577:. In this system, air reservoirs are provided on every vehicle and the locomotive charges the train pipe with a positive air pressure, which releases the vehicle brakes and charges the air reservoirs on the vehicles. If the driver applies the brakes, his brake valve releases air from the train pipe, and triple valves at each vehicle detect the pressure loss and admit air from the air reservoirs to brake cylinders, applying the brakes. The Westinghouse system uses smaller air reservoirs and brake cylinders than the corresponding vacuum equipment, because a moderately high air pressure can be used. However, an air compressor is required to generate the compressed air and in the earlier days of railways, this required a large reciprocating steam air compressor, and this was regarded by many engineers as highly undesirable. A further drawback was the need to release the brake completely before it could be re-applied—initially there was no "graduable release" available and numerous accidents occurred while the brake power was temporarily unavailable.
267:, travelling for the purpose on those vehicles operated the brakes. Some railways fitted a special deep-noted brake whistle to locomotives to indicate to the porters the necessity to apply the brakes. All the brakes at this stage of development were applied by operation of a screw and linkage to brake blocks applied to wheel treads, and these brakes could be used when vehicles were parked. In the earliest times, the porters travelled in crude shelters outside the vehicles, but "assistant guards" who travelled inside passenger vehicles, and who had access to a brake wheel at their posts, supplanted them. The braking effort achievable was limited and it was also unreliable, as the application of brakes by guards depended upon their hearing and responding quickly to a whistle for brakes.
948:
walked forward to "pin down" the handles of the brakes, so the brakes were partially applied during the descent. Early goods vehicles had brake handles on one side only but, from about 1930, brake handles were required on both sides of good vehicles. Trains containing hand-braked vehicles were described as "unfitted": they were in use in
Britain until about 1985. From about 1930, semi-fitted trains were introduced, in which goods vehicles fitted with continuous brakes were marshalled next to the locomotive, giving sufficient braking power to run at higher speeds than unfitted trains. A trial in January 1952 saw a 52-wagon, 850 ton, coal train run 127 miles (204 km) at an average of 38 miles per hour (61 km/h), compared to the usual maximum speed on the
1147:) vs only 15 psi (100 kPa; 1.0 bar) for vacuum. With a vacuum system, the maximum pressure differential is atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi or 101 kPa or 1.01 bar at sea level, less at altitude). Therefore, an air brake system can use a much smaller brake cylinder than a vacuum system to generate the same braking force. This advantage of air brakes increases at high altitude, e.g. Peru and Switzerland where today vacuum brakes are used by secondary railways. The much higher effectiveness of air brakes and the demise of the steam locomotive have seen the air brake become ubiquitous; however, vacuum braking is still in use in
1247:
1598:
1272:
provides between four and seven braking levels, depending on the class of train. It also allows for faster brake application, as the electrical control signal is propagated effectively instantly to all vehicles in the train, whereas the change in air pressure which activates the brakes in a conventional system can take several seconds or tens of seconds to propagate fully to the rear of the train. This system is not however used on freight trains due to cost.
25:
553:
1586:
185:
1104:
1376:
88:
1433:
212:
507:. The important "automatic" feature of Newall's system was retained but the worm drive ensured that the brakes did not act too fiercely when released. It was Fay's version of the system that the company entered for the Newark brake trials of June 1875, where a moderate performance, usually in the mid position of the eight systems on test, was achieved.
1169:
vehicles of a train are turned off using a tap. Vacuum brakes at the outermost vehicles of a train are sealed by fixed plugs ("dummies") onto which the open end of the vacuum pipe is placed. It is sealed against a rubber washer by the vacuum, with a pin to hold the pipe in place when the vacuum drops during braking.
503:. The L&Y conducted a simultaneous trial with a similar system designed by another employee, Charles Fay, but little difference was found in their effectiveness. In Fay's version, patented in 1856, the rods passed beneath the carriages and the direct spring application to each brake was given an intervening
1316:
A Heberlein brake is a continuous railway brake used in
Germany that is applied by means of a mechanical cable. Train braking is therefore initiated centrally from the locomotive using a winder. This causes the brake clips to be applied on individual wagons, assisted by a servo system which makes use
1290:
With ECP, a power and control line is installed from wagon to wagon from the front of the train to the rear. Electrical control signals are propagated effectively instantaneously, as opposed to changes in air pressure which propagate at a rather slow speed limited in practice by the resistance to air
561:
The simple vacuum system. An ejector on the locomotive created a vacuum in a continuous pipe along the train, allowing the external air pressure to operate brake cylinders on every vehicle. This system was very cheap and effective, but it had the major weakness that it became inoperative if the train
245:
to enable deceleration, control acceleration (downhill) or to keep them immobile when parked. While the basic principle is similar to that on road vehicle usage, operational features are more complex because of the need to control multiple linked carriages and to be effective on vehicles left without
1286:
Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes (ECP) are an
American development of the late 20th Century to deal with very long and heavy freight trains, and are a development of the EP brake with even higher level of control. In addition, information about the operation of the brakes on each wagon is
1168:
Visual differences between the two systems are shown by air brakes working off high pressure, with the air hoses at the ends of rolling stock having a small diameter; vacuum brakes work off low pressure, and the hoses at the ends of rolling stock are of a larger diameter. Air brakes at the outermost
569:
the brakes. If the driver applied the brake, his driver's brake valve admitted atmospheric air to the train pipe, and this atmospheric pressure applied the brakes against the vacuum in the vacuum reservoirs. Being an automatic brake, this system applies braking effort if the train becomes divided or
493:
under his control (although in an emergency the driver could draw on a cord to release the ratchet). When the ratchet was released the springs applied the brakes. If the train divided, the brakes were not held off by the ratchet in the guard's compartment and the springs in each carriage forced the
295:
showed that under normal conditions it required a distance of 800 to 1200 yards to bring a train to rest when travelling at 45½ to 48½ mph, this being much below the ordinary travelling speed of the fastest express trains. Railway officials were not prepared for this result and the necessity for a
510:
The chain brake, in which a chain was connected continuously along the bottom of the train. When pulled tight, it activated a friction clutch that used the rotation of the wheels to tighten a brake system at that point; this system has severe limitations in length of train capable of being handled
997:
These continuous brakes can be simple or automatic, the essential difference being what happens should the train break in two. With simple brakes, pressure is needed to apply the brakes, and all braking power is lost if the continuous hose is broken for any reason. Simple non-automatic brakes are
1061:
operations and to stop trains if the automatic brake fails. It is usually designed as a screw brake and is operated from a brakeman's platform or, in the case of passenger coaches, from inside the coach, usually from an entrance area. On UIC freight wagons, this braking weight is framed in white
270:
An early development was the application of a steam brake to locomotives, where boiler pressure could be applied to brake blocks on the locomotive wheels. As train speeds increased, it became essential to provide some more powerful braking system capable of instant application and release by the
1271:
brake uses a "main reservoir pipe" feeding air to all the brake reservoirs on the train, with the brake valves controlled electrically with a three-wire control circuit. If the wire is disconnected, the brakes automatically apply, so the fail-safe nature of other brake systems is retained. This
947:
Goods and mineral vehicles had hand brakes which were applied by a hand lever operated by staff on the ground. These hand brakes were used where necessary when vehicles were parked but also when trains were descending a steep gradient. The train stopped at the top of the gradient, and the guard
282:
in
January 1876 was aggravated by the long stopping distances of express trains without continuous brakes, which – it became clear – in adverse conditions could considerably exceed those assumed when positioning signals. This had become apparent from the trials on railway brakes carried out at
1867:
Volume One: 1846–1881, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1966: (for those who feel the
Victorians should have metric conversions backfitted: at speeds of 45.5 miles per hour (73.2 km/h) - 48.5 miles per hour (78.1 km/h) stopping distances were 800 yards (730 m) - 1,200 yards
457:
However, there was no clear technical solution to the problem, because of the necessity of achieving a reasonably uniform rate of braking effort throughout a train, and because of the necessity to add and remove vehicles from the train at frequent points on the journey. (At these dates,
1291:
flow of the pipework, so that the brakes on all wagons can be applied simultaneously, or even from rear to front rather than from front to rear. This prevents wagons at the rear "shoving" wagons at the front, and results in reduced stopping distance and less equipment wear.
1024:
has the additional enhancement of a triple valve and a local reservoir on each wagon, enabling the brakes to be applied fully with only a slight reduction in air pressure, reducing the time that it takes to release the brakes as not all pressure is voided to the atmosphere.
963:
was attached to the locomotive to increase braking effort when hauling unfitted trains. The brake tender was low, so that the driver could still see the line and signals ahead if the brake tender was propelled (pushed) ahead of the locomotive, which was often the case.
1044:
Most tractive units, passenger coaches and some freight wagons are equipped with a hand-operated parking brake (handbrake). This acts directly (mechanically) on the vehicle's brake linkage. The activation of such a brake prevents wheel rotation independently of the
498:
in the couplings limited the effectiveness of the device to about five carriages; additional guards and brake compartments were necessary if this number were exceeded. This apparatus was sold to a few companies and the system received recommendation from the
1177:
One enhancement of the automatic air brake is to have a second air hose (the main reservoir or main line) along the train to recharge the air reservoirs on each wagon. This air pressure can also be used to operate loading and unloading doors on
1084:
A direction-dependent pawl brake is often installed in vehicles on rack railways. It only brakes when going downhill. When driving uphill, the applied ratchet brake is released by a ratchet mechanism and prevents the train from rolling backwards.
1119:
In the early part of the 20th century, many
British railways employed vacuum brakes rather than the railway air brakes used in much of the rest of the world. The main advantage of vacuum was that the vacuum can be created by a
547:
Railways), but water was used as the hydraulic fluid and even in the UK "Freezing possibilities told against the hydraulic brakes, though the Great
Eastern Railway, which used them for a while, overcame this by the use of salt
1049:
and is therefore suitable for securing parked wagons and coaches from unintentional movement. Only mechanical brakes can be used for this purpose, since the holding power of air brakes can decrease due to unavoidable leaks.
1490:
rolled down a slope and derailed due to excessive speed on a curve in the centre of town, spilling five million litres (1,100,000 imp gal; 1,300,000 US gal) of oil and causing fires which killed 47
1204:
The counter-pressure brake is a type of steam locomotive brake that brakes the locomotive using the driving cylinders. The brake works by using the cylinders as air compressors and converting kinetic energy into heat.
935:
In
British practice, only passenger trains were fitted with continuous brakes until about 1930; goods and mineral trains ran at slower speed and relied on the brake force from the locomotive and tender and the
1219:
A common feature on electric and diesel-electric locomotives is the dynamic brake; this operates by using the electric motors that normally turn the wheels as an electric generator, thus slowing the train.
262:
In the earliest days of railways, braking technology was primitive. The first trains had brakes operative on the locomotive tender and on vehicles in the train, where "porters" or, in the United States
584:
The Newark trials showed the braking performance of the
Westinghouse air-brakes to be distinctly superior: but for other reasons it was the vacuum system that was generally adopted on UK railways.
300:
Trials conducted after Abbots Ripton reported the following for an express train roughly matching conditions involved (such as a 1 in 200 downward run, but not braking under favorable conditions):
1005:
Automatic brakes on the other hand use the air or vacuum pressure to hold the brakes off against a reservoir carried on each vehicle, which applies the brakes if pressure/vacuum is lost in the
570:
if the train pipe is ruptured. Its disadvantage is that the large vacuum reservoirs were required on every vehicle, and their bulk and the rather complex mechanisms were seen as objectionable.
1135:
However, air brakes can be made much more effective than vacuum brakes for a given size of brake cylinder. An air brake compressor is usually capable of generating a pressure of 90
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1261:
565:
The automatic vacuum brake. This system was similar to the simple vacuum system, except that the creation of vacuum in the train pipe exhausted vacuum reservoirs on every vehicle and
473:, in 1853 obtained a patent for a system whereby a rotating rod passing the length of the train was used to wind up the brake levers on each carriage against the force of
489:. The brakes were controlled from one end of the train. To release the brakes the guard wound up the rod to compress the springs, whereupon they were held off by a single
1836:"Report of the Court of Inquiry into the Circumstances Attending the Double Collision on the Great Northern Railway which occurred at Abbotts Ripton on 21 January 1876"
35:
1028:
Non-automatic brakes still have a role on engines and first few wagons, as they can be used to control the whole train without having to apply the automatic brakes.
1561:, France 1917 – runaway train on 3.3 percent grade, with air brakes on only 3 of 19 cars and on locomotive unable to keep train below authorized speed - 700 killed.
515:
required, which a fixed-length chain could not account for). In the United States, the chain brake was independently developed and patented by
Lucious Stebbins of
1937:
539:
Hydraulic brakes. Actuating pressure to apply brakes was transmitted hydraulically (as with automobile brakes). These found some favour in the UK (e.g. with the
952:
of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) for unfitted freight trains. In 1952, 14% of open wagons, 55% of covered wagons and 80% of cattle trucks had vacuum brakes.
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brakes. These brakes used hoses connecting all the wagons of a train, so the operator could apply or release the brakes with a single valve in the locomotive.
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Brake connections between wagons may be simplified if wagons always point the same way. An exception would be made for locomotives which are often turned on
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1555:, Spain (1944) – brakes failed on overloaded passenger train which collided with another in a tunnel; a third train was unaware and also crashed into it.
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1281:
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A manually operating parking brake is only suitable for securing static railway vehicles from rolling away. It can be designed as a hand wheel or as a
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simplicity of engineering as a technical reason; but there seem to have been strong non-technical reasons to do with Westinghouse's salesmanship
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1906:
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A steam brake is a type of brake for steam locomotives and their tenders, whereby a steam cylinder works directly on the brake linkages.
975:
As train loads, gradients and speeds increased, braking became a more significant problem. In the late 19th century, significantly better
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that can be operated on board the vehicle is used firstly to prevent it from rolling away and secondly to regulate the speed for certain
2892:
1997:
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171:
69:
1863:
T E Harrison (Chief Engineer of the North Eastern Railway at the time, document of December 1877 quoted (page 193) in F.A.S.Brown
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in 1855. The British version was known as the Clark and Webb Brake, after John Clark, who developed it throughout the 1840s, and
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1528:
1570:
1111:: The left needle shows the pressure of the main reservoir pipe supplying the train, the right that of the brake cylinder, in
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1552:
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105:
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1062:(white like the rest of the brake inscription, alternatively black on a white or light-coloured background). Hand brakes on
152:
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2236:
Operation of railroads : general instructions for the inspection and maintenance of locomotives and locomotive cranes
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124:
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511:(as braking strength was considerably weaker after the third car), and of achieving good adjustment (give the slack that
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1708:
1522:
1152:
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is a notable variation on the chain brake popular in Germany, using an overhead cable instead of an underlinked chain.
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279:
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By 1878 there were over 105 patents in various countries for braking systems, most of which were not widely adopted.
131:
51:
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1897:
Winship, Ian R (1987). "The acceptance of continuous brakes on railways in Britain". In Smith, Norman A F (ed.).
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138:
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527:, who perfected it in 1875. The chain brake remained in use until the 1870s in America and 1890s in the UK.
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1531:, Vietnam (1982) – sabotaged breaks caused the train to flip near Bàu Cá station – more than 200 killed.
1504:
1136:
544:
516:
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1835:
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which used a chain, running the length of the train, to operate brakes on all vehicles simultaneously.
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2797:
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2082:
A "simple" vacuum brake, with no fail-safe capability, invented by James Young Smith, in the U.S.
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1993:
1987:
1902:
1813:
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railway opened in 2008, wagons are operated in sets, although their direction changes at the
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512:
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288:
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then considering railway accidents. In the words of a contemporary railway official, these
145:
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1655:
1311:
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1190:, the main reservoir pipe is also used to supply air to operate doors and air suspension.
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1058:
1036:
This is not a complete list of all railway brakes, but lists most of the common examples.
949:
540:
531:
482:
284:
2160:
2843:
1543:, Great Britain (1957) – broken steam pipe made it impossible for crew to apply brakes.
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500:
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239:
1992:. Vol. Part 2. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 545.
184:
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1549:, Union station, Washington, DC, (1953) – valve closed by badly designed bufferplate.
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1235:
1140:
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220:
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The Midland supplied both the hydraulic-braked trains trialed at Newark (see below)
1730:
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1625:
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991:
960:
235:
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of the rotation of the axle. The brakes operate automatically if the cable snaps.
1103:
2556:
Marsh, G.H. and Sharpe, A.C. The development of railway brakes. Part 1 1730-1880
2710:
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1685:
1468:
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1326:
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brake because it would be effective continuously along the length of the train.
200:
87:
2016:
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2693:
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1924:
Bradshaw's General Railway Directory, Shareholders' Guide, Manual and Almanack
1695:
1519:, California (1989) – brakes failed on freight train which crashed into houses
1183:
1144:
1112:
504:
459:
216:
196:
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2221:
1817:
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1953:
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1010:
937:
581:
Note: there are a number of variants and developments of all these systems.
211:
193:
940:—a heavy vehicle provided at the rear of the train and occupied by a
2567:
Winship, I.R. The acceptance of continuous brakes on railways in Britain
2461:
1810:
Joint Line: The Journal of the Midland and Great Northern Railway Society
1487:
1121:
941:
264:
2405:
1013:", though faulty closure of hose taps can lead to accidents such as the
2263:
1766:
1498:
1400: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
477:
carried in cylinders. The rod, mounted on the carriage roofs in rubber
1294:
There are two brands of ECP brakes available in North America, one by
1260:
For the system adopted across British Railways from 1950 onwards, see
2383:
1718:
1479:
1299:
2515:
2338:
1567:, Northern Ireland (1889) – runaway backwards led to change in law.
1124:
with no moving parts (and which could be powered by the steam of a
2828:
1808:
Ward, Anthony (Summer 2006). "George Westinghouse and His Brake".
1784:
1245:
1102:
551:
242:
231:
210:
204:
183:
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2482:
2058:
1591:
Loco from Uganda with small air brake hose above coupling and tap
979:
started to appear. The earliest type of continuous brake was the
556:
Controller valve from Rotair Valve Westinghouse Air Brake Company
2573:
11 1986, 209–248. Covering developments from about 1850 to 1900.
1537:, UK (1972) – brakes failed on fuel train which hit a parked DMU
1128:), whereas an air brake system requires a noisy and complicated
2597:
998:
thus useless when things really go wrong, as is shown with the
2350:
2259:"Insight: How a train ran away and devastated a Canadian town"
1878:"Newall's Patent for Improvements in Railway Breaks, &c".
1427:
1369:
81:
18:
2314:
2238:. Washington: U.S. Govt. Printing Office. 1945. p. 101.
1781:
LRT trains, Hydraulic Brakes and control components, Germany
1525:, France (1988) – valve closed by mistake leading to runaway.
1482:(2013), handbrakes were improperly set on unattended parked
199:(brown) is pushed against the running surface (tyre) of the
1234:
An eddy current brake slows or stops a train by generating
485:
and short sliding sections to allow for compression of the
1573:, Oxford (1874) – caused by fracture of a carriage wheel.
1362:
connections are on one side only and are unidirectional.
2788:
Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains
2091:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 42.
1262:
Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains
1444:
469:
A spring system: James Newall, carriage builder to the
43:
1711:(Rane Brake Lining Limited),Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
1513:, Mozambique (2002) – runaway backwards – 192 killed.
1463:
Defective or improperly-applied brakes may lead to a
254:
are one type of brakes historically used on trains.
2811:
2760:
2724:
2631:
1507:, Tanzania (2002) – runaway backwards – 281 killed.
112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2117:. London: Modern Transport Publishing. p. 59.
2038:. London: Modern Transport Publishing. p. 58.
1886:(1). London: Alexander Macintosh: 4. January 1854.
296:great deal more brake power was at once admitted
1238:and thus dissipating its kinetic energy as heat.
1159:, but this will be declining in near future. See
562:became divided or if the train pipe was ruptured.
2545:Handbook for Railway Steam Locomotive Enginemen
2431:"Contact Dellner Couplers - Railway Technology"
2210:Handbook for railway steam locomotive enginemen
2089:The Oxford Companion to British Railway History
1745:(now a division of Knorr-Bremse), United States
2123:- italicised systems were not truly continuous
1754:MZT HEPOS, Macedonia(now a division of Wabtec)
2609:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1603:Greece NG air brake, thin hose above and tap
2021:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
2783:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
2778:Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking
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2309:
2307:
2165:Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)
1957:. No. 28354. 29 June 1875. p. 4.
1936:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1282:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
1276:Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes
219:fitted to an 1873 steam locomotive of the
2078:
2076:
1829:
1827:
1737:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company Ltd
1416:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
2011:
2009:
1302:. These two types are interchangeable.
1287:returned to the driver's control panel.
986:The chain brake was soon superseded by
586:
302:
1981:
1979:
1800:
1581:
1972:. London. 24 November 1876. p. 3.
1929:
2752:Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company
1009:. Automatic brakes are thus largely "
519:in 1848 and by William Loughridge of
7:
2560:2(1) 1973, 46–53; Part 2 1880-1940
2179:"(Cc) Glossary for the LNWR Society"
2115:Nineteenth Century Railway Carriages
2057:. September 11, 2008. Archived from
2036:Nineteenth Century Railway Carriages
1739:(now a division of Knorr-Bremse), UK
1559:Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne derailment
1467:; in some instances this has caused
1398:adding citations to reliable sources
110:adding citations to reliable sources
1989:The American Railroad Passenger Car
2286:"DR Congo crash toll 'passes 100'"
2150:Railway Magazine March 1952 p. 145
2141:Railway Magazine March 1952 p. 210
2121:after allowing for weight of train
1880:The Repertory of Patent Inventions
465:The chief types of solution were:
287:in the previous year, to assist a
16:Component of railway rolling stock
14:
2406:"Nabtesco Corporation - Nabtesco"
2257:Huffstutter, P.J. (8 July 2013).
1901:. Vol. 11. London: Mansell.
1681:Riggenbach counter-pressure brake
1865:Great Northern Railway Engineers
1812:. No. 130. pp. 45–48.
1790:YUJIN Machinery Ltd, South Korea
1596:
1584:
1495:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1431:
1374:
471:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
86:
23:
2051:"Welcome to Saskrailmuseum.org"
1951:"The Continuous Brake Trials".
1571:Shipton-on-Cherwell train crash
1385:needs additional citations for
1250:Four-step brake handle on a UK
494:brakes onto the wheels. Excess
271:train operator, described as a
97:needs additional citations for
2864:Railroad Safety Appliance Act
2747:Westinghouse Air Brake Company
2167:. 6 September 1878. p. 3.
1715:Westinghouse Air Brake Company
1553:Torre del Bierzo rail disaster
203:(red), and is operated by the
1:
1926:(XVI ed.). London. 1864.
1733:Rail Vehicle Systems, Germany
1517:San Bernardino train disaster
575:Westinghouse air brake system
2541:British Transport Commission
2214:British Transport Commission
2562:Railway engineering journal
2558:Railway engineering journal
2119:- ranked in order of merit
1986:White, John H. Jr. (1985).
1709:The Rane Group of Companies
1547:Federal Express train wreck
1523:Gare de Lyon train accident
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370:
350:
280:Abbots Ripton rail accident
278:In the United Kingdom, the
46:, discuss the issue on the
2914:
1535:Chester General rail crash
1324:
1309:
1279:
1259:
1227:
1212:
1197:
1092:
2893:History of rail transport
2161:"Milligan's Patent Break"
2087:; Biddle, Gordon (1997).
1053:There are two types. The
755:241 ton 10 cwt
609:
606:
601:
598:
595:
593:Train weight with engine
592:
589:
314:
311:
308:
305:
2113:Ellis, Hamilton (1949).
2034:Ellis, Hamilton (1949).
897:197 ton 7 cwt
894:Steel & McInnes air
862:186 ton 3 cwt
825:204 ton 3 cwt
790:210 ton 2 cwt
718:262 ton 7 cwt
683:198 ton 3 cwt
646:203 ton 4 cwt
2793:Emergency brake (train)
1779:Hanning & Kahl GmbH
1646:Emergency brake (train)
1476:Lac-Mégantic derailment
1242:Electropneumatic brakes
1184:coal and ballast wagons
643:Westinghouse automatic
2639:Counter-pressure brake
2208:Harvey, R. F. (1957).
1529:Train no. 183 disaster
1267:The higher performing
1257:
1255:Electric Multiple Unit
1200:Counter-pressure brake
1194:Counter-pressure brake
1173:Air brake enhancements
1116:
1109:duplex air brake gauge
1070:are often designed as
1022:Westinghouse Air Brake
931:Later British practice
557:
298:
223:
208:
2659:Electromagnetic brake
2570:History of technology
2543:, London (1957:142).
1968:"Continuous Brakes".
1899:History of Technology
1834:Tyler, H. W. (1876).
1641:Electromagnetic brake
1505:Igandu train disaster
1366:Accidents with brakes
1249:
1162:Jane's World Railways
1106:
1089:Air and vacuum brakes
1015:Gare de Lyon accident
955:In the early days of
555:
517:Hartford, Connecticut
293:
214:
187:
2315:"Hanning & Kahl"
1621:Driver's brake valve
1565:Armagh rail disaster
1501:(2007) – 100 killed.
1445:adding missing items
1394:improve this article
1072:counterweight brakes
1000:Armagh rail disaster
822:Westinghouse vacuum
751:Clark and Webb chain
525:Francis William Webb
106:improve this article
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
2773:Diesel brake tender
2061:on October 15, 2008
1758:Mitsubishi Electric
1671:Railway tread brake
1616:Counterweight brake
1511:Tenga rail disaster
1079:spring-loaded brake
787:Barker's hydraulic
356:Continuous (vacuum)
336:Continuous (vacuum)
207:(grey) on the left.
2854:Pearson's Coupling
2741:New York Air Brake
2732:Faiveley Transport
2701:Regenerative brake
2694:Railway disc brake
2654:Eddy current brake
2644:Countersteam brake
2339:Faiveley Transport
1743:New York Air Brake
1725:Faiveley Transport
1676:Regenerative brake
1666:Railway disc brake
1651:Gladhand connector
1636:Eddy current brake
1541:Chapel-en-le-Frith
1443:; you can help by
1296:New York Air Brake
1258:
1230:Eddy current brake
1224:Eddy current brake
1117:
959:, a purpose-built
957:diesel locomotives
599:Stopping distance
558:
521:Weverton, Maryland
481:, was fitted with
258:Early developments
224:
209:
2875:
2874:
2834:Dead man's switch
2684:Railway air brake
2679:Kunze-Knorr brake
2589:Brake Repair Waka
2508:"Yujin Machinery"
2189:on 17 August 2016
2098:978-0-19-211697-0
1908:978-1-3500-1847-1
1661:Railway air brake
1461:
1460:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1358:at the port. The
1298:and the other by
1188:passenger coaches
1095:Railway air brake
977:continuous brakes
971:Continuous brakes
950:Midland main line
928:
927:
455:
454:
182:
181:
174:
156:
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
2905:
2867:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2564:2(2) 1973, 32-42
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2514:. Archived from
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2460:. Archived from
2454:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2433:. Archived from
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2410:www.nabtesco.com
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2382:. Archived from
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2355:mtz-transmash.ru
2347:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2292:. August 2, 2007
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2185:. Archived from
2175:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2111:data below from
2109:
2103:
2102:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:"Clark and Webb"
2013:
2004:
2003:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1922:"Front matter".
1919:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1843:Railways Archive
1840:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1805:
1600:
1588:
1456:
1453:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1378:
1370:
1126:steam locomotive
1068:tank locomotives
1040:Mechanical brake
587:
483:universal joints
462:were a rarity).
303:
289:Royal Commission
177:
170:
166:
163:
157:
155:
114:
90:
82:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:(United States)
2865:
2849:Hydraulic brake
2807:
2803:Dowty retarders
2756:
2720:
2669:Heberlein brake
2627:
2622:
2580:
2553:
2551:Further reading
2537:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2518:on 18 July 2010
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2440:
2438:
2437:on May 20, 2009
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2351:"MTZ TRANSMASH"
2349:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2319:hanning-kahl.en
2313:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2216:. p. 144.
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2023:. 2 March 2016.
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1868:(1,100 m))
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1763:Nabtesco, Japan
1721:, United States
1717:(WABCO), later
1705:
1700:
1656:Heberlein brake
1611:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1486:train, runaway
1457:
1451:
1448:
1432:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1391:
1379:
1368:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1312:Heberlein brake
1308:
1306:Heberlein brake
1284:
1278:
1265:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1215:Dynamic braking
1211:
1202:
1196:
1175:
1101:
1093:Main articles:
1091:
1047:pneumatic brake
1042:
1034:
992:vacuum operated
973:
933:
679:Clark hydraulic
603:
590:Braking system
532:Heberlein brake
475:conical springs
316:
306:Braking system
260:
178:
167:
161:
158:
121:"Railway brake"
115:
113:
103:
91:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2898:Railway brakes
2895:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Engine braking
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2812:Related topics
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:Railway brakes
2623:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2578:External links
2576:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2512:yujinltd.co.kr
2499:
2483:"Voith - Home"
2474:
2449:
2422:
2397:
2386:on 27 May 2008
2367:
2342:
2331:
2303:
2277:
2249:
2227:
2200:
2170:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2104:
2097:
2072:
2042:
2026:
2005:
1998:
1975:
1960:
1943:
1914:
1907:
1889:
1870:
1856:
1845:. London: HMSO
1823:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1775:, South Africa
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1492:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1336:
1333:
1325:Main article:
1322:
1319:
1310:Main article:
1307:
1304:
1280:Main article:
1277:
1274:
1243:
1240:
1228:Main article:
1225:
1222:
1213:Main article:
1210:
1207:
1198:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1174:
1171:
1090:
1087:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
972:
969:
932:
929:
926:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
891:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:Fay mechanical
854:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
600:
597:
594:
591:
579:
578:
571:
563:
550:
549:
537:
536:
535:
508:
501:Board of Trade
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
433:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
318:
315:Stopping time
313:
310:
307:
259:
256:
188:A traditional
180:
179:
94:
92:
85:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2910:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Bicycle brake
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:Other aspects
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:Manufacturers
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Exhaust brake
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Dynamic brake
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2464:on 2010-06-18
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:Simmons, Jack
2079:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:9780801827471
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:MTZ TRANSMASH
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:Manufacturers
1702:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Dynamic brake
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:runaway train
1455:
1446:
1442:
1439:This list is
1437:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1409:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:This section
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1335:Reversibility
1334:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1236:eddy currents
1231:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1209:Dynamic brake
1208:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:steam ejector
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1037:
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95:This article
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53:
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2737:Knorr-Bremse
2716:Vacuum brake
2624:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2544:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:the original
2511:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2452:
2441:February 24,
2439:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2380:hepos.com.mk
2379:
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2191:. Retrieved
2187:the original
2183:lnwrs.org.uk
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1847:. Retrieved
1842:
1809:
1803:
1731:Knorr-Bremse
1691:Vacuum brake
1469:train wrecks
1462:
1449:
1412:
1403:
1392:Please help
1387:verification
1384:
1356:balloon loop
1349:
1338:
1330:
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1268:
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1218:
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1180:wheat wagons
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1157:South Africa
1134:
1118:
1099:Vacuum brake
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1004:
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988:air-operated
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980:
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961:brake tender
954:
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934:
857:
750:
678:
633:
602:Time to stop
596:Train speed
583:
580:
566:
513:pin couplers
464:
456:
416:2 brake vans
396:2 brake vans
376:3 brake vans
309:Train speed
299:
294:
277:
272:
269:
261:
252:Clasp brakes
251:
234:used on the
227:
225:
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168:
159:
149:
142:
135:
128:
116:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
66:
57:
33:
2711:Track brake
2706:Steam brake
2376:"MZT Hepos"
1686:Track brake
1350:On the new
1327:Steam brake
1321:Steam brake
1143:; 6.2
981:chain brake
460:unit trains
436:1 brake van
248:prime mover
190:clasp brake
60:August 2024
2882:Categories
2859:Pneumatics
2839:Drum brake
2689:Disc brake
2674:Hand brake
2468:2009-03-25
2212:. London:
2065:October 3,
2055:Contact Us
1795:References
1626:Dual brake
1441:incomplete
1341:turntables
1139:(620
1130:compressor
1007:train pipe
505:worm drive
273:continuous
217:band brake
197:brake shoe
132:newspapers
2819:Air brake
2768:Brake van
2487:voith.com
2244:608684085
2222:505163269
1970:The Times
1954:The Times
1932:cite book
1818:1742-2426
1787:, Germany
1696:Yaw brake
1488:tank cars
1484:crude oil
1452:July 2013
1406:July 2013
1352:Fortescue
1345:triangles
1252:Class 317
1153:Argentina
1107:Driver's
1055:handbrake
1011:fail safe
938:brake van
615:long tons
312:Distance
194:cast iron
162:June 2008
48:talk page
2798:Retarder
2584:RailTech
2522:16 March
2492:16 March
2415:16 March
2390:16 March
2324:16 March
2290:BBC News
2193:16 March
1849:18 March
1769:, Sweden
1751:, Russia
1727:, France
1609:See also
1497:west of
1059:shunting
567:released
479:journals
265:brakemen
42:You may
2535:Sources
2296:May 22,
2264:Reuters
1767:Dellner
1760:, Japan
1578:Gallery
1499:Kananga
1491:people.
1064:tenders
618:tonnes
541:Midland
491:ratchet
487:buffers
240:railway
146:scholar
2888:Brakes
2458:"Rail"
2360:6 July
2270:9 July
2242:
2220:
2095:
1996:
1905:
1816:
1773:Aflink
1719:Wabtec
1480:Quebec
1300:Wabtec
918:0.051
900:200.5
883:0.057
865:189.1
846:0.052
828:207.4
811:0.056
799:81.67
796:50.75
793:213.5
776:0.056
758:245.4
739:0.057
721:266.6
704:0.075
701:22.75
686:201.3
667:0.099
649:206.5
610:Rails
548:water"
448:1,029
445:1,125
285:Newark
243:trains
205:levers
192:: the
148:
141:
134:
127:
119:
2829:Brake
2632:Types
1884:XXIII
1839:(PDF)
1785:Voith
1186:. On
1149:India
1032:Types
942:guard
921:0.50
915:34.5
906:79.7
903:49.5
886:0.56
880:27.5
871:71.6
868:44.5
849:0.51
843:34.5
814:0.55
779:0.55
764:76.4
761:47.5
742:0.56
727:79.7
724:49.5
707:0.74
670:0.97
624:km/h
399:40.9
379:40.9
325:km/h
232:brake
201:wheel
153:JSTOR
139:books
50:, or
2524:2018
2494:2018
2443:2009
2417:2018
2392:2018
2362:2020
2326:2018
2298:2010
2272:2013
2240:OCLC
2218:OCLC
2195:2018
2093:ISBN
2067:2008
1994:ISBN
1938:link
1903:ISBN
1851:2020
1814:ISSN
1182:and
1155:and
1097:and
1066:and
924:wet
912:488
909:534
889:wet
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852:wet
840:527
837:576
817:dry
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802:516
782:dry
770:438
767:479
745:dry
733:442
730:483
710:dry
698:369
695:404
673:dry
661:278
658:304
638:m/s
604:(s)
573:The
543:and
530:The
496:play
428:727
425:795
408:577
405:631
402:65.8
388:730
385:800
382:65.8
368:412
365:451
348:370
345:410
317:(s)
236:cars
125:news
1447:.
1396:by
1360:ECP
1343:or
1145:bar
1141:kPa
1137:psi
1113:bar
990:or
834:84
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808:32
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621:mph
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108:by
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