468:(NCRP) in 1949. The "no-threshold" position effectively assumes, from data extrapolated from the atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that even negligible doses of radiation increase one's risk of cancer linearly as the exposure increases from a value of 0 up to high dose rates. The LNT model therefore suggests that radiation exposure from naturally occurring background radiation may be harmful. There is no biological evidence and weak statistical evidence that doses below 100 mSv have any biological effect.
20:
1812:
445:
in the later Middle Ages. Some million certified “witches” were executed because they could not prove that they had not caused harm to someone or something. In the same way, since one cannot prove that tiny amounts of radiation did not cause a particular leukemia—for that matter one cannot prove that
385:
As the increase in radiation in
Denmark was so low that almost no increased risk of birth defects was expected, the public debate and anxiety among the pregnant women and their husbands "caused" more fetal deaths in Denmark than the accident. This underlines the importance of public debate, the role
80:
was reported as suffering. The term "radiophobia" was also printed in
Australian newspapers in the 1930s and 1940s, assuming a similar meaning. The 1949 poem by Margarent Mercia Baker entitled "Radiophobia" laments the intrusion of advertising into radio broadcasts. The term remained in use with its
84:
During the 1950s and 1960s, the
Science Service associated the term with fear of gamma radiation and the medical use of x-rays. A Science Service article published in several American newspapers proposed that "radiophobia" could be attributed to the publication of information regarding the "genetic
402:
initially thinking it prudent to interrupt otherwise wanted pregnancies and/or were unable to resist requests from worried pregnant mothers over fears of radiation; within a few weeks misconceptions within the medical profession were largely cleared up, although worries persisted in the general
349:
However, the psychological phobia of radiation in sufferers may not coincide with an actual life-threatening exposure to an individual or their children. Radiophobia refers only to a display of anxiety disproportionate to the actual quantity of radiation one is exposed to, with, in many cases,
49:
compared to other risks. It can impede rational decision-making and contribute to counter-productive behavior and policies. Radiophobia is primarily a social phenomenon as opposed to a purely psychological dynamic. The term is also used to describe the opposition to the use of
344:
It treats the normal impulse to self-protection, natural to everything living, your moral suffering, your anguish and your concern about the fate of your children, relatives and friends, and your own physical suffering and sickness as a result of delirium, of pathological
204:, are strong metaphors for post-war radiophobia. The opening scene of Gojira echoes the story of the Daigo Fukuryū Maru, from the initial distant flash of light to survivors being found with radiation burns. Although he found the special effects unconvincing,
372:
Throughout the
European continent, in nations where abortion is legal, many requests for induced abortions, of otherwise normal pregnancies, were obtained out of fears of radiation from Chernobyl; including an excess number of abortions of healthy human
92:"A healthy respect for the hazards of radiation is desirable. When atomic testing began in the early 1950s, these hazards were grossly exaggerated, producing a new psychological disorder which has been called "radiophobia" or "nuclear neurosis".
159:
This incident, due to the era of secrecy around nuclear weapons, created widespread fear of uncontrolled and unpredictable nuclear weapons, and also of radioactively contaminated fish affecting the
Japanese food supply. With the publication of
491:
reported that ″about 1,600 people died from the stress of the evacuation″. The forced evacuation of 154,000 people ″was not justified by the relatively moderate radiation levels″, but was ordered because ″the government basically panicked″.
151:
into bags. Kuboyama
Aikichi, the boat's chief radioman, died 7 months later, on September 23, 1954. It was later estimated that about a hundred fishing boats were contaminated to some degree by fallout from the test. Inhabitants of the
303:
The term "radiation phobia syndrome" was introduced in 1987 by L. A. Ilyin and O. A. Pavlovsky in their report "Radiological consequences of the
Chernobyl accident in the Soviet Union and measures taken to mitigate their impact".
517:
in the treatment of cancerous conditions. Radiophobia can be a fear which patients experience before and after either of these procedures; it is therefore the responsibility of the healthcare professional at the time, often a
582:
168:
from the Castle Bravo test was nearly a thousand times greater than that stated officially, outcry in Japan reached such a level that the incident was dubbed by some as "a second
Hiroshima". To prevent the subsequent strong
446:
they caused it either—those who wish to succumb to low-level phobia succumb. As a result nuclear energy under siege. Not until the low–level controversy is resolved can we expect nuclear energy to be fully accepted."
1516:"Epidemiology Without Biology: False Paradigms, Unfounded Assumptions, and Specious Statistics in Radiation Science (with Commentaries by Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake and Christopher Busby and a Reply by the Authors)"
66:
The term was used in a paper entitled "Radio-phobia and radio-mania" presented by Dr Albert
Soiland of Los Angeles in 1903. In the 1920s, the term was used to describe people who were afraid of
231:. At the end of the film, the foundry worker who lives in fear has been declared incompetent by his family, but the possible partial validity of his fears has transferred over to his doctor.
495:
At the same time as part of the public fears radiation, some commercial products are also promoted on the basis of their radioactive content, such as "negative ion" bracelets or radon spas.
357:
Marvin
Goldman is an American doctor who provided commentary to newspapers claiming that radiophobia had taken a larger toll than the fallout itself had, and that radiophobia was to blame.
354:. Anxiety following a response to an actual life-threatening level of exposure to radiation is not considered to be radiophobia, nor misplaced anxiety, but a normal, appropriate response.
299:. Relocation is not easy, the stress is very big. We must not only track those problems, but also treat them. Otherwise people will feel they are just guinea pigs in our research.
976:
423:
effects, there was an observed 2500 excess of otherwise wanted pregnancies being terminated, probably out of fear in the mother of some kind of perceived radiation risk.
509:
Radiation, most commonly in the form of X-rays, is used frequently in society in order to produce positive outcomes. The primary uses of radiation in healthcare are in
1150:
184:
The surviving crew members, and their family, would later experience prejudice and discrimination, as local people thought that radiation was contagious.
1753:
1196:
L. A. Ilyin and O. A. Pavlovsky,"Radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident in the Soviet Union and measures taken to mitigate their impact"
1179:
366:
1475:
240:
depicts a future just six years later, based on the premise that a nuclear war has released so much radioactive fallout that all life in the
1497:
1666:
592:
46:
430:, where, upon initial request, "a week of reflection" followed by a 2 to 3 week "health system" delay usually occur before the procedure.
553:, there is the possibility of persons experiencing radiophobia when radiophobia sufferers are near industrial radiographic equipment.
472:
1271:
1221:
984:
1695:
562:
1169:
RESPONSABILITES OCCIDENTALES DANS LES CONSEQUENCES SANITAIRES DE LA CATASTROPHE DE TCHERNOBYL, EN BIELORUSSIE, UKRAINE ET RUSSIE
485:
has also attributed suffering of the Japanese to radiophobia in interviews and formal presentations. Four years after the event
959:
291:
consequences are enormous. Life expectancy of the evacuees dropped from 65 to 58 years—not because of cancer, but because of
1832:
1057:
1177:"Western responsibility regarding the health consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe in Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia"
31:
1802:
1572:
350:
radiation exposure values equal to, or not much higher than, what individuals are naturally exposed to every day from
996:
The Japanese government and people dubbed it "a second Hiroshima" and it nearly led to severing diplomatic relations.
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820:
671:
543:
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from turning into an anti-American movement, the Japanese and U.S. governments agreed on compensation of 2 million
1122:
1097:
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The Castle Bravo test and the new fears of radioactive fallout inspired a new direction in art and cinema. The
140:
139:. Approximately 2 weeks after the test and fallout exposure, the 23-member fishing crew began to fall ill with
1195:
895:
870:
315:
441:"My former colleague, William Clark, has likened the public’s frenzy over small environmental insults to the
365:
Following the accident, journalists mistrusted many medical professionals (such as the spokesman from the UK
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337:
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effects of radiation on human physiology. Advising patients and other irradiated persons of the various
170:
72:
464:(Linear no-threshold response model for ionizing radiation) of radiation security proposed by the U.S.
127:
920:
460:
The term "radiophobia" is also sometimes used in the arguments against proponents of the conservative
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236:
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of the mass media and of the way in which National Health authorities participate in this debate.
269:
51:
42:
1573:"Minimising the Health Consequences of Nuclear Accidents – Do We Need to Reassess Our Response?"
1218:
1740:
1598:
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1471:
1461:
1443:
1402:
1353:
1304:
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1175:[eds.: Ivo Rens and, Joël Jakubec, collection SEBES, 1998, pp. 247-261 (English translation:
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reported that Japanese residents were suffering from radiophobia. British medical scientist
153:
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also being observed. As Japanese health and radiation specialist Shunichi Yamashita noted:
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210:
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hazards" of exposure to ionising radiation by the National Academy of Sciences in 1956.
1548:
1515:
1397:
1372:
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1323:
1219:"A Voice from Dead Pripyat" by Adolph Kharash Science Director, Moscow State University
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419:), a dose much lower than that which could induce embryonic abnormalities or other non-
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114:
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23:
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original association with radios and radio broadcasting during the 1940s and 1950s.
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1322:
Trichopoulos D, Zavitsanos X, Koutis C, Drogari P, Proukakis C, Petridou E (1987).
1046:
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514:
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A "slightly" above the expected number of induced abortions by request occurred in
408:
399:
265:
136:
102:
1793:
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displayed extreme anxiety about low level radiation exposure; they developed many
244:
has been killed. The novel is set in Australia, which, along with the rest of the
58:) arising from concerns disproportionately greater than actual risks would merit.
1465:
1775:
477:
253:
222:
205:
1388:
772:"YOU SAID IT... - Sunday Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1926 - 1954) - 4 Sep 1949"
70:
broadcasting and receiving technology. In 1931, radiophobia was referred to in
1531:
1339:
587:
567:
442:
420:
416:
280:
1602:
1539:
771:
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for the contaminated fishery, with the surviving 22 crew men receiving about
1287:
Knudsen, LB (1991). "Legally induced abortions in Denmark after Chernobyl".
539:
144:
27:
1744:
1557:
1151:"Studying the Fukushima Aftermath: 'People Are Suffering from Radiophobia'"
747:"Radio manners. For the people who live next door- to the wireless. (1935)"
208:
stated that the film was "an important one" and "properly decoded, was the
156:
were also exposed to fallout, and a number of islands had to be evacuated.
1447:
1406:
1357:
1324:"The victims of chernobyl in Greece: induced abortions after the accident"
1308:
256:
as 'a formative event' in her becoming part of the anti-nuclear movement.
583:
Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment
277:
193:
1422:"The Chernobyl accident and induced abortions: only one-way information"
1123:"Need to alert Chernobyl-area residents of cancer threat debated (1988)"
336:
The term has been criticized by Adolph Kharash, Science Director at the
1438:
1421:
412:
378:
374:
296:
174:
546:
is a common method of informing and reassuring radiophobia sufferers.
538:
measures that are enforced, including the use of lead-rubber aprons,
391:
1735:
1708:
1371:
Parazzini F, Repetto F, Formigaro M, Fasoli M, La Vecchia C (1988).
135:
outside the initially predicted ~5 Mt fallout area cordoned off for
88:
In a newspaper column published in 1970, Dr Harold Pettit MD wrote:
19:
1467:
The First Nuclear Era: The Life and Times of a Technological Fixer
1238:"Chernobyl Aftereffects Mostly Psychological (radiophobia) (1988)"
427:
67:
18:
1622:
Freiherr, G. (2010). "We have to calm dose hysteria…RIGHT NOW!".
178:
268:, many patients with negligible radioactive exposure after the
147:
caused by the direct contact their bare hands had scooping the
1754:"Clarence Dally — The Man Who Gave Thomas Edison X-Ray Vision"
1649:
1074:
1264:
Communicating Risks to the Public: International Perspectives
465:
1470:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 181–182.
109:
device, overshot its predicted TNT equivalent yield of 4–6
1514:
Sacks, Bill; Meyerson, Gregory; Siegel, Jeffry A. (2016).
1013:"Bikini Atoll H-bomb damaged fisheries, created prejudice"
221:
examined one person's unreasoning terror of radiation and
125:, which caught in its plume the Japanese fishing boat the
846:"Many American claimed suffering from radiophobia (1959)"
722:"Little theater is a recording room (radiophobia) (1937)"
672:"Radio fans storm annual convention and show here (1922)"
466:
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
105:, testing a first-of-its-kind experimental thermonuclear
1266:. Berlin: Springer Science and Media. pp. 160–162.
1045:
On 25 April 1949 the US dollar was pegged to the YEN at
1070:"Nuclear radiation 'the greatest public health hazard'"
369:), and in turn encouraged the public to mistrust them.
1800:
945:
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/mail/ed20090301a2.html
1696:"Nuclear Risk and Fear, from Hiroshima to Fukushima"
1262:
Kasperson, Roger E.; Stallen, Pieter Jan M. (1991).
181:
2 million each ($ 5,556 in 1954, $ 63,000 in 2024).
97:
Castle Bravo and its influence on public perception
1776:"Recreancy and the Social Origins of Radiophobia"
1667:"Americans fear the unknown in nuclear radiation"
1504:, Physics Today, 52(9), September 1999, pp. 24-29
164:'s findings that the contamination caused by the
1373:"Induced abortions after the Chernobyl accident"
403:population. Although it was determined that the
76:as a "fear of loudspeakers", an affliction that
438:
383:
285:
1098:"Radiophobia hits USSR after Chernobyl (1988)"
1145:
1143:
505:Radiophobia and industrial and healthcare use
394:, following the accident there was panic and
8:
30:respect for—rather than fear of—radiation. (
1645:"Facts whisper, fears scream during crisis"
1420:Perucchi, M.; Domenighetti, G. (Dec 1990).
117:. This produced an unanticipated amount of
1006:
1004:
821:"Athletic director has radiophobia (1959)"
1734:
1547:
1437:
1396:
1347:
322:Is this only—a fear of radiation?
248:, awaits a similar and inevitable fate.
1807:
954:
952:
896:"Unwarranted Fear (radiophobia) (1960)"
871:"Unwarranted fear (radiophobia) (1968)"
613:
1208:"The Chernobyl Poems of Lyubov Sirota"
381:in the months following the accident.
367:National Radiological Protection Board
41:is an irrational or excessive fear of
958:Lorna Arnold and Mark Smith. (2006).
526:, to reassure the patients about the
328:Perhaps—the dread of betrayal,
326:Perhaps rather—a fear of wars?
7:
1591:"When Radiation Isn't the Real Risk"
593:Electromagnetic radiation and health
217:A year after the Castle Bravo test,
622:"Medicos meet (radiophobia) (1903)"
1707:Geoff Brumfiel (16 January 2013).
1173:Radioprotection et Droit nucléaire
332:Cowardice, stupidity, lawlessness?
14:
1665:Seth Borenstein (24 March 2011).
45:, leading to overestimating the
1810:
563:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
544:Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
513:examination and procedures, and
287:We know from Chernobyl that the
101:On March 1, 1954, the operation
960:Britain, Australia and the Bomb
647:"Radio show big success (1926)"
252:describes reading the novel in
1752:Gilbert King (14 March 2012).
1589:Johnson, George (2015-09-21).
921:"X-Rays Demand Respect (1970)"
434:Radiophobia and health effects
276:problems, with an increase in
1:
1794:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101886
1127:The San Bernardino County Sun
1011:Keiji Hirano (Feb 29, 2004).
1774:James Rice (February 2022).
1709:"Fukushima: Fallout of fear"
1301:10.1016/0753-3322(91)90022-l
1426:Scand J Work Environ Health
697:"Have you a phobia? (1931)"
475:, the German news magazine
1854:
1389:10.1136/bmj.296.6615.136-a
497:
16:Fear of ionizing radiation
1532:10.1007/s13752-016-0244-4
1495:Radiation Risk and Ethics
1340:10.1136/bmj.295.6606.1100
751:The Sydney Morning Herald
260:Radiophobia and Chernobyl
234:Nevil Shute's 1957 novel
47:health risks of radiation
927:. 1970-01-01. p. 10
902:. 1960-02-22. p. 14
852:. 1959-12-17. p. 25
753:. 1935-04-16. p. 31
728:. 1937-07-18. p. 10
703:. 1931-12-13. p. 55
676:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
628:. 1903-06-03. p. 11
143:, largely brought on by
141:acute radiation sickness
121:or visible particles of
113:and instead produced 15
1244:. 1988-12-19. p. 2
1129:. 1988-05-14. p. 4
1104:. 1988-02-10. p. 2
877:. 1968-02-19. p. 4
827:. 1959-01-01. p. 9
802:. 1947-10-14. p. 6
678:. 1922-03-08. p. 4
653:. 1926-10-27. p. 2
338:Moscow State University
1377:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
1328:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
726:Portsmouth Daily Times
551:industrial radiography
449:
388:
347:
334:
301:
200:'s landmark 1954 film
196:films, beginning with
94:
35:
1833:Environmental phobias
1781:Technology in Society
1198:IAEA Bulletin 4/1987.
1036:, Random House, 2004.
975:(February 25, 2004).
973:Keever, Beverly Deepe
701:The Salt Lake Tribune
626:The Los Angeles Times
342:
320:
171:anti-nuclear movement
90:
73:The Salt Lake Tribune
22:
1242:Daily Sitka Sentinel
850:Medford Mail Tribune
796:"Radiophobia (1947)"
603:Nuclear power debate
573:Background radiation
536:radiation protection
500:Radioactive quackery
411:would not exceed 1 m
352:background radiation
1727:2013Natur.493..290B
1571:Thomas, Geraldine.
1491:Zbigniew Jaworowski
1289:Biomed Pharmacother
1102:Tyrone Daily Herald
825:Southern Illinoisan
524:Radiation Therapist
361:Chernobyl abortions
246:Southern Hemisphere
242:Northern Hemisphere
1817:Nuclear technology
1624:Diagnostic Imaging
1595:The New York Times
1500:2005-11-19 at the
1464:(1 January 1994).
1439:10.5271/sjweh.1761
1224:2010-05-28 at the
1182:2011-07-26 at the
987:on August 28, 2008
977:"Shot in the Dark"
875:Lebanon Daily News
800:The Morning Herald
488:The New York Times
473:Fukushima disaster
398:which led to many
314:wrote in her poem
270:Chernobyl disaster
188:In popular culture
128:Daigo Fukuryū Maru
52:nuclear technology
43:ionizing radiation
36:
1694:(10 March 2012).
1643:(20 March 2011).
1520:Biological Theory
1477:978-1-56396-358-2
1462:Alvin M. Weinberg
1157:. 19 August 2011.
1058:Chicago Sun-Times
1047:$ USD 1 = 360 YEN
962:, Palgrave Press.
578:Backscatter X-ray
454:Alvin M. Weinberg
295:, alcoholism and
225:in his 1955 film
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1078:. 25 March 2011
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309:Chernobyl Poems
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211:Fahrenheit 9/11
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515:radiotherapy
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137:Castle Bravo
133:Lucky Dragon
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103:Castle Bravo
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1765:11 February
1759:Smithsonian
1155:Der Spiegel
478:Der Spiegel
462:LNT concept
345:perversion.
254:adolescence
223:nuclear war
206:Roger Ebert
149:Bikini snow
119:Bikini snow
39:Radiophobia
1827:Categories
1788:: 101886.
1682:8 December
1656:9 December
1641:Stan Grant
1608:2023-02-17
1248:2017-04-21
1133:2017-04-21
1108:2017-04-21
1082:9 December
1019:2008-11-30
991:2008-11-30
931:2017-04-21
906:2017-04-21
881:2017-04-21
856:2017-04-21
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757:2017-04-21
732:2017-04-21
707:2017-04-21
682:2017-04-21
657:2017-04-21
632:2017-04-21
609:References
588:Dirty bomb
568:Atomic Age
528:stochastic
471:After the
421:stochastic
293:depression
281:alcoholism
278:fatalistic
145:beta burns
1838:Radiation
1603:0362-4331
1540:1555-5542
1015:. chugoku
900:The Times
540:dosimetry
62:Early use
28:exhorting
1745:23325191
1558:27398078
1498:Archived
1222:Archived
1180:Archived
557:See also
194:Godzilla
1723:Bibcode
1549:4917595
1448:2284594
1407:3122957
1398:2544742
1358:3120899
1349:1248180
1309:1912378
379:Denmark
375:fetuses
297:suicide
175:dollars
166:fallout
34:, 1947)
26:poster
1803:Portal
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409:Greeks
392:Greece
202:Gojira
107:Shrimp
54:(i.e.
1576:(PDF)
776:Trove
428:Italy
415:(0.1
68:radio
1767:2016
1741:PMID
1684:2014
1658:2014
1599:ISSN
1554:PMID
1536:ISSN
1472:ISBN
1444:PMID
1403:PMID
1354:PMID
1305:PMID
1268:ISBN
1084:2014
542:and
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32:ORNL
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1650:CNN
1544:PMC
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