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The existing 13th century (composed c. 1200 ) epic appears to have been composed in three different stages: an early 12th century assonanced section concerning the hero Raoul; a late 12th century reworking into rhymes of the original section, plus the addition of a section concerning Roaul's nephew
161:, was about to invade their father's territory, they attacked him and put him to death. The identity of the other personages of the story has also been fixed from historical sources. The third part of the poem, of which Bernier is the hero, is of later date, and bears the character of a
66:. On King Louis's refusal, he proceeded to war. The chief hero on the Vermandois side was Bernier, a grandson of Count Herbert, who had been the squire and firm adherent of Raoul, until he was driven into opposition by the fate of his mother, burned with the nuns in the church of
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laisses. While the section with assonance would typically be considered the older of the two sections, it appears from the romantic elements of this section that the assonance section is in fact of a later date, perhaps written by a poet desiring an archaic tone.
34:) concerning the eponymous hero's battles to take possession of his fief and of the repercussions from these battles. It is typically grouped in the "rebellious vassals cycle", or "Geste of
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has come down to us in 3 manuscripts of varying quality. The most complete version dates from the 13th century, but certain sections are missing. The extant poem comprises roughly 8,542
129:, a picture of the devastation caused by the private wars of the feudal chiefs. A parallel narrative, obviously inspired by popular poetry, is preserved in the chronicle of
70:. Bernier eventually slew the terrible Raoul in single fight, but in his turn was slain, after an apparent reconciliation, and the blood-feud was left for his sons.
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verses (depending on the edition and corrections made for missing material; here, the Kibler edition is referenced), of which the first 5,373 are grouped into
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Gautier; finally, an early 13th century addition (inspired by
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145:The date of these events is exactly ascertainable.
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245:Li Romans de Raoul de Cambrai et de Bernier
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46:Raoul de Cambrai, the posthumous son of
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280:Grundriss der romanischen Philologie
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263:Société des anciens textes français
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273:Popular Epics of the Middle Ages
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275:(London and Cambridge, 1865)
64:Herbert, lord of Vermandois
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309:Encyclopædia Britannica
141:Historical sources
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327:Chansons de geste
163:roman d'aventures
127:Garin le Loherain
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225:References
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26:epic poem
321:Category
261:(Paris,
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131:Waulsort
108:trouvère
103:romances
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265:, 1882)
151:Annales
90:laisses
52:Cambrai
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87:rhymed
68:Origny
23:French
169:Notes
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