930:
954:
942:
130:(though peacetime espionage is not covered by international law). The French memorandum to the secretary general argued that Greenpeace was engaging in "hostile actions" and "illegal penetration" of French territory around the test site and New Zealand acted as a platform for those actions. These arguments were rejected as not fulfilling any of the criteria of international law pertaining to the use of force.
167:
In terms of reparations, France initially offered an official apology and acknowledgement of breach of international law. Additionally, the UN secretary-general awarded New
Zealand US$ 6.5 million and a further NZ$ 3.5 million to establish the New Zealand / France Friendship Fund. This is in addition
146:
in that the medical grounds used to repatriate the agents was unforeseen and beyond its control, thus the treaty's obligation for detention would be impossible. The
Arbitration Panel rejected the use of force majeure; while repatriation was justified, the performance of France's obligations under the
176:
The
Rainbow Warrior case bolsters the notion that there is a doctrine of non-intervention in international law and that states will be punished for contravening it. It is also an interesting study of state responsibility, individual responsibility, use of force and reparations. Its consideration for
138:
Nowadays conduct which would qualify as an
Internationally Wrongful Act committed by an agent of a State can attributed to it via Art. 5 ARSIWA (compare for instance the Teheran Hostages Case by the ICJ), resulting in the obligation of cessation of the wrongful act, assurances of non-repetition and
99:
After a series of diplomatic confrontations between France and New
Zealand pertaining primarily to issues of compensation and the treatment of the apprehended agents, both governments decided to have their differences arbitrated by a tribunal chaired by then Secretary-General of the UN,
177:
international law is slightly hampered by the fact that it was decided by a single individual (the UN secretary general) as a special
Tribunal not internationally established. This is because there existed jurisdictional obstacles for an application to the
379:"Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two States and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair"
277:"Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two States and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair"
159:
of its servicemen. This was agreed to by New
Zealand on the condition that they would serve out the rest of their sentences. A compromise was reached by the mediation of the UN secretary general to three-year sentences on the French atoll of
396:
480:
164:(at a French naval base). France ultimately returned both agents to mainland France and freed them by May 1988, after less than two years on the atoll.
989:
984:
84:
181:
by New
Zealand, most importantly of which was that France did not (and still does not) recognise the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory.
823:
199:
514:
353:
487:
294:
803:
542:
406:
326:
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due to their limited objectives and impact, they were widely held to be acts of international delinquency comprising breach of
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32:
818:
101:
42:
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767:
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118:
Even though the actions of the French state were not a threat to "international peace and security" as held by the
974:
782:
507:
46:
251:
994:
838:
225:
686:
678:
670:
161:
66:
808:
430:"Case concerning the differences between New Zealand and France arising from the Rainbow Warrior affair"
450:
897:
772:
50:
39:
853:
500:
200:"French inquiry into bombing of Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior: from the archive, 24 September 1985"
958:
934:
813:
777:
701:
488:
Rainbow
Warrior (NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE) France-New Zealand Arbitration Tribunal. 30 April 1990
402:
168:
to compensation which France paid to
Pereira's family and to Greenpeace (settled privately).
61:
On 10 July 1985, an undercover operation conducted by the French military security service (
929:
902:
637:
632:
88:
76:
72:
301:
907:
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91:. New Zealand subsequently caught and convicted two members of the French secret forces.
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123:
24:
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Jiménez de Aréchaga; Sir Kenneth Keith; Professor Bredin (29 December 2009).
708:
127:
715:
475:
451:"Declarations Recognizing the Jurisdiction of the Court as Compulsory"
28:
352:
Shabecoff, Philip; Times, Special To the New York (3 October 1987).
155:
France, having admitted responsibility, focused its efforts on the
62:
496:
492:
354:"France Must Pay Greenpeace $ 8 Million in Sinking of Ship"
918:
198:
Page, Campbell; Templeton, Ian (24 September 2014).
104:. His binding ruling was pronounced on 6 July 1986.
846:
832:
796:
755:
656:
530:
401:. Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 97.
45:in 1986, and became significant in the subject of
484:, Vol. 36, No. 3. (Jul., 1987), pp. 655–669,
481:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
508:
476:"Legal Aspects of the Rainbow Warrior Affair"
8:
252:"Reality behind the Rainbow Warrior outrage"
65:) sank the Dutch-registered Greenpeace ship
139:reparation, compare Art. 30 and 31 ARSIWA.
16:1986 dispute between New Zealand and France
515:
501:
493:
224:Brown, Paul; Evans, Rob (23 August 2005).
295:"Rainbow Warrior (NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE)"
142:France sought to rely on the doctrine of
147:treaty was not yet rendered impossible.
925:
190:
824:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (NZ)
226:"How Rainbow Warrior was played down"
75:, killing a Portuguese photographer,
7:
31:that arose in the aftermath of the
14:
804:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
952:
940:
928:
990:1986 in international relations
763:Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
398:International Law: A Dictionary
329:. 10 March 2012. Archived from
250:Armstrong, John (2 July 2005).
985:Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
395:Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2005).
179:International Court of Justice
1:
83:ship was planning to disrupt
768:Greenpeace Australia Pacific
327:"THE BOMBING OF THE WARRIOR"
819:Don't Make a Wave Committee
1021:
111:
783:Greenpeace Southeast Asia
49:for its implications on
47:public international law
883:How to Change the World
102:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
43:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
38:. It was arbitrated by
863:Greenpeace – The Album
23:was a dispute between
809:Greenpeace Foundation
797:Related organisations
898:Mister Splashy Pants
877:Rainbow Warrior Case
847:Other related topics
773:Greenpeace East Asia
134:State responsibility
85:French nuclear tests
51:state responsibility
40:UN Secretary-General
21:Rainbow Warrior Case
1000:1986 in New Zealand
891:The Rainbow Warrior
307:on 29 December 2009
358:The New York Times
95:Legal consequences
87:on the islands of
1005:International law
980:Arbitration cases
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915:
814:London Greenpeace
778:Greenpeace Nordic
1012:
975:1986 in case law
957:
956:
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944:
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903:Public Eye Award
756:Regional offices
633:Fernando Pereira
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384:. 30 April 1990.
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333:on 10 March 2012
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300:. Archived from
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282:. 30 April 1990.
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73:Auckland Harbour
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680:Rainbow Warrior
672:Rainbow Warrior
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578:Will E. Jackson
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35:Rainbow Warrior
33:sinking of the
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703:Arctic Sunrise
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558:Ben Metcalfe
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538:Phil Radford
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361:. Retrieved
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331:the original
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302:the original
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230:The Guardian
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207:. Retrieved
204:The Guardian
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172:Consequences
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157:repatriation
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935:Environment
855:Golden Rule
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598:Oscar Soria
563:Paul Watson
548:Kumi Naidoo
124:sovereignty
71:berthed in
25:New Zealand
969:Categories
724:Greenpeace
573:Jim Bohlen
568:Rex Weyler
524:Greenpeace
185:References
151:The ruling
120:UN Charter
112:See also:
81:Greenpeace
57:Background
839:Unearthed
696:Esperanza
256:NZ Herald
128:espionage
731:Gondwana
456:14 March
108:The case
921:Portals
857:(ketch)
747:(yacht)
469:Sources
363:8 April
337:8 April
311:8 April
261:8 April
235:8 April
209:8 April
893:(film)
885:(film)
710:Sirius
531:People
405:
79:. The
29:France
690:(III)
657:Ships
433:(PDF)
414:7 May
382:(PDF)
305:(PDF)
298:(PDF)
280:(PDF)
717:Solo
682:(II)
458:2011
416:2016
403:ISBN
365:2020
339:2020
313:2020
263:2020
237:2020
211:2020
126:and
63:DGSE
27:and
19:The
947:Law
745:Fri
674:(I)
162:Hao
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435:.
356:.
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202:.
53:.
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213:.
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