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America and his dream to build a great nation, "less because of its size and wealth than because of its freedom and glory (cf. Letter from
Kingston, 6 September 1915). . . It is just as important to stress the validity of the principle of the common good, with the double objective of serving each and every Venezuelan man and woman, and meeting their most basic needs, their noblest expectations, their loftiest personal and family aspirations on the one hand, and on the other, "to promote a human State," that is, to draft and implement policies destined to combat extreme wretchedness and poverty until they are totally eradicated to overcome unemployment and social marginalization by the creation of work and a just distribution of wealthâŠ
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included provisions to restructure the
Judiciary as well as mechanisms to strengthen citizen participation in democracy. These changes had been demanded by most sectors of Venezuela's society, in light of corruption in the administration of justice and insufficient means for citizens to directly participate in governmental decisions. The political events that later unfolded in 1999, and particularly President ChĂĄvez' call for a constituent assembly during the first year of his administration, reflect how consequential Congress' dismissal of this reform bill would eventually become.
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990:. In his official visit to the U.S. in 1970, Caldera obtained a commitment from the Nixon administration to increase the market share of Venezuelan petroleum exports to the United States. Speaking before a joint session of the U.S. Congress, Caldera won repeated applause from the Senators and Representatives as he bluntly urged Americans to change their approach toward Latin America: "The formula for achieving cordial relations," he said, "cannot be the merciless attempts at forever lowering the prices of our goods while increasing the price of commodities we have to import."
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1297:, failed and was taken over by the government. As of October 1994, the government had seized more than ten failed banks. As René Salgado explains in his research on government and economics in Venezuela, "the government's bailout of the financial sector guaranteed approximately 6 billion dollars to depositors, which represented roughly 75 percent of the annual national budget and an alarming 13 percent of the gross domestic product. Additional bank failures continued throughout the year and into 1995".
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Accordingly, he was chosen to deliver the commemorative speeches before special joint sessions of
Congress on the 15th (1976) and 25th (1986) anniversaries of the 1961 Constitution. In 1985, he was appointed President of the Bicameral Congress Commission for the Reform of the Labor Law. After years of deliberations with workers, legal experts, labor unions, and representatives from industry and commerce chambers, the bill was presented in 1989 and passed by Congress at the end of 1990.
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1006:, and the Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense. On 3 October 1970, after weeks of violent student protests, and reports of weapons and explosive materials hidden inside the university campus, Caldera intervened Central University of Venezuela in order to protect and safeguard the life of students, professors and university employees. Once peace was restored on campus, the university regained its autonomy and held elections for a new governing board.
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concentration camps, threw a bomb into
Caldera's home, endangering the life of his youngest child, then nine months-old. On 20 August 1957, he was once again imprisoned, but this time in solitary confinement, after Pérez Jiménez learned that Caldera, in all likelihood, would be the consensus candidate for all opposition parties in the presidential election scheduled for December, 1957. With Caldera imprisoned, Pérez Jiménez turned the election into an
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of human solidarity, international life is still tied to norms, concepts and procedures taken from obsolete systems of moral and juridical individualism, in spite of the fact that in the internal life of nations this individualism has been suffering for a long time one defeat after anotherâŠThe idea of "common good" has not been elevated into a universal. The notion of social justice is still confined to the internal order of the individual state.
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1160:. "The country was in crisis. Even though Caldera was one of the main architects of the system, he was one of the first to realize its weakness. So much oil (by some estimates, in the decade after the 1973 oil price surge, Venezuela received 240 billion dollars, or five times the Marshall Plan) had led not just to dependence but widespread corruption and growing resentment from the popular sectors left off the gravy train".
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573:(ILO), an affiliated agency of the League of Nations, visited Venezuela in 1936 to review the law. He worked closely with Caldera, then Venezuela's first ILO correspondent. Jenks later stated that the International Labor Code published under his guidance on the eve of the Second World War, contained several topics that were arranged in a manner that had originally been employed in the Venezuelan draft Labor Code.
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1545:, for instance, in a letter written to the Secretary General of the United Nations, on the occasion of the Extraordinary General Assembly devoted to the study of the problem of raw materials and development, wrote: "The Church is firmly convinced that any acceptable solution must be based upon international social justice and upon human solidarity through which those principles can be practically applied.
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Caldera describes the concept of integral human development, the fundamental value of labor, the social function and forms of property, the role of the State in social life, the principle of subsidiarity, the defense of the rights of social groups, and the concept of international social justice. He viewed these principles as a set of political ideas committed to social justice and inspired by the
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the organization of the weak so that they could be on a par, in doing juridical business, with those who had more strength, especially in those things related to economic power. But the victory of social justice is still incomplete, confined to the limits of the domestic law of each country⊠The obligation of parties in international relations are based on the old laissez-faire underpinning.
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1700:(1956), as well as such texts as "Aquel obrero que llamamos Cristo"(1956), "Lo polĂtico y lo religioso dentro de lo social, a propĂłsito de Luigi Sturzo" (1953), "Jacques Maritain: Fe en Dios y en el pueblo" (1980), "Los valores cristianos" (1971), and the commencement speech "Un mensaje de fe" (1971), that Caldera delivered at the high school graduation ceremony of his son AndrĂ©s.
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1484:(Christian Democracy) (1972), a handbook of Christian democratic principles and programmatic ideas, has been translated into several languages, including English, German, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Romanian, and Polish. In this book, Caldera develops a conception of democracy that integrates personalist, pluralistic, communitarian, participatory and organic dimensions.
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676:, granted Caldera's request to allow live radio broadcast of the legislative sessions. Caldera played a prominent role in this assembly. He delivered celebrated speeches on the social rights of workers, the social function of private property, agrarian reform, religious freedom, religious education, and the need for direct, popular election of state governors.
1681:'s political ideals. To this genre also belong such texts as "El general Påez de a pie" (1940), "Antonio José de Sucre: Demasiado joven para tanta gloria" (1980), "Eleazar López Contreras, lindero y puente entre dos épocas" (1973), and "Andrés Eloy Blanco, el amortiguador de la Constituyente" (1958), compiled many of them in different editions of the book
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Venezuela became, in the words of
Professor Levine, "the most stable mass democracy in South America". For four decades, he explains, "Venezuelans built a political system marked by high participation, strong leadership, institutional continuity, and genuine pervasive competition. Power was transferred peacefully in six consecutive national elections."
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1670:. To his early book AndrĂ©s Bello, he added a considerable number of essays, prologues, and book chapters, including, among others, "El pensamiento jurĂdico y social de AndrĂ©s Bello" (1988), "AndrĂ©s Bello: Bicentenario de su nacimiento" (1981), and "Caracas, Londres, Santiago de Chile: Las tres etapas de la vida de Bello" (1981).
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In these speeches, Caldera insisted on the need to recognize the root causes of the crisis and the growing weakening of the people's faith in democratic values and institutions. One month after the
February 1992 coup, he delivered a memorable speech at Universidad Central de Venezuela condemning the
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Long viewed as the most principled and legally minded of
Venezuela's presidents, Caldera was a man of learning, and an accomplished essayist and orator. Despite never having remained longer than one month outside Venezuela, he was fluent in English, French, and Italian, and proficient in German and
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One of the most important aspects of the present drama is that international life, in spite of the multiplication of organizations and programs, some of them very noble and useful, has not yet had full consciousness of the existence of an international community⊠Instead of being ruled by the norms
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Just as "society" in the international ambit has the right to impose distinct types of relationships on its members, so the "international community," if it exists, demands that the various nations participate in proportion to their capacity in order that "all" may lead what could be termed a human
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I believe in international social justice. Recalling
Aristotle's old aphorism that justice demands that we render "to each his own" may I remind you that in the transformation of his thought in Christian philosophy, "his own" does not evoke exclusively that which belongs to each individual but also
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Caldera's second administration inherited and faced three adversities of great magnitude: a steep decrease in oil prices, the economic recession and high inflation of 1993, and a huge banking crisis. The fiscal deficit forced
Caldera's government to apply a severe austerity plan that included a ten
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The idea of social justice which opened the way to one of the most interesting stages of human history gave rise to new branches of law, beginning with labor laws. It transformed archaic juridical systems based upon individualism. It opened roads to the establishment of a new balance and protected
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Caldera was sworn in on 11 March 1969. For the first time in
Venezuela's 139-year history as an independent nation, there was a peaceful and democratic transfer of power from the ruling party to the opposition. It was also the first time in the country's history that a party won power without ever
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Caldera took advantage of momentous developments in the international oil trade. He raised taxes on oil production, nationalized the gas industry, and enacted stringent laws regulating the U.S. oil companies that operated in Venezuela. In 1971, Caldera raised the oil profit tax to 70 per cent. In
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took notice of newspaper op-ed pieces about labor issues written by the young twenty-year-old Caldera. Contreras appointed him deputy director of the newly created National Labor Office. From this position, Caldera played a major role in the drafting of Venezuela's first Labor Law, which remained
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In the last few decades, Venezuela has known how to combine the reality of significant economic progress with the development of a program of freedom in the framework of a constitutional state and a sound democratic system, with the traditional yearning to implement Simon Bolivar's commitment to
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The process of pacification, a policy that allowed the armed left to lay down their arms and participate in politics under democratic rules, was one of the most important achievements of Caldera's first presidency. This pardon effectively put an end to the guerrilla warfare which had plagued the
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This pact contained important political agreements, especially, the commitment of all major political parties to build, protect and strengthen democratic institutions and the rule of law. According to political science scholar Daniel H. Levine, its aim was to "support democracy, band together to
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The 1961 Constitution was Venezuela's most successful and long-lived Constitution. This country adopted twenty-five different constitutions between 1811 and 1961, and only three of them (1830, 1854, 1881) lasted more than ten years. After its long history under dictatorships and arbitrary rule,
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This understanding of democracy, Caldera explains, rests upon foundational principles of Christian philosophy: affirmation of the spiritual, the subordination of politics to ethical norms, the dignity of the human person, the primacy of the common good, and the perfectibility of civil society.
1450:. He explained that Christian Democrats understand democracy in the light of Christian philosophy, and Christianity in its living democratic manifestation. For Caldera, Christian Democracy was not a middle point between liberalism and socialism. He saw it as a specific political alternative to
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In June 1989, Caldera was appointed President of the Bicameral Congress Commission for the Reform of the Constitution. The reform project prepared by the commission was presented in March 1992, but did not receive the necessary support from the major political parties in Congress. This project
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As tenured Senator in the Venezuelan National Congress, Caldera chose to use the speaker podium exclusively on matters of national importance. As the "architect" of the 1961 Constitution, he was called upon by leaders of all Venezuelan parties to defend its principles, validity and timeliness.
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Caldera's most important domestic priorities during his first administration were education, housing, and infrastructure. He dramatically increased the number of educational institutions by doubling the number of public secondary schools and tripling the number of state university colleges and
1351:, a former member of PĂ©rez' ministerial cabinet, and an outspoken critic of Caldera, argues that despite these efforts, Caldera's administration was however "particularly ineffectual in bringing to justice the many regulators and bankers responsible for the country's massive banking crisis".
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After graduating from university, Caldera founded National Action, a political movement formed to participate in municipal elections. Soon after, he founded the National Action Party and was elected in January 1941, at the age of twenty-five, to the Chamber of Deputies for his native state of
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A leading theme in his speeches and conferences during these years was the need to find solutions to the debt crisis that gravely affected most third-world countries. His main concern was to denounce the injustice of placing the heavy burden of servicing the debt on the shoulders of the most
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The various texts Caldera devoted to reflections on the intersection between faith and public service are key to understand the spiritual drive behind his unwavering commitment to political and intellectual pursuits. Any thorough analysis of the life and works of Rafael Caldera must include
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During this period Caldera was appointed to several important leadership positions in international organizations. Hailed for his role in maintaining democracy and stability in an era when most other Latin American countries experienced political upheaval, Caldera served as President of the
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During the PĂ©rez JimĂ©nez military dictatorship (1952â1958), Caldera was expelled from Universidad Central de Venezuela and arrested several times. On 3 August 1955, agents of the National Security, a large secret police force led by Pedro Estrada that hunted down opponents and ran notorious
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In 1953, Caldera was elected to the Venezuelan National Academy of Political and Social Sciences. His induction speech was entitled "Idea de una sociologĂa venezolana", an exposition of key elements for the development of sociological studies in the country. In 1967, he was elected to the
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Notwithstanding federal budget limitations, Caldera's administration developed major infrastructure projects, including two water dams the Macagua II in Guayana and the Taguaza in Caracas; the regional central aqueduct in Valencia; the MĂ©rida-El VigĂa superhighway and portions of the
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on 6 August 1941. They had six children: Mireya, Rafael Tomås, Juan José, Alicia Helena, Cecilia and Andrés. At the time of his death, the couple had twelve grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. Mrs. Caldera died a little more than a year after her husband, on 9 February 2011.
1725:, Caldera protested against the violation of the 1961 Constitution. Allan Brewer-CarĂas, a Venezuelan legal scholar and elected member of this assembly, explains that this constitution-making body was an instrument for the gradual dismantling of democratic institutions and values.
1603:, in Caracas, he taught almost without interruption from 1943 to 1968. Throughout his lifetime, Caldera was bestowed with honorary doctorates, degrees, and professorships from a dozen universities and academies in Venezuela, and from thirty universities worldwide, including: the
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At the conclusion of his presidency, Caldera returned to his home, just as he did at the end of his first term. He was known for living simply and eschewing luxuries, and for being an honorable public servant in a country where corruption is pervasive. In 1999, when President
1317:, which "increased domestic fuel prices, liberalized interest rates, unified the exchange rate system under a temporary float, abolished controls on current and capital transactions, eliminated price controls (except for medicines), and strengthened the social safety net".
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existence. The rights and the obligations of the different countries should be measured, therefore, in terms of its potential and the needs of each one, making peace, progress, and harmony viable, and making it possible for us all to advance within a true friendshipâŠ
652:(Independent Political Electoral Organization Committee), the Christian Democratic Party that grew to become one of the two largest mass political parties in Venezuela. COPEI's first statement of principles was inspired by the social teaching of the papal encyclical
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Unable to reach agreement over a consensus candidate, the three major parties that signed the Puntofijo Pact (AD, URD, and COPEI) competed in the 1958 presidential election with their own candidates and platforms. Rafael Caldera lost to RĂłmulo Betancourt (AD) and
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The fight against corruption was a central priority in Caldera's second term. In March 1996, as the GlobalSecurity organization describes, "an epochal event occurred, hardly creating a ripple in the world press. In its third plenary session, the members of the
629:. He also had a prominent role in the debates on the partial reform of the 1936 Constitution and revisions to the Civil Code, and was a leading voice in the enactment of progressive labor laws. On 27 October 1945, Caldera was appointed Solicitor General by
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Perhaps there is no statement that better captures the essence of Caldera's political ideals than the words that Pope John Paul II used in his address to President Caldera on 5 May 1995, on the occasion of the Venezuelan President's visit to the Vatican:
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A noteworthy achievement in this administration was the tripartite agreement over labor benefits, social security, and pension funds, reached between labor unions, the private business sector, and the State, after ten years of stalled negotiations.
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Caldera during his engagement to Alicia. Also in the photo: his father, Rafael Caldera Izaguirre, his sister Rosa Elena, and his aunt and uncle (who became his adoptive parents) Maria Eva RodrĂguez and TomĂĄs Liscano, at Miracielos, Caracas,
585:. Although significantly younger than his peers, Caldera courageously split from this student federation after its leadership called for anticlerical reforms demanding the expulsion of the Jesuits and other religious orders from Venezuela.
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After leaving the presidency of Venezuela, Caldera continued both scholarly and political pursuits. He served in the Venezuelan Senate as all former presidents were granted lifelong appointments to the Senate under 1961 Constitution.
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Four months later, on 13 April 1946, Caldera resigned from his position as Solicitor General in protest against the continuous violent attacks that members of his newly created party were suffering from government supporters.
1014:, the buildings for the Ministry of Education, the Courts of Law, and the Central Bank; the Museo de Arte ContemporĂĄneo, and the RĂos Reyna Theatre of the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, in Caracas; the general hospitals of
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In 1946, he was elected as a representative to the National Constituent Assembly, inaugurated on 17 December of that year. This legislative body had the task of drafting a new Constitution guided by the principles of the
1740:, The Causates), a political history of Venezuela from 1830 to 1958. This book includes in its postscript an assessment of Venezuela's democratic experience from 1958 to 1999, and criticism of the Bolivarian government.
703:(Democratic Action), won this election. Caldera also ran for Congress and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the period 1948â1953. His congressional term, however, was interrupted after Gallegos was ousted by a
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rose to popularity and won the presidential election in 1998. The pervasiveness of this criticism grew hand in hand with ChĂĄvez's policies, to the point that many have come to blame Caldera for ChĂĄvez's and afterwards
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During Caldera's first presidency, a total of 291,233 housing units were built. In terms of infrastructure and public buildings, some of the most important works completed during his first administration include:
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During his university years, Caldera became actively engaged in student politics. He joined the Venezuelan Federation of Students (FEV), which was led by students who had revolted in 1928 against the dictator
441:
1340:(OAS) adopted the Inter-American Convention against Corruption. The Convention is often referred to as the Caldera Convention, after the President of Venezuela, who was one of the driving forces behind it".
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The concept of "international social justice" was perhaps Caldera's most unique and original contribution to the body of Christian Democratic thought. In the speech he delivered to the joint session of the
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country's history with military dictatorships and coups d'Ă©tat. He urged students to reject violent paths and search for answers to the crisis without abandoning the principles and mechanisms of democracy.
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Rafael Caldera during the High School graduation awards, Colegio San Ignacio, Caracas, 16 October 1931. (Handwritten text): "For my adored mom and dad, a keepsake of my school with total devotion".
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1458:. Caldera rejected Marxist ideas of dialectical materialism and class struggle, but he was also convinced that Capitalism without social safeguards produces a grossly inequitable society.
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resist challenges to its legitimacy and survival; respect elections; and strive in general to institutionalize politics, channeling participation within democratic vehicles and arenas."
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The 1961 Constitution did not allow former presidents to run again before ten years had elapsed after leaving office. In 1983, Caldera became eligible again and was chosen by his party
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2795:"PolĂtico y estadista venezolano del Siglo XX. Ex-Presidente de la RepĂșblica. BiografĂa. SelecciĂłn de discursos polĂticos. Himno Nacional de la RepĂșblica Bolivariana de Venezuela"
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822:. Ultimately, Caldera defeated Barrios with 29.1 percent of the vote, a margin of just 32,000 votes. Prieto finished fourth, but his 719,000 votes far exceeded Caldera's margin.
1655:. The distinction Caldera most cherished, however, was the Honorary Professor award with which his alma mater, Central University of Venezuela, unanimously honored him in 1976.
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A key distinction between Caldera's first government and those of his predecessors lay in the area of foreign policy. President Caldera restored bilateral relations with the
695:, at the age of 31, he ran for president for the first time and travelled around the country to spread the ideas of his newly created party. The renowned Venezuelan novelist
2678:. Caracas: Parra LeĂłn Hnos., 1935. 167 p. / â 2ÂȘ ed. Buenos Aires: Edit. Atalaya, 1946. 148 p. English translation by John Street. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1977. 165 p
549:, a comprehensive analysis of the life and works of Bello's literary, linguistic, legal, historic, philosophical, and political texts. This book received an award from the
534:, at the Jesuit-run Catholic school San Ignacio de Loyola, where he completed his secondary education at the age of fifteen. The following year he began law studies at the
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This body of work increased significantly after the academic events organized to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Caldera's birth. Parallel efforts on the legacy of
1183:, which allowed members and sympathizers of COPEI to support his candidacy. He also received the support from a coalition of 17 small parties dismissed by opponents as "
668:. Venezuelans from every corner of the country came to admire the rhetorical skills of the young politician. Venezuelans were able to listen to Caldera's speeches after
527:. His mother having died when he was two and a half years-old, Caldera was raised by his maternal aunt MarĂa Eva RodrĂguez Rivero and her husband TomĂĄs Liscano GimĂ©nez.
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The most memorable and controversial speeches Caldera delivered as Senator came in February 1989, at the wake of the bloody riots in Caracas on 27 February, known as "
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in Latin America, Caldera was President during the second period of civilian democratic rule in a country beleaguered by a history of political violence and military
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from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999, thus becoming the longest serving democratically elected politician to govern the country in the twentieth century.
1663:. He devoted his induction speech, "El lenguaje como vĂnculo social y la integraciĂłn latinoamericana" to language as a social link for Latin American integration.
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and was greeted by Rómulo Betancourt and Jóvito Villalba. His exile, however, only lasted a few days since Marcos Pérez Jiménez was deposed by a civil revolt and
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His leadership helped to establish Venezuela's reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America during the second half of the twentieth century.
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from 1979 to 1982. In 1979, he was elected President of the World Congress of Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, which met in Rome under the auspices of the
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and other leaders of this party from the country, Caldera and other elected party members of COPEI refused to participate in the new Constituent Assembly.
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The substance of Caldera's concept of international social justice gradually influenced the social doctrine of the Catholic Church, beginning with Pope
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and the socialist nations of Eastern Europe, as well as with a number of South American nations that had fallen under military dictatorships, including
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Widely acknowledged as one of the founders of Venezuela's democratic system, one of the main architects of the 1961 Constitution, and a pioneer of the
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addition, he passed the hydrocarbons reversion law which provided that all oil company assets would go to the State once the concessions had elapsed.
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the idea of that which belongs to "society" for the "common good". No difficulty lies in transferring this concept onto the international community.
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Rafael Caldera, Rafael Caldera, "The Universal Common Good and International Social Justice." The Review of Politics, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Jan. 1976), 36
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As a young university student, Caldera exhibited a precocious intellectual brilliance. At the age of nineteen, and after studying the 26 volumes of
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in 1935, and has remained an indispensable reference for scholarship studies on the most prominent Venezuelan man-of-letters of the 19th century.
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A year later, Caldera presided over the International Committee in charge of preparing an international agreement for the establishment of the
1293:, a new tax collection agency. In January 1994, less than a month before Rafael Caldera's inauguration, the second largest bank in Venezuela,
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In 1936, Caldera founded the National Student Union (UNE), the seed of what eventually became the Venezuelan Christian Democratic movement.
1191:, the candidate of AD. As it had been the case in his first administration, Caldera had to govern with an opposition majority in Congress.
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1179:, who won the presidential election. In 1993, Caldera ran for president as an independent candidate, with the support of a new party,
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won the party primary. However, the party's old guard felt Prieto was too left-wing, and intervened to deliver the nomination to
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In December 1968 Caldera ran for president for the third time. This time, Caldera benefited from a split in AD. Senate president
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Rafael Caldera: President of Venezuela who helped forge an era of democracy and political stability in his country â Independent
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1058:; the José Antonio Påez water dam in Mérida, Cumaripa in Yaracuy, and the third and four phases of the Guri Project in Guayana.
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Rafael Caldera Rodriguez, the son of Rafael Caldera Izaguirre and Rosa SofĂa RodrĂguez Rivero, was born on 24 January 1916, in
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3075:"The Venezuelan Story: Revisiting the Conventional Wisdom"; by MoisĂ©s Naim (2001) â Carnegie Endowment For International Peace
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Following the December 1957 plebiscite, Caldera was exiled by the Pérez Jiménez dictatorship in January 1958. He travelled to
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Politics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences
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Caldera during the presentation in London of the English translation of his biography about humanist Andrés Bello (1977).
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Rafael Caldera's 90th birthday celebration with six grandchildren. Caldera-Pietri's residence. Tinajero, 24 January 2006.
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Discorso di Giovanni Paolo II alla solenne commemorazione del XX anniversario della «Populorum Porgressio» â Vatican.va
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Caldera published several books and countless booklets and speeches on Christian Democratic ideals, including Ideario:
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Centro-Occidental, José Antonio Påez, and Rómulo Betancourt highways. This administration also concluded Line 3 of the
784:(URD), who came in first and second place respectively. Caldera also ran for Congress and was elected President of the
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2745:, Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset eds. (Boulder, Colorado; Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1989), 248
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The Puntofijo Pact served as the foundation for the longest period of civil democratic rule in Venezuela (1958â1999).
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Venezuela: Conservative representation without conservative parties. Michael Coppedge. Working Paper #268 â June 1999
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1941. The youngest representative to be appointed to the National Congress, Rafael Caldera was twenty-five years old.
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1692:'s foundational role in the construction of Venezuela's democracy, "La parĂĄbola vital de RĂłmulo Betancourt" (1988).
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Visit with the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, as President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 26 April 1982.
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per cent cut of the federal budget in 1994 and, simultaneously, a reform of fiscal legislation and the creation of
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to deliver a speech before the College of Cardinals to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Papal Encyclical
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Speech as president of the Inter-Parliamentary Union before the United Nations General Assembly. 27 August 1980.
196:
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bestows the Presidency of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Governing Council to Rafael Caldera. 21 September 1979.
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President Nixon welcomes President Rafael Caldera of Venezuela on this day in 1970 â Richard Nixon Foundation
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Discurso de incorporaciĂłn de Rafael Caldera a la Academia Venezolana de la Lengua (1967) â rafaelcaldera.com
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on December 1994, enabling him to gain freedom from prison and later on to run for the Presidency, which he
449:; 24 January 1916 â 24 December 2009) was a Venezuelan politician and academician who was the 46th and 51st
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This law paved the way for the nationalization of the oil industry, which was overseen by finance minister
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in Caracas, Barquisimeto-Yaritagua, Valencia-Campo de Carabobo and Barcelona-Crucero de MaturĂn; airports
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Address of his holiness John Paul II to the President of Venezuela, H.E. Mr. Rafael Caldera â Vatican.va
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788:. In this capacity, he co-presided the Bicameral Commission in charge of drafting the new Constitution.
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Address by His Excellency Mr. Rafael Caldera, President of the Republic of Venezuela â9 June 1998 â ILO
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1187:" (small cockroaches). Caldera won the presidency with almost 400.000 votes over his closest opponent
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and Miguel Pérez Carreño and Los Magallanes de Catia in Caracas; major highways such as Cota Mil and
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Caldera also wrote extensively on key personalities and events in Venezuela's history. His book
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At the beginning of his second term, Caldera pardoned the military officers responsible for the
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institutes of technology. Universities built and inaugurated during his administration include
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Declaration of principles. The World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development â FAO
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3292:(1981). Ediciones de La Casa de Bello, Cromotip, 1981. Translated to English, Caracas, 1981.
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Cinco años de Cambio, pacificaciĂłn y desarrollo en el gobierno de Rafael Caldera (1969â1974)
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won as candidate of the ruling party (AD). Soon thereafter, he was elected President of the
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JĂłvito Villalba, el hombre que no quiso ser presidente; por Francisco Suniaga â Prodavinci
3031:
2046:
1747:, Caldera gradually withdrew from public view and died in his home on Christmas Eve 2009.
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As a congressman, he strongly opposed the bill that led to the 1941 boundary treaty with
542:
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ArĂstides Calvani y la FundaciĂłn Konrad Adenauer; H. C. Josef Thesing â DiĂĄlogo PolĂtico
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975:. This policy, known as "pluralistic solidarity", was a reversion of his predecessor's
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161:
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Visits By Foreign Leaders of Venezuela â Office of the Historian / Department of State
1666:
Throughout his life, Caldera maintained his passion for the Venezuelan man-of-letters
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COPEI en el Trienio Populista 1945â48, La tentaciĂłn totalitaria de AcciĂłn DemocrĂĄtica
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having resorted to violence. However, COPEI still had a minority in the legislature.
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current for more than fifty years until its reform in 1990. The international lawyer
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House Congressional Record, 3 June 1970, p. 18133 â US Government Publishing Office
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Rodolfo José Cårdenas: «Primer discurso de Rafael Caldera en la Constituyente», in
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Rafael Caldera's speech in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the encyclical
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Daniel H. Levine, "Venezuela: The Nature, Sources and Prospects of Democracy" in
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2134:
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3305:. Caracas: National Academy of History (Col. El libro menor, 119), 1987. 253 p.
3150:
El Llanero Solidario: Verdades ignoradas sobre Luis Herrera CampĂns y su tiempo
2993:
La reforma a la constituciĂłn: una salida democrĂĄtica (1992) â rafaelcaldera.com
1541:. Eventually, the term itself was included in official Vatican documents. Pope
951:
Caldera during an address to a joint session of the U.S. Congress, 3 June 1970.
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3488:
3175:
3110:
Biography of RaĂșl Leoni by Rafael ArrĂĄiz Lucca â El Nacional /Bancaribe (2005)
3046:
Volume 57 / Social Sciences. Government and Politics: Venezuela â RenĂ© Salgado
3025:
2904:
Congress Hears Caldera Chide U.S. Over Trade â The New York Times, 4 June 1970
2716:. (Venezuela: Ediciones Nueva PolĂtica y FracciĂłn Parlamentaria de COPEI), 44.
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John D. Martz, "Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador," in Jan Knippers Black, ed.
2518:
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President Caldera also insisted on making corruption the central theme of the
745:
on 23 January 1958. Upon returning to Venezuela, the three leaders signed the
379:
3267:. La Casa de Bello (Foreword Volume XV Complete Works of Andrés Bello), 1988.
3176:
Ideario: La Democracia Cristiana en AmĂ©rica Latina (1970) â rafaelcaldera.com
2562:"Sepultados restos del ex presidente Rafael Caldera en cementerio de Caracas"
1106:, approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 5 December 1980.
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Antonio JosĂ© de Sucre: Demasiado joven para tanta gloria â rafaelcaldera.com
2313:
1970:
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Rafael Caldera dies; president led Venezuela to democracy â Washington Post
2333:: Great Collar of the Infante Dom Henrique of the Government of Portugal.
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Especially notable is the monograph Caldera dedicated to the analysis of
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Caldera attended elementary school in his native San Felipe and later in
461:
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Caracas, Londres, Santiago De Chile: Las Tres Etapas de la Vida de Bello
2636:"02 Feb 1994 â 02 Feb 1999 â Rafael Caldera RodrĂguez â Global Security"
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Compromiso solidario: Selección de discursos del quinto año de gobierno
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2170:
2088:
1988:
1608:
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84:
2063:: Collar "Orden Nacional de Miguel Antonio Caro y Rufino José Cuervo".
599:, upon graduating as a lawyer and doctor of Political Science in 1939.
2344:
2116:
2006:
1652:
1624:
1290:
968:
3138:
La pantalla reivindica a Carlos AndrĂ©s PĂ©rez; Alfredo Meza â El PaĂs
2857:[Former Minister Luis Enrique Oberto GonzĂĄlez passed away].
2816:
2 Feb 1994 â 2 Feb 1999 â Rafael Caldera RodrĂguez â Global Security
1376:
795:
Caldera came in second place in the 1963 presidential election that
4858:
Political prisoners during the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez
1324:) grew above five per cent and inflation rate was cut in half. The
718:, head of the Military Junta, ignored the electoral triumph of the
633:, head of the Revolutionary Government Junta that ousted President
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Rafael Caldera during the 1947 Presidential campaign. Arriving at
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2447:"La gestión económica y energética del presidente Caldera I y II"
1571:, during the solemn session in honor to the 200th Anniversary of
1347:, hosted by Venezuela in 1997. The renowned Venezuelan economist
3015:
Palabras de Rafael Caldera en el Aula Magna UCV (1992) â YouTube
2295:
2024:
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on labor rights and served two terms as Director-General of the
4473:
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Interview to Rafael Caldera (RCTV, 19 September 1993) â YouTube
803:(ODCA) for the period 1964â1968, and as first President of the
414:
1321:
943:, during his official visit to the United States. 2 June 1970.
818:. Prieto and a number of his supporters broke off to form the
734:("Yes" or "No" referendum) to decide his permanence in power.
18:
1121:
impoverished and vulnerable people of third-world countries.
3242:
Idea de una sociologĂa venezolana (1953) â rafaelcaldera.com
2949:
Establishment, Status and Development of the ECPD â ECPD.org
1946:
Order "JosĂ© MarĂa Vargas" (Central University of Venezuela).
1821:
Justicia social internacional y Nacionalismo latinoamericano
1467:
Justicia Social Internacional y Nacionalismo Latinoamericano
656:(1931) and embraced democracy, pluralism and social reform.
4848:
Recipients of the Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay
4818:
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
2971:
A 15 años de la constituciĂłn venezolana â rafaelcaldera.com
3337:
La parĂĄbola vital de RĂłmulo Betancourt â rafaelcaldera.com
3231:
Two-time Venezuelan president Caldera dies at 93 â Reuters
1471:
El Bien ComĂșn Universal y la Justicia Social Internacional
1304:, Caldera implemented in 1996 a new economic plan, called
1595:
A full professor in Labor Law and Juridical Sociology at
1434:
Rafael Caldera paying tribute at the tombs of Raissa and
1062:
International leadership and years as Senator (1974â1993)
16:
President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and 1994 to 1999
2783:
Guillermo Aveledo Coll: Christians in Politics â YouTube
2609:, 2nd ed. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991), 439
1583:
Rafael Caldera receiving the Honoris Causa degree from
1345:
VII Ibero-American Summit of Heads State and Government
749:, named after Caldera's residence where it was signed.
650:
ComitĂ© de OrganizaciĂłn PolĂtica Electoral Independiente
42:
4853:
Members of the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 1946
4838:
Grand Cordons of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star
3004:
Caldera: dos discursos (1989/1992) â rafaelcaldera.com
1379:
railroad and the YacambĂș-QuĂbor hydrological complex.
1132:
of China, Deng Xiaoping, Beijing, China, 6 April 1981.
545:'s collected works, Caldera published his first book,
4768:
Academic staff of the Central University of Venezuela
2855:"FalleciĂł el exministro Luis Enrique Oberto GonzĂĄlez"
3498:
Rafael CalderaÂŽs message to Venezuelan Youth in 1998
3373:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 33â35
2842:
Resource Nationalism in International Investment Law
2631:
2629:
1375:
museums, and brought to near completion the Caracas-
490:
The child Rafael Caldera, dressed as a sailor, 1920.
470:
He is also remembered as the President who pardoned
4657:
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4599:
4559:
4517:
4387:
4252:
4153:
3687:
2982:
Defensa de la Democracia (1986) â rafaelcaldera.com
2844:. (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2016), 202
2617:
2615:
710:In 1952, Caldera was elected representative to the
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3405:"Two-time Venezuelan president Caldera dies at 93"
2649:"Two-time Venezuelan president Caldera dies at 93"
2435:"Discurso de orden en el Palacio de las Academias"
2248:: Star Order of the Socialist Republic of Romania.
1803:Ideario. La democracia cristiana en América Latina
722:party (Democratic Republican Union), and expelled
4097:Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in
3279:Caracas: Fundación Casa Andrés Bello, 1981. 90 p.
3041:
3039:
2743:Democracy in Developing Countries â Latin America
2697:
2695:
2105:: Collar "Orden Mariscal Francisco Solano LĂłpez".
1864:La Venezuela civil, constructores de la repĂșblica
4833:Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great
4823:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
4788:Presidents of the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies
3265:El Pensamiento JurĂdico y Social de AndrĂ©s Bello
2827:Rafael Caldera RodrĂguez Facts â Your Dictionary
2573:
2571:
1156:," and in February, 4 of 1992, after the failed
234:Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of Venezuela
2927:Past IPU Presidents â Inter-Parliamentary Union
1677:is a collection of essays on the timeliness of
1551:
1502:
1384:failed coups of 4 February and 27 November 1992
91: and the second or maternal family name is
3089:(Venezuela: Presidencia de la RepĂșblica, 1999)
2729:. (Spain: Hijos de E. Minuesa, S.L., 1987), 35
2496:Rafael Antonio Caldera RodrĂguez, el civilista
2484:"Caldera, civilista y sembrador de democracia"
2478:"Las lecciones republicanas de Rafael Caldera"
1952:Order "Estrella de Carabobo", Venezuelan Army.
4813:Members of the Venezuelan Academy of Language
4485:
4133:
3660:
2077:: Order Grade Great Official "Simon BolĂvar".
1957:Selected honors from Latin American countries
1750:A family man and devout Catholic, he married
8:
4808:National Convergence (Venezuela) politicians
3315:El general PĂĄez de a pie â rafaelcaldera.com
3277:Andrés Bello: bicentenario de su nacimiento.
1870:Los desafĂos a la gobernabilidad democrĂĄtica
801:Christian Democratic Organization of America
3384:Los causahabientes. De Carabobo a Puntofijo
3348:Un mensaje de fe (1971) â rafaelcaldera.com
2607:Latin America, Its Problems and Its Promise
1851:Los causahabientes, de Carabobo a Puntofijo
1839:Parlamento mundial: una voz latinoamericana
1730:De Carabobo a Puntofijo: Los Causahabientes
1109:In March 1987, Caldera was invited by Pope
956:country for ten years, costing many lives.
216:2 February 1999 â 20 December 1999
4492:
4478:
4470:
4140:
4126:
4118:
3667:
3653:
3645:
3513:
2091:: Great Collar "Orden Nacional al MĂ©rito".
1728:In 1999, Caldera published his last book,
1204:
833:
435:[rafaËelanËtonjokalËdeÉŸaroËĂ°ÉŸiÉŁes]
138:2 February 1994 â 2 February 1999
108:
97:
3386:. (Venezuela: Panapo de Venezuela, 1999.
3085:Government of the Republic of Venezuela.
2175:Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay
1975:Order of the Liberator General San MartĂn
1463:La Democracia Cristiana en América Latina
1438:, Kolbsheim, Alsace, France. 1 July 1981.
699:, candidate of the social democrat party
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
3152:. Caracas: Libros Marcados, 2012. 316 p.
1809:Especificidad de la democracia cristiana
1482:Especificidad de la Democracia Cristiana
1175:, the candidate of the opposition party
274:26 October 1945 â 13 April 1946
227:11 March 1974 â 2 February 1994
2914:Oficina Central de InformaciĂłn (1974).
2553:
2376:"La gran marcha del presidente Caldera"
2363:Rafael Caldera: Estadista y Pacificador
2182:Selected honors from European countries
1661:Venezuelan National Academy of Language
644:On 13 January 1946, Caldera co-founded
551:Venezuelan National Academy of Language
482:Youth, education and early achievements
4763:Central University of Venezuela alumni
2441:"Caldera y el nacionalismo energético"
2397:"La lecciĂłn perenne de Rafael Caldera"
2365:(Caracas: Ediciones B Venezuela, 2016)
1442:Caldera pioneered the introduction of
1206:Venezuelan Presidential election 1993
927:Rafael Caldera in his first term, 1969
835:Venezuelan Presidential election 1968
174:11 March 1969 â 11 March 1974
2836:
2834:
2737:
2735:
2502:"La parĂĄbola vital de Rafael Caldera"
433:
7:
4148:Leaders of legislatures of Venezuela
2797:. Fundacionjoseguillermocarrillo.com
2757:"25 Años de legislación democråtica"
2423:. Caracas: Ediciones Centauro, 1987.
1358:Caldera during his second term, 1994
4828:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2769:Swanson, D. L.; Mancini, P. (1996)
2234:: Saint Gregorio Magno Magna Cross.
1201:Second Presidency of Rafael Caldera
556:A year later, Venezuelan President
4863:Venezuelan prisoners and detainees
4106:as "interim president" during the
3371:Dismantling Democracy in Venezuela
2773:, Greenwood Publishing Group, p244
2647:Simon, Walker (24 December 2009).
2472:"Rafael Caldera, jurista integral"
1894:Moldes para la fragua. Nueva Serie
919:First Presidency of Rafael Caldera
609:The first thirty years (1939â1969)
14:
4758:People from San Felipe, Venezuela
4569:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
2714:COPEI: En el principio fue la UNE
2378:. (Caracas: Editorial Alfa, 2004)
1797:Democracia Cristiana y Desarrollo
1320:In 1997, gross domestic product (
1195:Second term in office (1994â1999)
1097:Food and Agriculture Organization
571:International Labour Organization
4716:
4715:
4550:
4545:
4086:
3474:Extended bio by CIDOB Foundation
2542:Political prisoners in Venezuela
2521:
2466:"Los 100 años de Rafael Caldera"
2453:Christian Democracy in Venezuela
2337:
2323:
2306:
2288:
2270:
2252:
2238:
2224:
2206:
2188:
2163:
2145:
2127:
2109:
2095:
2081:
2067:
2053:
2035:
2017:
1999:
1993:Order of the Condor of the Andes
1981:
1963:
1601:Andrés Bello Catholic University
830:First term in office (1969â1974)
805:Christian Democratic World Union
498:Caldera at nineteen years, 1935.
427:Rafael Antonio Caldera RodrĂguez
402:
292:Rafael Antonio Caldera RodrĂguez
23:
4843:20th-century Venezuelan lawyers
3454:Lithuanian Presidency website,
3190:(Caracas: Ifedec, 1982), 27â67.
2409:"El fondo Ă©tico de la polĂtica"
1827:La nacionalizaciĂłn del petrĂłleo
1597:Central University of Venezuela
1338:Organization of American States
597:Central University of Venezuela
536:Central University of Venezuela
385:Central University of Venezuela
4778:Venezuelan democracy activists
4579:Caso de los banqueros prĂłfugos
4108:Venezuelan presidential crisis
2428:Venezuela: A Century of Change
1949:Medal "Antonio José de Sucre".
1943:Order "Andres Bello" (Collar).
1815:Temas de sociologĂa venezolana
1633:Catholic University of America
1559:Intellectual and academic life
1529:. Vatican City, 24 March 1987.
263:Solicitor General of Venezuela
1:
2494:Pulido de Briceño, Mercedes.
2218:Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw
2157:Order of Christopher Columbus
1876:Justicia Social Internacional
1099:(FAO) of the United Nations.
712:National Constituent Assembly
674:National Constituent Assembly
458:Christian Democratic movement
3099:RĂłmulo Betancourt Foundation
2500:Ramos Flamerich, Guillermo.
2383:"El compromiso con el ideal"
2139:Order of JosĂ© MatĂas Delgado
1924:Selected honors in Venezuela
884:Luis Beltran Pietro Figueroa
812:Luis BeltrĂĄn Prieto Figueroa
83:, the first or paternal
2863:(in Spanish). 9 August 2022
2508:"Homenaje a Rafael Caldera"
2506:RodrĂguez Alonso, JoaquĂn.
2470:Morles HernĂĄndez, Alfredo.
2403:"El orador de la RepĂșblica"
2361:Arraiz Luca, Rafael, comp.
2318:Order of Vytautas the Great
2137:: Great Extraodriary Cross
2011:Order of the Southern Cross
1326:1997 Asian financial crisis
1302:International Monetary Fund
820:People's Electoral Movement
732:unconstitutional plebiscite
567:Declaration of Philadelphia
4879:
4793:Venezuelan Roman Catholics
4591:1998 presidential election
3553:Lorenzo FernĂĄnndez (1973)
3510:â Daily Telegraph obituary
2840:Sangwani Patrick Ng'ambi,
2490:"El doctor Rafael Caldera"
2460:"Ganar la repĂșblica civil"
2280:: Great Military Cross of
1575:'s birth. 6 December 1981.
1198:
916:
807:for the period 1967â1968.
78:
4678:
4543:
4507:
4095:
4084:
3633:
3624:
3616:
3606:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3566:
3560:
3550:
3532:
3521:
3516:
3058:"Rafael Caldera obituary"
2595:Rafael Caldera â Cognitio
2368:Aveledo Coll, Guillermo.
2300:"Cavaliere di Gran Croce"
1785:El Bloque Latinoamericano
1585:Paris-Sorbonne University
1093:Inter-Parliamentary Union
595:In the auditorium of the
420:
333:East Cemetery (Venezuela)
278:
267:
239:
220:
209:
167:
131:
119:
107:
4798:Roman Catholic activists
4783:Venezuelan life senators
3555:Eduardo FernĂĄndez (1988)
3517:Party political offices
3479:17 February 2013 at the
3431:"Resolución N° 1068/995"
3148:RamĂłn Guillermo Aveledo
2413:Cårdenas, Rodolfo José.
2381:Caldera Pietri, Andrés.
2121:Order of the Aztec Eagle
2029:Order of the Sun of Peru
2027:: Great Brilliant Cross
1833:Reflexiones de la RĂĄbida
1752:Alicia Pietri Montemayor
1490:Catholic social teaching
1475:Reflexiones de la RĂĄbida
996:SimĂłn BolĂvar University
365:Alicia Pietri Montemayor
37:may need to be rewritten
4773:Presidents of Venezuela
3571:presidential candidate
3537:presidential candidate
2583:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2537:Presidents of Venezuela
2488:Pino Iturrieta, ElĂas.
2439:Grisanti, Luis Xavier.
2395:Caldera, Rafael TomĂĄs.
2351:of the French Republic.
1906:De Carabobo a Puntofijo
1500:in 1970, he explained:
935:Meeting with President
4665:Labor Law of Venezuela
4527:Guerrilla pacification
4512:(1964â1969; 1994â1999)
4510:President of Venezuela
3676:President of Venezuela
3627:President of Venezuela
3600:President of Venezuela
2458:Matheus, Juan Miguel.
2262:: Collar of the Order
1938:"Francisco de Miranda"
1858:Rafael Caldera Library
1768:
1713:
1588:
1576:
1567:Rafael Caldera at the
1556:
1530:
1519:
1439:
1359:
1300:In agreement with the
1141:
1133:
1083:
1075:
952:
944:
928:
773:
688:
685:San CristĂłbal, TĂĄchira
635:IsaĂas Medina Angarita
618:
600:
581:and were known as the
516:
507:
499:
491:
451:president of Venezuela
431:Spanish pronunciation:
257:Manuel Vicente Ledezma
126:President of Venezuela
4700:â Carlos AndrĂ©s PĂ©rez
4691:Carlos AndrĂ©s PĂ©rez â
4632:1993 general election
4627:1983 general election
4622:1968 general election
4617:1963 general election
4612:1958 general election
4607:1947 general election
4574:Pardon of Hugo ChĂĄvez
4537:1973 general election
3369:Allan Brewer-CarĂas,
2198:: Grand Cross of the
1791:Moldes para la fragua
1766:
1711:
1683:Moldes para la fragua
1605:University of Louvain
1582:
1569:Royal Spanish Academy
1566:
1524:
1433:
1357:
1139:
1127:
1081:
1069:
950:
934:
926:
764:during the talk show
759:
707:on 24 November 1948.
682:
616:
594:
513:
505:
497:
489:
3569:National Convergence
3527:Luis Herrera Campins
3030:17 June 2006 at the
2433:GĂłmez Grillo, Elio.
2421:Caldera y Betancourt
2387:Caldera, Juan José.
2370:"Caldera: cien años"
2282:Order of Charles III
2264:"Isabel La CatĂłlica"
1743:Gravely affected by
1723:constituent assembly
1704:Last years and death
1527:Populorum Progressio
1181:National Convergence
1115:Populorum Progressio
1104:University for Peace
873:Miguel Angel Burelli
716:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
351:National Convergence
149:Ramón José Velåsquez
4254:Chamber of Deputies
3610:Carlos Andrés Pérez
3188:Christian Democracy
2564:. 26 December 2009.
2415:"ÂżCĂłmo es Caldera?"
2374:Caballero, Manuel.
1779:Derecho del trabajo
1745:Parkinson's disease
1621:Hebrew of Jerusalem
1444:Christian Democracy
1244:Oswaldo Alvarez Paz
1207:
1054:and Las Piedras in
1012:Poliedro de Caracas
988:Luis Enrique Oberto
977:Betancourt Doctrine
836:
786:Chamber of Deputies
782:Wolfgang LarrazĂĄbal
762:Mariano PicĂłn Salas
672:, President of the
197:Carlos Andrés Pérez
4102:Recognized by the
3620:RamĂłn J. VelĂĄsquez
3585:Political offices
3411:. 24 December 2009
2755:Venezuela (1983).
2451:Herman, Donald L.
2153:Dominican Republic
1912:Derecho al Trabajo
1769:
1714:
1589:
1577:
1531:
1440:
1360:
1205:
1142:
1134:
1084:
1076:
1034:, ChiquinquirĂĄ in
1032:Valle de la Pascua
953:
945:
929:
834:
774:
689:
670:Andrés Eloy Blanco
666:October Revolution
619:
601:
579:Juan Vicente GĂłmez
565:, who drafted the
517:
508:
500:
492:
124:46th and 51st
4803:Copei politicians
4730:
4729:
4600:Electoral history
4561:Second presidency
4532:OperaciĂłn Canguro
4467:
4466:
4389:National Assembly
4115:
4114:
4104:National Assembly
3643:
3642:
3634:Succeeded by
3607:Succeeded by
3577:Succeeded by
3551:Succeeded by
2712:Several authors.
2482:PadrĂłn, Paciano.
2476:Njaim, Humberto.
2464:Moleiro, Alonso.
2419:Carthay, Gehard.
1690:Romulo Betancourt
1539:Mater et Magistra
1456:Marxist socialism
1426:Political thought
1286:
1285:
1040:La Araña-Caricuao
915:
914:
654:Quadragesimo Anno
631:RĂłmulo Betancourt
424:
423:
356:
348:
232:President of the
75:
74:
67:
47:lead layout guide
4870:
4719:
4718:
4587:
4554:
4549:
4519:First presidency
4494:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4323:RamĂrez CubillĂĄn
4142:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4090:
3975:SuĂĄrez Flamerich
3969:Delgado Chalbaud
3669:
3662:
3655:
3646:
3617:Preceded by
3590:Preceded by
3561:Preceded by
3522:Preceded by
3514:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3472:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3401:
3395:
3382:Rafael Caldera:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3301:Rafael Caldera,
3299:
3293:
3288:Rafael Caldera,
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3263:Rafael Caldera,
3261:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3186:Rafael Caldera,
3184:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3153:
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3140:
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2710:
2704:
2699:
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2685:
2679:
2674:Rafael Caldera,
2672:
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2663:
2661:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2624:
2619:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2575:
2566:
2565:
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2531:
2529:Venezuela portal
2526:
2525:
2524:
2349:Legion of Honour
2343:
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2041:
2039:
2038:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1698:La Hora de EmaĂșs
1587:. 22 March 1998.
1436:Jacques Maritain
1395:'s governments.
1315:
1307:Agenda Venezuela
1255:Andrés Velåsquez
1208:
1130:Paramount leader
837:
766:La Hora Nacional
714:. After Colonel
583:Generation of 28
476:achieved in 1998
448:
447:
446:
444:
437:
432:
415:Official website
406:
354:
346:
318:
315:24 December 2009
301:
299:
283:Personal details
272:
253:
244:
225:
214:
204:Senator for Life
193:
181:
172:
158:
145:
136:
112:
98:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
43:improve the lead
27:
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19:
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4248:
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4101:
4091:
4082:
3949:LĂłpez Contreras
3894:Villegas Pulido
3683:
3673:
3639:
3630:
3622:
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3481:Wayback Machine
3470:
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3364:
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3346:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3309:
3303:BolĂvar siempre
3300:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3275:
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3258:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3229:
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3097:
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3069:
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3032:Wayback Machine
3024:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3002:
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2589:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2426:Ewell, Judith.
2358:
2356:Further reading
2338:
2336:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2305:
2289:
2287:
2271:
2269:
2253:
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2239:
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2128:
2126:
2110:
2108:
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2068:
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2054:
2052:
2047:Order of Boyaca
2045:: Great Collar
2036:
2034:
2018:
2016:
2009:: Great Collar
2000:
1998:
1991:: Great Collar
1982:
1980:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1926:
1921:
1900:Ganar la patria
1882:Frente a ChĂĄvez
1860:
1845:BolĂvar siempre
1761:
1706:
1675:Bolivar siempre
1635:(1980), in the
1631:(1964) and the
1561:
1454:capitalism and
1428:
1416:Herrera CampĂns
1309:
1203:
1197:
1171:to run against
1072:Thomas Williams
1064:
1048:Santiago Mariño
1000:SimĂłn RodrĂguez
921:
862:Gonzalo Barrios
832:
816:Gonzalo Barrios
724:JĂłvito Villalba
697:RĂłmulo Gallegos
639:18 October 1945
611:
606:
558:LĂłpez Contreras
484:
442:
440:
439:
438:
430:
353:
349:
345:
339:Political party
320:
316:
303:
302:24 January 1916
297:
295:
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268:
251:
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240:
226:
221:
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191:
179:
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137:
132:
115:
114:Caldera in 1979
103:
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51:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
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4790:
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4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Rafael Caldera
4735:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4694:
4687:
4679:
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4675:
4673:
4672:
4670:Puntofijo Pact
4667:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
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4642:
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4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4515:
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4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:Rafael Caldera
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4482:
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4350:
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4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4293:LĂłpez Orihuela
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:FernĂĄndez DalĂł
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4174:Pieto Figueroa
4171:
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3511:
3508:Rafael Caldera
3505:
3491:
3483:
3466:
3465:External links
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2578:Rafael Caldera
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2347:: Great Cross
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2014:
1996:
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1941:
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1922:
1920:
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1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1856:
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1800:
1794:
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1776:
1760:
1757:
1705:
1702:
1560:
1557:
1537:'s Encyclical
1427:
1424:
1393:NicolĂĄs Maduro
1284:
1283:
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1278:
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1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
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1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:Claudio FermĂn
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:Rafael Caldera
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1199:Main article:
1196:
1193:
1189:Claudio FermĂn
1173:Jaime Lusinchi
1063:
1060:
1046:in Maracaibo,
917:Main article:
913:
912:
910:
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903:
902:
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885:
881:
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866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
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851:Rafael Caldera
848:
847:
844:
841:
831:
828:
747:Puntofijo Pact
693:1947 elections
610:
607:
605:
604:Political life
602:
483:
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376:
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368:
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362:
358:
357:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
325:
319:(aged 93)
313:
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285:
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105:
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102:Rafael Caldera
101:
73:
72:
32:The article's
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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4723:
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4713:
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4709:
4708:
4707:Hugo ChĂĄvez â
4704:
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4697:
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4688:
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4681:
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4648:Alicia Pietri
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4341:SĂĄnchez Bueno
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4305:RondĂłn Lovera
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4287:Ugarte Pelayo
4285:
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4279:
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4214:Morales Bello
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3981:Pérez Jiménez
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3825:J. R. Monagas
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3765:J. T. Monagas
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3760:J. G. Monagas
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3755:J. T. Monagas
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3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:980-366-237-6
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2390:Mi testimonio
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2079:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1960:
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1951:
1948:
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1939:
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1932:
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1724:
1721:called for a
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1679:Simon Bolivar
1676:
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1662:
1656:
1654:
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1642:
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1637:United States
1634:
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1491:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:laissez-faire
1449:
1448:Latin America
1445:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Jacobo Borges
1366:
1365:Caracas Metro
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
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1260:
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1231:
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1224:
1221:
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1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:military coup
1155:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1128:Meeting with
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
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1100:
1098:
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1080:
1073:
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1049:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
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949:
942:
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933:
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920:
911:
908:
905:
904:
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878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
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860:
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849:
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839:
838:
829:
827:
823:
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813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
777:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
748:
744:
743:military coup
740:
739:New York City
735:
733:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
615:
608:
603:
598:
593:
589:
586:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
563:Wilfred Jenks
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
512:
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496:
488:
481:
479:
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383:
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373:
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366:
363:
359:
352:
344:
341:
337:
334:
331:
329:Resting place
327:
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310:
306:
290:
286:
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163:
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135:
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127:
122:
118:
111:
106:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
69:
66:
58:
48:
45:and read the
44:
38:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4714:
4705:
4698:
4689:
4684:â RaĂșl Leoni
4682:
4500:
4335:Canache Mata
4262:
4229:GĂłmez Tamayo
4098:
4075:
4058:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4009:
3992:
3985:
3973:
3926:
3919:
3892:
3885:
3868:
3846:
3829:
3817:
3810:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3625:
3598:
3567:
3548:1983 (lost)
3533:
3494:(in Spanish)
3486:(in Spanish)
3471:(in Spanish)
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3408:
3399:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3354:
3343:
3332:
3321:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3248:
3237:
3226:
3215:
3206:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3171:
3163:(in Spanish)
3157:
3149:
3144:
3136:(in Spanish)
3130:
3122:(in Spanish)
3116:
3105:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3070:
3062:The Guardian
3061:
3052:
3021:
3010:
2999:
2988:
2977:
2966:
2955:
2944:
2933:
2922:
2910:
2899:
2888:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2841:
2822:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2789:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2750:
2742:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2683:
2676:Andrés Bello
2675:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2652:
2642:
2606:
2601:
2590:
2581:
2556:
2452:
2427:
2420:
2388:
2362:
2196:Vatican City
1940:(Brilliant).
1931:"Libertador"
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1888:Andrés Bello
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1773:Andrés Bello
1772:
1749:
1742:
1729:
1727:
1715:
1697:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1668:Andrés Bello
1665:
1657:
1649:The Sorbonne
1594:
1592:Portuguese.
1590:
1573:Andrés Bello
1552:
1547:
1532:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1473:(1976), and
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1441:
1397:
1381:
1361:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1295:Banco Latino
1287:
1277:Total votes:
1184:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1119:
1111:John Paul II
1108:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1008:
992:
985:
981:
961:Soviet Union
958:
954:
906:Total votes:
824:
809:
794:
790:
778:
775:
765:
760:Caldera and
751:
736:
728:
709:
690:
662:
658:
649:
643:
624:
620:
587:
575:
555:
547:Andres Bello
546:
543:Andrés Bello
540:
529:
518:
469:
466:
455:
426:
425:
317:(2009-12-24)
269:
252:Succeeded by
241:
222:
211:
192:Succeeded by
169:
157:Succeeded by
133:
92:
88:
81:Spanish name
76:
61:
52:
41:Please help
36:
34:lead section
4753:2009 deaths
4748:1916 births
4582: [
4454:(2019â2023)
4448:(2018â2019)
4442:(2017â2018)
4436:(2016â2017)
4434:Ramos Allup
4430:(2012â2016)
4424:(2011â2012)
4418:(2006â2011)
4412:(2005â2006)
4406:(2003â2005)
4400:(2000â2003)
4349:(1983â1987)
4343:(1982â1983)
4337:(1979â1982)
4331:(1975â1979)
4329:Ălvarez Paz
4325:(1974â1975)
4319:(1970â1974)
4313:(1969â1970)
4307:(1968â1969)
4301:(1967â1968)
4295:(1966â1967)
4289:(1965â1966)
4283:(1964â1965)
4277:(1962â1964)
4265:(1959â1962)
4256:(1959â1999)
4157:(1959â1999)
3921:Gil Fortoul
3637:Hugo ChĂĄvez
3574:1993 (won)
3544:1963 (lost)
3542:1958 (lost)
3540:1947 (lost)
3456:search form
3440:26 November
3435:impo.com.uy
3415:24 December
2860:El Nacional
2801:27 December
2660:12 December
2232:Netherlands
2214:Netherlands
2135:El Salvador
1651:(1998), in
1643:(1993), in
1623:(1981), in
1615:(1973), in
1607:(1979), in
1498:US Congress
1388:Hugo ChĂĄvez
1349:Moises NaĂm
1310: [
1266:Abstention:
941:White House
895:Abstention:
705:coup d'Ă©tat
472:Hugo ChĂĄvez
355:(1993â2009)
347:(1946â1993)
324:, Venezuela
307:, Venezuela
180:Preceded by
162:Hugo ChĂĄvez
144:Preceded by
4737:Categories
4422:Soto Rojas
4299:Betancourt
4219:Montesinos
4189:PĂ©rez DĂaz
4110:until 2023
4000:Betancourt
3987:LarrazĂĄbal
3959:Betancourt
3688:Since 1830
3631:1994â1999
3604:1969â1974
3593:RaĂșl Leoni
3546:1968 (won)
2548:References
2445:_______.,
2407:_______.,
2401:_______.,
2200:Pian Order
1629:Notre Dame
1535:John XXIII
1400:Betancourt
1211:Candidates
1044:La Chinita
1028:San Carlos
840:Candidates
797:RaĂșl Leoni
521:San Felipe
391:Occupation
380:Alma mater
305:San Felipe
298:1916-01-24
185:RaĂșl Leoni
55:April 2022
4458:RodrĂguez
4281:Santaella
4043:VelĂĄsquez
3910:C. Castro
3777:J. Castro
3750:Soublette
3739:Soublette
2867:13 August
2314:Lithuania
2119:: Collar
1973:: Collar
1971:Argentina
1933:(Collar).
1738:Puntofijo
1373:Cruz-Diez
1280:5,829,216
1269:3,859,579
1258:1,232,653
1247:1,276,506
1236:1,325,287
1225:1,710,722
1056:ParaguanĂĄ
1036:Maracaibo
965:Argentina
909:3,999,617
865:1,050,806
854:1,083,712
622:Yaracuy.
525:Venezuela
462:caudillos
399:Signature
270:In office
246:1959â1962
242:In office
223:In office
212:In office
170:In office
134:In office
93:RodrĂguez
4721:Category
4404:Amelaich
4379:Capriles
4199:GonzĂĄlez
4164:Travieso
4030:C. PĂ©rez
4025:Lusinchi
4015:C. PĂ©rez
3994:Sanabria
3964:Gallegos
3939:J. PĂ©rez
3887:Villegas
3870:H. LĂłpez
3831:Villegas
3819:Villegas
3725:Narvarte
3701:Narvarte
3477:Archived
3028:Archived
2515:See also
2331:Portugal
2298:: Order
2103:Paraguay
2061:Colombia
2043:Colombia
1734:Carabobo
1477:(1976).
1469:(1973),
1465:(1970),
1408:Villalba
1371:and the
1185:chiripas
1154:Caracazo
1052:Porlamar
627:Colombia
371:Children
151:(acting)
79:In this
4658:Related
4460:(2021â)
4446:Barboza
4428:Cabello
4391:(1999â)
4369:Aveledo
4317:LĂ©idenz
4269:Ledezma
4263:Caldera
4239:Aguilar
4194:Barrios
4099:italics
4060:Cabello
4049:Caldera
4020:Herrera
4010:Caldera
3928:MĂĄrquez
3905:Andrade
3881:Andueza
3842:Linares
3812:Bruzual
3732:Carreño
3713:Carreño
3503:YouTube
3409:Reuters
2654:Reuters
2580:at the
2246:Romania
2171:Uruguay
2089:Ecuador
1989:Bolivia
1613:Perugia
1609:Belgium
1543:Paul VI
1420:Calvani
1272:39.84%
1261:21.95%
1250:22.73%
1239:23.60%
1228:30.46%
1016:Maracay
1004:TĂĄchira
939:at the
898:135.311
890:19.34%
887:719,461
879:22.22%
876:826,758
868:28.24%
857:29.13%
772:, 1958.
691:In the
532:Caracas
411:Website
322:Caracas
89:Caldera
85:surname
4650:(wife)
4641:Family
4452:GuaidĂł
4440:Borges
4416:Flores
4410:Maduro
4364:LaurĂa
4359:Oberto
4355:(1987â
4353:Iturbe
4347:Ferrer
4275:Arcaya
4271:(1962)
4244:DĂĄvila
4224:Lepage
4209:Lepage
4155:Senate
4077:GuaidĂł
4071:Maduro
4066:ChĂĄvez
4054:ChĂĄvez
4036:Lepage
3954:Medina
3900:Crespo
3864:GuzmĂĄn
3859:Crespo
3854:GuzmĂĄn
3848:Valera
3837:GuzmĂĄn
3806:FalcĂłn
3719:Vargas
3707:Vargas
3529:(1978)
3394:), 175
3390:
2455:(1980)
2430:(1985)
2345:France
2342:
2328:
2311:
2293:
2275:
2257:
2243:
2229:
2211:
2193:
2168:
2150:
2132:
2117:Mexico
2114:
2100:
2086:
2072:
2058:
2040:
2022:
2007:Brazil
2004:
1986:
1968:
1936:Order
1929:Order
1919:Honors
1914:(2017)
1908:(2017)
1902:(2016)
1896:(2016)
1890:(2015)
1884:(2015)
1878:(2014)
1872:(2014)
1866:(2014)
1853:(1999)
1847:(1987)
1841:(1984)
1835:(1976)
1829:(1975)
1823:(1973)
1817:(1973)
1811:(1972)
1805:(1970)
1799:(1964)
1793:(1962)
1787:(1961)
1781:(1939)
1775:(1935)
1732:(From
1719:ChĂĄvez
1653:France
1647:; and
1641:Renmin
1625:Israel
1418:, and
1367:, the
1291:SENIAT
1024:MĂ©rida
971:, and
969:Panama
901:3.27%
443:listen
394:Lawyer
361:Spouse
4586:]
4374:Rojas
4311:DĂĄger
4184:Vegas
4179:Dubuc
4169:Leoni
4005:Leoni
3944:GĂłmez
3934:GĂłmez
3915:GĂłmez
3876:Rojas
3789:Tovar
3535:COPEI
2278:Spain
2260:Spain
2075:Chile
1759:Works
1645:China
1617:Italy
1446:into
1412:PĂ©rez
1404:Leoni
1314:]
1214:Votes
1169:COPEI
937:Nixon
843:Votes
646:COPEI
515:1940.
343:COPEI
4398:Lara
4204:Mora
3801:PĂĄez
3795:Gual
3783:Gual
3771:Gual
3745:PĂĄez
3695:PĂĄez
3680:list
3442:2020
3417:2009
3388:ISBN
2869:2022
2803:2010
2662:2023
2296:Rome
2025:Peru
1599:and
1480:His
1070:Sir
1020:Coro
973:Peru
770:RCTV
312:Died
288:Born
3501:on
1736:to
1377:CĂșa
1322:GDP
1050:in
720:URD
637:on
87:is
4739::
4584:es
3433:.
3407:.
3060:.
3038:^
2833:^
2734:^
2694:^
2651:.
2628:^
2614:^
2570:^
2316::
2216::
2173::
2155::
1685:.
1639:;
1627:;
1619:;
1611:;
1492:.
1422:.
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1312:es
1217:%
1177:AD
1117:.
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
1002:,
998:,
979:.
967:,
846:%
768:.
701:AD
648:,
641:.
538:.
523:,
478:.
464:.
4493:e
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3678:(
3668:e
3661:t
3654:v
3579:â
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3524:â
3444:.
3419:.
3064:.
2871:.
2805:.
2759:.
2664:.
2510:.
2302:.
2284:.
2266:.
2220:.
2202:.
2177:.
2159:.
2141:.
2123:.
2049:.
2031:.
2013:.
1995:.
1977:.
687:.
429:(
374:6
300:)
296:(
95:.
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
49:.
39:.
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