler Wall. 2007.
4313:"Artista implanta hoje chip no corpo"
3760:Rohrlich, Justin (15 December 2010).
2006:In an effort to prevent the passive "
1196:. A year later, British professor of
1149:Canadian Cattle Identification Agency
908:Casinos can use RFID to authenticate
872:. Front, back, and transparency scan.
326:electronic product code by the user.
7:
6822:What is RFID? – animated explanation
5358:Williams, Christopher (2007-10-22).
5111:Information Technology and Libraries
3836:. Social Media Today. Archived from
2942:"An Introduction to RFID Technology"
2068:"criticism" or "controversy" section
1933:'s recent adoption of RFID tags for
1548:adding citations to reliable sources
592:Requires semi-active or active tags
6415:"How to read data from rfid reader"
6396:Markus Hansen, Sebastian Meissner:
5775:"EPCglobal Ratifies Gen 2 Standard"
5334:"Schoolchildren to be RFID-chipped"
4632:. Blogs.reuters.com. Archived from
4228:"RFID Is Key to Car Clubs' Success"
4000:. Tollroadsnews.com. Archived from
3399:"Ants' home search habit uncovered"
3111:. Vol. 4. pp. 1497–1500.
2740:"Genesis of the Versatile RFID Tag"
2439:. February 28, 2014. Archived from
1931:United States Department of Defense
697:conditions for inductively coupled
235:In 1973, an early demonstration of
6472:Katherine Albrecht; Liz McIntyre.
6367:"Aluminum Foil Does Not Stop RFID"
6124:"RFID Security and Privacy Lounge"
6101:. RSA Laboratories. Archived from
5611:– via Deakin University DRO.
4557:Kietzmann, J., Angell, I. (2010).
4512:"Feds approve human RFID implants"
2557:Angell, I., Kietzmann, J. (2006).
2480:Bhise, Kshama S. (February 2016).
1849:EPCglobal UHF Class 1 Generation 2
1295:clinics is also being considered.
996:intelligent transportation systems
210:useful applications is explored."
25:
6597:"Human chips more than skin-deep"
6342:"Can Aluminum Shield RFID Chips?"
5575:. Vol. 1. pp. 175–180.
5009:(pp. 77–88). New York: Routledge.
4818:"RFID Frequently Asked Questions"
4338:Esnal, Luis (December 15, 1997).
4177:Lettice, John (30 January 2006).
3973:"Smart License May Cut Car Theft"
3910:"Qantas Next Generation Check-in"
2124:advocates have initiated product
1950:challenge–response authentication
799:Machine readable travel documents
569:802.11 WLAN, Bluetooth standards
522:902–928 MHz (North America)
6751:
6207:Lewan, Todd (8 September 2007).
6144:Tedjasaputra, Adi (2006-12-11).
5197:: 1–20 – via ResearchGate.
4853:. 22 August 2012. Archived from
4344:Internet Archive Wayback Machine
3012:"How Does RFID Technology Work?"
2940:Want, Roy (January–March 2006).
2057:
1696:(IATA) for luggage in airports.
1520:
477:ISO-non-compliant memory cards (
194:Similar technology, such as the
6764:radio-frequency identification
6570:Iain Thomson in San Francisco.
5279:Rowe, Paul (November 9, 2011).
5256:Dorman, David (December 2003).
5071:Butters, Alan (December 2006).
4086:"Locating and Marking Products"
2951:. January - March 2006: 25–33.
2012:General Services Administration
1435:without being in a batch mode.
898:electronic article surveillance
789:Tracking of persons and animals
609:10–200 m (30–700 ft)
583:up to 200 m (700 ft)
173:the "Thing", a listening device
6863:Radio-frequency identification
6653:"FAQ on RFID and RFID privacy"
5897:. 4 April 2007. Archived from
5829:. RFID Journal. Archived from
5803:. RFID Journal. Archived from
5777:. RFID Journal. Archived from
5046:. spychips.com. Archived from
4967:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.010
4911:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2012.07.001
4875:. 14 June 2013. Archived from
4230:. RFID Journal. Archived from
4211:. 19 June 2015. Archived from
3832:Patrick Sweeney (2013-03-26).
2532:D'Onofrio, Tony (2022-05-01).
1661:Regulation and standardization
1335:electromagnetic security strip
1207:, George Boulos. In 2004 the '
1092:personal identification number
821:Tracking and billing processes
520:UHF: 865–868 MHz (Europe)
241:Los Alamos National Laboratory
45:Radio-frequency identification
27:Electronic tracking technology
18:Radio frequency identification
1:
6344:. RFID Shield. Archived from
5854:, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2006
5850:Bill Glover, Himanshu Bhatt,
5760:"RFID Standards and Mandates"
5461:Kinsella, Bret. (2010-09-07)
5380:Baghya Lakshmi (2012-09-16).
4340:"Un hombre llamado 026109532"
3658:Sensors Actuators A: Physical
3319:, O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2006
2975:https://home.cs.colorado.edu/
2071:may compromise the article's
2036:HighFID tags (13.56 MHz—
1394:St Charles Sixth Form College
1131:, RFID has become crucial in
928:RFID tags are widely used in
813:Locating lost airport baggage
501:1–100 m (3–300 ft)
5949:Journal of Computer Security
5825:Roberti, Mark (2006-05-06).
5773:Roberti, Mark (2004-12-16).
5538:Moynihan, Tim (2015-08-07).
4682:. 2020-11-26. Archived from
4657:. 2015-06-07. Archived from
3627:Pete Harrison (2009-07-28).
3569:Martein Meints (June 2007).
3547:. 2011-10-07. Archived from
3495:Matheson, Rob (2020-02-20).
3426:. Engadget. 15 February 2007
3338:"Frequently Asked Questions"
3315:Bill Glover, Himanshu Bhatt,
2927:Sandia National Laboratories
2863:issue date February 13, 1996
2820:"Real Time Location Systems"
2679:"What are IFF Technologies?"
2219:Chaos Communication Congress
1233:Food and Drug Administration
1090:(BAC), which functions as a
968:Transportation and logistics
196:Identification friend or foe
120:by customers and employees.
77:identifying inventory number
6442:September 28, 2011, at the
6292:Oremus, Will (2015-08-25).
6099:"RFID Privacy and Security"
6062:"RFID: Social Implications"
3766:Minyanville Financial Media
2683:BAE Systems - United States
2559:"RFID and the end of cash?"
2367:Resonant inductive coupling
2233:staged a "Hack RFID" song.
2128:. Consumer privacy experts
1046:The first RFID passports ("
806:(for massively distributed
577:microwave: 3.1–10 GHz
528:1–12 m (3–40 ft)
6904:
6888:Radio frequency interfaces
6574:. V3.co.uk. Archived from
6476:. Spychips. Archived from
6176:10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514622
6170:. IEEE. pp. 337–349.
5943:Hancke, Gerhard P (2011).
5581:10.1109/ATNAC.2007.4665232
4731:Journal of Medical Systems
4628:Fulton, Nic (2006-07-22).
4510:Greene, Thomas C. (2004).
4479:10.1109/ISTAS.2010.5514651
3887:. Softrail. Archived from
3814:. Mashable.com. 2011-08-11
3172:10.1109/MWSYM.2017.8058927
2716:10.1109/JRPROC.1948.226245
1999:
1857:, a joint venture between
1039:
600:mm-wave: 24.125 GHz
161:electronic toll collection
145:
114:implanting RFID microchips
36:
29:
6841:10.1080/17545730802338333
6459:February 7, 2009, at the
5922:10.1109/NRSC.2014.6835063
5300:Communications of the ACM
5044:"Verichip Special Report"
4743:10.1007/s10916-014-0019-z
4566:Communications of the ACM
4110:. Digi.no. Archived from
4054:Acta Montanistica Slovaca
3678:10.1016/j.sna.2020.112182
3470:Zewe, Adam (2021-11-18).
3117:10.1109/MWSYM.1999.780237
3061:Weis, Stephen A. (2007),
2929:. Sandia Corporation: 24.
2566:Communications of the ACM
2433:"RFID Inventory Tracking"
2336:Microchip implant (human)
2199:(WSIS) in November 2005,
1982:denial-of-service attacks
1869:for companies worldwide.
1374:San Francisco, California
558:1–2 m (3–7 ft)
355:Active Reader Passive Tag
344:Passive Reader Active Tag
6703:. GS1.org. November 2013
5226:10.1177/0961000613518572
3912:. Qantas Airways Limited
3721:publication.sipmm.edu.sg
3298:, Morgan Kaufmann, 2009
2495:: 1–2 – via IJSER.
2346:Near Field Communication
2212:Federal Trade Commission
1774:Near Field Communication
1380:Schools and universities
1271:Hospitals and healthcare
1008:adaptive traffic control
481:Classic, iCLASS, Legic,
366:Active Reader Active Tag
230:electronic license plate
6807:considered for deletion
6369:. Omniscience is Bliss.
5827:"A 5-Cent Breakthrough"
5312:10.1145/1081992.1082021
5120:10.6017/ital.v25i1.3326
4772:Lahtela, Antti (2009).
4710:New Religious Movements
4578:10.1145/1743546.1743582
4253:Tay, Lay (2007-11-01).
4029:. January–February 2013
3934:August 1, 2015, at the
3228:10.1145/3447993.3448627
2848:issue date May 17, 1983
2641:. IDTechEx. 2020-02-27.
2578:10.1145/1183236.1183237
1962:public key cryptography
1935:supply chain management
1863:Electronic Product Code
1711:for other radio users.
1588:European Article Number
1456:hook-and-loop fasteners
1402:Whitcliffe Mount School
1098:Transportation payments
1079:United States passports
1010:of the traffic lights.
882:supply chain management
655:Electronic Product Code
428:10 cm (4 in)
218:New York Port Authority
189:covert listening device
159:, an RFID tag used for
5397:Cite journal requires
5005:. In T. Monahan (Ed),
5001:Fisher, Jill A. 2006.
4559:"Panopticon revisited"
4462:Gasson, M. N. (2010).
3166:. pp. 1557–1560.
2704:Proceedings of the IRE
2205:free software movement
2112:
1912:Global standardization
1847:EPC Gen2 is short for
1630:usage-pricing models.
1584:Universal Product Code
1450:
1421:
1372:, a science museum in
1325:
1179:
991:
953:PGA Golf Championships
925:
873:
861:
817:Timing sporting events
779:
682:
637:
164:
53:electromagnetic fields
39:Station identification
6631:. Thomas Nelson Inc.
6526:. Ftc.gov. March 2005
6419:0y3v.errandrunner.org
5971:10.3233/JCS-2010-0407
5590:10536/DRO/DU:30008105
4786:10.1109/ICSNC.2009.77
2860:U.S. patent 5,491,468
2845:U.S. patent 4,384,288
2783:Landt, Jerry (2001).
2538:Loss Prevention Media
2203:, the founder of the
2106:
2000:Further information:
1978:Object Naming Service
1889:Problems and concerns
1628:municipal solid waste
1512:Complement to barcode
1441:
1425:RFID for timing races
1419:
1323:
1173:
1133:animal identification
1123:Animal identification
989:
930:identification badges
923:
867:
852:
777:
680:
635:
572:US$ 25 (active tags)
552:: 2450–5800 MHz
422:LF: 120–150 kHz
386:RFID frequency bands
155:
6878:Ubiquitous computing
6848:IEEE Council on RFID
6498:Richard M Stallman.
5901:on 28 February 2006.
5781:on November 22, 2008
4780:. pp. 165–169.
4704:admin (2024-02-09).
2876:. Behance. July 2018
2467:May 5, 2016, at the
1701:frequency allocation
1544:improve this section
1237:RFID chips in humans
1205:general practitioner
1137:implantable RFID tag
1088:Basic Access Control
932:, replacing earlier
792:Toll collection and
730:silicon-on-insulator
542:US$ 0.04 to US$ 1.00
498:Short range devices
224:memory for use as a
6500:"The WSIS in Tunis"
5807:on January 28, 2008
5362:. Theregister.co.uk
3979:on October 18, 2003
3670:2020SeAcA.31312182V
3342:www.rfidjournal.com
2957:10.1109/MPRV.2006.2
2949:Pervasive Computing
2223:Chaos Computer Club
1429:Deister Electronics
794:contactless payment
447:HF: 13.56 MHz
387:
127:has raised serious
6761:has a profile for
6381:"A Primer on RFID"
6040:has generic name (
5833:on August 19, 2006
5648:"RFID Regulations"
5468:2010-11-06 at the
5262:American Libraries
4544:2016-06-15 at the
4473:. pp. 61–68.
4378:. 16 January 2019.
4350:on 1 February 2017
4189:on 31 January 2006
3741:. 14 February 2014
3366:Paret, Dominique.
3273:Daniel M. Dobkin,
3221:. pp. 69–82.
2326:Internet of Things
2257:Katherine Albrecht
2237:Government control
2221:(organized by the
2130:Katherine Albrecht
2113:
2080:through discussion
1675:ASTM International
1506:Zebra Technologies
1451:
1449:2007 in Frankfurt.
1422:
1326:
1309:FDA Warning Letter
1301:Katherine Albrecht
1186:microchip implants
1180:
1166:Human implantation
1147:" on animals. The
1050:") were issued by
1042:Biometric passport
992:
959:Promotion tracking
926:
894:item level tagging
874:
862:
780:
719:Bristol University
683:
638:
495:UHF: 433 MHz
490:US$ 0.05 to US$ 5
385:
291:integrated circuit
165:
6767:
6638:978-1-59555-020-0
6185:978-1-4244-7777-7
6079:www.vde-verlag.de
5600:978-1-4244-1557-1
5340:on April 27, 2012
4879:on 19 March 2014.
4857:on June 30, 2013.
4795:978-1-4244-4772-5
4706:"Universe People"
4488:978-1-4244-7777-7
4234:on March 22, 2012
4215:on April 9, 2006.
4027:ITS International
3551:on 7 October 2011
3348:on March 28, 2013
3283:978-0-7506-8209-1
3181:978-1-5090-6360-4
3047:978-1-59370-105-5
2990:External link in
2710:(10): 1196–1204,
2664:978-0-07-226257-5
2357:Privacy by design
2331:Mass surveillance
2210:In 2004–2005 the
2111:(formerly FoeBuD)
2101:
2100:
1954:cryptographically
1924:Security concerns
1786:and credit cards.
1580:
1579:
1572:
1254:The UFO religion
892:RFID is used for
857:RFID tag used by
786:Tracking of goods
783:Access management
625:
624:
621:US$ 10 projected
589:Not defined
531:Moderate to high
289:a micro chip (an
55:to automatically
16:(Redirected from
6895:
6844:
6810:
6765:
6755:
6754:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6702:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6603:. Archived from
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6548:. Archived from
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6525:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6469:
6463:
6452:
6446:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6411:
6405:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6273:
6267:. Archived from
6262:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6045:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6025:
6023:
6021:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5973:. Archived from
5964:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5869:
5863:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5644:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5592:
5570:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5515:. Archived from
5513:News Surgo Group
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5479:
5473:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5440:. Archived from
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5237:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5159:
5144:
5143:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5016:
5010:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4978:
4952:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4922:
4896:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4824:. Archived from
4814:
4808:
4807:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4588:. Archived from
4563:
4554:
4548:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4468:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4418:. 26 August 1998
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4317:Folha de S.Paulo
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4283:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4185:. Archived from
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4061:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3944:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3885:"AEI technology"
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3688:. Archived from
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3448:. Archived from
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3344:. Archived from
3334:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3292:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3250:
3230:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2794:. Archived from
2789:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:on March 7, 2009
2736:
2727:
2726:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2596:. Archived from
2563:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2513:. March 23, 2021
2503:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2429:
2246:US passport card
2201:Richard Stallman
2122:consumer privacy
2096:
2093:
2087:
2061:
2060:
2053:
1727:recommendations
1624:pay as you throw
1619:waste management
1613:Waste management
1575:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1524:
1516:
1458:
994:RFID is used in
734:Read Only Memory
595:US$ 5 projected
580:Ultra wide band
459:Low to moderate
388:
148:History of radar
67:called a tag, a
21:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6853:
6852:
6826:
6795:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6732:
6730:
6723:"EPC Gen 2 FAQ"
6721:
6720:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6682:
6680:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6658:
6656:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6610:
6608:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6581:
6579:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6555:
6553:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6505:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6483:
6481:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6461:Wayback Machine
6453:
6449:
6444:Wayback Machine
6436:
6432:
6423:
6421:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6395:
6391:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6351:
6349:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6302:
6300:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6213:Washington Post
6206:
6205:
6201:
6186:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6129:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6108:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6083:
6081:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6036:
6026:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5980:
5978:
5962:10.1.1.169.9341
5942:
5941:
5937:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5873:"Radio Silence"
5871:
5870:
5866:
5852:RFID Essentials
5849:
5845:
5836:
5834:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5810:
5808:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5784:
5782:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5657:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5601:
5568:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5546:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5470:Wayback Machine
5460:
5456:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5396:
5386:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5343:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5161:
5160:
5147:
5136:Library Mosaics
5133:
5132:
5128:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5053:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5000:
4996:
4979:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4923:
4905:(10): 705–712.
4894:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4831:
4829:
4828:on May 23, 2013
4822:RFIDJournal.com
4816:
4815:
4811:
4796:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4546:Wayback Machine
4535:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4489:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4395:edition.cnn.com
4388:
4387:
4383:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4320:
4319:(in Portuguese)
4310:
4309:
4305:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4062:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3957:
3955:
3954:on May 23, 2007
3946:
3945:
3941:
3936:Wayback Machine
3928:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3317:RFID essentials
3314:
3310:
3293:
3289:
3272:
3268:
3251:
3239:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3194:
3182:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3139:
3127:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3088:. 16 March 2008
3084:
3083:
3079:
3072:10.1.1.182.5224
3060:
3059:
3055:
3051:, pp. 1-48
3048:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2469:Wayback Machine
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2443:on May 16, 2021
2431:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:Tracking system
2392:RSA blocker tag
2377:RFID in schools
2291:
2269:
2239:
2118:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2077:
2066:This article's
2062:
2058:
2051:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1926:
1914:
1896:
1891:
1845:
1758:ISO 11784/11785
1663:
1636:
1615:
1592:boarding passes
1576:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1541:
1525:
1514:
1472:Hare and Hounds
1454:
1447:Ironman Germany
1414:
1382:
1366:
1342:Vatican Library
1318:
1273:
1268:
1256:Universe People
1209:Baja Beach Club
1168:
1135:management. An
1129:mad-cow disease
1125:
1100:
1044:
1038:
1019:
970:
961:
943:
934:magnetic stripe
918:
890:
847:
755:
742:
715:
713:Miniaturization
691:
630:
544:(passive tags)
543:
521:
486:
476:
416:
414:
413:Approximate tag
406:
383:
336:
302:radio-frequency
283:
259:
237:reflected power
150:
144:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6901:
6899:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6824:
6819:
6793:
6787:How RFID Works
6784:
6779:
6757:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:External links
6743:
6740:
6739:
6714:
6689:
6665:
6644:
6637:
6617:
6588:
6562:
6536:
6512:
6490:
6464:
6447:
6430:
6406:
6389:
6372:
6358:
6333:
6309:
6298:Slate Magazine
6284:
6249:
6235:
6218:
6199:
6184:
6158:
6136:
6115:
6090:
6066:
6054:
6013:
5988:
5977:on 27 May 2016
5955:(2): 259–288.
5935:
5904:
5882:
5879:. 7 June 2007.
5864:
5843:
5817:
5791:
5765:
5751:
5726:
5695:
5664:
5639:
5628:
5614:
5599:
5556:
5530:
5500:
5474:
5454:
5429:
5408:
5399:|journal=
5372:
5350:
5325:
5290:
5285:Vernon Systems
5271:
5248:
5220:(2): 117–130,
5200:
5177:
5145:
5126:
5094:
5060:
5035:
5011:
4994:
4961:(3): 176–183.
4938:
4882:
4860:
4838:
4809:
4794:
4764:
4721:
4696:
4671:
4646:
4620:
4572:(6): 135–138.
4549:
4529:
4502:
4487:
4454:
4429:
4407:
4381:
4361:
4330:
4303:
4278:
4267:
4245:
4218:
4200:
4169:
4149:
4124:
4099:
4077:
4040:
4014:
3989:
3964:
3939:
3922:
3901:
3876:
3850:
3824:
3803:
3778:
3752:
3726:
3708:
3702:
3644:
3619:
3606:
3591:Paolo Magrassi
3582:
3561:
3536:
3512:
3487:
3462:
3436:
3415:
3390:
3373:
3358:
3329:
3308:
3294:John R. Vacca
3287:
3277:, Newnes 2008
3266:
3237:
3209:
3180:
3154:
3125:
3099:
3077:
3053:
3046:
3028:
3003:
2932:
2917:
2887:
2865:
2850:
2835:
2811:
2775:
2756:
2728:
2694:
2670:
2663:
2644:
2628:
2549:
2524:
2498:
2472:
2454:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Proximity card
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2268:
2265:
2238:
2235:
2195:During the UN
2173:Paul Moskowitz
2150:
2149:
2142:
2117:
2114:
2109:digitalcourage
2099:
2098:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2034:High frequency
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1925:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1844:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1761:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1662:
1659:
1635:
1632:
1614:
1611:
1578:
1577:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1413:
1410:
1381:
1378:
1365:
1362:
1329:also act as a
1317:
1314:
1307:discovered an
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1211:' operated by
1167:
1164:
1124:
1121:
1099:
1096:
1037:
1034:
1018:
1015:
969:
966:
960:
957:
942:
939:
917:
916:Access control
914:
889:
886:
878:asset tracking
846:
843:
839:Auto-ID Center
826:
825:
822:
819:
814:
811:
801:
796:
790:
787:
784:
754:
751:
741:
738:
714:
711:
690:
687:
641:away. In this
629:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
562:
559:
556:
553:
546:
545:
540:
537:
532:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
510:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
465:
460:
457:
454:
448:
444:
443:
440:
437:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:cost in volume
411:
408:
401:
398:
395:
392:
382:
379:
374:
373:
362:
351:
335:
332:
316:
315:
312:
305:
282:
279:
258:
255:
248:Charles Walton
214:Mario Cardullo
143:
140:
69:radio receiver
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6900:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6792:
6791:HowStuffWorks
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6760:
6744:
6729:on 2015-03-20
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6640:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6621:
6618:
6607:on 2010-03-24
6606:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6578:on 2010-03-24
6577:
6573:
6566:
6563:
6552:on 2010-02-20
6551:
6547:
6540:
6537:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6501:
6494:
6491:
6480:on 2005-05-08
6479:
6475:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6348:on 2014-03-30
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6310:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6285:
6274:on 2010-12-26
6270:
6266:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6159:
6147:
6140:
6137:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6105:on 2006-12-18
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6055:
6050:
6043:
6031:
6016:
6014:9781420054996
6010:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5877:The Economist
5874:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5860:0-596-00944-5
5857:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5818:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5792:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5716:on 2017-11-21
5712:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5665:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5632:
5629:
5625:. 2016-08-10.
5624:
5618:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5557:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5519:on 2015-09-06
5518:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5444:on 2010-09-04
5443:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5404:
5391:
5383:
5376:
5373:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5127:
5121:
5116:
5113:. 25–32: 24.
5112:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5083:(4): 164–74.
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5050:on 2012-03-23
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5025:
5024:New Scientist
5021:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4722:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4686:on 2020-11-26
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4661:on 2015-06-07
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4636:on 2017-02-02
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4595:on 2014-02-24
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4331:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4304:
4293:on 2013-08-20
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4139:on 2021-02-23
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4114:on 2008-04-05
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4004:on 2013-07-03
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3891:on 2008-04-06
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3866:on 2008-04-11
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3840:on 2013-09-27
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3723:. 2021-12-19.
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3692:on 2020-12-02
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3452:on 2009-04-16
3451:
3447:
3444:TFOT (2007).
3440:
3437:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3383:
3382:"STGF Report"
3377:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3327:, pages 88–89
3326:
3325:0-596-00944-5
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3304:0-12-374354-0
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3238:9781450383424
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3126:0-7803-5135-5
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3065:, MIT CSAIL,
3064:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2984:
2976:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2801:on 2009-03-27
2797:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2603:on 2014-02-24
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:(12): 90–96.
2571:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:RFID on metal
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Chipless RFID
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2189:loyalty cards
2186:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2049:Controversies
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Low-frequency
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1960:, or may use
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Rolling codes
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1894:Data flooding
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:ISO/IEC 21481
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:ISO/IEC 18092
1794:
1791:
1790:ISO/IEC 18000
1788:
1785:
1784:smart payment
1781:
1780:ISO/IEC 15693
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:ISO/IEC 14443
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1681:Alliance and
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1654:
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1534:
1529:This section
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1391:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:Exploratorium
1363:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:conveyor belt
1349:
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1343:
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1332:
1322:
1315:
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1234:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:Kevin Warwick
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:Biocompatible
1177:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
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1134:
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1120:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1072:ISO/IEC 14443
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:New York City
997:
988:
984:
981:
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975:
967:
965:
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956:
954:
949:
946:
940:
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931:
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915:
913:
911:
906:
903:
902:self checkout
900:(EAS), and a
899:
895:
887:
885:
883:
879:
871:
866:
860:
856:
851:
844:
842:
840:
836:
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823:
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815:
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802:
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797:
795:
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731:
726:
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
702:
700:
694:
688:
686:
679:
675:
672:
671:slotted Aloha
668:
662:
660:
656:
651:
649:
644:
636:RFID hard tag
634:
627:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
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541:
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524:
519:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
489:
484:
480:
474:
473:ISO/IEC 14443
470:
469:ISO/IEC 15693
467:Smart cards (
466:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
412:
409:
405:
404:ISO/IEC 18000
402:
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306:
304:(RF) signals)
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272:
271:interrogators
268:
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182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Leon Theremin
163:in California
162:
158:
154:
149:
141:
139:
137:
132:
130:
126:
121:
119:
118:prevent theft
115:
111:
110:assembly line
106:
104:
100:
99:line of sight
96:
91:
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6727:the original
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6478:the original
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6350:. Retrieved
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6126:. Avoine.net
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6103:the original
6093:
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6078:
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5975:the original
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5831:the original
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5783:. Retrieved
5779:the original
5768:
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5742:. Retrieved
5738:
5729:
5718:. Retrieved
5711:the original
5698:
5684:(4): 78–84.
5681:
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5521:. Retrieved
5517:the original
5512:
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5491:. Retrieved
5489:. 2015-08-12
5486:
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5446:. Retrieved
5442:the original
5432:
5421:. Retrieved
5419:. 2010-09-07
5411:
5390:cite journal
5375:
5364:. Retrieved
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5342:. Retrieved
5338:the original
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5076:
5052:. Retrieved
5048:the original
5038:
5027:. Retrieved
5023:
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4958:
4954:
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4851:RFID Journal
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4841:
4830:. Retrieved
4826:the original
4821:
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4713:. Retrieved
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4638:. Retrieved
4634:the original
4623:
4609:cite journal
4597:. Retrieved
4590:the original
4569:
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4552:
4532:
4521:. Retrieved
4517:The Register
4515:
4505:
4470:
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4446:. Retrieved
4444:. 2004-09-29
4441:
4432:
4420:. Retrieved
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4394:
4384:
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4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4348:the original
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4291:the original
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4270:
4259:. Retrieved
4248:
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4232:the original
4221:
4213:the original
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4187:the original
4183:The Register
4182:
4172:
4161:. Retrieved
4152:
4141:. Retrieved
4137:the original
4127:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4102:
4090:. Retrieved
4088:. 3M Company
4080:
4066:cite journal
4057:
4053:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4026:
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4002:the original
3992:
3981:. Retrieved
3977:the original
3967:
3956:. Retrieved
3952:the original
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3914:. Retrieved
3904:
3893:. Retrieved
3889:the original
3879:
3868:. Retrieved
3864:the original
3853:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3827:
3816:. Retrieved
3806:
3795:. Retrieved
3793:. 2010-11-15
3790:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3738:
3729:
3720:
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3705:
3694:. Retrieved
3690:the original
3661:
3657:
3647:
3636:. Retrieved
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3609:
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3585:
3574:. Retrieved
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3539:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:
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3504:. Retrieved
3500:
3490:
3479:. Retrieved
3475:
3465:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:the original
3439:
3428:. Retrieved
3418:
3407:. Retrieved
3405:. 2009-04-22
3402:
3393:
3376:
3367:
3361:
3350:. Retrieved
3346:the original
3341:
3332:
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3311:
3295:
3290:
3274:
3269:
3218:
3212:
3163:
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3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3080:
3062:
3056:
3040:, PennWell,
3037:
3031:
3020:. Retrieved
3015:
3006:
2983:cite journal
2973:– via
2968:. Retrieved
2948:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2909:. Retrieved
2904:
2878:. Retrieved
2868:
2853:
2838:
2827:. Retrieved
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2791:
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2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2707:
2703:
2697:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2673:
2653:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2617:cite journal
2605:. Retrieved
2598:the original
2569:
2565:
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2537:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2475:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2436:
2427:
2382:RFID Journal
2283:
2279:
2270:
2261:Liz McIntyre
2252:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2216:
2209:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2171:researchers
2162:
2158:
2154:surveillance
2151:
2146:loyalty card
2134:Liz McIntyre
2119:
2089:
2070:
2027:
2023:Faraday cage
2020:
2005:
1991:
1974:
1970:cover-coding
1966:
1943:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1867:supply chain
1853:
1848:
1846:
1837:RFID testing
1834:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1721:
1709:interference
1698:
1687:
1664:
1655:
1648:
1637:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1581:
1566:
1560:January 2021
1557:
1542:Please help
1530:
1491:
1481:A number of
1480:
1476:
1464:Orienteering
1461:
1452:
1433:
1423:
1420:ChampionChip
1383:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1339:
1327:
1305:Liz McIntyre
1297:
1282:
1274:
1266:Institutions
1253:
1249:
1241:
1230:
1213:Conrad Chase
1194:Time Capsule
1193:
1181:
1161:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1107:bike lockers
1104:
1101:
1076:
1065:
1057:
1045:
1020:
1012:
993:
982:
979:
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962:
950:
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907:
891:
875:
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770:
766:
759:
756:
743:
727:
716:
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695:
692:
689:Bulk reading
684:
663:
652:
639:
615:Not defined
425:Unregulated
394:Regulations
375:
369:
365:
358:
354:
347:
343:
337:
328:
324:
320:
317:
284:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
252:
245:
236:
234:
212:
207:Transponders
203:World War II
193:
177:Soviet Union
166:
133:
122:
107:
92:
85:
48:
44:
43:
6678:declara.com
6544:monochrom.
6148:. RFID Asia
5739:www.iso.org
5549:1 September
5523:1 September
5493:1 September
5306:(9): 60–5.
4389:Witt, Sam.
4257:. RFID Asia
4193:9 September
4060:(1): 26–32.
3771:16 December
3285:, chapter 8
3018:. June 2017
2397:Smart label
2341:Mobile RFID
2311:Campus card
2165:Clipped Tag
2038:smart cards
1669:(ISO), the
1498:quarterback
1483:ski resorts
1406:Cleckheaton
1225:Mark Gasson
1198:cybernetics
1190:Eduardo Kac
1176:Mark Gasson
1141:transponder
1030:sewer lines
941:Advertising
910:poker chips
667:"singulate"
648:backscatter
400:Data speed
381:Frequencies
314:a substrate
299:demodulates
226:toll device
199:transponder
88:radio waves
73:transmitter
65:transponder
6857:Categories
6733:2015-03-25
6683:2019-04-22
6659:2015-03-23
6611:2010-04-24
6582:2010-04-24
6556:2007-01-04
6530:2013-09-22
6506:2013-09-22
6484:2005-05-05
6424:2019-04-22
6352:2007-03-27
6327:2019-11-10
6303:2019-11-10
6278:2019-01-10
6152:2007-08-03
6130:2013-09-22
6109:2013-09-22
6084:2019-12-09
5837:2007-01-26
5811:2011-07-07
5785:2011-07-07
5720:2015-03-23
5658:2020-03-01
5448:2020-03-01
5423:2013-09-22
5366:2013-09-03
5344:2013-09-03
5235:10197/5242
5054:2013-09-22
5029:2010-04-24
4832:2013-05-20
4715:2024-08-01
4690:2024-08-01
4665:2024-08-01
4640:2013-09-03
4599:9 November
4523:2007-03-01
4448:2013-09-22
4297:2013-09-03
4261:2009-10-17
4163:2009-03-25
4143:2021-02-23
4118:2013-09-22
4008:2013-09-03
3983:2013-09-03
3958:2013-09-03
3916:2010-12-27
3895:2008-10-12
3870:2008-04-10
3844:2013-09-22
3818:2013-09-22
3797:2021-03-23
3745:11 October
3739:Controltek
3696:2020-09-27
3664:: 112182.
3638:2009-09-09
3600:2007-06-24
3576:2013-09-22
3555:2022-03-06
3530:2019-04-22
3506:2021-11-18
3481:2021-11-18
3456:2009-03-27
3430:2010-04-24
3409:2013-09-03
3352:2019-04-22
3306:, page 208
3022:2019-04-22
2993:|via=
2970:2021-04-09
2911:2020-03-01
2874:"RFID-Tag"
2829:2010-08-04
2825:. clarinox
2805:2006-05-31
2765:US 3713148
2750:2013-09-22
2688:2021-03-29
2607:9 November
2543:2022-05-12
2511:USDA APHIS
2437:CONTROLTEK
2419:References
2352:PositiveID
2073:neutrality
1905:middleware
1733:EN 302 208
1729:EN 300 220
1594:. The new
1299:activists
1245:panopticon
1048:E-passport
1040:See also:
643:near field
606:worldwide
453:worldwide
146:See also:
6805:is being
6766:(Q104954)
6655:. rsa.com
6546:"R F I D"
6502:. Fsf.org
6030:cite book
5981:10 August
5957:CiteSeerX
5916:: 73–81.
5690:1937-4771
5636:0001-0782
5268:(11): 86.
5089:1030-5033
4737:(3): 19.
4630:"Reuters"
3686:224856329
3525:eptls.org
3255:cite book
3247:231833014
3198:cite book
3143:cite book
3067:CiteSeerX
3016:MakeUseOf
2586:0001-0782
2402:Speedpass
2231:monochrom
2092:June 2012
2084:talk page
2045:the tag.
1996:Shielding
1958:symmetric
1855:EPCglobal
1802:ISO 18185
1764:ISO 14223
1751:Standards
1705:ISM bands
1683:EPCglobal
1640:telemetry
1634:Telemetry
1626:" (PAYT)
1603:terabytes
1586:(UPC) or
1531:does not
1502:broadcast
1487:ski lifts
1390:Doncaster
1316:Libraries
1239:in 2004.
1221:Rotterdam
1217:Barcelona
1153:Wisconsin
1036:Passports
1026:pipelines
870:Decathlon
810:networks)
804:Smartdust
746:terahertz
628:Signaling
555:ISM band
550:microwave
525:ISM band
504:Moderate
295:modulates
185:resonator
181:diaphragm
171:invented
167:In 1945,
93:Unlike a
81:inventory
6883:Wireless
6798:template
6707:23 March
6457:Archived
6440:Archived
6020:7 August
5930:21520509
5744:14 March
5609:18506491
5487:DailyDot
5466:Archived
5244:28009426
5142:(5): 22.
4975:17544841
4919:22857790
4804:16524713
4759:11368940
4751:24578170
4586:10487109
4542:Archived
4442:BBC News
4422:14 March
4400:14 March
3932:Archived
3791:ESPN.com
3593:(2001).
3501:MIT News
3476:MIT News
3403:BBC News
3190:20439390
3135:22463766
3092:14 March
2792:AIM, Inc
2724:51643576
2465:Archived
2289:See also
2141:consent.
2126:boycotts
2008:skimming
1939:skimming
1879:Intermec
1843:EPC Gen2
1396:in west
1331:security
1052:Malaysia
974:railroad
845:Commerce
829:between
762:barcodes
604:ISM band
451:ISM band
410:Remarks
407:section
175:for the
105:(AIDC).
71:, and a
57:identify
6873:Privacy
6759:Scholia
6322:NPR.org
6194:2813360
5862:page 43
5320:8334725
4497:3098538
4375:YouTube
4354:14 June
4323:14 June
4092:25 June
3666:Bibcode
3633:Reuters
2880:15 July
2594:3559353
2517:May 12,
2447:May 12,
2407:TecTile
2306:Bin bug
2116:Privacy
2082:on the
1918:barcode
1690:CompTIA
1673:(IEC),
1644:beacons
1552:removed
1537:sources
1364:Museums
1260:saurian
1004:E-ZPass
859:Walmart
417:(2006)
334:Readers
309:antenna
275:readers
157:FasTrak
142:History
136:billion
129:privacy
125:consent
95:barcode
83:goods.
51:) uses
6817:Curlie
6811:
6802:Curlie
6635:
6402:Slides
6232:. GSA.
6192:
6182:
6011:
6001:"26.5"
5959:
5928:
5858:
5688:
5652:RFID4U
5607:
5597:
5318:
5242:
5087:
4973:
4917:
4873:Impinj
4802:
4792:
4757:
4749:
4584:
4495:
4485:
3684:
3323:
3302:
3281:
3245:
3235:
3188:
3178:
3133:
3123:
3069:
3044:
2965:130729
2963:
2905:RFID4U
2771:
2722:
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