Rain garden - Knowledge

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a vegetative species’ moisture tolerance that can be considered when choosing plants for a rain garden. Wet soil is constantly full of water with long periods of pooling surface water; this category includes swamp and marsh sites. Moist soil is always slightly damp, and plants that thrive in this category can tolerate longer periods of flooding. Mesic soil is neither very wet nor very dry; plants that prefer this category can tolerate brief periods of flooding. Dry soil is ideal for plants that can withstand long dry periods. Plantings chosen for rain gardens must be able to thrive during both extreme wet and dry spells, since rain gardens periodically swing between these two states. A rain garden in temperate climates will unlikely dry out completely, but gardens in dry climates will need to sustain low soil moisture levels during periods of drought. On the other hand, rain gardens are unlikely to suffer from intense waterlogging, since the function of a rain garden is that excess water is drained from the site. Plants typically found in rain gardens are able to soak up large amounts of rainfall during the year as an intermediate strategy during the dry season.

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climates, plants that can tolerate both saturated and dry soil are typically used for the rain garden. They need to be maintained for maximum efficiency, and be compatible with adjacent land uses. Native and adapted plants are commonly selected for rain gardens because they are more tolerant of the local climate, soil, and water conditions; have deep and variable root systems for enhanced water infiltration and drought tolerance; increase habitat value, diversity for local ecological communities, and overall sustainability once established. Vegetation with dense and uniform root structure depth helps to maintain consistent infiltration throughout the bioretention system. There can be trade-offs associated with using native plants, including lack of availability for some species, late spring emergence, short blooming season, and relatively slow establishment.

329:. Naturally occurring watersheds are damaged when they are sealed by an impervious surface, which diverts pollutant-carrying stormwater runoff into streams. Urban watersheds are affected by greater quantities of pollutants due to the consequences of anthropogenic activities within urban environments. Rainfall on impermeable surfaces accumulates surface runoff containing oil, bacteria, and sediment that eventually makes its way to streams and groundwater. Stormwater control strategies such as infiltration gardens treat contaminated surface runoff and return processed water to the underlying soil, helping to restore the watershed system. The effectiveness of stormwater control systems is measured by the reduction of the amount of rainfall that becomes runoff ( 519:. Soils with higher concentrations of compost have shown improved effects on filtering groundwater and rainwater. Non-permeable soil needs to be removed and replaced periodically to generate maximum performance and efficiency if used in the bioretention system. The sandy soil (bioretention mixture) cannot be combined with a surrounding soil that has a lower sand content because the clay particles will settle in between the sand particles and form a concrete-like substance that is not conducive to infiltration, according to a 1983 study. Compact lawn soil cannot harbor groundwater nearly as well as sandy soils, because the micropores within the soil are not sufficient for retaining substantial runoff levels. 458:, and plants can maintain infiltration rates, diverse microorganism communities, and water storage capacity. Because infiltration systems manage storm water quantity by reducing storm water runoff volumes and peak flows, rain garden design must begin with a site analysis and assessment of the rainfall loads on the proposed bioretention system. This will lead to different knowledge about each site, which will affect the choice of plantings and substrate systems. At a minimum, rain gardens should be designed for the peak runoff rate during the most severe expected storm. The load applied on the system will then determine the optimal design flow rate. 853:, homeowners can volunteer for the Water Resources Commissioner's Rain Garden program, in which volunteers are annually selected for free professional landscape design. The homeowners build the gardens themselves as well as pay for landscaping material. Photos of the gardens as well as design documents and drainage calculations are available online. The Washtenaw County Water Resource Commissioner's office also offers yearly in person and online Master Rain Gardener classes to help guide those interested in the rain garden design, building, and upkeep process. 341:

the ground that allow for contaminated urban runoff. Rain gardens perform most effectively when they interact with the greater system of stormwater control. This integrated approach to water treatment is called the "stormwater chain", which consists of all associated techniques to prevent surface run-off, retain run-off for infiltration or evaporation, detain run-off and release it at a predetermined rate, and convey rainfall from where it lands to detention or retention facilities. Rain gardens have many reverberating effects on the greater

31: 3500: 957: 337:(rate of depletion) of the runoff. Even rain gardens with small capacities for daily infiltration can create a positive cumulative impact on mitigating urban runoff. Increasing the number of permeable surfaces by designing rain gardens reduces the amount of polluted stormwater that reaches natural bodies of water and recharges groundwater at a higher rate. Additionally, adding a rain garden to a site that experiences excessive rainwater runoff mitigates the water quantity load on public stormwater systems. 565:

the rain garden should include a layer of gravel or sand beneath the topsoil to meet that increased infiltration load. If not originally designed to include a rain garden onsite, downpipes from the roof can be disconnected and diverted to a rain garden for retrofit stormwater management. This reduces the amount of water load on the conventional drainage system, and instead directs water for infiltration and treatment through bioretention features. By reducing peak stormwater discharge, rain gardens extend

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diverse plantings to support a higher infiltration capacity. Also, many plants do not tolerate saturated roots for long and will not be able to handle the increased flow of water. Rain garden plant species should be selected to match the site conditions after the required location and storage capacity of the bioretention area are determined. In addition to mitigating urban runoff, the rain garden may contribute to urban habitats for native

3512: 648:. These pollutants are known to cause harmful over-promotion of plant and algal growth if they seep into streams and rivers. The challenge of predicting pollutant loads is specifically acute when a rain event occurs after a longer dry period. The initial storm water is often highly contaminated with the accumulated pollutants from dry periods. Rain garden designers have previously focused on finding robust 443: 611:

generally contribute to bioretention sites the most when they are located close enough to tap moisture in the rain garden depression, yet do not excessively shade the garden and allow for evaporation. That said, shading open surface waters can reduce excessive heating of vegetative habitats. Plants tolerate inundation by warm water for less time than they tolerate cold water because heat drives out

985: 675: 385:, which have greater effects on human health than the implications of treating urban runoff and rainfall. Environmental benefits of bioretention sites include increased wildlife diversity and habitat production and minimized energy use and pollution. Prioritizing water management through natural bioretention sites eliminates the possibility of covering the land with impermeable surfaces. 971: 3536: 207:, which would have cost nearly $ 400,000, the planted drainage swales cost $ 100,000 to install. This was also much more cost effective than building BMP ponds that could handle 2-, 10-, and 100-year storm events. Flow monitoring done in later years showed that the rain gardens have resulted in a 75–80% reduction in stormwater runoff during a regular rainfall event. 3524: 373:: a landscape and water design practice that utilizes the chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils, microorganisms, and plants to control the quality and quantity of water flow within a site. Bioretention facilities are primarily designed for water management, and can treat urban runoff, stormwater, groundwater, and in special cases, 226:”, remain the conventional runoff drainage system in many parts of the world from long before extensive networks of concrete sewers became the conventional engineering practice in the industrialized world. What is new about such technology is the emerging rigor of increasingly quantitative understanding of how such tools may make 930:, China, a rain garden was built to observe and study over four years. This study showed that over four years, there were 28 large storm events in Xi'an. Within these 28 storms, the rain garden was able to retain the rainfall from a majority of the storms. Only 5 of these storms caused the rain garden to overflow. 422:

chemical substances from the water also bind to the surfaces of plant roots, soil particles, and other organic matter in the substrate and are rendered ineffective. Soil microorganisms break down remaining chemicals and small organic matter and effectively decompose the pollutants into a saturated soil matter.

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It is important to plant a wide variety of species so the rain garden is functional during all climatic conditions. It is likely that the garden will experience a gradient of moisture levels across its functional lifespan, so some drought tolerant plantings are desirable. There are four categories of

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flowing directly into natural waterways through ground filtration. Natural remediation of contaminated stormwater is an effective, cost-free treatment process. Directing water to flow through soil and vegetation achieves particle pollutant capture, while atmospheric pollutants are captured in plant

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may be used to direct a portion of the rainwater to an overflow location for heavier rain events. If the bioretention site has additional runoff directed from downspouts leading from the roof of a building, or if the existing soil has a filtration rate faster than 5 inches per hour, the substrate of

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indicates that rain gardens in urban clay soils can be effective without the use of underdrains or replacement of native soils with the bioretention mix. Yet it also indicates that pre-installation infiltration rates should be at least .25 in/hour. Type D soils will require an underdrain paired with

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slope to a destination, while rain gardens are level; however, a bioswale may end with a rain garden as a part of a larger stormwater management system. Drainage ditches may be handled like bioswales and even include rain gardens in series, saving time and money on maintenance. Part of a garden that

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reaches its moisture capacity, when it begins to pool at the top of the bioretention feature. The pooled water and water from plant and soil surfaces is then evaporated into the atmosphere. Optimal design of bioretention sites aim for shallow pooled water to reach a higher rate of evaporation. Water

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by 2016. The 12,000 rain gardens website provides information and resources for the general public, landscape professionals, municipal staff, and decision makers. By providing access to the best current guidance, easy-to-use materials, and a network of trained "Rain Garden Mentor" Master Gardeners,

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Healthy Waterways Raingardens Program promotes a simple and effective form of stormwater treatment, and aims to raise peoples' awareness about how good stormwater management contributes to healthy waterways. The program encourages people to build rain gardens at home, and has achieved its target is

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Stormwater garden design encompasses a wide range of features based on the principles of bioretention. These facilities are then organized into a sequence and incorporated into the landscape in the order that rainfall moves from buildings and permeable surfaces to gardens, and eventually, to bodies

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The bioretention approach to water treatment, and specifically rain gardens in this context, is two-fold: to utilize the natural processes within landscapes and soils to transport, store, and filter stormwater before it becomes runoff, and to reduce the overall amount of impervious surface covering

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of incoming pollutant streams. Certain plant species are very effective at storing mineral nutrients, which are only released once the plant dies and decays. Other species can absorb heavy metal contaminants. Cutting back and entirely removing these plants at the end of the growth cycle completely

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Chosen vegetation needs to respect site constraints and limitations, and especially should not impede the primary function of bioretention. Trees under power lines, or that up-heave sidewalks when soils become moist, or whose roots seek out and clog drainage tiles can cause expensive damage. Trees

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Collected water is filtered through the strata of soil or engineering growing soil, called substrate. After the soil reaches its saturation limit, excess water pools on the surface of the soil and eventually infiltrates the natural soil below. The bioretention soil mixture should typically contain

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Typical rain garden plants are herbaceous perennials and grasses, which are chosen for their porous root structure and high growth rate. Trees and shrubs can also be planted to cover larger areas on the bioretention site. Although specific plants are selected and designed for respective soils and

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and defeating its purpose as a bioretention system. The more polluted the runoff water, the longer it must be retained in the soil for purification. Capacity for a longer purification period is often achieved by installing several smaller rain garden basins with soil deeper than the seasonal high

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Existing gardens can be adapted to perform like rain gardens by adjusting the landscape so that downspouts and paved surfaces drain into existing planting areas. Even though existing gardens have loose soil and well-established plants, they may need to be augmented in size and/or with additional,

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for Street Edge Alternatives, it was a drastic facelift of a residential street. The street was changed from a typical linear path to a gentle curve, narrowed, with large rain gardens placed along most of the length of the street. The street has 11% less impervious surface than a regular street.

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Water By Design is a capacity building program that supports the uptake of Water Sensitive Urban Design, including rain gardens, in South East Queensland. It was established by the South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership in 2005, as an integral component of the SEQ Healthy Waterways

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and large particles will settle out. Dust particles, soil particles, and other small debris are filtered out of the water as it moves downward through the soil and interspersed plant roots. Plants take up some of the nutrients for use in their growth processes, or for mineral storage. Dissolved

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system. In a bioretention system such as a rain garden, water filters through layers of soil and vegetation media, which treat the water before it enters the groundwater system or an underdrain. Any remaining runoff from a rain garden will have a lower temperature than runoff from an impervious

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commissioned sustainable drainage consultants Robert Bray Associates to design a pilot rain garden in the Ashby Grove development which was completed in 2011. This raingarden is fed from a typical modest domestic roof catchment area of 30m² and is designed to demonstrate how simple and cost

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The primary challenge of rain garden design is predicting the types of pollutants and the acceptable loads of pollutants the rain garden's filtration system can process during high impact storm events. Contaminants may include organic material, such as animal waste and oil spills, as well as

218:) tool. Any shallow garden depression implemented to capture and filter rain water within the garden so as to avoid draining water offsite is at conception a rain garden—particularly if vegetation is planted and maintained with recognition of its role in this function. Vegetated roadside 433:

activity. These features are supported by plants, which create secondary pore space to increase soil permeability, prevent soil compaction through complex root structure growth, provide habitats for the microorganisms on the surfaces of their roots, and transport oxygen to the soil.

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surface, which reduces the thermal shock on receiving bodies of water. Additionally, increasing the amount of permeable surfaces by designing urban rain gardens reduces the amount of polluted stormwater that reaches natural bodies of water and recharges groundwater at a higher rate.

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area. He approached Larry Coffman, an environmental engineer and the county's Associate Director for Programs and Planning in the Department of Environmental Resources, with the idea. The result was the extensive use of rain gardens in Somerset, a residential subdivision which has a

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to monitor water volumes, water quality, and soil moisture content. The rain garden basin is 300mm deep and has a storage capacity of 2.17m³ which is just over the volume required to store runoff from the roof catchment in a 1 in 100 storm plus 30% allowance for climate

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in urban areas, such as Camden and Newark to help prevent localized flooding, combined sewer overflows, and to improve water quality. The Water Resources Program has also revised and produced a rain garden manual in collaboration with The Native Plant Society of New

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with a series of gravel layers near the lowest spot in the rain garden will help facilitate percolation and avoid clogging at the sedimentation basin. However, a drywell placed at the lowest spot can become clogged with silt prematurely, turning the garden into an

80:. A benefit of planting rain gardens is the consequential decrease in ambient air and water temperature, a mitigation that is especially effective in urban areas containing an abundance of impervious surfaces that absorb heat in a phenomenon known as the 741:

Melbourne Water's database of Water Sensitive Urban Design projects, including 57 case studies relating to rain gardens/bioretention systems. Melbourne Water is the Victorian State Government agency responsible for managing Melbourne's water supply

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has implemented a policy of encouraging residents to install rain gardens. Many neighborhoods had swales added to each property, but installation of a garden at the swale was voluntary. The project was a partnership between the City of Maplewood,

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There is a rain garden at the Center for Young Children (CYC) at University of Maryland designed by students from the Department of Plant Science and Landscape Agriculture. The rain garden allows teachers at the CYC to educate future students on

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by growing plants accelerates soil drying between storms. Rain gardens perform best using plants that grow in regularly moist soils, because these plants can typically survive in drier soils that are relatively fertile (contain many nutrients).

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Department of Landscape Architecture, and the Ramsey Washington Metro Watershed District. A focus group was held with residents and published so that other communities could use it as a resource when planning their own rain garden

359: 560:). Most rain gardens are designed to be an endpoint of a building's or urban site's drainage system with a capacity to percolate all incoming water through a series of soil or gravel layers beneath the surface plantings. A 877:, the Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program has installed over 125 demonstration rain gardens in suburban and urban areas. The Water Resources Program has begun to focus on using rain gardens as 815:, the Dakota County Soil and Water Conservation District offers $ 250 grants and technical assistance through their Landscaping for Clean Water program to encourage residents to install residential raingardens. 3654: 628:

membranes and then trapped in soil, where most of them begin to break down. These approaches help to diffuse runoff, which allows contaminants to be distributed across the site instead of concentrated. The

1999: 845:. Also in Michigan, the Southeastern Oakland County Water Authority has published a pamphlet to encourage residents to add a rain garden to their landscapes in order to improve the water quality in the 146:, tie together buildings and their surrounding environments in integrated and environmentally advantageous ways. Rain gardens can improve water quality in nearby bodies of water and recharge depleted 896:

watershed in the Fall of 2001. Much of the runoff from the University of Maryland campus, a member of the Anacostia Watershed Restoration Partnership, ends up in the Anacostia River feeding into the

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Bioretention controls the stormwater quantity through interception, infiltration, evaporation, and transpiration. First, rainfall is captured by plant tissue (leaves and stems) and in the soil

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like roofs, driveways, walkways, parking lots, and compacted lawn areas. Rain gardens rely on plants and natural or engineered soil medium to retain stormwater and increase the lag time of

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The first rain gardens were created to mimic the natural water retention areas that developed before urbanization occurred. The rain gardens for residential use were developed in 1990 in

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Stormwater management occurs on a watershed scale to prevent downstream impacts on urban water quality. A watershed is maintained through the cyclical accumulation, storage, and flow of

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There are 100 evergreen trees and 1100 shrubs along this 3-block stretch of road, and a 2-year study found that the amount of stormwater which leaves the street has been reduced by 99%.

2468: 900:. This research finds rain gardens to be a very effective method of water capture and filtration, encouraging others in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed to implement rain gardens. 3148: 2267:"Evaluating Retention Capacity of Infiltration Rain Gardens and Their Potential Effect on Urban Stormwater Management in the Sub-Humid Loess Region of China | Request PDF" 944:. This program will prioritize the natural environment and will include rain gardens, green roofs, wetlands and more permeable surfaces to slow down storm water retention. 892:. For the past 20 years, Davis and his team have been studying the effectiveness of rain gardens. For their research, they constructed two rain gardens on campus near the 2139: 1752: 3540: 2574: 1149: 885:

According to the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, rain gardens may remove 90% of total suspended solids, 50% of nitrogen, and 90% of phosphorus.

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this campaign seeks to capture and cleanse over 200 Million gallons of polluted runoff each year, and thereby significantly improve Puget Sound's water quality.

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Davis' research showed that rain gardens aid in the capturing and bio-degradation of pollutants such as suspended solids, bacteria, metals, oil, and grease.

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300–400 sq ft (28–37 m) rain garden on each house's property. This system proved to be highly cost-effective. Instead of a system of

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Novotny, V. and Olem, H. 1994. "Water Quality: Prevention, Identification, and Management of Diffuse Pollution." Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

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and encouraging adequate biofiltration, but recently have begun augmenting filtration layers with media specifically suited to chemically reduce

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into existing stormwater management infrastructure as it is for developing communities seeking a faster and more sustainable development path.

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carried by urban runoff. Rain gardens provide a method to reuse and optimize any rain that falls, reducing or avoiding the need for additional

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are used to retain smaller amounts of water and filter larger amounts without letting water percolate as quickly. A five-year study by the

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enough to allow water to drain and filter at an appropriate rate, the soil should be replaced and an underdrain installed. Sometimes a

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recharge. While rain gardens always allow for restored groundwater recharge, and reduced stormwater volumes, they may not improve

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Water quality analyzed at the University of Maryland showed a significant increase in water clarity after rain garden filtration.

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Even though natural water purification is based on the design of planted areas, the key components of bioremediation are the

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Muthanna, T. M.; Viklander, M.; Thorolfsson, S. T. (2008). "Seasonal climatic effects on the hydrology of a rain garden".

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Hess, Amanda; Wadzuk, Bridget; Welker, Andrea (2015-05-14). "Evapotranspiration and Infiltration in Rain Garden Systems".

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also evaporates through the leaves of the plants in the feature and back to the atmosphere, which is a process known as

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metro area. Property owners are encouraged to create rain gardens, with an eventual goal of 10,000 individual gardens.

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normally feeding a stream, and has been linked to upset in some aquatic ecosystems primarily through the reduction of

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Environmental Action Council has established Rain Gardens of West Michigan as an outreach water quality program in

298: 142:, create aesthetic landscaping sites, and provide diverse planting opportunities. They also encourage wildlife and 1631: 1541: 127:. Deep plant roots also create additional channels for stormwater to filter into the ground. Root systems enhance 3388: 3342: 3192: 859:, has established a Clean River Rewards program, to encourage residents to disconnect downspouts from the city's 774:

The Day Brook Rain Garden Project has introduced a number of rain gardens into an existing residential street in

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Rain gardens are beneficial for many reasons; they improve water quality by filtering runoff, provide localized

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Prince George's County, MD Department of Environmental Protection. Watershed Protection Branch, Landover, MD.

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Dietz, Michael E.; Clausen, John C. (2005). "A Field Evaluation of Raingarden Flow and Pollutant Treatment".

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Rain Gardening in the South: Ecologically Designed Gardens for Drought, Deluge & Everything in Between.

2353:(Report). Landover, MD: Prince George's County, Department of Environmental Resources. 2002. Archived from 1328:

Mangangka, Isri R.; Liu, An; Goonetilleke, Ashantha; Egodawatta, Prasanna (2016), "Storm Water Treatment",

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Kuichling, E. 1889. "The relation between the rainfall and the discharge of sewers in populous districts."

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Details for construction of a rain garden with a link to a long plant list from Brooklyn Botanical Garden]

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system and create rain gardens. Workshops, discounts on storm water bills, and web resources are offered.

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effective domestic rain gardens are to install. Monitoring apparatus was built into the design to allow

3659: 3638: 3516: 3274: 2991: 2609: 2604: 2497: 1203:. No. 42. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). August 1995. Archived from 831: 2187: 3378: 3319: 2812: 2763: 2624: 2599: 2579: 1818: 1710: 1578: 1373: 1029: 878: 799: 775: 767: 523: 378: 334: 254: 1831: 3603: 3297: 3160: 2716: 2584: 2569: 2517: 2507: 1009: 822:, a prototype project, used to develop a plan for the entire city, was constructed in 2003. Called 819: 623:

Rain gardens are designed to capture the initial flow of stormwater and reduce the accumulation of

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Some local governmental organizations offer local grants for residents to install raingardens. In

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Stormwater quality can be controlled by bioretention through settling, filtration, assimilation,

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removes these contaminants. This process of cleaning up polluted soils and stormwater is called

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Rain Gardens in this sub-humid loess region of Xi'an China, are Low Impact Developments (LID).

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of waterways receiving the storm water runoff. Redirected stormwater is often warmer than the

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Waananen, A. O. 1969. "Urban effects on water yield" in W. L. Moore and C. W. Morgan (eds),

1034: 962: 856: 850: 658: 612: 418: 262: 2363: 53:. Rain gardens are designed landscape sites that reduce the flow rate, total quantity, and 3628: 3608: 3483: 3468: 3463: 3155: 3061: 3041: 2941: 2929: 2914: 2894: 2889: 2753: 2704: 2679: 2659: 2113: 1176: 1153: 990: 893: 582: 495: 330: 163: 2240:"Center for Young Children Rain Garden | University of Maryland Office of Sustainability" 1169: 498:, where the water will infiltrate the ground at a much slower rate, within a day or two. 2175: 1874:

Hunt, William F.; Lord, Bill; Loh, Benjamin; Sia, Angelia (2014-10-29), "Introduction",

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washed off hard or compacted surfaces during rain events. These pollutants may include

274: 58: 2334:“Review and Research Needs of Bioretention Used for the Treatment of Urban Stormwater” 2163: 1565:

Li, Ming-Han; Swapp, Mark; Kim, Myung Hee; Chu, Kung-Hui; Sung, Chan Yong (May 2014).

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Development and evaluation of a biphasic rain garden for stormwater runoff management

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Rain Gardens: Sustainable Rainwater Management for the Garden and Designed Landscape

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Rain gardens : managing water sustainably in the garden and designed landscape

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Stormwater Best Management Practice Design Guide, Volume 2: Vegetative Biofilters

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is coordinating efforts to build 12,000 rain gardens in the Puget Sound Basin of

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Rain gardens are often located near a building's roof drainpipe (with or without

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supply. Rain gardens also reduce the amount of polluted runoff that enters the

3613: 3583: 3026: 2909: 2844: 2829: 2787: 2664: 2564: 2354: 2206:"WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING RAIN GARDENS: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND STUDIES" 1840: 1514: 1147:“Biotransformation of Priority Pollutants Using Biofilms and Vascular Plants.” 1019: 952: 874: 566: 414: 394: 382: 374: 306: 302: 294: 266: 214:

rain gardens predate their recognition by professionals as a significant LID (

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The concept of LID (low-impact design) for stormwater management is based on

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Clar, Michael L.; Barfield, Billy J.; O'Connor, Thomas P. (September 2004).

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Dr. Allen P. Davis is an environment and civil engineering professor at the

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Plant Selection for Bioretention Systems and Stormwater Treatment Practices

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Water Environment Federation. American Society of Civil Engineers. (1998).

1170:“Rain Gardens: Enhancing your home landscape and protecting water quality.” 2425: 3700: 3695: 3332: 3259: 3187: 2924: 2799: 2589: 999: 927: 867: 478: 282: 223: 200: 167: 2337: 2127: 3441: 3403: 3393: 3269: 2946: 2904: 2794: 699: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 527: 516: 512: 491: 278: 159: 88: 2442:

Healthy Waterways Raingardens Program — Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

1981: 3133: 3126: 3121: 2537: 1722: 1362:"The influence of vegetation on rain garden hydrological performance" 454:

of water. A rain garden requires an area where water can collect and

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would pool are typically covered by impermeable surfaces, such as

108: 29: 1657:"The Beneficial Beauty of Rain Gardens – The Native Plant Herald" 230:

possible. This is as true for developed communities retrofitting

3143: 2758: 508: 494:, or pond, and not a rain garden. Rain gardens also differ from 112: 104: 3556: 2450: 2344:

Design Manual for Use of Bioretention in Stormwater Management.

2332:

Liu, Jia, David J. Sample, Cameron Bell and Yuntao Guan. 2014.

2291:"Sponge City: Solutions for China's Thirsty and Flooded Cities" 589:

materials are included in the design of the filtration layers.

3071: 2092: 668: 293:(DO). Stormwater runoff is also a source of a wide variety of 2432:

Rain Garden Design Templates for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

265:, pavement, or concrete, and are leveled for automobile use. 2103:

Southeastern Oakland County Water Authority, Royal Oak, MI.

1509:. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers: 261–270. 1360:

Yuan, Jia; Dunnett, Nigel; Stovin, Virginia (2017-08-18).

2038:"Nottingham Green Streets – Retrofit Rain Garden Project" 2437:

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources — Rain Gardens

1798:"USGS: Rain Gardens Work Regardless of Soil Conditions." 1168:

University of Rhode Island. Healthy Landscapes Program.

644:

inorganic material, such as heavy metals and fertilizer

182:, when Dick Brinker, a developer building a new housing 2079:

City of Seattle, Washington. Seattle Public Utilities.

757:

The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust's London Wetland Centre

2017:"Ashby Grove residential retrofit rain garden, London" 381:

are necessary for the bioretention of sewage water or

1507:

World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015

1145:

B.C. Wolverton, Ph.D., R.C. McDonald-McCaleb (1986).

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Sustainable City Network, Dubuque, IA (2011-02-21).

1228:“Rain Gardens Made One Maryland Community Famous.” 830:10,000 Rain Gardens is a public initiative in the 360:SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry 2091:Rain Gardens of West Michigan, Grand Rapids, MI. 2081:“Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project.” 1950:"Stormwater management (WSUD) - Melbourne Water" 1292:Urban Stormwater Management in the United States 2428:— Little Stringybark Creek, Victoria, Australia 2384:Bray, B., Gedge, D., Grant, G., Leuthvilay, L. 1157:Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences. 1091:Handbook of water sensitive planning and design 553:the sandy soil mix in order to drain properly. 2388:. Published by RESET Development, London, 2012 2174:University of Delaware Cooperative Extension. 1677:"Rain Gardens: Stormwater Management Solution" 1330:SpringerBriefs in Water Science and Technology 253:In developed urban areas, naturally occurring 3568: 2462: 2366:(Report). Edison, NJ: EPA. EPA 600/R-04/121A. 1272:University of Texas Press, Austin and London. 634:United States Environmental Protection Agency 8: 3338:List of organic gardening and farming topics 1632:"Are Rain Gardens Mini Toxic Cleanup Sites?" 1270:Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow. 3655:Continuous monitoring and adaptive control 3575: 3561: 3553: 2469: 2455: 2447: 2188:"Water Resources Program at Rutgers NJAES" 2140:"Master Rain Gardener Volunteer Program —" 1883: 1830: 715:Learn how and when to remove this message 2374:Eno Publishers: Hillsborough, NC, 2009. 1219: 1217: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1123:"Evapotranspiration and the Water Cycle" 1089:France, R. L. (Robert Lawrence) (2002). 734:to see 10,000 rain gardens built across 569:lag time and somewhat mimic the natural 477:Rain gardens are at times confused with 186:had the idea to replace the traditional 2162:Clean River Rewards, Portland, Oregon. 1542:"Bioretention Areas & Rain Gardens" 1056: 640:of the pollutants to benign compounds. 446:A recently planted home rain garden in 87:Rain garden plantings commonly include 2063:"12,000 Rain Gardens - in Puget Sound" 1782:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1775: 1467: 486:nearly always has standing water is a 2261: 2259: 1626: 1624: 1536: 1534: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1413: 1411: 1332:, Springer Singapore, pp. 1–14, 1323: 1321: 1319: 1259:554. United States Geological Survey. 154:system, which discharges directly to 7: 3523: 1982:"WWT London - London Wetland Centre" 1878:, Springer Singapore, pp. 1–6, 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 890:University of Maryland, College Park 787:The 12,000 rain garden campaign for 697:adding citations to reliable sources 3535: 72:, while remediating and filtering 27:Runoff reducing landscaping method 25: 2370:Kraus, Helen, and Anne Spafford. 2318:Dunnett, Nigel and Andy Clayden. 1864:Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 3534: 3522: 3511: 3510: 3498: 2322:. Timber Press: Portland, 2007. 1811:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 1591:10.2175/106143013x13789303501920 983: 969: 955: 763:Islington London Borough Council 673: 180:Prince George's County, Maryland 2093:“Rain Gardens of West Michigan” 1932:"Raingardens - Melbourne Water" 1420:Urban runoff quality management 684:needs additional citations for 2402:, Burnsville, MN (USA). 2004. 2342:Prince George's County. 1993. 1: 1386:10.1080/1573062x.2017.1363251 522:When an area's soils are not 321:Stormwater management systems 273:which may cause overflows of 3747:Hydrology and urban planning 2126:Washtenaw County, Michigan. 3369:Index of pesticide articles 2336:. Water, 6 (4): 1069–1099. 2176:“Rain Gardens in Delaware.” 1885:10.1007/978-981-287-245-6_1 1338:10.1007/978-981-10-1660-8_1 1224:Wisconsin Natural Resources 936:China plans to implement a 630:National Science Foundation 3803: 3782:Waste treatment technology 3634:Stormwater detention vault 2513:Climate-friendly gardening 2128:“Rain Garden Virtual Tour” 2040:. Susdrain. Archived from 1954:wsud.melbournewater.com.au 1571:Water Environment Research 1257:Geological Survey Circular 1201:Nonpoint Source News-Notes 1005:Climate-friendly gardening 299:volatile organic compounds 241: 3777:Waste management concepts 3742:Environmental engineering 3492: 3389:Plant disease forecasting 3343:Vegan organic agriculture 3193:Genetically modified tree 2426:Stormwater Tender project 1912:. Ohio State University. 1841:10.1007/s11270-005-8266-8 1515:10.1061/9780784479162.025 1241:Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 188:best management practices 91:edge vegetation, such as 2412:A brief introduction to 2410:Water at the Grass Roots 2067:www.12000raingardens.org 1546:megamanual.geosyntec.com 1472:Dunnett, Nigel. (2008). 924:University of Technology 813:Dakota County, Minnesota 3592:Treatment / Containment 940:program in response to 805:University of Minnesota 759:includes a rain garden. 397:. Then, water performs 389:Water treatment process 249:Effects of urban runoff 238:Urban runoff mitigation 228:sustainable development 123:through the process of 47:bioretention facilities 3752:Landscape architecture 3670:Hydrodynamic separator 3665:Flow control structure 3328:Biodynamic agriculture 3265:Postharvest physiology 3213:Landscape architecture 2910:Indonesian home garden 2420:Creating a Rain Garden 2414:Low Impact Development 2400:Rain garden case study 2338:“doi:10.3390/w6041069” 2244:sustainability.umd.edu 2164:“Clean River Rewards.” 1908:Yang, Hanbae. (2010). 1703:Hydrological Processes 1152:April 7, 2009, at the 843:Grand Rapids, Michigan 550:U.S. Geological Survey 540:. In some cases lined 450: 366: 277:systems or pollution, 216:Low Impact Development 39: 3767:Sustainable gardening 3757:Stormwater management 3660:Flood control channel 3639:Stormwater harvesting 3586:management structures 2575:Historic conservation 2112:May 10, 2006, at the 1936:melbournewater.com.au 1252:Leopold, L. B. 1968. 1159:Vol. XXXI, pp. 79-89. 832:Kansas City, Missouri 445: 377:. Carefully designed 357: 242:Further information: 33: 3505:Gardening portal 3404:Aquamog weed remover 3379:List of insecticides 2386:UK Rain Garden Guide 2005:. Islington Council. 1093:. Lewis Publishers. 1030:Rainwater harvesting 879:green infrastructure 800:Maplewood, Minnesota 776:Sherwood, Nottingham 768:Middlesex University 693:improve this article 379:constructed wetlands 3604:Constructed wetland 2351:Bioretention Manual 2223:"Rain Garden Pylon" 1861:Dussaillant et al. 1823:2005WASP..167..123D 1715:2008HyPr...22.1640M 1636:Sightline Institute 1583:2014WaEnR..86..387L 1378:2017UrbWJ..14.1083Y 1366:Urban Water Journal 1010:Constructed wetland 546:subsurface drainage 222:, now promoted as “ 3787:Water conservation 3762:Sustainable design 3711:Percolation trench 3706:Infiltration basin 3624:Oil-grit separator 3374:List of fungicides 3139:Companion planting 2144:www.ewashtenaw.org 1175:2015-10-23 at the 1071:. EPA. 2016-04-28. 1045:Water-energy nexus 793:Western Washington 638:chemical reduction 533:infiltration basin 472:beneficial insects 451: 408:evapotranspiration 367: 364:Syracuse, New York 190:(BMP) pond with a 82:heat-island effect 40: 3729: 3728: 3721:Semicircular bund 3550: 3549: 3422:Community orchard 3248:drought tolerance 2404:Land & Water: 2380:978-0-9820771-0-8 2328:978-0-88192-826-6 2295:New Security Beat 2192:water.rutgers.edu 1895:978-981-287-244-9 1709:(11): 1640–1649. 1524:978-0-7844-7916-2 1483:978-0-88192-826-6 1372:(10): 1083–1089. 1347:978-981-10-1659-2 1309:978-0-309-12539-0 1100:978-1-4200-3242-0 725: 724: 717: 619:Pollutant removal 575:urban development 502:Soil and drainage 358:A rain garden at 269:is directed into 51:stormwater runoff 38:during the winter 36:Wheaton, Maryland 34:A rain garden in 16:(Redirected from 3794: 3716:Permeable paving 3577: 3570: 3563: 3554: 3538: 3537: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3502: 3479:Plant collecting 3415:Related articles 3352:Plant protection 2533:French intensive 2471: 2464: 2457: 2448: 2416:and rain gardens 2367: 2358: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1887: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1834: 1817:(1–4): 123–138. 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1758:. 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Susdrain 1769:2013-01-16 1687:2022-03-09 1662:2022-03-09 1642:2022-03-09 1551:2022-03-08 1132:2019-08-16 1052:References 1020:Green roof 875:New Jersey 593:Vegetation 515:, and 20% 456:infiltrate 415:adsorption 395:micropores 383:grey water 375:wastewater 307:herbicides 303:pesticides 295:pollutants 267:Stormwater 121:atmosphere 117:vapor back 111:and small 78:irrigation 74:pollutants 63:impervious 3599:Biofilter 3474:Perennial 3437:Floristry 3384:Pesticide 3364:Herbicide 3359:Fungicide 3253:hardiness 3017:Shrubbery 2997:Sculpture 2818:landscape 2747:Cantonese 2722:Container 2717:Community 2685:Byzantine 2680:Butterfly 2670:Botanical 2570:Guerrilla 2518:Community 2508:Butterfly 2503:Arboretum 2498:Allotment 2490:Gardening 2482:gardening 1918:695394144 1827:CiteSeerX 1739:128987744 1731:0885-6087 1599:1061-4303 1492:551207971 1402:114035530 1394:1573-062X 1243:20, 1–60. 1109:181092577 808:projects. 746:Strategy. 736:Melbourne 728:Australia 705:June 2021 646:nutrients 583:pollution 567:hydraulic 524:permeable 479:bioswales 403:substrate 331:retention 224:bioswales 201:sidewalks 3701:Dry well 3696:Bioswale 3517:Category 3427:Features 3333:Grafting 3293:forestry 3275:Tropical 3260:Pomology 3233:cuttings 3228:breeding 3062:Wildlife 3042:Tropical 2992:Scottish 2942:Pleasure 2930:Paradise 2925:Charbagh 2895:Monastic 2890:Medieval 2800:Floating 2754:Japanese 2705:Communal 2695:Colonial 2660:Biblical 2625:Types of 2590:Parterre 2110:Archived 1849:11956259 1778:cite web 1607:24961065 1438:34878752 1173:Archived 1150:Archived 1000:Bioswale 949:See also 868:Delaware 738:by 2013. 665:Projects 335:lag time 283:flooding 212:de facto 168:flooding 3529:Commons 3442:Ikebana 3394:Pruning 3320:Organic 3270:Roguing 3156:Cutting 3047:Victory 3022:Spanish 3002:Sensory 2947:Prairie 2915:Persian 2905:Orchard 2870:Kitchen 2865:Keyhole 2860:Italian 2855:Islamic 2850:Hanging 2809:French 2795:Fernery 2783:English 2742:Chinese 2727:Cottage 2655:Baroque 2627:gardens 2580:History 1819:Bibcode 1711:Bibcode 1615:6051960 1579:Bibcode 1422:. 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