Ramcharitmanas - Knowledge (XXG)

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descended on earth and was wandering the Dandaka forest with Sita and Lakshman. Shiva ponders how he can catch sight of Ram. He finally sees Ram, who is frantically searching for Sita and instantly joins his palms and prays "Glory to the Redeemer of the universe, who is Truth, Consciousness and Bliss". Sati cannot recognize Ram and wonders why her Supreme Shiva is praising a mortal. Shiva is the knower of all truth and instantly reads Sati's thoughts. He advises her to not harbor such doubts and accept that she had seen Ram, whom Agastya had praised earlier. He finally says that if she is still not convinced then she should seek to verify this truth herself. Shiva observes as Sati takes the guise of Sita. Ram and Lakshman instantly see through Sati's disguised and asks about Shiva's whereabouts. Sati feels very uncomfortable and heads towards Shiva, thinking of how she is going to explain her folly of questioning his word.

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her parents. The only drawback is that her husband will be an ascetic with matted hair who is naked and of hideous accouterments. Himavan and Maina become disconsolate while Parvati is greatly pleased, as she senses from Nārad's words that her boon from Vishnu is coming true. Nārad explains to Himachal that the only person who shows the virtues as described by him is Shiva. Parvati's parents are immediately uplifted and as Nārad leaves, he asks Parvati to fix Her thoughts on Hari and practice austerity. The young Parvati enters the forest and performs great penances in order to obtain Shiva. Her body thins greatly due to her self-mortification after which Brahma declares that she should cease her severe penances as Shiva would soon be hers. History had produced many great sages, but none had performed such penances as this. Brahma instructs that her father would soon come for her and that she should return home with him.

1705:. Manthara's mind harbors evil intentions and she begins to talk to Queen Kaikeyi in harsh and conceited tones. She finds fault with Kaikeyi for being supportive of the king's plan of installing Rama as Prince Regent when her own mind tells her that Bharata would clearly be a greater king. At that time Bharata is visiting his uncle and so he is unaware of what is happening in Ayodhya. Slowly, Queen Kaikeyi becomes influenced. Manthara reminds Queen Kaikeyi of the two boons that the King had promised her. Kaikeyi enters the private room in the royal palace, where the King gives audience to his queens and awaits Dasharatha. Dasharatha is greatly alarmed and concerned that Kaikeyi is sitting in the sulking chamber, while the entire population of Ayodhya is greatly happy and eagerly anticipating the coronation of Rama. Queen 2112: 2426:

great trance. Around that time the demon Tāraka was causing distress and was in full flourish. Brahma declares that the son of Shiva will kill Tāraka, but for this to happen His wedding with Parvati needs to be arranged and for that to happen, Shiva's trance has to be broken. It is decided that the God of Love should be sent to awaken Shiva. He fires five arrows of flowers at Shiva's breast, the trance is broken and Shiva awakens. Shiva is enraged and, through his third eye, reduces Love to ashes. Love's consort Rati faints as soon as she hears of her husband's demise. Seeing the helpless woman, Shiva foretells that her husband will now be called bodiless and shall dominate all without a body form. When Krishna descends on earth, her husband would be born as his son

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described as being an ocean of beauty. Kaushalya joins her palms and prays. "O Infinite, How can I praise You! The Vedas and Puranas reveal you to be the repository of all virtues. You are the Lord of Lakshmi and the lover of all of Your devotees and have appeared for my good. Every pore of Your body contains multitudes of universes and the thought that You stayed in my womb is truly staggering." Ram smiles and exhorts Kaushalya by telling her the charming account of her previous birth so that she can accept Him as her own child. Kaushalya asks Ram to give up his current superhuman form and to start to indulge in childish sports that are dear to a mother's heart. Ram, described as the Lord of immortals, immediately becomes an infant and begins to cry.

1890:. She immediately takes a liking to Rama and falls in love with him. She disguises herself and talks to Rama in sweet tones. Rama rejects her advances explaining that he is already married and advises her to approach Laksman as he is unmarried. However, Laksman also rejects her advances. Surpanakha takes it as a great insult to be spurned like this, and attempts to hurt Sita. Laksman takes hold of his sword and lops off Surpanakha's ear lobes and nose. Feeling humiliated, Surpanakha leaves the forest and goes to the abode of her brothers Khara and Dusana. They are angry at the treatment meted out to their sister and leave with the intention of killing Rama. Both the brothers are vanquished by Rama. 2511:

human form and returns to his celestial abode. Tulsidas decides not to mention these at all. The Katha Kar Morari Bapu has mentioned in many of his retellings of Ram Katha, that Tulsidasji didn't want to end the Manas in heartache for Sita. Tulsidas refers to Sita as his mother (as well as the mother of the entire universe) many times in the poem and so, on an emotional level, this becomes very understandable. She has endured enough pain throughout the Manas and so ends his retelling at a relatively happy moment. It is said that there are some Vaishnav devotees who will only recite the Bālakāṇḍa of the Manas, as this is seen as the happiest period of Ram and Sita's leela on earth.

44: 2304:"Hari mukh", which translates into "face of Hari." The word "Hari" also refers to "monkey." Vishnu granted his wish by giving him face of a monkey. The entire royal court is aware of Nārad's appearance, but says nothing. The princess filled with rage as soon as she sees Nārad's ugly form and completely ignores him. When Narad sees his reflection in water he curses Vishnu, "You made me look like a monkey; therefore You shall have monkeys for Your mates. And as You have grievously wronged me, so shall You suffer the pangs of separation from Your wife." Vishnu accepts Nārad's curse and instantly withdraws his illusionary spell. 2231: 1941:. Hanuman disguises himself as a Brahmin and approaches the brothers. Hanuman recognises the true nature of Rama as God-incarnation and surrenders himself to his Holy feet. He tells the brothers that his king, Sugriva, wishes to extend his friendship to them and will help them to find Sita. Rama asks Sugriva why he resides in the mountains instead of Kishkindha, where Sugriva tells of his feud with his brother Bali. Rama sympathises with Sugriva and decides to help Sugriva in return for the latter's help in finding Sita. Rama kills Bali and installs Sugriva as king of Kishkindha and 4469: 2388:

abandon and it is a sin to continue to be her Husband and so from then he has no connection with Sati in her current body. Sati concludes that Shiva has come to know everything and feels foolish for having tried to deceive Him. Shiva sits under a banyan tree and enters into a long trance. Sati feels sorry but accepts that providence is repaying her for her sins. Many years pass and Shiva finally ends his trance whilst praising Ram. Sati bows down at Shiva's feet, after which he seats Sati opposite him and he begins to tell stories of Vishnu's exploits.

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rage with great anger. She faces her father's court and announces that Shiva is the father of the universe and the beneficent of all. It is the same Shiva that her father vilifies. She burns her body with the fires of Yoga. Her guards are beaten and thrashed. When Shiva discovers this, he sends Virabhadra, who wreaks havoc of the sacrifice and Daksha is slain. As Sati is about to die, she asks Lord Hari of the boon that she be devoted to Shiva's feet in successive births. She is reborn as Parvati, the daughter of Himavan and Mainavati.

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entire brahmana community is invited. A heavenly voice from above warns the brahmanas that the food is impure and they should run away immediately. They curse the king that he, his kingdom and entire family are wiped from the face of earth. They also curse that he be born a demon in his next life. The heavenly voice says that the brahmana's curse is ill thought, as Pratapbhanu is not to blame. Since their curse cannot be taken back, the voice says that it is the Brahmana community that will bear the brunt of the evil of his next life.

1901:) in her place, while she would hide in the fire. She asks Rama time and time again to hunt for the deer and bring it to her. Rama runs after the deer and is soon quite a far distance away from the ashram. Rama releases an arrow and hits the deer. Impersonating Rama's voice, Marich shouts out to Lakshman to help him. Maya Sita (hereafter called simply Sita) hears the cry and orders Laksman to go help his brother. Ravana, while posing as a begging minstrel, uses this opportunity to forcibly kidnap Sita from the ashram. 1269: 1214: 1011: 2068: 1842: 1599: 2161: 2351:

resident fake saint wants to hurt and insult Pratapbhanu due to a previous incident. Pratapbhanu doesn't recognize the saint, who begins to sweet talk the king and says that by pure love, he wishes to impart boons onto the king. The king asks to be invincible and never ageing, which the fake saint grants, but with the condition that he needs to win favor of all Brahmans. The fake saint advises that the king arrange the cooking of holy food (

2018:. Hanuman narrates Rama katha (story) and then introduces himself. Hanuman proceeds to Ashok Vatika where he finally sees Sita. He positions himself on a branch of a tree, under which Sita was sitting and contemplates his next move. He sees Ravana walk towards Sita and beg her to glance at least once toward him. She simply looks at a blade of grass to insult him. Ravana threatens to behead Sita but is calmed down by his wife, 2088:. Upon completion, the army of Rama begins to cross the bridge and arrives at Lanka, taking camp on Mount Suvela. Ravana hears of the advances of Rama's army and feels greatly agitated. Mandodari asks Ravana to return Sita to Rama as she fears for her husband's life. Ravana is dismissive of Rama's power and pacifies his wife. Next, Ravana's son Prahasta attempts to reinforce his mother's sentiments, but all to no avail. 1991: 1494: 2300:, Vishnu creates a beautiful illusory city with illusionary inhabitants. The city is ruled by King Sheelanidhi, who has a beautiful daughter called Vishvamohini. Nārad is intrigued with the city and decides to visit the king. Nārad sees the king's daughter and falls in love with her. The king explains that he wishes to marry his daughter to a suitable man. Nārad devises a plot to get the princess to choose him. 2621: 1788: 1714:

remonstrate against Queen Kaikeyi who firmly believes that she is doing the right thing. Rama attempts to dissuade Lakshman and Sita from joining him but is unable to do so. The scene becomes very emotional as Rama, Sita and Lakshman greet their mothers before finally going to Dashratha to take leave of him. Dasharatha attempts, in vain, to try to talk Sita out of joining Rama in the forest.

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approach Manu in a beautiful form, which leaves Manu overcome with emotion. Manu explains now that he and Satarupa have seen the Lord's lotus feet, all their desires have been met. Manu has one longing but doesn't know how to ask the Lord. Finally he asks, "O gracious Lord, I tell You my sincere wish: I would have a son like You. I have nothing to conceal from You."

2470: 2397: 1804:. Lakshman sees the huge army of people with Bharata and immediately begins to chastise Bharata. Rama counters this by praising the greatness of Bharata, leaving Lakshman feeling sorry for his harsh words. Bharata finally arrives at Chitrakoot where the brothers are all reunited once again. They collectively mourn the passing of their father and perform his 202: 1622:, welcomes the great sage and asks him who are the two boys accompanying him. Janaka is overcome by great emotion as he is able to sense the true nature of their mission. The brothers then set out to discover the beautiful city and visit Janaka's garden. This is an important section of the Ramcharitmanas as it portrays the first meeting of Rama and Sita. 178:". It is considered one of the greatest works of Hindu literature. The work has variously been acclaimed as "the living sum of Indian culture", "the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poetry", "the greatest book of all devotional literature" and "the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of the Indian people". 2005:, the mother of serpents and passes her test. The ocean demoness tries to capture Hanuman, thinking of him as a bird. He quickly kills her and then lands on the shore of the ocean in Lanka. He sees beautiful lush gardens, groves, lakes and reservoirs. Hanuman takes a minute form and remembering Rama, enters Lanka. He is accosted by the demon 2022:. Hanuman has to use all his powers of calm not to react to Ravana's threats. When all is quiet again, Hanuman begins to sing the glory of Rama in sweet tones. He then approaches Sita and explains who he is. He presents the ring lord Rama had given him and Sita is overjoyed. She blesses Hanuman with many kind words and boons. 1661:

oppose him. Ultimately, Rama brings him around. Parashurama discovers the real nature of Lord Rama as the ultimate Brahman, pays his respects and leaves for the forests for meditation. Sita places the wreath of victory around the neck of Rama in accordance with the rules of the swayamvara and is thus wedded to him.

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attributeless, immutable, beyond the realm of Māyā, the Lord of celestials, intent on killing the evil-doers, the only protector of the Brāhmaņas, beautiful & dark complexioned as a cloud laden with moisture, who has lotus-like eyes & Supreme Brahma, who appeared in the form of an earthly king.

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On the ninth day of the Chaitra month, the Manas describes that the Sun is at its meridian and the climate is neither cold nor hot. There is a cool, soft and fragrant breeze. The woods are full of blossom and the rivers are in full flow. Brahma deduces that the time for Ram's birth is approaching and

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Years after the birth of Parvati, Nārad Muni visits her parents Himavan and Maina. Himavan asks Nārad what the future holds for his daughter. Nārad says that Parvati will be adorned with good traits and win unfailing love of her husband. She will remain ever united with him and bring great glory upon

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where many demigods were invited. All except Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva were invited as Daksha had developed a hatred towards the Gods. Sati thinks of her father and asks if She may visit him at this time. Shiva says that they have no formal invite and that all of Sati's sisters are invited but because

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Sugriva immediately orders the gathering of the region's bear and monkey community. Armies of bears and monkeys are dispatched north, south east and west to search for Sita. Rama knew that only Hanuman was really capable of finding Sita. He asks Hanuman to narrate the agony of separation from her and

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Sugriva becomes too attached to his new regal lifestyle and forgets about his agreement with Rama, which fills Rama with great anger. Rama asks Lakshman to bring Sugriva to him. Lakshman enters the royal court and threatens to burn the entire city to ashes. Sugriva is gravely worried and asks Hanuman

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and see her in a sorry state. Bharata begs for her forgiveness and loudly laments while the Queen attempts to pacify him. She asks him to carry out his duty and rule Ayodhya, but Bharata cannot bear the thought of sitting on the throne with his father dead and his brothers in exile in the forest. The

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is then underway. It begins with the meeting of two sages - Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya. Bharadwaj asks Yajnavalkya to narrate in detail the story of Rama. Yajnavalkya begins with how Shiva came about retelling the story of Rama to his wife Parvati. (The story of Sati's self-immolation, the destruction

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Many scholars have commented on the sudden ending to the Manas. Valmiki's Uttar Kānd goes into great detail about Sita going into the forest, as a result of disapproving gossip of the citizens of Ayodhya, during the rule of Ram over Ayodhya. Sitaji asks mother Earth to receive her and Ram leaves his

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Here begins one of the most famous chhands from the Manas, the Ram Janam Stuti. The stuti begins with the appearance of Ram. Mother Kaushalya's heart is filled with joy as she marvels over Ram's dark complexion and his four armed form. He is adorned with jewels and a garland of Sylvan flowers and is

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Nārad approaches Vishnu and asks him for the gift of great beauty. Vishnu says that he will do only that which is beneficial to Nārad. The sage is glad at heart and thinks that with Vishnu's favor, the princess will surely choose him. Narad desired the appearance of Vishnu. He asked Lord to give him

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on arriving in Ayodhya and thereafter greet all that have gathered in the assembly. Lastly Rama meets Bharata with great affection and love. Rama's coronation takes place and he is finally crowned king of Ayodhya. Shiva arrives to glorify the festivities further and asks Rama of the boon that he may

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Surpanakha is greatly upset and visits Ravana at his residence in Lanka. She explains all that has happened, after which Ravana calls for his old friend Maricha. Ravana hatches a plot and asks Maricha to disguise himself as a golden deer, so that Ravana may then kidnap Sita. Maricha has already felt

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The Nishads see the approaching royal party and become suspicious. Guha approaches Bharata to understand his motive for bringing such a large party to the forest. He assumes that Bharata has some sinister motive. Bharata shows his love for Rama and Guha is moved to tears by his love for his brother.

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was kept in the arena. Any suitor who would be able to string Pinaka would be married to Sita. Many princes tried but failed to even nudge the bow. This caused great distress to Janaka who wonders aloud if the earth has become devoid of brave men. This statement of Janaka angers Lakshman who retorts

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I unceasingly adore Śri Ramā, the praiseworthy lord of Jānakī, the chief of Raghu's lineage, possessed of a form greenish blue as the neck of a peacock & adorned with a print of Brahmāna's lotus-foot, which testifies to His being the greatest of all gods, rich in splendour, clad in yellow robes,

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The first two parts, Bāl Kāṇḍ (Childhood Episode) and Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ (Ayodhya Episode), make up more than half of the work. The other parts are Araṇya Kāṇḍ (Forest Episode), Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ (Kishkindha Episode), Sundar Kāṇḍ (Pleasant Episode), Laṅkā Kāṇḍ (Lanka Episode), and Uttar Kāṇḍ (Later Episode).

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and sat prayerfully in a lotus flower for thousands of years in order to repent. Rishi Gautam, in a blind rage, also cursed his wife, Ahalya, to turn into a boulder. Innocent of any intentional wrongdoing, Ahalya begged for forgiveness. Gautam relented somewhat and said that when Ram is incarnated,

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Shiva has no real family and so his attendants begin to adorn him for his wedding to Parvati. His hair is formed into a crown with serpents forming a crest. Serpents form His earrings, bracelets and adorn his neck and He is smeared in ashes and has lion's skin wrapped around His loins. He heads the

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Pratapbhanu is reborn as Ravan, Arimardam is reborn as Kumbhkarna and Dharmaruchi as Vibhishan. All three take great penances and are approached by Brahma and Shiva and are asked for any boon. Ravan asks that no one should be able to kill me except the tribes of man and monkeys. Kumbhkarna asks for

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The fake saint asks the king to go rest, and that he would arrange the feast for the bramanas using his mystic powers. Pratapbhanu waits for three days for the fake saint. Kalaketu, now disguised as a priest, approaches the King in his court and says that he has been sent to cook the holy food. The

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It is now the day before Rama is to return to Ayodhya after serving his exile. Bharata is anxious that his brother still hasn't arrived. The Mānas mentions that Bharata had passed his days shedding tears for fourteen years in Nandigram. Hanuman meets Bharata telling him of the arrival of Rama, Sita

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Hanuman makes good speed towards Lanka when suddenly he is shot by an arrow as he approaches Nandigram. Hanuman is mistaken to be a demon by Bharat. Hanuman falls to the ground together with the great hill. Hanuman regains consciousness and recognises that Bharata is Rama's brother. He continues on

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Meanwhile, in Lanka, both Mandodari and Vibhishan ask Ravana to hand Sita back to Rama. Ravana takes great exception to this suggestion and begins to insult Vibhishan particularly. He tells him he has no need for a weakling like him and that he is no longer needed. Vibhishan decides to join Rama at

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arrives in the grove and Hanuman allows himself to be captured. He is brought in front of the king of Lanka, Ravana. Ravana orders his death, however, Vibhishan reminds him that Hanuman is an envoy and cannot be killed according to religious principle. Ravana decides to humiliate Hanuman by setting

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Ram, while going to Mithila for Sita Svayamvar along with Sage Vishwamitra and Laksman, stopped at the, then-uninhabited, hermitage of Rishi Gautam. Vishwamitra narrated Ahalya's story to Ram, and asked him to free her. Ram touched the boulder with his foot and Ahalya was immediately released from

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Ever since Sati had quit her body, Shiva had begun chanting Ram's name and entered into a great trance. Through his mystic power, Ram asks Shiva to marry Parvati. Shiva says that this is not a justifiable request but the word of a master cannot be set aside and must be obeyed. Shiva remains in his

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Shiva asks her to tell the truth of how she tested Ram. Sati is unable to tell the truth and says that she did not test Ram, but praised his as You had. Sati forgets that Shiva knows all that has happened and is disappointed that she was disguised as his Sita. He decides that Sati is too chaste to

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Once Pratapbhanu goes into the forest to hunt and sees a wild boar. The boar is actually the demon Kalaketu in disguise who runs away from the king. Pratapbhanu gives chase deeper into the forest. Pratapbhanu chases for many miles and becomes thirsty. He approaches a fake saint's ashram, where the

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Manu and Shatarupa first sacrifice food and then water and are finally willing to sacrifice air. Brahma, Hari and Shiva call on Manu but Manu and Satarupa are resolute and do not swerve on their sacrifices. A great voice from the heavens tells Manu, in sweet tones, to ask for a boon. Rama and Sita

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Kumbhakarna kills indiscriminately and wreaks much havoc. Rama releases an arrow which kills him instantly. The death of his brother scares Ravan greatly. Indrajit hastily tries to arrange a ceremony to receive great boons and powers but is interrupted by Hanuman and Angada. Lakshman takes up arms

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Despite all of Bharata's convincing, Rama is true to the word given to his father and step mother Kaikeyi, and vows that he will fulfill her wish. Bharata says that he simply cannot sit on the throne while Rama wanders in the forest. He asks Rama for his sandals, which he would place at the throne

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The residents of Ayodhya can't spare the thought of being away from Rama and decide to join him in the forest. Rama, Sita, Lakshman and Sumantra go incognito and in the dead of the night leave the city and head for the forest. They leave for a place called Sringaverapur after which they meet Guha,

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in his meditation and he storms into the swayamvara arena in great anger vowing to kill whoever had dared to break the bow of lord Shiva. Lakshman enters into an argument with Parashurama, paying scant respect to the sage who was known for his bursts of anger and was known to slay whoever dared to

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When she reaches her father's abode, no one welcomes her apart from her mother. Daksha does not even acknowledge her and actually burns with anger that she has turned up uninvited. Sati looks around and sees no oblations set apart for Shiva and the lack of respect of her father causes her mind to

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The Lord announces that it shall be, however, where would he find a son like Himself? The Lord tells Manu that He Himself would be a son to him. The Lord then asks Satarupa of her wish. She says that she greatly likes the boon received by her husband and wants the same. Bowing at the Lord's feet,

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Nārad realises that there is no city and there is no Visvamohini, and is dismayed at what he has done. He begs Vishnu to invalidate his curse. Vishnu explains that it was His will and advises Nārad to chant his name to absolve himself of any sin. Nārad returns to his abode chanting the praises of

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once again attempts to convince Ravana of handing Sita back to Rama. Meanwhile, Rama asks Jambavan what should be done. Jambavan suggests that they send Angada, as messenger, to give Ravana a chance to return Sita. On reaching Ravana's court, Angada explains he is the ambassador of Rama and tells

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Jatayu, the eagle, sees Ravana's sinful act and attempts to fight with him, but Ravana has too much power and cuts off Jatayu's wings and leaves him for dead. Rama and Lakshman return to find the ashram empty. They anxiously set out to find Sita and find the severely wounded eagle. Jatayu dies in

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May He in whose lap shines forth Parvati, the daughter of the mountain-king, who carries the celestial stream Ganga on His head, on whose brow rests the crescent moon, whose throat holds deadly poison & whose breast is graced by serpent-king, & who is adorned by the ashes on His body, may

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Hanuman flies through the various palaces and gardens for his search of Sita and amongst all the demonic activities going on in Lanka, Hanuman sees a palace where Shri Hari's name is being chanted. He is drawn towards the palace and decides to visit the inhabitant. The palace belongs to Ravana's

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Rama, Sita and Lakshman venture further into the forest and encounter Viradha. Viradha attempts to capture Sita. Rama kills him by burying him in a ditch. They then visit the ashram of Sage Sarabhanga. Rama asks him of where he should go for shelter in the forest. He is advised to visit the sage

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Rama asks Sumantra to return to Ayodhya which saddens Sumantra. He not only wants to stay with Rama, he is also afraid of going back only to face the anger and wrath of the citizens of Ayodhya. Rama persuades him to go back. On returning to Ayodhya, Sumantra meets Dasharatha, who asks him of the

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dispatches messengers to Ayodhya to inform Dasharatha and his family about the marriage of Rama and Sita and invites them for the formal consummation of the marriage ceremony. Dasharatha starts with a great marriage procession, consisting of Rama's family, friends and well wishers in addition to

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In May 2024, during the tenth meeting of the Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific, the Ramcharitamanas manuscripts were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register. One manuscript was authored by Tulsidas, and the other was written in Arabic in the 18th

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for his usual morning bath. While the Rishi was bathing at the river, Indra assumed Gautam's form and visited Ahalya, fooling her into thinking he was her husband. When Gautam returned, he encountered Indra, emerging from his hut in his (Gautam's) form. Spiritually powerful, Gautam employed his

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mountains. It is the only hope to save Lakshman. Hanuman immediately reassures Rama that he shall find this herb. As Hanuman is about to leave, Ravana orders the demon Kalanemi to impede him. However, Hanuman kills Kalanemi with ease. Hanuman reaches the mountain and can't find the herb. In his

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would always desecrate the ceremonial offerings. He knew that Rama had taken birth on earth to protect his devotees and so he decided to visit Dasharatha to ask him a favor. The sage asks the king to let his sons accompany him to the forest. Reluctantly the king agrees. Rama knew beforehand the

3517:... The splendid English translation by FC Growse has also been used (the sixth edition, 1914, published by Ram Narayan, Allahabad). Another admirer of the poet whose studies in the Indian Antiquary, 1893, and in the Indian Gazetteer are of much value, is Sir George Grierson, who speaks of the 2034:

He returns to the ocean to extinguish his tail and then goes to Sita to reassure her that the next time she sees him, it will be with Rama. He bids farewell to Sita and leaps back towards Angad and Jambavan. The monkey army then ventures back to where Sugriva, Rama and Lakshman are waiting. On

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Queen Kaikeyi speaks to Rama and explains to him the boons that she had asked of his father. Rama is actually the Supreme Personality of Godhead incarnated on earth, yet he accepts his stepmother's request and decides to leave the kingdom as it serves his purpose as well. The people of Ayodhya

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Ravana's funeral takes place and Vibhishan is crowned the king of Lanka. Hanuman carries the happy news to Sita in Ashok Vatika. Finally Rama and Sita are reunited. Rama and the army prepare to depart Lanka and return towards Ayodhya. Rama, Sita, Lakshman and the senior monkeys travel back in

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knows that Rama will not return to the kingdom and so immediately sends an envoy to call Bharata and Shatrughna back to Ayodhya. Bharata learns of all that has happened and chastises his mother, Queen Kaikeyi. He is greatly pained and blames himself for Rama leaving Ayodhya. He accuses her of

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reminds him of the two boons he promised her and to his bewilderment, asks him to install her son Bharata as Prince Regent and send Rama into the forest for fourteen years. Queen Kaikeyi is unmoved by Dasharatha's lamentations and finally the king emotionally breaks down. The king's assistant

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Ayodhya was described as being like a heaven on earth ever since Rama and Sita came back from Mithila. As King Dasharatha was getting old, he wanted to install his son Rama as Prince Regent. He decided to start the ceremonies for his coronation the very next day. The Devas however became very

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In the age of Treta, Shiva, accompanied by his consort Bhavani Sati, went to visit Rishi Agastya. The Rishi being pleased with Shiva's visit, began to narrate the eternal story of Ram. Shiva listens with great pleasure and then they return towards Their abode. Around these exact days Ram had

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Pratapbhanu is distraught and quickly goes to his kitchen to find Kalaketu. The king is pained and cries as he realizes Kalaketu has vanished. The brahmanas feel sorry for Pratapbhanu and tell him that his evil next life will be ended by Supreme Vishnu himself. As per the curse, Pratapbhanu,

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I adore Śri Rama, the supreme Deity, the object of worship even of Śivā (the destroyer of Cupid), the Dispeller of the fear of rebirth, the lion to quell the mad elephant in the form of Death, the Master of Yogīs, attainable through knowledge, the repository of good qualities, unconquerable,

2103:'s son, is required to enter the battle far earlier than he expected. He severely wounds Lakshman with his special weapon, the Saang. Hanuman is ordered to fetch the doctor of Lanka called Sushena. Sushena tells Rama that there exists a herb called Sanjivani which can only be found in the 1344:

I adore the Lord of the universe bearing the name of Rama, the chief of the Raghu's line & the crest-jewel of kings, the mine of compassion, the dispeller of all sins, appearing in human form through His Māyā (deluding potency), the greatest of all gods, knowable through Vedānta (the

1926: 1883:. Rama, Sita and Lakshman take up abode at Panchavati and build a beautiful ashram, as per the advice of Agastya. Lakshman becomes nostalgic of the past and begins to talk harshly about Kaikeyi. Rama pacifies him and explains that it is sinful to speak of his mother in such a way. 2031:

his tail on fire. Large amounts of clothes are tied to his tail and soaked in oil. Hanuman chants the name of Rama and his tail begins to get longer and more cloth and oil is used. He changes from his small form into a gigantic form and decides to torch alight the whole of Lanka.

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ritual in which a prospective bride selects her groom from among a group of suitors who attend the ceremony. Sita falls in love with Rama at first sight in Janaka's garden and prays to Parvati that she may get Rama as her husband. King Janaka sends a messenger to invite Rama,

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Translation: "Thus ends the fourth descent into the Mānasa lake of Sri Rama's exploits, that eradicate all the impurities of the Kali age." All the other Kāndas are concluded in the same way where the word caturthah is substituted, according to the Kānd being concluded.

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wedding procession and Vishnu and Brahma, as well as a host of spirits, Gandharavs and Danavs follow behind. After the wedding, Parvati and Shiva return to Kailash where Parvati asks questions around Rama's divinity. Here Shiva begins his narration of Ram Leela.

3083:... Its original name is Ram Charit Manas, but people call it Tulsi Krit Ramayan. (This has been the custom to name the Ramayan after its author). Tulsi Krit Ramayan was written in the 16th Century AD. This is the most popular and a work by a world renowned ... 2276:

to disturb Nārad's trance. Unable to defeat Narada, Kamadeva falls at Nārad's feet, addressing him with deep humility. Narada recalls all that happened to Shiva and becomes prideful of defeating Kamadeva. Shiva admonishes him not to repeat the story to Vishnu.

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Jambavan asks the monkeys Nala and Nila to begin work on building the bridge across the sea. The Mānas states that entire mountain ranges were used by Nala and Nila to complete their objective. Rama remembers Lord Shiva and decides to install a shrine for

1293:. It is customary in the Indian tradition of writing for the author to begin a new book with invocation to the gods to ensure that the sankalpa is finished unhindered. The first three or four verses of each Kānd are typically in the form of invocations. 2330:

The Lord explains that after some time Manu would be born as the king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha and Satarupa as Kausalya. He would then manifest Himself in the royal household as their son. He reassured the couple that their desire would be accomplished.

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concerned at the prospect of Rama remaining in Ayodhya and not pursuing the wicked Ravana, and vanquishing him. Something had to happen if Rama was to embark on his mission to rid the world of Ravana. They approached Goddess Saraswati for help.

3399:Śrīrāmacaritamānasa (Gita Press) 2004, pp. 107–108: भृकुटि बिलास सृष्टि लय होई। राम बाम दिसि सीता सोई ॥ ... Sītā, who stood to the left of Śrī Rāma, was the same was the same ... the mere play of whose eyebrows brings the cosmos into existence. 2460:

Tulsidas concludes that whoever sings this Stuti attains the abode of Lord Vishnu and never falls into the well of mundane existence. The Stuti has therefore been immortalized and it is a popular prayer sung on the occasion of Ram's birthday.

1349:), constantly worshiped by Brahmā (the Creator), Śhambhu (Śivā), & Śeşa (the serpent-god), the bestower of supreme peace in the form of final beatitude, placid, eternal, beyond the ordinary means of cognition, sinless & all-pervading. 1912:. Tulsidas says that Shabari washes the feet of Ram with tears from her eyes and feeds him half eaten wild berries to ensure he gets only sweet ones. She is given liberation by Rama. The brothers then head towards the Pampasarovar lake. 1894:

the power of Rama (as mentioned in Bālakāṇḍa) and is apprehensive, however, he thinks that he is going to die either way since Ravana will kill him in rage for refusing him. Ravana and Marich immediately leave for Rama's forest abode.

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asks him to break the bow and make Janaka happy once again. Rama steps in and effortlessly lifts and strings the divine bow. In a swift move, he breaks the bow. The breaking of Pinaka causes a great noise that disturbs the great sage

1973:(who is actually Jatayu's older brother). There is a conversation during which Angad explains that Jatayu died serving Rama and thereafter Sampati narrates his biography. He tells the monkeys that he is sure that Sita is captive in 3143: 2173:. Bharata rushes to Ayodhya to tell the citizens of the great news. As the Pushpak Vimaan landed in Ayodhya the citizens shouted chants of 'Glory be to Ramchandra'. Rama, Sita and Laksman collectively touch the feet of the sage 2009:

whom he hits with his fist and causes her to fall to the ground. She recites that curse given to her would cure only when a huge monkey hits her and on the same day the starting of the end of Lankesh Ravan would be marked.

2430:. Thereafter Brahma and other gods approach Shiva and declare that they wish to witness His wedding with their own eyes. Remembering Vishnu's early request, Shiva gladly agrees and Brahma proceeds to arrange the marriage. 2502:

the curse. She fell to Ram's feet and washed his feet with her tears. She felt that her curse had become her fortune as she got the opportunity to seek Ram's refuge in person. She then returned to her husband's place.

1540:) are found mulling on the ways to rid the earth of Ravana and his excesses. Unable to find a solution, they pray to Shiva and ask him for his guidance on where to find the supreme God who will come to their rescue. 1717: 2409:

of his animosity towards Shiva, Her father has not invited us. Shiva tries to reason with Sati, that no good can come of her attending, but Tulsidas explains that a daughters ties to her father are very strong.

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decide to go into the forest and ask Rama to return to Ayodhya and take the throne. Many citizens as well as the royal family, who have been grieving ever since Rama had left them, decide to join the brothers.

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Hanuman tells Sita that he is hungry and asks for her permission to eat fruits from the grove. He not only eats but manages to destroy large parts of it. He easily kills one of Ravana's sons, prince Akshaya.

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the heavenly beings all crowd over the skies to glimpse sight of the auspicious moment. The sky resounds of music and songs as the heavenly beings offer their praises to the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

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With much sorrow and hurt, Bharata leaves Rama and returns to Ayodhya. He decides that he would not live in the kingdom while Rama is in exile and so lives like a hermit in a nearby town called Nandigram.

3183:... Lake of the Deeds of Ram. He says that the seven cantos or sections of the work are like the beautiful flights of steps to the holy water of a lake, which purifies the body and the soul at once ... 1872:

Sutiksna. As Rama approaches Sutiksna, the latter comes out of his meditation. He tells Rama that he had been awaiting his arrival and had even turned down the offer of entering the heavenly planets.

1334:, & lovers of the cow & the host of Brāhmaņas, who appeared in the form of mortal men through their own Māyā (deluding potency) as the two noble scions of Raghu's lineage, the armours of true 2375:

The story of how Shiva came about retelling Ramkatha to his consort Parvati is retold in great detail within the Bālakāṇḍa. This part of the story is narrated by Sant Yajnavalkya to Bharadvaj Muni.

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against Indrajit and kills him. Rama throws numerous arrows at Ravana but is unable to kill him. He asks Vibhishan on how to kill his brother after which Rama finally kills Ravana. The war is over.

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lotus-eyed, ever-propitious, holding a bow & arrow in His hands, mounted on the aerial car named Puşpakā, accompanied by a host of monkeys & waited upon by His own brother Lakşmaņa.

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where Rama pays his respect to the sage. Agastya gifts divine weapons to Rama and advises him to venture further into the forest and into the region of Dandaka. Rama meets with the eagle,

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arrives at Dasharatha's royal court where the King receives his eminent guest with great honour. Vishvamitra lived in the forest and was performing great sacrifices. However, the demons

3127: 3221:(which Hindi speakers often use as an abbreviation of the longer title) alludes to a sacred lake in the Himalayas, and so the title may be rendered 'the divine lake of Ram's deeds' ... 2404:

While Shiva is narrating the stories of Vishnu, the air is filled with celestial beings. Sati asks Shiva what the occasion is. Shiva explains that her father Daksha has organised

2355:) to feed the bramanas, who would surely be in his favor for such an act of kindness. The fake saint's real intention is to trap the king and repay him for his old grievances. 1969:

and Jambavan as well as many others as they head to the south. As the army approach the coast, Jambavan and Angad see a cave by the shore of the ocean. The cave is occupied by

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had a wife named Shatarupa. After ruling the earth for many years, he decides pass the throne to his son and retires to the forest with Shatarupa and meditate upon the Lord.

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The story then moves to Ayodhya. One fine day, Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya, realizes that he has become old and still without children. He conveys his distress to sage

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After a grand wedding, the kind of which had never been witnessed in the universe, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya where there was a great celebration and much rejoicing.

1831: 1238:) and composed of approximately 12,800 lines, divided into 1,073 stanzas. Tulsidas compared the seven Kāndas of the epic to seven steps leading into the holy waters of 1514:'s sacrifice, the rebirth of Sati as Parvati and her marriage to Shiva). Shiva explains five different reasons as to why Rama incarnated on earth in different ages or 2111: 1742:

and Saraswati meet. Rama meets with the Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram. Rama is overwhelmed with the reception and love shown by the people inhabiting the banks of the

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However, Sita being his beloved daughter, Janaka desired to conduct a grand marriage of Sita and Rama in accordance with both Vedic and laukik (traditional) customs.

3546: 1304:, the deities related to knowledge, wisdom, speech and auspiciousness. The deities Lord Shiva, Lord Rama, and Goddess Sita are also honoured in succeeding verses. 2189:. The other brothers each have two sons as well. It is mentioned that great sages like Nārad and Sanaka visit Ayodhya to meet with Rama and to see his great city. 1548:

then pray to the supreme Brahman/Vishnu to rid the earth of the demons wreaking havoc on men as well as Devas. Brahman shows compassion to all and announces in an

2192:

In the subsequent passages of Uttar Kānd the biography of Saint Kakbhushundi is given, followed by a description of what is to be expected in the current age of

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in Lanka. The island is 400 miles away and requires someone who is able to jump the distance. Jambavan deduces that Hanuman is the only one capable of the task.

1651:

that no one should talk in this vain manner, when a gathering like this, has the presence of scions of the Sun Dynasty. Rama gently nudges him to keep calm as

1518:. Each of these stories is discussed in detail, with the primary message being that Rama incarnated on earth to protect the righteous who followed the path of 2268:

Nārad Muni was wandering in the Himalayan mountains and begins to think of Vishnu. He instantly falls into a deep meditative trance. Seeing the sage's state,

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takes Jambavan's suggestion and immediately takes off for Lanka. He climbs onto the mountain and using it as a pivot, launches himself into the air. He meets

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Manu then asks one more favour. He asks that he be dependent on which is granted. The Lord then commands the couple to dwell in Indra's capital in heaven.

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intention of Vishvamitra in asking him to come along with him. He assures the sage that he would obey his commands. Lakshman kills Subahu and Rama kills

952:, Awadhi, making his work more accessible to the general public. Tradition has it that Tulsidas had to face much criticism from the Sanskrit scholars of 1897:

Maricha takes his position and instantly Sita is attracted by his deer form. Rama knows that Ravana's intentions and orders Sita to place her shadow (

3572: 2484:, king of the gods, was tempted and decided to seduce her with trickery. Early morning Rishi Gautam when the dawn had arrived go down to the nearby 1330:

Lovely as a jasmine & a blue lotus, of surpassing strength, repositories of wisdom, endowed with natural grace, excellent bowmen, hymned by the

924: 1413:. Some scholars are of the opinion that there is also an underlying personal conversation between Tulsidas and Lord Rama all through the text of 4300: 4279: 4255: 4231: 4210: 4189: 4168: 4147: 4126: 4105: 4084: 4063: 4042: 4021: 4000: 3979: 3958: 3937: 3916: 3895: 3874: 3853: 3832: 3811: 3790: 3769: 3748: 3727: 3706: 3685: 3664: 3643: 3622: 3498: 3206: 3176: 3111: 2935: 5150: 2280:

Nārad visits Vishnu at his abode and unable to control his pride, re-tells his episode with Kamadeva, ignoring all that Shiva had advised.

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recognises the true opulence of Rama and sings his praises. At this point Tulsidas takes great care to describe the beauty of the land of

686: 2202:. It is not mentioned whether Yajnavalkya finishes his recitation to Bharadwaj. Finally, Goswami Tulsidas concludes his retelling of the 917: 2046:

The army deliberate over how to cross the ocean to Lanka. The deity of the seas tells Rama of the boon obtained by the monkey brothers

1137:. His guru graciously repeated it again and again so that he could understand and remember it. Then he narrated the story and named it 5155: 4366: 2096:

Ravana that he still has time to save himself from destruction. Ravana insults Angada and his refusal to comply makes war inevitable.

1193:

is also a proper noun, referring to a Himalayan lake, thus rendering Hill's entire translation of "The Holy Lake of the Acts of Ram."

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that chief of gods, the Lord of all, the Destroyer of the universe, the omnipresent Shiva, the moon-like Shankar, ever protect me.

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to Lanka where he delivers the Sanjivani herb and Sushena treats Lakshman. Rama embraces Hanuman with great pride and affection.

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is the mother of Lakshman and Shatrughna. Saraswati decides to influence the mind of one of Queen Kaikeyi's maid servants named

1571:(vedic yajna for the birth of sons). Tulsidas states that the birth of Rama and his brothers took place on the ninth day of the 43: 2272:

becomes apprehensive as he sees Nārad's trance as a threat to his own position as the chief of demigods in heaven. Indra asks

1646:

to attend the swayamvara. Janaka puts a condition to identify the right groom for Sita. The great bow of Shiva by the name of

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tells them that they don't need to go anywhere to find the Supreme God for he resides in the hearts of his devotees. All the

1526:

and his brothers. Following this, the narration is done at different times by Shiva, Yajnavalkya, Kakbhushundi and Tulsidas.

1462:. Tulsidas then praises King Janaka (the father-in-law of Rama), and his family. He goes on to praise the brothers of Rama - 654: 3504: 2715: 2230: 956:

for being a vernacular poet. However, Tulsidas remained steadfast in his resolve to simplify the knowledge contained in the

3462: 3419: 3217:, composed in the Avadhi dialect of Hindi, is an epic of some 13,000 lines divided into seven kandas or 'books.' The word 1434:

and saints who have preceded him and those who will succeed him in the future. Homage is paid to Valmiki for bringing the

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sees Rama and Laksman at the foothills. He consults Hanuman as to whether he thinks they have been sent by his brother

1563:, and seeks the way forward. Vasistha comforts Dasharatha and tells him that he will have four sons. Vasistha requests 1082:. The Valmiki Ramayana is centered on the narrative of Rama. Rama was the crown prince of Ayodhya and is considered in 5160: 642: 1949:

to pacify him. Lakshman escorts Sugriva to Rama and upon seeing Him, Sugriva falls as his feet and begs forgiveness.

1886:

The story takes a new turn, as Rama, Sita and Lakshman are approached by the sister of the demon-king Ravana, called

1446:

are introduced and praised beginning with the birthplace of Rama, the holy city of Ayodhya. Praises are bestowed on

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Every Kānd is formally concluded by Goswami Tulsidas. The following is an example of the ending of Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ:

1133:. Tulsidas claims to have received the story through his guru, Narharidas as a child until he wrote it down as the 1055: 880: 681: 1673:. Along with Rama-Sita, Bharat-Mandavi, Lakshman-Urmila and Shatrughna-Shrutakirti's marriages are also arranged. 800: 1072:

language. The core of the work is considered by some to be a poetic retelling of the events of the Sanskrit epic

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Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations

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The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad

1338:, friendly to all & journeying in quest for Sita, may they Sri Rama & Laksmana both grant us Devotion. 2943:... It was on a Tuesday, the ninth day of Chaitra in the Samvat year 1631, that Tulsidas started writing the 1397:

is structured around three separate conversations. The conversations happen between Shiva and Parvati, Sages

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or the 'Lake of the Deeds of Rama' ... the seven cantos of the book are like the seven steps to the lake ...

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During the Bālakāṇḍa, it is mentioned that Shiva is retelling the story of Rama (Rama Katha) to his spouse

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Rama fires a warning shot from his retreat in Suvela. The arrow strikes Ravana's crown and royal umbrella.

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uninterrupted sleep for periods of six months. Vibhishan asks for unshakable love for the feet of Vishnu.

711: 505: 370: 4322: 3583: 2955:. The place and date are significant, Ayodhya being the birthplace and the day being the birthday of Sri 1774:

bringing ruin to the family. Shatrughna comes across Manthara and beats her in rage. They approach Queen

5145: 5055: 2577: 716: 617: 1213: 1010: 5140: 4957: 4920: 4708: 4650: 3101: 2678:, Tulsidas mentions 1631, Tuesday, as the date according to Vikram Samvat calendar, which is 1574 in 790: 355: 312: 185: 2120: 974:

made available the story of Rama to the common man to sing, meditate and perform on. The writing of

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The war begins with great ferocity as Ravana loses half of his army on the first day. Indrajit,

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is the principal queen and the mother of Rama. Queen Kaikeyi is the mother of Bharata and Queen

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Tulsidas ends every chapter in a similar manner describing the ending in the Sanskrit language.

1034:

1631 (1574 CE). The exact date is stated within the poem as being the ninth day of the month of

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Rama, Sita and Lakshman wander in the forest and come across the hermitage of a sage called

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that he will be born in the Sun Dynasty to save the Devas and his devotees from the demons.

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A Community of Sentiment: Indo-Fijian Music and Identity Discourse in Fiji and Its Diaspora

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is so strong that he can never be smitten. Nārad then departs Vishnu's abode. Vishnu tells

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explains all that happened and immediately an army is prepared to go south towards Lanka.

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Thirteen years pass. Continuing on their journey through the forest, they meet with Sage

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The True History and the Religion of India: A Concise Encyclopedia of Authentic Hinduism

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Rambhadracharya, Swami (2008). Ramcharitmanas Bhavarthbodhini Hindi Tika. Page No. xxxi

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whereabouts of Rama. Unable to bear the pain of separation from Rama Dasharatha dies.

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Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India

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also heralded many a cultural tradition, most significantly that of the tradition of

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Arimardam and Dharmaruchi are all killed as other neighboring kings invade Kaikay.

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takes the news of Lakshman's recovery very badly and decides to awaken his brother

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Iti Srimadramacharitamanase sakalakalikalusavidhvamsane caturthah sopanah samaptah.

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The story then moves on and Rama and his brothers are now grown-up boys. The sage

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century, showcasing the text's appeal in West Asia and other parts of the world.

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Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India

3488: 3196: 3166: 3066: 2925: 2709: 1169:". Additionally, Phillip Lutgendorf uses W.D.P Hill's English translation of the 1117:. Tulsidas is said to have some spiritual powers to see the events occurred till 5097: 4778: 4733: 4723: 4660: 4565: 4448: 3541: 3423: 2344: 2257: 2238: 2207: 2198:. Shiva ends his narration of the Rama Katha to Parvati as does Kakbhushundi to 2136: 1657: 1652: 1643: 1579: 1402: 1039: 948:, but due to limited accessibility of the language, he chose to write it in the 721: 701: 649: 603: 598: 255: 193: 126: 17: 2620: 4854: 4713: 4610: 4560: 4428: 4393: 3579: 2683: 2340: 2085: 2054:

and that they have the power to build a bridge to link the seashore to Lanka.

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has elements from many other Ramayanas written earlier in Sanskrit, and other

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Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact

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Vishvamitra looks as Ram breaks the bow, to win the hand of Sita in marriage.

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and would only act as Rama's representative and not as a full-fledged king.

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A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India

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Lakshman meets with Tara, Sugriva and Hanuman in the Palace of Kishkandha

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Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action

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Kishkindha. Vibhishan falls at Ram's feet and asks him for protection.

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Rama, Sita and Lakshman meeting Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram in Prayag.

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divine vision to see the whole episode. Enraged, he cursed Indra with

1307:

Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ begins with the famous verse dedicated to the god Shiva:

1205:

dated to 1648 CE is kept at a Hanuman temple in Tulsi Ghat, Varanasi.

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Gita press ShriRamcharitmanas - End of each Kānd of Gitapress version

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month. It was the fortnight of the moon, known as the shukla period.

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Tulsidas begins the story with an invocation to various deities, his

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further fans Nārad's pride by telling him that his steadfast vow of

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As they continue to look for Sita they come across the hermitage of

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himself called it. The epic poem is, therefore, also referred to as

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Avadhi and Romanised text with translation by Gita Press, Gorakhpur

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to the common people. Subsequently, his work was widely accepted.

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Cultural Change and Persistence: New Perspectives on Development

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Encyclopedia of literary translation into English: M-Z, Volume 2

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The brothers Jay and Vijay are the two favoured gate keepers of

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as the story of Rama, which was narrated by Shiva to his wife,

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Ramcharitmanas Bhavarth Bodhini Tika by Swami Rambhadracharya

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frustration he decides to take the entire mountain to Lanka.

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The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas

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talks to Sita at length about the duties of a devoted wife.

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J.L. Mehta on Heidegger, Hermeneutics, and Indian Tradition

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Sumantra sends for Rama with a request to meet his father.

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consists of seven Kānds (literally "books" or "episodes",

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Rama touches the stone by his foot, which turns to Ahalya

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Cengage Advantage Books: World History, Complete, 7th ed

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refers to the main character of the epic, the Hindu god

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Hanuman searching for the Sanjivani herb. Miniature by

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Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad

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The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India

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Ascher, William; Heffron, John M. (15 November 2010).

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The Ramayan of Tulsidas Or the Bible of Northern India

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http://www.bhuvaneshwarmandir.com/resources/impact.htm

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cremation of King Dasharatha takes place. Bharata and

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Sundar Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn in the praise of Rama:

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The immolation of Sati and the incarnation of Parvati

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In conclusion to the tale, Rama has twin sons named

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titled "The Holy Lake of the Acts of Ram." The word

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https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2164668M/Mangal_Ramayan

2480:, the wife of Rishi Gautam, was a beautiful woman. 2178:have firm and undeviating devotion of Rama's feet. 1328:Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ commences with the following verse: 96: 88: 78: 68: 58: 53: 34: 3106:. University of California Press. pp. 12–20. 1746:. Rama then meets Sage Valmiki, the author of the 1296:Bāl Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn honouring the goddess 116: 3989:Mathur, Suresh Narain; Chaturvedi, B. K. (2005). 3460:http://www.iiramii.net/stuti_ram_janam_stuti.html 2674:In verse 1.33.2 of Bālkānd, the first chapter of 2292:that he has a plan and sets his illusory powers ( 986:is considered by many as a work belonging to the 2661:are considered the greatest devotional poets of 1242:"which purifies the body and the soul at once". 3950:Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey 1953:then hands over his ring. Hanuman is joined by 1486:, the leader of bears. Next, the characters of 154:This work is also called, in popular parlance, 48:A 19th century manuscript of the Ramcharitmanas 4202:Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition 3531: 3529: 3068:Ramayana, its universal appeal and global role 4360: 3908:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z 3824:Frank Middle School Social Sciences Class VII 3698:Banaras: Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition 3521:as worthy of the greatest poet of any age ... 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3168:Legend of Ram: Antiquity to Janmabhumi Debate 2919: 2917: 1014:Picture of author, Tulsidas published in the 925: 8: 3992:The Diamond Book of Hindu Gods and Goddesses 3674:Bulcke, Camille; Prasāda, Dineśvara (2010). 2703: 2701: 2546:translated Ramcharitmanas into Malayalam as 3887:Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements 3335:Kishkinha Kānd section of Gitapress version 3268:Shri Ramacharitamanasa, A Romanized Edition 2846: 2493:. Losing his potency, Indra lost heaven to 1800:The royal procession then moves forward to 1606:The story then moves to the deliverance of 1360:Uttar Kāṇḍ begins with the following hymn: 1276:actor playing Ravana in traditional attire. 1257:metre (two-line couplets), with occasional 4367: 4353: 4345: 4094:Pillai, Poornima; Bharti, Jyotsna (2005). 2980: 2896: 2834: 932: 918: 180: 42: 31: 4136:Puri, B.N.; Das, M.N. (1 December 2003). 3800:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). 3317:Ayodhya Kānd section of Gitapress version 3052: 2908: 2343:is told the story of King Pratapbhanu by 2147:Ravana's flying vehicle, Pushpak Vimaan. 1625:In the meanwhile, King Janaka arranges a 1595:and defeats Maricha, the dreaded demons. 3719:The Illustrated Guide to World Religions 3695:Callewaert, Winand M. (1 January 2000). 3344:Sunder Kānd section of Gitapress version 3326:Aranya Kānd section of Gitapress version 2822: 2550:. For this translation, he received the 1533:where Brahma and the other Hindu Devas ( 1253:(four-line quatrains), separated by the 1098:is by no means a replica of the Valmiki 4289:Tulasīdāsa; Subramanian, V. K. (2008). 4052:Melton, J. Gordon (13 September 2011). 3947:Lutgendorf, Philip (13 December 2006). 3362:Uttar Kānd section of Gitapress version 3353:Lanka Kānd section of Gitapress version 3270:(1968 ed.). Gorakhpur: Gita Press. 3016: 3004: 2798: 2728:... The book is popularly known as the 2697: 2642: 2604: 2558:, India's National Academy of Letters. 2498:he will bless her and break her curse. 1693:King Dasharatha had three wives. Queen 1522:. The story then moves to the birth of 1189:loosely refers to the "mind or heart." 432: 192: 4097:Gateway to Indian Classical Literature 3444:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3437: 3382:http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/109.htm 3308:Bālakāṇḍa section of Gitapress version 3040: 3028: 2992: 2927:The Great Gurus of the Sikhs, Volume 1 2786: 2214:Stories behind the incarnation of Rama 1933:High up in the Rishyamukha mountains, 1669:Shiva, Brahma and all Devas arrive in 1442:. Next, the various characters of the 1246:The work is primarily composed in the 1165:literally means "Lake of the deeds of 982:, the dramatic enactment of the text. 174:literally means "Lake of the deeds of 133:, composed by the 16th-century Indian 4178:Rajagopal, Arvind (25 January 2001). 3845:Social Transformation In Modern India 3761:The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces 3632:Agarwal, Mirgandra (1 January 2005). 3095: 3093: 3091: 2858: 2732:, but the poet himself called it the 2210:in Sanskrit is a part of this Kanda. 1852:as he carries off the kidnapped Sita. 7: 3507:from the original on 26 January 2024 2810: 2762:Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 6 2718:from the original on 26 January 2024 2400:Daksha insults Sati in his sacrifice 1905:Rama's lap and receives liberation. 1529:The story now moves to the abode of 4160:Critical Companion to George Orwell 4118:Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires 4115:Pinch, William R. (17 March 2006). 3821:Kirpal Singh, Annie Mathew (2012). 3737:Duiker, William J. (2 March 2012). 3289:Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 58, 59, 134. 2296:) into operation. As Nārad departs 1534: 1038:, which is the birthday of Rama or 4205:. University of California Press. 4073:Miller, Kevin Christopher (2008). 4031:Mehta, Jarava Lal (January 1992). 3785:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 3549:from the original on 22 April 2023 3146:from the original on 30 March 2023 1478:, the constant companion to Rama, 1353:Laṅkā Kāṇḍ begins with this hymn: 1102:nor an abridged re-telling of it. 27:Awadhi poem about Rama by Tulsidas 25: 4199:Richman, Paula (1 January 2001). 3458:Ram Janam Stuti from the Manas - 2775:Tulasīdāsa & Subramanian 2008 2552:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2339:Prior to the birth of Rama, Muni 1832:Araṇya-Kāṇḍa (The forest episode) 1734:, the holy city where the Rivers 1151:The Ramayana composed by Tulsidas 4157:Quinn, Edward (1 January 2009). 4142:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 3995:. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. 3638:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 3417:Pratapbhanu's tale - (Reason v) 2619: 2607: 2443:The divinity of Ram in the Manas 2434:The wedding of Shiva and Parvati 1945:, Bali's son, as prince regent. 1318:first verse again extols Shiva: 944:Tulsidas was a great scholar of 200: 3863:Lamb, Ramdas (29 August 2002). 3537:"പ്രൊഫ. സി.ജി.രാജഗോപാലിന് നവതി" 2535:during the nineteenth century. 117: 4220:Sadarangani, Neeti M. (2004). 4184:. Cambridge University Press. 4121:. Cambridge University Press. 3911:. The Rosen Publishing Group. 3782:Concise Encyclopaedia Of India 3573:"1318_Sri Ramchritmanas_Roman" 3493:, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, 2930:, Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, 2312:Svayambhuva Manu and Shatarupa 1497:The birth of the four sons of 1: 3905:Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). 3545:(in Malayalam). 5 June 2022. 3408:Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 173–180 3371:Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 159–161 2711:A history of Hindi literature 2531:into English under the title 1633:. A swayamvara ceremony is a 1289:begins with an invocation or 4328:Akhil Bhakti Yoga Foundation 4274:. HarperCollins Publishers. 3968:MacFie, J. M. (1 May 2004). 3842:Kumar, A. (1 January 2001). 2447: 2417:Parvati and Nārad's prophecy 1921:The Kiśkindhā Region Episode 1810:(obsequies) along with Sage 1762:with some inspiring poetry. 5151:Works based on the Ramayana 3953:. Oxford University Press. 3926:Lorenzen, David N. (1995). 3722:. Oxford University Press. 3716:Coogan, Michael D. (2003). 3100:Lutgendorf, Philip (1991). 3065:Lallan Prasad Vyas (1992), 2951:on the banks of the sacred 1994:Rama and the monkey chiefs. 1185:means "acts or deeds" and 1022:Tulsidas began writing the 5177: 3677:Rāmakathā and Other Essays 3171:, Bibliophile South Asia, 3071:, Har-Anand Publications, 2573:Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara 2256:and the other was born as 1829: 1629:ceremony for his daughter 194:Hindu scriptures and texts 5156:16th-century Indian books 4465: 4100:. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. 3653:Bakker, Freek L. (2009). 3635:Philosophy of Inspiration 3487:J. M. Macfie (May 2004), 2391: 1490:and Rama are introduced. 1474:and sings the glories of 1086:tradition as the seventh 41: 4295:. Abhinav Publications. 4010:McLean, Malcolm (1998). 3974:. Kessinger Publishing. 3803:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 3477:Morari Bapu 2000, p. 635 3201:, Taylor & Francis, 2758:Grierson, George Abraham 2416: 2335:Tale of King Pratapbhanu 2248:. Due to a curse by the 1791:Bharata asks for Rama's 1567:to perform the Putrakām 1121:that he used to narrate 1113:as well as stories from 4333:Complete Ramcharitmanas 4250:. Motilal Banarsidass. 4242:Saraswati, Prakashanand 4163:. Infobase Publishing. 3806:. Infobase Publishing. 3465:21 January 2009 at the 3387:14 January 2010 at the 3296:26 January 2024 at the 2588:Maithili Maha Upanishad 2533:The Ramayan of Tulsidas 2264:The Curse of Nārad Muni 1618:. The king of Mithila, 1409:and the king of birds, 904:Timeline of Hindu texts 737:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 5077:Sri Ramayana Darshanam 5042:Ramayana Kalpavruksham 4472: 4338:20 August 2022 at the 3758:Ghosh, Amitav (2002). 3617:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3165:Sanujit Ghose (2004), 2747:Lutgendorf 1991, p. 1. 2548:Tulasidasasa Ramayanam 2474: 2401: 2378: 2241: 2165: 2127: 2080: 1995: 1930: 1853: 1814:leading the ceremony. 1796: 1722: 1603: 1502: 1482:, the monkey king and 1277: 1222: 1019: 712:Eighteen Greater Texts 5056:Ranganatha Ramayanamu 4471: 4271:India An Introduction 3884:Lele, Jayant (1981). 3380:Nārad Muni's curse - 3195:Olive Classe (2000), 2578:Sri Ramarchan Paddati 2472: 2465:Deliverance of Ahalya 2399: 2233: 2163: 2114: 2070: 1993: 1928: 1844: 1790: 1730:king. They arrive at 1720: 1601: 1496: 1285:Every chapter of the 1271: 1216: 1013: 717:Eighteen Lesser Texts 4958:Bhanubhakta Ramayana 4226:. Sarup & Sons. 3848:. Sarup & Sons. 3764:. Orient Blackswan. 3743:. Cengage Learning. 3589:on 22 September 2013 3578:. Gorakhpur, India: 3232:Impact of Ramayan - 2924:O.P. Ralhan (1997), 2708:K.B. Jindal (1955), 2633:Notes and references 1986:The Pleasant Episode 1201:A manuscript of the 1125:. He calls the epic 5136:Epic poems in Hindi 5070:Saptakanda Ramayana 5028:Raghunatha Ramayana 5007:Krittivasi Ramayana 4986:Jagamohana Ramayana 4631:Narantaka-Devantaka 3239:2 June 2010 at the 2799:Puri & Das 2003 2554:2019, presented by 2204:Shri Ramcharitmanas 1685:The Ayodhya Episode 1438:to the devotees of 727:Iraiyanar Akapporul 687:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 433:Related Hindu texts 5161:16th-century poems 4937:Adhyathmaramayanam 4473: 4268:(1 January 1990). 4244:(1 January 2001). 3827:. Frank Brothers. 3680:. Vani Prakashan. 3134:. 10 August 2014. 2876:The Indian Express 2680:Gregorian calendar 2568:Tulsi Manas Mandir 2475: 2448:Ram's divine birth 2402: 2392:Daksha's sacrifice 2242: 2166: 2164:The Family of Rama 2128: 2081: 1996: 1931: 1854: 1837:The Forest Episode 1797: 1723: 1604: 1503: 1278: 1223: 1147:Tulsikrit Ramayana 1020: 160:Tulsikrit Ramayana 5123: 5122: 5021:Phra Lak Phra Ram 4979:Hikayat Seri Rama 4944:Adhyatma Ramayana 4302:978-81-7017-496-7 4292:Hymns of Tulsidas 4281:978-93-5029-243-3 4257:978-81-208-1789-0 4233:978-81-7625-436-6 4212:978-0-520-22074-4 4191:978-0-521-64839-4 4170:978-1-4381-0873-5 4149:978-81-207-2508-9 4128:978-0-521-85168-8 4107:978-981-229-427-2 4086:978-0-549-72404-9 4065:978-1-59884-205-0 4044:978-90-04-09488-8 4023:978-0-7914-3689-9 4002:978-81-288-0802-9 3981:978-1-4179-1498-2 3960:978-0-19-988582-4 3939:978-0-7914-2025-6 3918:978-0-8239-3180-4 3897:978-90-04-06370-9 3890:. Brill Archive. 3876:978-0-7914-5385-8 3855:978-81-7625-227-0 3834:978-81-8409-102-1 3813:978-0-8160-7564-5 3792:978-81-269-0637-6 3771:978-81-7530-047-7 3750:978-1-133-71009-7 3729:978-0-19-521997-5 3708:978-81-7010-302-8 3701:. Hemkunt Press. 3687:978-93-5000-107-3 3666:978-90-04-16861-9 3645:978-1-84557-280-8 3624:978-0-230-11733-4 3500:978-1-4179-1498-2 3208:978-1-884964-36-7 3178:978-81-85002-33-0 3113:978-0-520-06690-8 2937:978-81-7488-479-4 2506:The abrupt ending 2406:a great sacrifice 1426:The Child Episode 942: 941: 732:Abhirami Anthadhi 670:Sangam literature 523:Vaishnava puranas 164:Tulsidas Ramayana 104: 103: 16:(Redirected from 5168: 5014:Maharadia Lawana 4993:Kakawin Ramayana 4972:Bilanka Ramayana 4930:Adbhuta Ramayana 4386:Ikshvaku dynasty 4369: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4306: 4285: 4266:Singh, Khushwant 4261: 4237: 4216: 4195: 4174: 4153: 4132: 4111: 4090: 4069: 4048: 4027: 4006: 3985: 3964: 3943: 3922: 3901: 3880: 3859: 3838: 3817: 3796: 3775: 3754: 3733: 3712: 3691: 3670: 3649: 3628: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3588: 3582:. Archived from 3577: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3422:. 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However, the 1008: 992:Bhakti movement 938: 909: 908: 899: 891: 890: 841:Divya Prabandha 816:Charaka Samhita 801:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 761: 747: 746: 702:Kamba Ramayanam 677:Saiva Tirumurai 672: 662: 661: 633: 623: 622: 609: 575: 521: 488: 478: 477: 443: 428: 427: 408: 400: 399: 376: 337: 318: 300: 290: 289: 261: 236: 219: 131:Awadhi language 92:7 Khands/Sopans 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5084:Sri Ramayanamu 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5049:Ramcharitmanas 5045: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4865:Oshadhiparvata 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4312:External links 4310: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4262: 4256: 4238: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4175: 4169: 4154: 4148: 4133: 4127: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4028: 4022: 4016:. SUNY Press. 4007: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3965: 3959: 3944: 3938: 3932:. SUNY Press. 3923: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3881: 3875: 3869:. SUNY Press. 3860: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3818: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3755: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3713: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3607: 3600: 3599: 3568: 3565:Online sources 3561: 3560: 3525: 3519:Ramcharitmanas 3499: 3479: 3470: 3451: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3282: 3273: 3244: 3225: 3207: 3187: 3177: 3157: 3119: 3112: 3087: 3077: 3057: 3053:Rajagopal 2001 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2964: 2945:Ramcharitmanas 2936: 2913: 2909:Saraswati 2001 2901: 2889: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2749: 2740: 2734:Ramcharitmanas 2696: 2689: 2688: 2667: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2616: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2540: 2537: 2529:Ramcharitmanas 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2466: 2463: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2418: 2415: 2393: 2390: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2336: 2333: 2313: 2310: 2265: 2262: 2227: 2224: 2215: 2212: 2152: 2149: 2121:Mewar Ramayana 2059: 2056: 1982: 1979: 1917: 1916:Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ 1914: 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1681: 1678: 1538: deities 1510:of her father 1507:Ramcharitmanas 1422: 1419: 1415:Ramcharitmanas 1395:Ramcharitmanas 1391: 1388: 1377: 1369: 1366: 1287:Ramcharitmanas 1282: 1279: 1226:Ramcharitmanas 1210: 1207: 1198: 1195: 1171:Ramcharitmanas 1163:Ramcharitmanas 1158: 1155: 1139:Ramcharitmanas 1135:Ramcharitmanas 1127:Ramcharitmanas 1123:Ramcharitmanas 1104:Ramcharitmanas 1065:is written in 1063:Ramcharitmanas 1044:Ramcharitmanas 1024:Ramcharitmanas 1016:Ramcharitmanas 1007: 1004: 990:school of the 984:Ramcharitmanas 976:Ramcharitmanas 972:Ramcharitmanas 940: 939: 937: 936: 929: 922: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 851:Ramcharitmanas 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 811:Pramana Sutras 808: 803: 798: 793: 791:Mimamsa Sutras 788: 786:Samkhya Sutras 783: 778: 773: 768: 766:Dharma Shastra 762: 753: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744: 739: 734: 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1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:Vikram Samvat 1029: 1025: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 915: 913: 912: 905: 902: 901: 895: 894: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 866:Shiva Samhita 864: 862: 859: 857: 856:Yoga Vasistha 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 831:Vastu Shastra 829: 827: 826:Natya Shastra 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 781:Brahma Sutras 779: 777: 774: 772: 771:Artha Shastra 769: 767: 764: 763: 760: 756: 751: 750: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 671: 666: 665: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 644: 641: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 627: 626: 619: 616: 615: 614: 612: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 580: 578: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 560:Varaha Purana 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ABC-CLIO. 4054: 4033: 4012: 3991: 3970: 3949: 3928: 3907: 3886: 3865: 3844: 3823: 3802: 3781: 3760: 3739: 3718: 3697: 3676: 3655: 3634: 3613: 3604:Bibliography 3603: 3602: 3591:. Retrieved 3584:the original 3564: 3563: 3551:. Retrieved 3540: 3518: 3516: 3509:, retrieved 3489: 3482: 3473: 3454: 3428:. Retrieved 3424:the original 3413: 3404: 3395: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3228: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3167: 3160: 3148:. Retrieved 3131: 3122: 3102: 3082: 3067: 3060: 3055:, p. 99 3048: 3036: 3024: 3017:Agarwal 2005 3012: 3005:Richman 2001 3000: 2988: 2976: 2967: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2926: 2904: 2899:, p. 63 2892: 2880:. 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