High-level radioactive waste management

513:, the highest percentage of any country, France has been reprocessing its spent reactor fuel since the introduction of nuclear power there. Some reprocessed plutonium is used to make fuel, but more is being produced than is being recycled as reactor fuel. France also reprocesses spent fuel for other countries, but the nuclear waste is returned to the country of origin. Radioactive waste from reprocessing French spent fuel is expected to be disposed of in a geological repository, pursuant to legislation enacted in 1991 that established a 15-year period for conducting radioactive waste management research. Under this legislation, partition and transmutation of long-lived elements, immobilization and conditioning processes, and long-term near surface storage are being investigated by the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA). Disposal in deep geological formations is being studied by the French agency for radioactive waste management (Agence nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets radioactifs), in underground research labs. 982:(the commission). The commission, composed of fifteen members, conducted an extensive two-year study of nuclear waste disposal, what is referred to as the "back end" of the nuclear energy process. The commission established three subcommittees: Reactor and Fuel Cycle Technology, Transportation and Storage, and Disposal. On January 26, 2012, the Commission submitted its final report to Energy Secretary Steven Chu. In the Disposal Subcommittee’s final report, the Commission does not issue recommendations for a specific site but rather presents a comprehensive recommendation for disposal strategies. During their research, the Commission visited Finland, France, Japan, Russia, Sweden, and the UK. In their final report, the Commission put forth seven recommendations for developing a comprehensive strategy to pursue: 274:

accommodate a wide variety of waste-stream compositions, they are easy to scale up to industrial processing, and they are stable against thermal, radiative, and chemical perturbations. These glasses function by binding radioactive elements to nonradioactive glass-forming elements. Phosphate glasses while not being used industrially have much lower dissolution rates than borosilicate glasses, which make them a more favorable option. However, no single phosphate material has the ability to accommodate all of the radioactive products so phosphate storage requires more reprocessing to separate the waste into distinct fractions. Both glasses have to be processed at elevated temperatures making them unusable for some of the more volatile radiotoxic elements.

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facility. In addition to legally-binding agreements, as discussed in Recommendation #4, all affected levels of government (local, state, tribal, etc.) must have, at a minimum, a meaningful consultative role in all other important decisions. Additionally, states and tribes should retain—or where appropriate, be delegated—direct authority over aspects of regulation, permitting, and operations where oversight below the federal level can be exercised effectively and in a way that is helpful in protecting the interests and gaining the confidence of affected communities and citizens.

545: 564:, a salt mine near Gorleben about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Braunschweig. The site was announced in 1977 with plans for a reprocessing plant, spent fuel management, and permanent disposal facilities at a single site. Plans for the reprocessing plant were dropped in 1979. In 2000, the federal government and utilities agreed to suspend underground investigations for three to ten years, and the government committed to ending its use of nuclear power, closing one reactor in 2003. 903: 4827: 31: 931:, but this project was widely opposed, with some of the main concerns being long-distance transportation of waste from across the United States to this site, the possibility of accidents, and the uncertainty of success in isolating nuclear waste from the human environment in perpetuity. Yucca Mountain, with capacity for 70,000 tonnes (150 million pounds) of radioactive waste, was expected to open in 2017. However, the 6684: 4838: 752:

agreement allowing for the replacement of existing reactors, effectively ending the phase-out policy. In 2010, the Swedish government opened up for construction of new nuclear reactors. The new units can only be built at the existing nuclear power sites, Oskarshamn, Ringhals or Forsmark, and only to replace one of the existing reactors, that will have to be shut down for the new one to be able to start up.

763:, about 240 kilometres (150 mi) south of Stockholm on the Baltic coast; transportation of spent fuel; and construction of a permanent repository. Swedish utilities store spent fuel at the reactor site for one year before transporting it to the facility at Oskarshamn, where it will be stored in excavated caverns filled with water for about 30 years before removal to a permanent repository. 153: 876:(NWMO) conducted an extensive three-year study and consultation with Canadians. In 2005, they recommended Adaptive Phased Management, an approach that emphasized both technical and management methods. The technical method included centralized isolation and containment of spent nuclear fuel in a deep geologic repository in a suitable rock formation, such as the granite of the 1088:

concept for an international repository has been advanced by one of the principals in all three ventures. Russia has expressed interest in serving as a repository for other countries, but does not envision sponsorship or control by an international body or group of other countries. South Africa, Argentina and western China have also been mentioned as possible locations.

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Radiation Protection or proposed in the United States. European limits are often more stringent than the standard suggested in 1990 by the International Commission on Radiation Protection by a factor of 20, and more stringent by a factor of ten than the standard proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for

575:"imposed a three-month moratorium on previously announced extensions for Germany's existing nuclear power plants, while shutting seven of the 17 reactors that had been operating since 1981". Protests continued and, on 29 May 2011, Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by 2022. 456:

power plants. The deep disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) has been studied in Belgium for more than 30 years. Boom Clay is studied as a reference host formation for HLW disposal. The Hades underground research laboratory (URL) is located at −223 m (−732 ft) in the Boom Formation at the

257:. Following placement and a period of retrievability, the drillholes would be sealed. In 2018 and again in 2019, a US-based private company conducted tests demonstrating the emplacement and retrieval of a test canister in a horizontal drillhole, though no actual high-level waste was used in these tests. 1052:

The roles, responsibilities, and authorities of local, state, and tribal governments (with respect to facility siting and other aspects of nuclear waste disposal) must be an element of the negotiation between the federal government and the other affected units of government in establishing a disposal

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in 2002, requiring nuclear energy corporations to create a waste management organization to propose to the Government of Canada approaches for management of nuclear waste, and implementation of an approach subsequently selected by the government. The Act defined management as "long term management by

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Meanwhile, electric utilities have been transporting spent fuel to interim storage facilities at Gorleben, Lubmin and Ahaus until temporary storage facilities can be built near reactor sites. Previously, spent fuel was sent to France or the United Kingdom for reprocessing, but this practice was ended

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site near two existing reactors, and the local government approved it in 2000. The Finnish Parliament approved a deep geologic repository there in igneous bedrock at a depth of about 500 metres (1,600 ft) in 2001. The repository concept is similar to the Swedish model, with containers to be clad

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India adopted a closed fuel cycle, which involves reprocessing and recycling of the spent fuel. The reprocessing results in 2-3% of the spent fuel going to waste while the rest is recycled. The waste fuel, called high level liquid waste, is converted to glass through vitrification. Vitrified waste is

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and made voluntary siting a necessary condition. This consensus seeking approach is believed to have a greater chance of success than top-down modes of decision making, but the process is necessarily slow, and there is "inadequate experience around the world to know if it will succeed in all existing

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include borosilicate glasses and phosphate glasses. Borosilicate nuclear waste glasses are used on an industrial scale to immobilize high level radioactive waste in many countries which are producers of nuclear energy or have nuclear weaponry. The glass waste forms have the advantage of being able to

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on the northwest coast across from Ireland, where nuclear waste is vitrified and sealed in stainless steel canisters for dry storage above ground for at least 50 years before eventual deep geologic disposal. Sellafield has a history of environmental and safety problems, including a fire in a nuclear

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It is widely accepted that spent nuclear fuel and high-level reprocessing and plutonium wastes require well-designed storage for periods ranging from tens of thousands to a million years, to minimize releases of the contained radioactivity into the environment. Safeguards are also required to ensure

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Switzerland has five nuclear reactors that provide about 43% of its electricity around 2007 (34% in 2015). Some Swiss spent nuclear fuel has been sent for reprocessing in France and the United Kingdom; most fuel is being stored without reprocessing. An industry-owned organization, ZWILAG, built and

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meltdown in the United States, a referendum was held on the future use of nuclear power in Sweden. In late 1980, after a three-question referendum produced mixed results, the Swedish Parliament decided to phase out existing reactors by 2010. On 5 February 2009, the Government of Sweden announced an

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An Environmental Protection Act in 1991 prohibited importing radioactive material for long-term storage or burial in Russia, but controversial legislation to allow imports for permanent storage was passed by the Russian Parliament and signed by President Putin in 2001. In the long term, the Russian

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Russia has a long history of reprocessing spent fuel for military purposes, and previously planned to reprocess imported spent fuel, possibly including some of the 33,000 tonnes (73 million pounds) of spent fuel accumulated at sites in other countries who received fuel from the U.S., which the

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Given that certain radioactive isotopes have half-lives exceeding one million years, even minimal rates of container leakage and radionuclide migration must be taken into account. It is estimated that several half-lives may pass before some nuclear materials diminish in radioactivity to levels that

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are particularly problematic due to their long half-lives of two million years and 24,000 years, respectively. Handling high-level radioactive waste requires sophisticated treatment processes and long-term strategies such as permanent storage, disposal, or conversion into non-toxic forms to isolate

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during the following year. Thereafter, Pangea ceased operations in Australia but reemerged as Pangea International Association, and in 2002 evolved into the Association for Regional and International Underground Storage with support from Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan and Switzerland. A general

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The current division of regulatory responsibilities for long-term repository performance between the NRC and the EPA is appropriate and should continue. The two agencies should develop new, site-independent safety standards in a formally coordinated joint process that actively engages and solicits

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Belgium has seven nuclear reactors that provide about 52% of its electricity. Belgian spent nuclear fuel was initially sent for reprocessing in France. In 1993, reprocessing was suspended following a resolution of the Belgian parliament; spent fuel is since being stored on the sites of the nuclear

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of these models over extensive time periods. Others insist on the necessity of deep geologic repositories in stable formations. Forecasts concerning the health impacts of long-term radioactive waste disposal are critically assessed, with practical studies typically considering only up to 100 years

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Passage of the Stipulation Act of 1977 transferred responsibility for nuclear waste management from the government to the nuclear industry, requiring reactor operators to present an acceptable plan for waste management with "absolute safety" in order to obtain an operating license. In early 1980,

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were shut down in 1999 and 2005. When these reactors were built, it was expected their nuclear fuel would be reprocessed in a foreign country, and the reprocessing waste would not be returned to Sweden. Later, construction of a domestic reprocessing plant was contemplated, but has not been built.

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In many European countries (e.g., Britain, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland) the risk or dose limit for a member of the public exposed to radiation from a future high-level nuclear waste facility is considerably more stringent than that suggested by the International Commission on

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In 2007, the Canadian government accepted this recommendation, and NWMO was tasked with implementing the recommendation. No specific timeframe was defined for the process. In 2009, the NWMO was designing the process for site selection; siting was expected to take 10 years or more. Site selection

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The Swiss program is considering options for the siting of a deep repository for high-level radioactive waste disposal, and for low and intermediate level wastes. Construction of a repository is not foreseen until well into this century. Research on sedimentary rock (especially Opalinus Clay) is

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In order to store the high level radioactive waste in long-term geological depositories, specific waste forms need to be used which will allow the radioactivity to decay away while the materials retain their integrity for thousands of years. The materials being used can be broken down into a few

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of 1982 established a timetable and procedure for constructing a permanent, underground repository for high-level radioactive waste by the mid-1990s, and provided for some temporary storage of waste, including spent fuel from 104 civilian nuclear reactors that produce about 19.4% of electricity

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Since the fraction of a radioisotope's atoms decaying per unit of time is inversely proportional to its half-life, the relative radioactivity of a quantity of buried human radioactive waste would diminish over time compared to natural radioisotopes; such as the decay chains of 120 million

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In 2000, a Specified Radioactive Waste Final Disposal Act called for creation of a new organization to manage high level radioactive waste, and later that year the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO) was established under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and

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forms offer higher waste loadings than the glass options because ceramics have crystalline structure. Also, mineral analogues of the ceramic waste forms provide evidence for long term durability. Due to this fact and the fact that they can be processed at lower temperatures, ceramics are often

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Finland, the United States and Sweden are the most advanced in developing a deep repository for high-level radioactive waste disposal. Countries vary in their plans on disposing used fuel directly or after reprocessing, with France and Japan having an extensive commitment to reprocessing. The

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In 1983, the government decided to select a site for permanent repository by 2010. With four nuclear reactors providing 29% of its electricity, Finland in 1987 enacted a Nuclear Energy Act making the producers of radioactive waste responsible for its disposal, subject to requirements of its

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considered it "obsolete" and effectively "paralyzed." As of early 2017, the project has not been shelved but it stays frozen and no further action is expected anytime soon. Meanwhile, the spent nuclear fuel and other high-level waste is being kept in the plants' pools, as well as on-site

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over the crust's 30,000 quadrillion tonnes (66,000,000 quadrillion pounds) mass. For instance, over a timeframe of thousands of years, after the most active short half-life radioisotopes decayed, burying U.S. nuclear waste would increase the radioactivity in the top 610 metres

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The management of radioactive waste not only involves technical and scientific considerations but also raises significant ethical concerns regarding the impacts on future generations. The debate over appropriate management strategies includes arguments for and against the reliance on

783:. On 3 June 2009, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Co. chose a location for a deep-level waste site at Östhammar, near Forsmark Nuclear Power plant. The application to build the repository was handed in by SKB 2011, and was approved by the Swedish Government on 27 January 2022. 4684: 642:) is responsible for 31 nuclear reactors which generate about 16% of its electricity. Minatom is also responsible for reprocessing and radioactive waste disposal, including over 25,000 tonnes (55 million pounds) of spent nuclear fuel in temporary storage in 2001. 798:

operates a central interim storage facility for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste, and for conditioning low-level radioactive waste and for incinerating wastes. Other interim storage facilities predating ZWILAG continue to operate in Switzerland.

759:. (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, known as SKB) was created in 1980 and is responsible for final disposal of nuclear waste there. This includes operation of a monitored retrievable storage facility, the Central Interim Storage Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel at 919:

there. The United States in April 2008 had about 56,000 tonnes (120 million pounds) of spent fuel and 20,000 canisters of solid defense-related waste, and this is expected to increase to 119,000 tonnes (260 million pounds) by 2035. The U.S. opted for

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that neither plutonium nor highly enriched uranium is diverted to weapon use. There is general agreement that placing spent nuclear fuel in repositories hundreds of meters below the surface would be safer than indefinite storage of spent fuel on the surface.

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site, construction, operation and closure of the facility for waste emplacement by 2040. Site selection began in 2002 and application information was sent to 3,239 municipalities, but by 2006, no local government had volunteered to host the facility.

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on the southeast coast of India. Plutonium will be used in a fast breeder reactor (under construction) to produce more fuel, and other waste vitrified at Tarapur and Trombay. Interim storage for 30 years is expected, with eventual disposal in a

204:, between 500–1,000 metres (1,600–3,300 ft) below the surface, where rooms or vaults can be created for the disposal of radioactive waste. The aim is to isolate the waste permanently from the human environment. Concerns about immediate 1469:

The applicability and limitations of the geochemical models and tools used in simulating radionuclide behavior in natural waters: Lessons learned from the blind predictive modelling exercises performed in conjunction with natural analogue

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Assured access to the balance in the Nuclear Waste Fund (NWF) and to the revenues generated by annual nuclear waste fee payments from utility ratepayers is absolutely essential and must be provided to the new nuclear waste management

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is underway in several countries, with the first expected to be operational after 2017. The basic concept involves identifying a large, stable geological formation and using mining technology to excavate a deep tunnel or shaft using

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Conceptual design of a permanent repository was determined by 1983, calling for placement of copper-clad iron canisters in granite bedrock about 500 metres (1,600 ft) underground, below the water table in what is known as the

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The United States should undertake an integrated nuclear waste management program that leads to the timely development of one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear

489:, with responsibility for site selection, construction and operation of a permanent repository. A 1994 amendment to the Act required final disposal of spent fuel in Finland, prohibiting the import or export of radioactive waste. 832:

In 1982 the Nuclear Industry Radioactive Waste Management Executive (NIREX) was established with responsibility for disposing of long-lived nuclear waste and in 2006 a Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) of the

442:’s expert panel has said Japan's seismic conditions makes it difficult to predict ground conditions over the necessary 100,000 years, so it will be impossible to convince the public of the safety of deep geological disposal. 127:

identified the need for stable geological formations and human institutions that can endure for extended periods, noting the absence of any civilization or geological formation that has proven stable for such durations.

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plan is for deep geologic disposal. Most attention has been paid to locations where waste has accumulated in temporary storage at Mayak, near Chelyabinsk in the Ural Mountains, and in granite at Krasnoyarsk in Siberia.

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a nuclear waste repository as they are "concerned about their community becoming a de facto site for waste for thousands of years, the health and environmental consequences of an accident, and lower property values".

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are not harmful to living organisms. A 1983 review by the National Academy of Sciences endorsed the Swedish nuclear waste program’s estimate that isolation of waste might be necessary for up to one million years.

5447: 123:, though progress in implementing these long-term solutions has been slow. This challenge is exacerbated by the timeframes required for safe decay, ranging from 10,000 to millions of years. Thus, physicist 2372: 1095:

is negotiating a European-wide waste disposal system with single disposal sites that can be used by several EU-countries. This EU-wide storage possibility is being researched under the SAPIERR-2 program.

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method involves drilling over one kilometer vertically and two kilometers horizontally into the earth’s crust to dispose of high-level waste forms such as spent nuclear fuel and specific isotopes like

3302: 336:, where a temporary spent fuel storage facility has been constructed. Geological disposal has been studied since 1985, and a permanent deep geological repository was required by law in 2003. Sites in 1032:

Standards- and science-based—in the sense that the public can have confidence that all facilities meet rigorous, objective, and consistently-applied standards of safety and environmental protection.

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Committee on Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste through Geological Isolation, Board on Radioactive Waste Management, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council. (2001).

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which produced 21% of the country's electricity in 2013. Furthermore, there is legacy high-level waste from another two older, closed plants. Between 2004 and 2011, a bipartisan initiative of the

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decides what to do with the waste, it will stay at COVRA, which currently has a license to operate for one hundred years. As of early 2017, there are no plans for a permanent disposal facility.

3525: 234:, where nuclear fission reactions occurred 1.7 billion years ago, fission products have moved less than three meters. This minimal movement is attributed possibly more to retention within the 472:, the Belgian agency for radioactive waste management. In Belgium, the regulatory body in charge of guidance and licensing approval is the Federal Agency of Nuclear Control, created in 2001. 104:

rule, which means that the intensity of radiation decreases over time as the rate of decay is inversely proportional to the duration of decay. In other words, the radiation from a long-lived

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recommended geologic disposal 200–1,000 metres (660–3,280 ft) underground. NIREX developed a generic repository concept based on the Swedish model but has not yet selected a site. A

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told a Senate hearing "the Yucca Mountain site no longer was viewed as an option for storing reactor waste." Starting in 1999, military-generated nuclear waste is being entombed at the

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However, soon before groundbreaking was slated to begin in 2015, the project was stopped because of a mix of geological, technical, political and ecological problems. By late 2015, the

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showed interest in 2007, but its mayor resigned due to local opposition. In December 2013 the government decided to identify suitable candidate areas before approaching municipalities.

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A new, single-purpose organization is needed to develop and implement a focused, integrated program for the transportation, storage, and disposal of nuclear waste in the United States.

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is responsible for packaging waste from reprocessing and will eventually relieve British Nuclear Fuels Ltd. of responsibility for power reactors and the Sellafield reprocessing plant.

1948: 536:, a site near Meuse/Haute-Marne and dropped the others from further consideration. Legislation was proposed in 2006 to license a repository by 2020, with operations expected in 2035. 144:

for planning and cost evaluation. Ongoing research continues to inform the long-term behavior of radioactive wastes, influencing management strategies and national policies globally.

332:), ten reactors provide about 2% of electricity and five more are under construction. China made a commitment to reprocessing in the 1980s; a pilot plant is under construction at 5635: 4741: 1015:

A new approach is needed to site and develop nuclear waste facilities in the United States in the future. We believe that these processes are most likely to succeed if they are:

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considered siting an international repository in the outback of South Australia or Western Australia in 1998, but this stimulated legislative opposition in both states and the

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Despite some scientists advocating for the feasibility of relinquishing control over radioactive materials to geohydrologic processes, skepticism remains due to the lack of

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Adaptive—in the sense that process itself is flexible and produces decisions that are responsive to new information and new technical, social, or political developments.

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for the first 10,000 years after closure. Moreover, the U.S. EPA’s proposed standard for greater than 10,000 years is 250 times more permissive than the European limit.

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Enlargement and integration workshop: European collaboration for the management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste by technology transfer and shared facilities

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Consent-based—in the sense that affected communities have an opportunity to decide whether to accept facility siting decisions and retain significant local control.

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U.S. originally pledged to take back, such as Brazil, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, Mexico, Slovenia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the European Union.

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accessible from land. This method is not restricted by international treaties and is recognized as a feasible and advanced technology for nuclear waste disposal.

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considered the next generation in high level radioactive waste forms. Ceramic waste forms offer great potential, but a lot of research remains to be done.

461: 5230: 4509: 1809: 384:. However, due to the strong resistance from local community in the island, the nuclear waste has to be stored at the power plant facilities themselves. 971:

in such a volume, although the vicinity of the site would have a far higher concentration of artificial radioisotopes underground than such an average.

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McCall, A; King, S (April 30 – May 4, 2006). "Generic repository concept development and assessment for UK high-level waste and spent nuclear fuel".

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Muller, Richard A.; Finsterle, Stefan; Grimsich, John; Baltzer, Rod; Muller, Elizabeth A.; Rector, James W.; Payer, Joe; Apps, John (May 29, 2019).

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has recommended the categorization of waste by level of radioactivity rather than the source of the waste which would enable new management plans.

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crystal structure than to actual insolubility or sorption by moving groundwater. The uraninite crystals at Oklo are better preserved than those in

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sedimentary rocks. Also recommended was a phased decision-making process supported by a program of continuous learning, research and development.

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and an absolute veto given to local governments in which a proposed repository would be located. Producers of nuclear waste organized the company

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Sixteen nuclear reactors produce about 3% of India’s electricity, and seven more are under construction. Spent fuel is processed at facilities in

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Transparent—in the sense that all stakeholders have an opportunity to understand key decisions and engage in the process in a meaningful way.

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desert in northwestern China are under investigation, with a final site expected to be selected by 2020, and actual disposal by about 2050.

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concept. In late 2011 and early 2012 the final green light was given, preliminary studies were being completed and land was purchased near

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Staged—in the sense that key decisions are revisited and modified as necessary along the way rather than being pre-determined in advance.

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Luo, S; Li, Liyu; Tang, Baolong; Wang, Dexi (1998). "Synroc immobilization of high level waste (HLW) bearing a high content of sodium".

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As of early 2017, there are no plans for a permanent high-level disposal facility either. Low- and medium-level waste is stored in the

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megatonnes (260 quadrillion pounds) of thorium and 40 million megatonnes (88 quadrillion pounds) of uranium which are

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In 2007 the United Kingdom has 19 operating reactors, producing about 20% of its electricity. It processes much of its spent fuel at

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The countries that have made the most progress towards a repository for high-level radioactive waste have typically started with

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means of storage or disposal, including handling, treatment, conditioning or transport for the purpose of storage or disposal."

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between the two potential host communities (Ingace, Ontario / South Bruce, Ontario) is expected to be complete by Fall 2024

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clay. After examining six possible locations for a permanent repository, three were nominated for further investigation, at

723: 468:, the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre which initiated the research on waste disposal in Belgium in the 1970s and 1980s and 6195: 6028: 5452: 5380: 4564: 4524: 4489: 3983: 3881: 2549: 1121: 940: 792: 560:

Nuclear waste policy in Germany is in flux. German planning for a permanent geologic repository began in 1974, focused on

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of such disposal methods have been raised with suggestions that continuous management and monitoring would be preferable.

157: 6700: 3559: 2396:"Commissioning and operation of high level radioactive waste vitrification and storage facilities: The Indian experience" 7071: 7046: 7011: 6880: 6788: 6538: 6275: 5984: 5738: 5235: 4862: 4857: 4652: 4589: 4579: 2116: 2035:

Clark, S., Ewing, R. Panel 5 Report: Advanced Waste Forms. Basic Research Needs for Advanced Energy Systems 2006, 59–74.

936: 603: 738:, as of 2007 there are ten operating nuclear reactors that produce about 45% of its electricity. Two other reactors in 7204: 7164: 7139: 6688: 6601: 6573: 6530: 6495: 6333: 6160: 6098: 5923: 5827: 5713: 5181: 4881: 4776: 4599: 4494: 4484: 4479: 4329: 4147: 2434: 1035:

Governed by partnership arrangements or legally-enforceable agreements with host states, tribes and local communities.

951: 4746: 3952:"Adjudicating Deep Time: Revisiting The United States' High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository Project At Yucca Mountain" 3760: 1783: 3776:

Keith Ridler. Associated Press. (29 December 2021). "U.S. affirms new interpretation for high-level nuclear waste".

7184: 7124: 7091: 7031: 6985: 6945: 6910: 6381: 6060: 5578: 5535: 5387: 4630: 4604: 4594: 4584: 4554: 4534: 4364: 1250: 1126: 932: 748: 712: 549: 427: 414: 173: 120: 7134: 6033: 3487: 544: 7294: 7227: 7209: 7189: 7169: 7149: 7129: 7101: 7096: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7006: 7001: 6930: 6925: 6915: 6875: 6820: 6676: 6358: 5967: 5750: 4647: 4574: 4539: 4529: 4514: 3194: 1481: 1113: 242:, likely due to the incomplete nuclear reactions that make the reaction products less vulnerable to groundwater. 803: 7144: 7106: 7081: 7041: 7021: 6970: 6940: 6870: 6865: 6793: 6743: 6606: 6448: 6348: 6260: 5469: 5355: 5315: 5127: 915: 439: 7154: 1816: 6227: 7261: 7219: 7199: 7194: 7179: 7174: 7159: 7051: 7036: 6975: 6935: 6920: 6885: 6835: 6783: 6773: 6763: 6478: 6453: 6067: 5844: 5650: 5573: 5530: 5513: 5474: 5397: 4689: 1645:"Spent Fuel and High Level Waste: Chemical Durability and Performance under Simulated Repository Conditions" 1551: 855: 510: 7248: 7240: 7026: 7016: 6830: 6825: 6778: 6768: 6343: 5630: 5174: 4399: 3966: 3850:

McCombie, Charles (April 29 – May 3, 2001). "International and regional repositories: The key questions".

1374:"Public Health and Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada; Proposed Rule" 1131: 662: 3987:

Risk analysis and scientific method: Methodological and ethical problems with evaluating societal hazards

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Hebert, H. Josef. 2009. "Nuclear waste won't be going to Nevada's Yucca Mountain, Obama official says."

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Disposition of high-level waste and spent nuclear fuel: The continuing societal and technical challenges

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simulation models and natural geological barriers to contain radionuclides post-repository closure.

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The bedrock of opinion: Science, technology and society in the siting of high-level nuclear waste

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Three sites were identified for possible deep geologic disposal in clay near the border of

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The land-based subductive waste disposal method proposes disposing of nuclear waste in a

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Proceedings of the 9th International High-level Radioactive Waste Management Conference

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proposal, which eliminated all funding except that needed to answer inquiries from the

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Governments worldwide are exploring various disposal strategies, usually focusing on a

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country-specific status of high-level waste management plans are described below.

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classes: glass waste forms, ceramic waste forms, and nanostructured materials.

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International Atomic Energy Agency – Internet Directory of Nuclear Resources

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promoted the construction of an interim centralized storage facility (ATC,

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Nuclear power in the United Kingdom § Waste management and disposal

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at relatively trace concentrations of parts per million each

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Schematic of a geologic repository under construction at

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method. Space around the canisters will be filled with

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May–June 2006. 856:Nuclear power in Canada 462:Economic Interest Group 226:site discovered at the 4832:Environment portal 4510:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4400:water recycling shower 3692:"About the Commission" 3380:Choosing a way forward 3365:Nuclear Fuel Waste Act 2369:www.downtoearth.org.in 2288:"Rock solid ambitions" 1677:Cite journal requires 911: 557: 202:tunnel boring machines 189: 169: 161: 148:Deep geologic disposal 46: 7280:Nuclear energy policy 5641:Anti-nuclear movement 4200:Municipal solid waste 4180:Industrial wastewater 3223:. Grimsel Test Site. 969:natural radioisotopes 905: 547: 206:stewardship cessation 184: 167: 155: 54:radioactive materials 33: 6549:Reversed field pinch 6344:Traveling-wave (TWR) 5828:Supercritical (SCWR) 5326:Gemstone irradiation 4395:water heat recycling 4300:Garden waste dumping 3547:. March 6, 2009, 4. 2394:Raj, Kanwar (2005). 2341:. 21 February 2012. 2214:Benjamin K. Sovacool 1168:Nuclear reprocessing 1122:Horizontal Drillhole 1069:Biden administration 933:Obama Administration 382:nuclear power plants 304:public consultations 141:empirical validation 5714:Aqueous homogeneous 5509:Reprocessed uranium 5182:Safety and security 4762:Eco-industrial park 4350:appliance recycling 4270:Anaerobic digestion 4215:Post-consumer waste 4113:Biodegradable waste 3965:(2). Archived from 3595:2006IJEnS..63..859S 2991:2002BuAtS..58e..33W 2556:. 21 January 2014. 2479:2001BuAtS..57c..58B 2204:, 2009, 34, p. 145. 2168:1998WaMan..18...55L 2094:2008Eleme...4..113O 2059:2006Eleme...2..357G 1890:1976SciAm.235a..36C 1878:Scientific American 1418:1979BuAtS..35h..12A 866:Canadian Parliament 724:Province of Cordoba 696:Regional Government 556:in northern Germany 6628:Dense plasma focus 5543:Actinide chemistry 5008:Isotope separation 4905:Nuclear technology 4807:Waste minimisation 4752:Cleaner production 4417:Reusable packaging 4330:Mechanical sorting 4133:Construction waste 4019:Radwaste Solutions 3950:Ialenti, Vincent. 3829:Nuclear Waste News 3673:2012-02-04 at the 3654:2019-01-27 at the 3528:2021-11-06 at the 2961:2007-10-16 at the 2813:Radwaste Solutions 2586:on 26 January 2016 2133:10.1557/mrs2009.12 2022:10.3390/en13040833 1989:10.3390/en12112052 1447:2018-06-20 at the 912: 779:, Oskarshamn, and 671:Spanish Government 562:salt dome Gorleben 558: 340:Province near the 197:nuclear spent fuel 170: 162: 81:spent nuclear fuel 47: 35:Spent nuclear fuel 7303: 7302: 7290:Nuclear accidents 7258: 7245: 7232: 6710: 6709: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6607:Magnetized-target 6504: 6503: 6467: 6466: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6238: 6237: 6122: 6121: 6054: 6053: 5659: 5658: 5614: 5613: 5483: 5482: 5470:Weapon-free zones 5297: 5296: 5289:Radiopharmacology 4871: 4870: 4802:Waste legislation 4711:Sanitation worker 4685:London Convention 4621:Bamako Convention 4412:Resource recovery 4380:textile recycling 4375:plastic recycling 4355:battery recycling 4295:Ecological design 4220:Radioactive waste 3945:978-1-4443-1937-8 3916:978-0-87480-903-9 3716:on 17 August 2012 3698:on April 1, 2012. 3464:Missing or empty 1851:(81): 1534–1546. 1236:978-0-08-099392-8 1173:Radioactive waste 1058:Recommendation #7 1049:Recommendation #6 1040:Recommendation #5 1012:Recommendation #4 1003:Recommendation #3 995:Recommendation #2 986:Recommendation #1 749:Three Mile Island 358:Republic of China 193:radioactive waste 98:Radioactive decay 66:Radioactive waste 16:(Redirected from 7325: 7256: 7243: 7230: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6714: 6698: 6697: 6686: 6685: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6585: 6544:Levitated dipole 6514: 6506: 6454:Helium gas (GFR) 6317: 6312: 6249: 6133: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6070: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5686: 5678: 5670:Nuclear reactors 5665: 5564:High-level (HLW) 5494: 5341: 5321:Food irradiation 5311:Atomic gardening 5204: 5187:Nuclear meltdown 5013:Nuclear material 5003:Fissile material 4998:Fertile material 4913: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4840: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4695:OSPAR Convention 4626:Basel Convention 4437:Waste collection 4427:Sewage treatment 4385:timber recycling 4360:bottle recycling 4340:Reclaimed lumber 4335:Photodegradation 4257: 4175:Industrial waste 4143:Electronic waste 4138:Demolition waste 4118:Biomedical waste 4092:waste management 4077: 4070: 4063: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4032:. Archived from 3980: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3956: 3920: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3766:on June 1, 2012. 3765: 3759:. Archived from 3758: 3749: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3712:. Archived from 3706: 3700: 3699: 3694:. Archived from 3688: 3677: 3664: 3658: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3630:. Archived from 3629: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3578: 3572: 3571:Accessed 3-6-09. 3570: 3568: 3567: 3558:. Archived from 3539: 3533: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3135: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2974: 2965: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2546: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2316:. 3 April 2013. 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2249: 2224: 2211: 2205: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2156:Waste Management 2151: 2145: 2144: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1936: 1930: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1846: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1704:(27 June 2011). 1702:Frank von Hippel 1693: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1618: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1587: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1542: 1528: 1522: 1506: 1500: 1479: 1473: 1465: 1459: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1378: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1188: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1081:Pangea Resources 978:established the 945:Energy Secretary 701:dry cask storage 628:Dutch government 438:The head of the 433:Kōchi Prefecture 21: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7299: 7266: 7214: 7117: 7116:Abandoned plans 7111: 6990: 6963: 6955: 6903: 6895: 6853: 6845: 6812: 6803: 6755: 6746: 6741: 6711: 6706: 6671: 6669: 6652: 6616: 6583: 6568: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6463: 6368: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6290: 6234: 6165: 6140: 6118: 6090: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6050: 6016: 6007: 5989: 5954: 5945: 5859: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5746:Natural fission 5700: 5699: 5687: 5682: 5672: 5655: 5631:Nuclear weapons 5610: 5569:Low-level (LLW) 5547: 5479: 5431: 5330: 5293: 5240: 5193: 5114: 5046: 4969: 4907: 4902: 4872: 4867: 4843:Category: Waste 4824: 4816: 4797:Waste hierarchy 4730: 4721:Waste collector 4699: 4690:Oslo Convention 4609: 4461: 4457:Waste-to-energy 4452:Waste treatment 4422:Right to repair 4320:Landfill mining 4305:Illegal dumping 4258: 4249: 4210:Packaging waste 4205:Open defecation 4165:Hazardous waste 4094: 4081: 4039: 4037: 4030:UNEP Earthwatch 4024: 4003: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3954: 3949: 3939:, Wiley, 2010. 3935:Donald, I. W., 3932: 3930:Further reading 3917: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3680: 3675:Wayback Machine 3665: 3661: 3656:Wayback Machine 3646: 3642: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3555:Chicago Tribune 3548: 3544:Chicago Tribune 3540: 3536: 3530:Wayback Machine 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3495:Duke University 3490: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3463: 3451: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3077: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2963:Wayback Machine 2954: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2932:"COVRA website" 2930: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2760: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2724: 2714: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2645: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2554:The Japan Times 2548: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2515:. Tokyo. 2002. 2507: 2506: 2502: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2409:(2/3): 148–63. 2398: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2227: 2212: 2208: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1917: 1913: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1849:Current Science 1844: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1791: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1676: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1529: 1525: 1507: 1503: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1462: 1449:Wayback Machine 1437: 1433: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1324: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1199: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1077: 976:President Obama 954:in New Mexico. 900: 894: 878:Canadian Shield 858: 852: 847: 818: 812: 795: 789: 732: 685:Villar de Cañas 656: 636: 585: 542: 507: 478: 453: 448: 423: 390: 350: 326: 321: 288: 263: 240:spent fuel rods 224:nuclear fission 222:At the natural 217:subduction zone 176: 150: 62:nuclear weapons 60:production and 56:generated from 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7331: 7329: 7321: 7320: 7310: 7309: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7251: 7246: 7238: 7233: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7118:for new plants 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6861:Czech Republic 6857: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6841:United Kingdom 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6638:Muon-catalyzed 6635: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6578: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6329:Integral (IFR) 6326: 6320: 6314: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6080: 6073: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5959: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5849: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5646:Uranium mining 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5519:Minor actinide 5516: 5511: 5500: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5216:Autoradiograph 5212: 5210: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4938:Atomic nucleus 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4834: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4716:Street sweeper 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4600:United Kingdom 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4390:tire recycling 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4370:land recycling 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4280:Biodegradation 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4240:Surface runoff 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4128:Chemical waste 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4002: 4001:External links 3999: 3998: 3997: 3981: 3947: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3866: 3857: 3842: 3819: 3800:(2): 283–301. 3782: 3769: 3727: 3701: 3678: 3659: 3640: 3637:on 2012-12-18. 3616: 3589:(6): 859–872. 3573: 3534: 3515: 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A10. 2818: 2803: 2758: 2735: 2708: 2690: 2681: 2656: 2622: 2597: 2571: 2538: 2529: 2500: 2457: 2448: 2445:on 2007-12-14. 2426: 2386: 2356: 2330: 2305: 2278: 2269: 2225: 2206: 2190: 2181: 2146: 2107: 2072: 2053:(6): 357–364. 2037: 2028: 1995: 1962: 1931: 1911: 1868: 1832: 1800: 1774: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1688: 1679:|journal= 1636: 1605: 1574: 1543: 1523: 1501: 1474: 1460: 1431: 1396: 1365: 1340: 1322: 1302: 1272: 1261:on 13 May 2013 1242: 1235: 1217: 1208: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1101: 1098: 1076: 1073: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 996: 992: 991: 987: 925:Yucca Mountain 896:Main article: 893: 890: 872:The resulting 854:Main article: 851: 848: 846: 843: 814:Main article: 811: 810:United Kingdom 808: 791:Main article: 788: 785: 731: 728: 655: 652: 635: 632: 584: 581: 579:in July 2005. 541: 538: 506: 503: 477: 474: 452: 449: 447: 444: 422: 419: 389: 386: 370:Taitung County 349: 346: 325: 322: 320: 317: 287: 284: 262: 259: 172:Main article: 149: 146: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7330: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7306: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6806: 6800: 6799:United States 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6703: 6702: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6595:electrostatic 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6374:Generation IV 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6324:Breeder (FBR) 6322: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6301: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6010: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626:Nuclear power 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5606:Transmutation 5604: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:high-altitude 5401: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5393:Proliferation 5391: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:Brachytherapy 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5075:Cross section 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4864: 4863:Organizations 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Landfill fire 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4631:EU directives 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4605:United States 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442:Waste sorting 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4190:Marine debris 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4036:on 2008-12-23 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995:90-277-1836-9 3992: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3972:on 2015-11-27 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3884:on 2007-06-26 3883: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3715: 3711: 3710:"Please Note" 3705: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3562:on 2011-03-24 3561: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3459: 3446: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3401: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3281:1-85293-005-5 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3256:1-85750-225-6 3252: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3176:on 2009-01-18 3175: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3143:0-915707-29-2 3139: 3134: 3133: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3114:0-520-04199-2 3110: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3094: 3082: 3078: 3076:1-4020-0477-X 3072: 3068: 3067: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3040:1-57477-022-5 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2828:Seattle Times 2822: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2780: 2765: 2761: 2759:0-309-07317-0 2755: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2719: 2711: 2709:0-471-96090-X 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2612:on 2008-10-11 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928:0-412-28630-0 1925: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1869: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1822:on 2008-12-16 1818: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1790:on 2017-05-25 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1671: 1653: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1622: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1560: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540:0-7881-0683-X 1537: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520:0-520-08244-3 1517: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1498:0-88738-713-6 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457:0-8020-9607-7 1454: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1382: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1329: 1325: 1323:0-309-05289-0 1319: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1303: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1198:on 2011-07-16 1197: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148:Into Eternity 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132:Deep Borehole 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007:organization. 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 994: 993: 988: 985: 984: 983: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 961: 955: 953: 949: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 909: 908:nuclear waste 904: 899: 892:United States 891: 889: 885: 883: 879: 875: 870: 867: 863: 857: 849: 845:North America 844: 842: 840: 836: 830: 828: 823: 817: 809: 807: 805: 799: 794: 786: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 764: 762: 758: 753: 750: 744: 741: 737: 729: 727: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 653: 651: 647: 643: 641: 633: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 582: 580: 576: 574: 573:Angela Merkel 571:, Chancellor 570: 565: 563: 555: 551: 546: 539: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 504: 502: 500: 495: 490: 488: 484: 475: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 450: 445: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 420: 418: 416: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 387: 385: 383: 379: 378:nuclear waste 375: 371: 367: 366:Orchid Island 363: 359: 355: 347: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 323: 318: 316: 313: 308: 305: 300: 298: 292: 285: 283: 280: 279:ceramic waste 275: 272: 267: 260: 258: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 213: 209: 207: 203: 198: 194: 188: 183: 181: 175: 166: 160:site, Finland 159: 154: 147: 145: 142: 137: 135: 129: 126: 125:Hannes Alfvén 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 89:plutonium-239 86: 85:neptunium-237 82: 77: 75: 71: 70:radionuclides 67: 64:manufacture. 63: 59: 58:nuclear power 55: 51: 44: 40: 36: 32: 19: 7305: 7087:Saudi Arabia 6951:South Africa 6699: 6687: 6668: 6648:Pyroelectric 6602:Laser-driven 6382:Sodium (SFR) 6309:fast-neutron 6148: 5694: 5584:Reprocessing 5465:WMD treaties 5284:Radiosurgery 5254:Fast-neutron 5226:Scintigraphy 4771: 4735:Other topics 4726:Waste picker 4653:incineration 4432:Urban mining 4310:Incineration 4290:Durable good 4235:Sharps waste 4195:Mining waste 4038:. 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