Ramarama language - Knowledge (XXG)

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by a variety of people for different aims—a few by anthropologists and ethnographers, one commissioned by a Catholic priest and some by members of the Comissão de Linhas Telegráficas Estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas (Commission of Strategic Telegraphic Wires from Mato-Grosso to Amazonas) who aimed to expand the Western borders of Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, two further wordlists have been published, one by Ruth Fonini Monserrat in the year 2000 and the other through a 2004 language documentation project by Nilsen Gabas Jr.

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they got married. Although their culture has suffered, many traditions such as rites of passages for marriage and naming children have stayed similar. Other traditions have stayed consistent such as their material culture. The Karo people have a deep history of creating many forms of art such as bracelets, baskets, or clay pots. Furthermore, the Karo speakers were known to interact with surrounding peoples in the areas but it was not until the 1940s when they were contacted by the

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group called the “Black Feet” who spoke a different dialect of the language. The groups often got along but there are documentations of conflicts between the two which turned so violent that some lead in death. Moreover, there are no written material on schools for the Karo people. Most people in the village do speak Arara and Portuguese so it is very likely that most of these community members went to schools outside their village.

920:"snake"); this may indicate a nasal spreading rule as yet undescribed, or a freer distribution of nasal vowels than indicated. In any case, nasal vowels also never occur in a penultimate syllable when followed by a voiceless stop in the onset of the final syllable; in other words, sequences of the format /ṼCV#/ are disallowed, presumably because such sequences would create a conflict in stress assignment. 414: 25: 365:

The Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (ELDP) funded a language documentation project coordinated by Gabas Jr. in 2004 for £12,430. Over the course of two years of field work, the project produced a Karo-Portuguese dictionary and amassed 38 videos, 22 audio files and 15 documents displaying

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being attached in the end which indicates the future conjugation. While in the case below when the case is transitive, a proclitic is attached. Proclitics are a word pronounced with little emphasis, so much so that usually they are shortened and added to the next word. Common examples in English are

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who produced three wordlists from 1925 to 1955, though he referred to the language as Ntogapíd. Several additional wordlists of Karo, listed under different names, were published during the twentieth century as the Karo people came into greater contact with outside groups. These lists were collected

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published a classification of the Tupí stock that placed four languages within the Ramaráma family: Ramaráma, Urukú, Urumí and Karo. However, in 2000, Gabas Jr released a detailed comparative analysis of the wordlists published in those languages that challenged these assumptions and concluded that

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but had to be changed in the late 1980s so the language could be distinguished from other languages in the Arara branch by similar Brazilian groups. At one point, Ntogapid, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi and Ytanga were all thought to be sister languages of Karo. After further study, it was determined that

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Unlike many Tupian languages, Ramarama allows consonants in the syllable coda, with no restriction of coda consonants compared to onsets. The permissible structures of a monosyllable are therefore V, CV, VC, and CVC. However, only the glottal stop /ʔ/ can occur as a non-word-final coda consonant.

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The Arara people did not have contact with outside groups until around the 1940s. Following Euro-Brazilian contact, their culture has suffered tremendously to the point where it has almost disappeared. Some cultural traditions included a corn harvest festival and secluding children until the time

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The comitative causative also occurs mainly with the intransitive but does appear on occasion with transitive verbs. Like the simple causative it indicates an initiator who causes a secondary agent to perform or experience an action or state, but additionally indicates that the initiator is also

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While the Arara people were severely affected by the colonizers who brought many diseases to their people, there is no documentation on conflicts amongst the colonizers. However, there is documentation of conflicts between two groups of Arara. This conflict was between the main group and another

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of Karo before going on to specialize in the language. He published a phonological study in 1989 which covered the segmental and syllabic structures found in Karo as well as the morphophonemic, nasality, accentual, and tonal patterns that emerge. The next year in 1999, Gabas Jr. published his

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Outside of these projects, there has actually been very little to no anthropological data on the Arára people especially around time of contact. The only substantial material published containing a small description of the life of the Arara can be found in anthropological works by French

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they were all the same language that was classified as different languages during various ethnology work in Brazil. The Karo language is spoken in two villages in Brazil; Iterap and Paygap. These villages are located in the Southern region of the Lourdes Stream Indigenous Land in

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Obligatory rightward nasal spreading occurs when a stressed penultimate nasal vowel is followed by the consonants /r g/ as the onset of a following oral syllable. The following syllable is thus nasalized, and with it the onset consonants (which become ):

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3IMP:third person, impersonal 3R:third person, coreferential (with subject) ADVZ:adverbializer ASSOC:associative AUX:auxiliary IND1:indicative mood suffix 1 IND2:indicative mood suffix 2 IPASS:impersonal passive NOMZ:nominalizer RPAST:remote past tense

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Nasal vowels have a restricted distribution. Nilson Gabas Jr. (1999) writes that "there seems to be just one underlying nasal vowel per word", yet transcribes several examples with more than one nasal vowel that nasal spreading cannot account for (e.g.

287:'s 2006 summary of indigenous language vitality in Brazil documents that there the Arara people have a population of 184, with most of the population speaking the language and a good transmission rate of the language between generations. Although 3944:

Finally, the reciprocal prefix is also considered to be valency-reducing and attaches itself to the root of transitive verbs. Like the reflexive, it is always preceded by a coreferential personal clitic that relates to the subject of the clause.

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in Karo, like with many other languages, are defined negatively because they are defined by not being part of any other word class. In Karo, particles are similar to adverbs but less cohesively defined. Finally, the most complex class in Karo is

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The mid oral vowels /e o/ alternate with low-mid : syllables with high pitch surface with , while unstressed syllables or those with mid pitch surface with . Such interaction between tone and vowel quality is cross-linguistically rare.

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Gabas, Jr., Nilson. 2001. Evidenciais em Karo. In A.S.A.C. Cabral and Aryon D. Rodrigues (eds.), Línguas indígenas brasileiras. Fonologia, gramática e história. Atas do I Encontro Internacional do GTLI da ANPOLL, I, 254-268. Belém:

305:(SPI). Settlers brought over new diseases such as pneumonia, measles and the flu which lead to many indigenous people dying in this time period. Luckily, in the 1960s the Arara people regrouped with a nearby people known as the 1593:, pronouns has as separate system of personal clitics which are marked for the argument of intransitive sentences and the patient arguments of transitive sentences. The possessive pronouns are used with alienable nouns. 399:

are both part of a singular Ramaráma-Puruborá language family, however this is controversial. A joint 2015 computational study comparing common word lists in all Tupí languages found minimal support for that theory.

1539:. Karo is also known for its use of clitics, which are affixes by their distribution. Clitics in this language are typically found within larger constituents than words and Karo in fact contains four: plural marker 291:

is taught as a second language for contact purposes, the native language is still used for many occasions in daily life. Despite the high level of transmission, their low population puts them at risk of extinction.

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exhibits behaviour evidence of subjects. “The subject of the future auxiliary is always coreferential with the subject of the associated full verb” (140) Thus, all marked verbs include a coreferential

1043:"species of rodent" surfaces as . This process, roughly analogous to the obligatory nasal spreading rule, appears to be the only means by which unstressed syllables can be raised to high or mid pitch. 3131:

With the simple causative, an argument is added. It appears most often with intransitive verbs to indicate an initiator who causes a secondary agent who performs or experiences an action or state.

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Ramarama has a fairly small consonant inventory, with a wide range of allophonic variation. Notably, the language lacks any fricatives other than /h/, which itself occurs only infrequently.

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Like many languages with phonemic nasal vowels, Ramarama displays nasal spreading (nasalization of otherwise non-nasal segments due to proximity to a nasal segment) in some circumstances.

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In this example, the verb “to shoot” is simple since it only contains a subject and a simple verb. It indicates that the shooting that has been done was recent. Conversely, the particle

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Both of these case indicate events that could have happened in the near future but didn't in the past tense. In Karo, it is possible to find both past markers in the same clause with

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predicates. In addition, both are used to represent the main statement within a clause. The only difference is the type of statement clauses that they occur in. The first indicative

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Another valency-reducing prefix in Karo is the reflexive which can be used in both transitive and intransitive verb constructions. With transitives, the reflexive is preceded by a

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There are two particles in Karo. In Karo, particles are used in the past tense to refer to an action or state with the present as a point of reference. These two particles are

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The first type of construction, the intransitive verb can occur in the gerund form followed by a Noun Phrase + AUXILIARY FUTURE, which receives the indicative mood marking.

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Tone spreading occurs when a syllable marked with high or mid pitch occurs in the penultimate syllable and is followed by a voiced segment /b r g w j m n ŋ/ or /Ø/; hence

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tenses are marked by two particles, but future tense also utilizes one auxiliary. However, it is important to note that these markers are not necessary for the language.

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Stress is not phonemic in Ramarama, and its placement is mostly fixed to the final syllable. However, the following rules can move stress to the penultimate syllable:

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compounds consist of noun + adjective, noun + intransitive verb and noun + noun pairs. All of these elements together compile the basic elements of Karo morphology.

3043:(SOV) sentence structure, unless one aspect of the sentence is being focused on. It does not mark for case on nouns, but like many Tupi languages, it follows an 702:

The tap /r/, though not phonetically a stop, is represented as such because it patterns as the voiced equivalent of the stop /t/. This may indicate a historical

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Karo has five derivational prefixes that appear on a verb and change the number of arguments in the a sentence constructions. The five prefixes are as follows:

1397:. They can be combined with clitics and modified by adjectives. The verb class in the language are typically sentence-final and are distinctly categorized into 1063:/p t k/ voice to /b r g/ at word boundaries, before (if in the coda of the preceding word) or after (if in the onset of the following word) a vowel or a glide. 386:

The Karo language belongs to the Tupí stock of Brazilian Indigenous languages which includes up to 10 language families—Karo in particular is a member of the

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In continuous speech Ramarama's small consonant inventory is further reduced, and simultaneously complicated, by complex morphophonological processes of

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The impersonal passive reduces the number of arguments with transitive sentence constructions. It makes the appearance of any agents in the sentence

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is used to describe situations in the immediate or proximate future. It is usually present in the indicative mood when /-p/ and /-t/ are present.

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where they eventually grew in size. By the mid-1980s, the group was able to find their own village and get federal recognition from local groups.

1442:. Semantically similar to verbs, and morphologically similar to the particles, ideophones are an open class that are not inflectionally marked. 2404:

have a fine distinction between them. The term ‘indicative’ in the case of Karo is used for lack of a better label and is split into (IND1)

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marked pitch surface phonetically as middle pitch, while unstressed vowels (except those affected by tone spreading) surface as low pitch:

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The majority of detailed linguistic descriptions completed on the Karo language was done by Gabas Jr. who wrote his master's thesis on the

6542: 6243: 781:/r/ is nasalized only between two nasal vowels, when the first vowel is stressed (as in the process of nasal spreading discussed below). 677: 491:

Hence the permissible structures of a polysyllabic word is as follows: ...(C)V(ʔ)(C)V(C). Words of more than three syllables are rare.

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typically occurs at the end of a clause since its constructed with the main verb or auxiliary. Here is an example of this in Karo.

3044: 1234:/p t k/ nasalize to /m n ŋ/ word-initially when preceded by a nasal consonant, and word-finally when followed by a nasal consonant 4379:

can also be used to indicate future occurrences with reference to the past. Here are a few examples of when the future tense uses

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class words are similar to intransitive verbs in English, but with little lexical meaning. In Karo, adjectives are considered an

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with a detailed explanation of Karo's three grammatical systems. He also has several papers on Karo on specific topics such as

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personal clinic relating it to the subject clause. However, with intransitives, the reflexive and clitic are attached to the

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nominals. It is the only form of nominalization in Karo that does not also utilize the non finite indicating gerund suffix

832: 6166: 2798:. This particle can also be used with the absolutive argument form of ‘to like’ to form actions. The nominalizing clitic 5868: 5165:

is that it also refers to nouns in noun phrases which is often written as . A good example is this one mentioned below;

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When constructing these different particles, clauses are a large indicator of which particle can be used. The auxiliary

3040: 2427: 2416:. They have many similarities. Like all the inflectional suffixes, they can only join at the end of verb, auxiliary and 1426: 872: 249: 217: 5835: 5604:

Nimuendajú, Curt, “Reconhecimento dos rios Içána, Ayarí, e Uaupés, março a julho de 1927: Apontamentos linguísticos,”

1365:, etc. — Karo contains a total of nine word classes. Karo has a class of pronouns which include four different types: 820: 663: 6250: 6200: 945:

ward nasal spreading occurs when an oral vowel occurs between two nasal consonants. The vowel may then be nasalized:

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and are a closed class though manner adverbials, which derive from adjectives and include numerals, are open class.

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the only language in the Ramaráma language family is Karo. It has been proposed that Karo and another Tupí language

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Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, Arnaldo Hauptmann, and Thekla Hartmann, "A CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO TRONCO LINGÜÍSTICO TUPÍ,"

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Unusually for the indigenous languages of South America in general and Tupian in particular, Ramarama is a fairly

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is the future particle which is used to mark simple future exclusively in negative-interrogative clauses. Unlike

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Entire verbs, verb phrases, and clauses in Karo can be transformed into nouns through three manners: the suffix

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suffix. In addition, the language contains only six derivational prefixes, five which have specific functions:

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is used for actions that happened a long time ago or past events that relate to myths. Below are examples of

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Syllables with high pitch, whether beginning with a voiced stop or not, are likewise automatically stressed:

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works in conjunction with the absolutive argument of ‘to perceive’ to transform whole clauses into nouns.

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If the final syllable's onset is one of the voiced consonants /b r g/, stress is shifted to the penult:

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a variety of cultural activities including feasts, ceremonies, and collections of common narratives and

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also present in with the negative particle. Here, the future particle is present before the negative:

1413:, meaning they accepts the addition of any new words, and usually appear following the head noun in a 972:

Syllables with nasal nuclei, whether beginning with a voiced stop or not, are automatically stressed:

6532: 6523: 6417: 6398: 6379: 6229: 6041: 3114: 2417: 1434: 598: 1144:/p k/ voice to /b g/ in word-final codas if followed by an unstressed word-initial nasal consonant: 6568: 6481: 6459: 6441: 6403: 6317: 6141: 6036: 288: 6583: 1287: 1251: 1202: 1157: 1112: 1076: 6551: 6513: 6503: 6368: 6355: 6156: 6081: 5967: 5818:

Gabas Jr., Nilson, "Genetic relationship within the Ramaráma family of the Tupí stock (Brazil),"

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marking system for pronouns. Karo possesses a system made up of five distinct prefixes all with

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In this example, this particle is only used when describing incidents in the far past. Unlike

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Nasal stops /m n ŋ/ surface as post-stopped nasals in the onsets of stressed oral syllables:

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only appears when one phrase has been moved into focus position. This suffix can appear as

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Affixes form morphological processes. There are three inflectional suffixes exist in Karo:

6508: 6431: 6361: 6350: 6131: 6119: 6028: 6013: 5960: 3091: 2783: 1590: 1586: 1490: 1398: 742: 644: 608: 522: 391: 261: 253: 238: 135: 273: 6630: 6605: 6327: 6100: 3558: 1406: 1338: 778: 725: 355: 5550: 209: 6643: 6337: 6287: 6066: 3741: 2351: 1578: 1536: 1378: 802: 539: 465: 429: 351: 76: 40: 5847: 4115: 724:"species of rodent". The palatal stop /c/ may be lenited to in all circumstances ( 573: 449: 60: 5077:

is the second future marker in Karo which primarily focuses on the simple future.

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http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/illa:vol1n6/illa_vol1n6_gabas.pdf

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Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family

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The morphology of Karo consists of different morphological properties including

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In these cases, the person of the subject of the future auxiliary, is omitted.

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The future tense can be expressed using an auxiliary or one of two particles:

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Ramarama has a large vowel inventory, with seven oral and four nasal vowels:

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Genetic relationship within the Ramaráma family of the Tupí stock (Brazil)

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are characterized by unbound morphemes or syntactical constructions. Both

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pronouns as well as the personal clitics. Personal pronouns are used in

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Gabas, Jr., Nilson. 2001. Lexical choice in Karo narratives. Delta 17.

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if the verb is intransitive and is omitted if the verb is transitive.

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covers main actions or events and exists in separate clauses. Usually

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dissertation, a preliminary grammar of Karo which briefly covered the

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word order. However, the language also displays complex processes of

116: 3697: 3648: 3593: 5912: 5381: 5319: 5237: 5204: 5180: 4736: 4412: 4320: 4044: 3981: 3440: 3349: 2018: 1421:, unlike adjectives, typically appear at the end or beginning of a 2137: 1330: 1059:). These processes affect the voiceless stops /p t k/ as follows: 3212: 2062: 321:

The earliest documentation of the Karo language was published by

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are their own class in Karo though they are not inflected for

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to in the onset of an unstressed syllable and after a vowel:

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The Arara people speak this language, also formally known as

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Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas

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form their own phrases and contribute to the sentence as

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Endangered Language Archive at SOAS University of London

4997: 4862: 4578: 4437: 3713: 3653: 3530: 2991: 2939: 2907: 2852: 1557:. Lastly, compounding in Karo is quite popular and most 1022:"armadillo" may be represented phonetically as , while 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 4144:

refers to actions in the recent or simple past while

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Estudo fonológico da língua karo (Arara de Rondônia)

5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5648: 5646: 4363:‘It was grandfather who told (the story) long ago.’ 6604: 6541: 6522: 6480: 6430: 6378: 6326: 6297: 6208: 6199: 6183: 6165: 6140: 6110: 6075: 6027: 5982: 5950: 5621:

Caixas do Sul: Universidade do Caixas do Sul, 2000.

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https://www.eldp.net/en/our+projects/projects+list/

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Conversely, they surface as 281:, which is in the central west part of Brazil. 248:language, with limited affixation and a strict 5591:Nimuendajú, Curt, “Wortlisten aus Amazonien.” 5530:The Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 777:/w j/ are nasalized before nasal vowels. The 5928: 5820:Indigenous languages of lowland South America 1191:vowel, /k/ still voices but /p/ changes to : 8: 5528:Moore, Denny. "Brazil: Language Situation". 3497:‘I put my baby to sleep, sleeping with it.’ 1551:, a set of personal markers and nominalizer 5547:Endangered Language Documentation Programme 3411:‘My mother made me walk, walking with me.’ 3039:Karo generally follows a relatively strict 16:Endangered Tupian language spoken in Brazil 6205: 6196: 6180: 5935: 5921: 5913: 4780:marker and “long ago” will fall under the 95: 1353:. Word classes contain morphemes such as 1289: 1253: 1204: 1159: 1114: 1078: 1008:Ramarama has a simple system of register 2606:‘It was there that I killed the snake.’ 2454: 1827: 1704: 1595: 791: 501: 260:, and interaction between segmental and 5887:University of California, Santa Barbara 5606:Journal de la Société des Américanistes 5593:Journal de la Société des Américanistes 5580:Journal de la Société des Américanistes 5466: 5067:‘My son is going to kill a/the snake.’ 346:of the language before focusing on the 4106:Tense in Karo is marked analytically. 3334:Examples of the comitative causative: 745:in the coda of a word-final syllable: 5908:Karo language documentation materials 5767: 5652: 5629: 5627: 5508:"Karo - Indigenous Peoples of Brazil" 4761:1SG 1SG=perforate-IND1 long X‍ 163: 7: 5876:Gabas, Nilson Jr. (September 1999). 5639:http://elar.soas.ac.uk/desposit/0206 5562: 5560: 5558: 5541: 5539: 5523: 5521: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 3564:Examples of the impersonal passive: 2438:. Conversely, the second indicative 1585:arguments of transitive verbs. The 5159:Another interesting feature about 3134:Examples of the simple causative: 731:The voiceless stops /p t c k/ are 445:for transliterated languages, and 425:of its non-English content, using 56:for transliterated languages, and 36:of its non-English content, using 14: 5619:Vocabulário Amondawa-Português, , 5342:‘The big jaguar will not leave.’ 4932:‘The big man is going to sleep.’ 4520:‘I was going to bring my water.’ 951:/anana/ "pineapple" may become . 897: 892: 876: 871: 864: 857: 852: 838: 831: 824: 819: 685: 676: 662: 651: 629: 620: 613: 597: 586: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 5879:A Grammar of Karo, Tupí (Brazil) 5456:‘Isn't he going to see it/him?’ 4162:used in everyday Karo language. 1569:Below are tables listing of the 938:/ˈcẽrat/ "smooth" surfaces as . 412: 23: 5834:Ana Vilacy Galucio & al., “ 4770:‘I took the vaccine long ago.’ 1028:"head" may be represented as . 6655:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area 5848:10.1590/1981-81222015000200004 2745:‘A lot, he ate his own food.’ 1291: 1255: 1206: 1161: 1116: 1080: 714:The voiced stops /b g/ may be 461:multilingual support templates 72:multilingual support templates 1: 5867:(MA thesis) (in Portuguese). 5249:In addition to noun phrases, 5155:‘The big jaguar will leave.’ 4942:is attached to the verb with 4511:1SG.POSS water bring-GER 1SG= 2678:‘He ate his own food a lot.’ 1037:"be fat" surfaces as , while 5869:State University of Campinas 3948:Examples of the reciprocal: 3736:‘It got quiet/calmed down.’ 2807:Examples of nominalization: 2535:‘I killed the snake there.’ 1297:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1261:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1212:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1167:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1122:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1086:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 5842:10, no. 2 (2015): 229-274. 4086:‘Did you beat each other?’ 3874:‘He/it killed him/itself.’ 3751:Examples of the reflexive: 1459:the second indicative, and 1238:preceded by a nasal vowel. 978:"bird" surfaces as , while 6671: 5858:Gabas, Nilson Jr. (1989). 4633:‘Dad was going to dance.’ 4010:‘They killed each other.’ 3030:‘I saw the rain falling.' 969:"eel" surfaces as , not *. 303:Indian Protection Services 6624: 6345:Paulista General Language 5802:12, no. 1/2 (1964): 103, 5512:Povos Indígenas No Brasil 5325:ameko cú yaʔwan nyat iʔke 4643:usually appearing before 4245:is used in the far past. 2739:big=ADVZ 3SG 3R=food eat- 2600:there LOC 1SG snake kill- 2594:təgana peʔ õn mãygãra wĩ- 2363:‘that (close to speaker)’ 1943:Examples of pronoun use: 1932: 1908: 1896: 1877: 1849: 1843: 1833: 1817: 1789: 1777: 1758: 1728: 1720: 1710: 1680: 1668: 1649: 1619: 1611: 1601: 670: 639: 607: 533: 504: 392:Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues 103: 5617:Monserrat, Ruth Fonini, 3940:‘I am angry at myself.’ 2430:position. It can appear 2371:‘that (close to hearer)’ 2002:'Who/what did you see?’ 5800:Revista De Antropologia 5484:(subscription required) 5363: 5354: 5348: 5251: 5161: 5079: 5073: 4944: 4938: 4827: 4821: 4812: 4802: 4796: 4782: 4776: 4645: 4639: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4241: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 3196:‘I made it/him sleep.’ 3120: 3109: 3098: 3086: 3075: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2440: 2422: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2375: 2367: 2359: 2337: 2329: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1903: 1889: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1851: 1819: 1805: 1791: 1784: 1770: 1763: 1751: 1737: 1730: 1696: 1682: 1675: 1661: 1654: 1642: 1628: 1621: 1597:Free personal pronouns 1553: 1547: 1541: 1531: 1518: 1507: 1496: 1485: 1474: 1461: 1447: 1305: 1281: 1269: 1245: 1220: 1196: 1175: 1151: 1130: 1106: 1094: 1070: 1039: 1033: 1024: 1018: 995: 989: 980: 974: 965: 947: 934: 916: 766: 756: 747: 737: 720: 370:among the Karo people. 256:alternation, segmental 105: 5335:jaguar big leave.IND1 5149:jaguar big leave.IND1 4351:grandfather 3IMP-tell 4069:kaʔto karorocapét ahyə 3933:1SG=be.angry-IND1 1SG= 3676:‘The meat got fried.’ 3621:‘My tooth got dirty.’ 3263:'She made me be fat.' 3051:affecting properties. 2733:cú=tem at to=wirup ʔo- 2434:after nasal vowels as 2379:‘that (far from both)’ 1298: 1262: 1213: 1168: 1123: 1087: 5582:XVII (1925): 137-172. 2963:‘I like to kill it.’ 2884:‘My place to sleep.’ 2275:'The jaguar saw me.' 1299: 1263: 1214: 1169: 1124: 1088: 5595:XXIV (1932): 93-119. 4385:and the auxiliaries 3404:1SG.POSS mother 1SG= 2452:after nasal vowels. 2448:after consonants or 2426:is used that are in 2166:‘ours (things), us’ 1829:referential clitics 1706:Possessive pronouns 1491:comitative causative 1288: 1252: 1203: 1194:"one of the leaves" 1158: 1113: 1077: 984:"bone" surfaces as . 459:. Knowledge (XXG)'s 423:specify the language 421:This article should 70:. Knowledge (XXG)'s 34:specify the language 32:This article should 5608:44 (1955): 149-178. 5435:taykir at a?toy iga 5140:ameko cú yaʔwan yat 4229:shoot 1SG=AUX-IND1 3045:ergative-absolutive 3041:Subject-Object-Verb 1830: 1707: 1598: 6047:Gavião of Jiparaná 5358:examples uses the 5328:ameko cú yaʔwat-t 5245:‘My future house’ 5143:ameko cú yaʔwat-t 4752:ōn o=pi-t məy mãm 4108:Analytic languages 3490:1SG 1SG.POSS baby 3104:impersonal passive 3023:1SG rain fall-GER 1828: 1705: 1596: 1529:The remaining one 1502:impersonal passive 1294: 1258: 1209: 1164: 1119: 1083: 999:"egg" surfaces as 486:Syllable structure 254:morphophonological 6637: 6636: 6631:extinct languages 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6421: 6412: 6281: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 5482:(18th ed., 2015) 5450:3SG 3SG=see-IND1 4625:3IMP=AUX.FUT-IND2 3733:-be.quiet cop-GER 3480:õn wat owẽ́ raken 2956:1SG 3SG=kill-GER 2751: 2750: 1941: 1940: 1826: 1825: 1703: 1702: 1431:oblique arguments 1351:fusional language 1345:. It is a mildly 1243:"my white belly" 1187:If followed by a 907: 906: 741:"deer". They are 700: 699: 691:⟨y⟩ 483: 482: 463:may also be used. 228: 227: 94: 93: 74:may also be used. 6662: 6650:Tupian languages 6415: 6408: 6277: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6206: 6197: 6181: 5944:Tupian languages 5937: 5930: 5923: 5914: 5906:ELAR archive of 5890: 5884: 5872: 5866: 5850: 5832: 5826: 5816: 5810: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5656: 5650: 5641: 5631: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5553: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5503: 5486: 5485: 5471: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5397: 5383: 5367:. For instance: 5366: 5357: 5351: 5321: 5307: 5291: 5254: 5239: 5222: 5206: 5182: 5178: 5164: 5135: 5119: 5082: 5076: 5036: 5032: 5028: 4999: 4947: 4941: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4864: 4858: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4805: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4743:ōn opit məy mãm 4738: 4719: 4679: 4675: 4662: 4649:. For instance: 4648: 4642: 4598: 4580: 4576: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4488: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4439: 4414: 4410: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4322: 4269: 4244: 4212: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4095:: 137–144 ": --> 4083:beat-IND1 INTERR 4065: 4052: 4046: 4041: 4024: 3989: 3983: 3978: 3961: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3892: 3888: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3826: 3812:‘I saw myself.’ 3791: 3786: 3781: 3764: 3715: 3699: 3694: 3655: 3650: 3600: 3595: 3577: 3553:‘Walk the cat!’ 3532: 3526: 3476: 3470: 3442: 3438: 3425: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3351: 3347: 3326:‘I emptied it.’ 3305: 3299: 3294: 3277: 3242: 3236: 3231: 3214: 3210: 3175: 3169: 3164: 3147: 3123: 3112: 3101: 3089: 3078: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3012: 3007: 2993: 2974: 2945: 2941: 2922: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2867: 2854: 2850: 2822: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2728: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2660: 2648: 2631: 2621: 2589: 2566: 2556: 2517: 2498: 2474: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2425: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2378: 2370: 2362: 2340: 2332: 2295: 2290: 2257: 2251: 2227: 2206: 2202: 2191: 2178: 2150: 2139: 2135: 2105: 2100: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2020: 2016: 1979: 1968: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1906: 1892: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1854: 1831: 1822: 1808: 1794: 1787: 1773: 1766: 1754: 1740: 1733: 1708: 1699: 1685: 1678: 1664: 1657: 1645: 1631: 1624: 1599: 1556: 1550: 1545:, adverbializer 1544: 1534: 1521: 1510: 1499: 1488: 1480:simple causative 1477: 1464: 1450: 1312: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1284: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1248: 1227: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1199: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1154: 1137: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1109: 1101: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1073: 1042: 1036: 1027: 1021: 998: 992: 983: 977: 968: 950: 937: 919: 901: 896: 880: 875: 868: 861: 856: 842: 835: 828: 823: 792: 769: 759: 750: 740: 723: 692: 689: 680: 666: 655: 633: 624: 617: 601: 590: 576: 569: 562: 555: 548: 502: 478: 475: 469: 454: 448: 444: 438: 434: 428: 416: 415: 408: 390:family. In 1964 374:anthropologist, 342:, phonology and 233:, also known as 212: 196: 189: 138: 108: 96: 89: 86: 80: 65: 59: 55: 49: 45: 39: 27: 26: 19: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6620: 6606:Proto-languages 6588: 6537: 6518: 6476: 6426: 6374: 6322: 6293: 6195: 6179: 6161: 6136: 6106: 6080: 6071: 6023: 5978: 5946: 5941: 5903: 5898: 5882: 5875: 5864: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5833: 5829: 5817: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5632: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5599: 5590: 5586: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5556: 5544: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5519: 5506:Gabas, Nilson. 5505: 5504: 5489: 5483: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5433: 5416: 5399: 5386: 5344: 5323: 5310: 5293: 5279: 5268: 5247: 5236:1SG.POSS house 5227:wat kaʔa ʔa yat 5225: 5208: 5195: 5184: 5157: 5138: 5121: 5107: 5096: 5069: 5061:snake kill-GER 5038: 5017: 5001: 4987: 4976: 4955:t’was (it was). 4951:y’all (you all) 4934: 4903: 4882: 4866: 4792: 4772: 4741: 4722: 4703: 4692: 4681: 4664: 4635: 4601: 4582: 4565: 4534: 4522: 4491: 4472: 4441: 4427: 4416: 4365: 4325: 4306: 4289: 4272: 4258: 4237: 4215: 4196: 4175: 4124: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4067: 4054: 4026: 4012: 3991: 3963: 3942: 3921: 3894: 3876: 3855: 3828: 3814: 3793: 3766: 3738: 3717: 3703: 3678: 3657: 3635: 3623: 3602: 3580: 3555: 3534: 3511: 3499: 3478: 3455: 3444: 3427: 3413: 3392: 3364: 3353: 3328: 3307: 3279: 3265: 3244: 3216: 3198: 3177: 3149: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3037: 3032: 3014: 2995: 2984: 2976: 2965: 2947: 2933: 2925: 2911: 2897: 2886: 2870: 2856: 2841: 2825: 2770:and the clitic 2764:, the particle 2756: 2747: 2731: 2715: 2704: 2694: 2680: 2671:3SG 3R=food eat 2662: 2651: 2634: 2623: 2608: 2592: 2576: 2568: 2558: 2548: 2537: 2519: 2509: 2501: 2484: 2476: 2461:2nd indicative 2458:1st indicative 2432:allomorphically 2392:Karo suffixes, 2386: 2348: 2318: 2313: 2297: 2277: 2259: 2239: 2230: 2208: 2194: 2180: 2168: 2152: 2142: 2123: 2107: 2087: 2071: 2047: 2031: 2023: 2004: 1982: 1971: 1957: 1567: 1339:nominalizations 1323: 1286: 1285: 1250: 1249: 1201: 1200: 1156: 1155: 1149:" bird's head" 1111: 1110: 1075: 1074: 1068:"the sun rose" 1049: 1006: 957: 926: 924:Nasal spreading 787: 712: 690: 497: 488: 479: 473: 470: 464: 452: 446: 442: 440:transliteration 436: 432: 426: 417: 413: 406: 384: 327:Curt Nimuendaju 319: 298: 270: 239:Tupian language 208: 192: 185: 160: 139: 136:Language family 134: 128:210 (2006) 125: 124:Native speakers 90: 84: 81: 75: 63: 57: 53: 51:transliteration 47: 43: 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6668: 6666: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6610: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6487: 6485: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6437: 6435: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6413: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6341: 6333: 6331: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6178: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6167:Maweti–Guarani 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5902: 5901:External links 5899: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5885:(PhD thesis). 5873: 5852: 5851: 5827: 5822:(2000): 80-82, 5811: 5791: 5782: 5772: 5657: 5642: 5623: 5610: 5597: 5584: 5571: 5554: 5535: 5517: 5487: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5417: 5400: 5387: 5370: 5369: 5311: 5294: 5280: 5269: 5258: 5257: 5209: 5196: 5185: 5168: 5167: 5122: 5108: 5097: 5086: 5085: 5052:mãygãra wɪ̃-a 5018: 5002: 4988: 4977: 4960: 4959: 4883: 4867: 4841: 4840: 4810:The auxiliary 4791: 4788: 4723: 4704: 4693: 4682: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4583: 4566: 4535: 4524: 4523: 4502:wat icɨ ʔat-a 4473: 4442: 4428: 4417: 4400: 4399: 4307: 4290: 4273: 4259: 4248: 4247: 4197: 4176: 4165: 4164: 4123: 4120: 4092: 4089: 4055: 4027: 4014: 4013: 3964: 3951: 3950: 3923:owakán omãmkəy 3895: 3878: 3877: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3767: 3754: 3753: 3704: 3680: 3679: 3636: 3625: 3624: 3618:-be.dirty.IND1 3581: 3567: 3566: 3512: 3501: 3500: 3456: 3445: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3394:wat owã orakət 3365: 3354: 3337: 3336: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3217: 3200: 3199: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3128: 3117: 3106: 3095: 3083: 3059:: 63–71 ": --> 3056: 3053: 3036: 3033: 3016:õn amɑan at-a 2996: 2985: 2977: 2967: 2966: 2934: 2926: 2912: 2898: 2888: 2887: 2878:1SG=sleep-GER 2857: 2843: 2842: 2810: 2809: 2755: 2754:Nominalization 2752: 2749: 2748: 2716: 2705: 2695: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2664:at to=wirup ʔo 2652: 2635: 2624: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2577: 2569: 2559: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2528:1SG snake kill 2521:õn mãygãra wĩ- 2510: 2502: 2485: 2477: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2364: 2350:There are the 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2320:There are the 2317: 2314: 2279: 2278: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2195: 2181: 2170: 2169: 2143: 2125: 2124: 2121:‘They cried.’ 2089: 2088: 2049: 2048: 2024: 2006: 2005: 1972: 1958: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1566: 1563: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1504: 1493: 1482: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1293: 1279:" bee's head" 1277: 1257: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1208: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1163: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1118: 1102: 1082: 1048: 1045: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 985: 970: 956: 953: 925: 922: 905: 904: 902: 890: 888: 882: 881: 869: 862: 850: 844: 843: 836: 829: 817: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 786: 783: 726:free variation 711: 708: 698: 697: 695: 693: 683: 681: 674: 668: 667: 660: 658: 656: 649: 647: 637: 636: 634: 627: 625: 618: 611: 605: 604: 602: 595: 593: 591: 584: 578: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 542: 537: 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 496: 493: 487: 484: 481: 480: 420: 418: 411: 405: 402: 383: 382:Classification 380: 356:lexical choice 318: 315: 297: 294: 269: 266: 262:suprasegmental 226: 225: 220: 214: 213: 206: 198: 197: 190: 182: 181: 180:Language codes 177: 176: 175: 174: 171: 166: 162: 161: 159: 158: 157: 156: 142: 140: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 114: 113:Native to 110: 109: 101: 100: 92: 91: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6667: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6472:Xingu Asurini 6470: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6265:West Bolivian 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244:East Bolivian 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184:Aweti–Guarani 6182: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Guariba Arára 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5888: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5467: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5253: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5234: 5233: 5230:wat kaʔa ʔaʔ 5228: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5199: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5071:Furthermore, 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5043:mãygãra wɪ̃a 5042: 5037: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4627:3R=dance-GER 4626: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493:war icɨ ʔara 4490: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3993:tap toroyapít 3990: 3985: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3742:coreferential 3737: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3659:cĩm memaʔwaba 3656: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3559:ungrammatical 3554: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2960:like COP-IND1 2959: 2954: 2952: 2946: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2776:. The suffix 2774: 2768: 2762: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2442: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352:demonstrative 2346:Demonstrative 2345: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2322:interrogative 2316:Interrogative 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2086: 2085:‘She cried.’ 2083: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1936: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Postpositions 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:demonstrative 1376: 1375:interrogative 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1311: 1309: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1108: 1104:" ugly song" 1103: 1100: 1098: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1003: 997: 991: 986: 982: 976: 971: 967: 962: 961: 960: 954: 952: 949: 944: 939: 936: 929: 923: 921: 918: 911: 903: 900: 895: 891: 889: 887: 884: 883: 879: 874: 870: 867: 863: 860: 855: 851: 849: 846: 845: 841: 837: 834: 830: 827: 822: 818: 816: 813: 812: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 793: 790: 784: 782: 780: 776: 771: 768: 763: 758: 752: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 727: 722: 717: 709: 707: 705: 696: 694: 688: 684: 682: 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 659: 657: 654: 650: 648: 646: 642: 638: 635: 632: 628: 626: 623: 619: 616: 612: 610: 606: 603: 600: 596: 594: 592: 589: 585: 583: 580: 579: 575: 571: 568: 564: 561: 557: 554: 550: 547: 543: 541: 538: 536: 532: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 503: 500: 494: 492: 485: 477: 467: 462: 458: 451: 441: 431: 424: 419: 410: 409: 403: 401: 398: 393: 389: 381: 379: 377: 371: 369: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 331: 328: 325:ethnographer 324: 317:Documentation 316: 314: 310: 308: 304: 295: 293: 290: 286: 282: 280: 275: 267: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 224: 223:Karo (Brazil) 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 205: 204: 199: 195: 191: 188: 183: 178: 172: 169: 168: 167: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 141: 137: 131: 127: 121: 118: 115: 111: 107: 102: 97: 88: 78: 73: 69: 62: 52: 42: 35: 30: 21: 20: 6626: 6615:Proto-Tupian 6613: 6569:Urubu–Kaapor 6561: 6490: 6464: 6454:Ararandewara 6452: 6440: 6416: 6394:Avá-Canoeiro 6367: 6360: 6343: 6336: 6286: 6279:Pai Tavytera 6201:Tupi–Guarani 6149: 6124: 6099: 6089: 5996: 5966: 5959: 5894: 5878: 5860: 5839: 5830: 5819: 5814: 5799: 5794: 5785: 5775: 5634: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5600: 5592: 5587: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5546: 5529: 5511: 5477: 5469: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5441:at a?=top-t 5438: 5437: 5434: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5070: 5066: 5064:AUX.FUT-IND1 5062: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4935: 4931: 4929:AUX.FUT-IND1 4927: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4818: 4807: 4806:respectively 4793: 4790:Future Tense 4773: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4617:to=penaop-a 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4513:AUX.FUT-IND1 4512: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4125: 4105: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3726:-kahmōm nã-a 3723: 3721: 3719:abegahmōm nã 3718: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3604:oyãy bemeŋãn 3603: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3483:õn wat owẽ́ 3482: 3479: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3256:3SG.FEM 1SG= 3255: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3069: 3038: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2902: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2688: 2685: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2387: 2349: 2319: 2311:'He slept.' 2310: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2228:) are sad.’ 2223: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2210:caropap=tem 2209: 2199: 2196: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1568: 1528: 1456: 1444: 1405:categories. 1403:intransitive 1327:word classes 1324: 1307: 1271: 1235: 1222: 1188: 1177: 1132: 1096: 1053:assimilation 1050: 1030: 1013: 1010:pitch accent 1007: 958: 942: 941:An optional 940: 930: 927: 912: 908: 788: 775:approximants 772: 770:"to sleep". 761: 753: 730: 713: 701: 498: 489: 471: 457:ISO 639 code 453:}} 447:{{ 443:}} 437:{{ 433:}} 427:{{ 422: 385: 376:Lévi-Strauss 372: 364: 332: 320: 311: 299: 283: 271: 243: 234: 230: 229: 201: 153: 82: 68:ISO 639 code 64:}} 58:{{ 54:}} 48:{{ 44:}} 38:{{ 33: 6579:Wayampipukú 6042:Cinta Larga 5566:Gabas Jr., 4676:=perforate- 4571:to=penaop-a 4339:toto obetõ 4327:toto obetõ 4256:grandfather 4223:púŋ o=ʔe-t 4076:capé-t ahyə 4072:kaʔto karo= 4029:karorocapét 3926:o=waká-n o= 3857:at tomãmwĩn 3260:be.fat-IND1 3246:ŋa omacopɨn 3079:the simple 2949:õn aʔ=wĩ-a 2410:and (IND2) 2384:Indicatives 2333:‘who, what’ 2308:=sleep-IND1 2172:caropap=tem 2045:‘My house’ 1930:impersonal 1897:3rd person 1878:2nd person 1844:1st person 1778:3rd person 1759:2nd person 1721:1st person 1669:3rd person 1650:2nd person 1612:1st person 1415:noun phrase 1343:compounding 672:Approximant 352:evidentials 285:Denny Moore 264:phonology. 241:of Brazil. 6644:Categories 6500:(Jau-Navo) 6404:Tenetehara 6380:Tenetehara 6258:Paraguayan 5998:Kepkiriwát 5768:Gabas 1999 5653:Gabas 1989 5532:: 117–128. 5479:Ethnologue 5461:References 4926:sleep-GER 4607:towenaoba 4235:‘I shot.’ 4122:Past Tense 3889:=be.angry- 3871:-kill-IND1 3795:õn omãmnoy 3614:1SG=tooth 3597:-be.dirty. 3536:cãn nakəga 3494:sleep-IND1 3397:wat owã o= 3323:empty-IND1 3309:õn amapəri 3193:sleep-IND1 3115:reciprocal 3092:comitative 2953:yaʔti nã-n 2525:təgana peʔ 2390:indicative 2354:pronouns: 2324:pronouns: 1866:inclusive 1847:exclusive 1814:impersonal 1587:absolutive 1575:possessive 1513:reciprocal 1453:indicative 1451:the first 1440:ideophones 1411:open class 1399:transitive 1371:possessive 1363:adjectives 1321:Morphology 1152:wakak naká 751:"peanut". 743:unreleased 495:Consonants 360:narratives 344:morphology 289:Portuguese 6629:indicate 6563:Takunyapé 6552:Emerillon 6514:Uru-Pa-In 6504:Kagwahiva 6410:Guajajara 6369:Potiguara 6356:Nheengatu 6157:Munduruku 6142:Munduruku 6126:Maritsauá 5974:Karitiâna 5968:Kabixiana 4833:proclitic 4568:towenaoba 4091:Semantics 4007:kill-IND1 3966:toroyapít 3809:-see-IND1 3701:-be.quiet 3682:abegahmōm 3666:-maʔwap-a 3644:-maʔwap-a 3638:memaʔwaba 3408:walk-IND1 3179:õn amaken 3126:reflexive 3094:causative 3081:causative 3027:=see-IND1 2833:{to eat}- 2532:there LOC 2217:sad=ADVZ 2214:karo=kõna 2197:karo=kõna 2118:=cry-IND1 2082:=cry-IND1 1918:feminine 1836:singular 1746:inclusive 1725:exclusive 1713:Singular 1637:inclusive 1616:exclusive 1604:Singular 1524:reflexive 1435:Particles 1407:Auxiliary 1347:synthetic 1292:→ 1256:→ 1246:o=kuŋ kɨt 1207:→ 1197:naʔyop nõ 1162:→ 1117:→ 1107:óra pecép 1081:→ 1071:cawap wɨy 733:geminated 710:Allophony 704:rhotacism 641:Fricative 540:Voiceless 474:June 2021 404:Phonology 340:phonetics 335:phonology 258:allophony 203:Glottolog 187:ISO 639-3 6543:Northern 6533:Kamayurá 6524:Kamayurá 6498:Karipuna 6418:Turiwára 6399:Tapirapé 6338:Old Tupi 6313:Pauserna 6095:Puruborá 6082:Ramarama 6077:Puruborá 5808:41615767 5549:online, 5545:“Karo.” 5405:a?=top-t 5360:negative 5355:yat, iga 5346:Lastly, 5285:yaʔwat-t 5113:yaʔwat-t 4797:kap, yat 4786:marker. 4615:i=kap=ap 4543:i=kap=ap 4356:X‍ 4353:long.ago 4286:long.ago 4217:púŋ wet 4079:2PL 2PL= 3883:o=waká-n 3831:tomãmwĩn 3805:1SG 1SG= 3748:marker. 3673:-fry-GER 3550:walk-GER 3319:1SG 3SG= 3316:-pərəp=t 3289:-pərəp=t 3219:omacopɨn 3189:1SG 3SG= 2872:o=ker-a 2839:‘eater’ 2784:agentive 2707:to=wirup 2675:big=ADVZ 2626:to=wirup 2388:The two 2272:see-IND1 2221:2PL=EMPH 2161:1PL.INCL 2040:1SG.POSS 1999:3IMP=see 1800:feminine 1691:feminine 1579:ergative 1571:personal 1565:Pronouns 1559:morpheme 1537:optative 1367:personal 1355:pronouns 1282:nãp naká 1189:stressed 513:Alveolar 508:Bilabial 397:Puruborá 388:Ramaráma 279:Rondônia 246:analytic 231:Ramarama 210:karo1305 165:Dialects 149:Ramarama 106:Ramarama 85:May 2020 6627:Italics 6574:Wayampi 6482:Kawahíb 6460:Araweté 6442:Amanayé 6318:Sirionó 6308:Guarayu 6299:Guarayu 6230:Chiripá 6224:Guarani 6210:Guarani 6151:Kuruaya 6037:Aruáshi 6004:Makurap 5992:Akuntsu 4982:mãygãra 4979:mãygãra 4623:Father 4577:=dance- 4504:o=kap-t 4450:o=kap-t 4003:3PL 3R- 3996:tap to= 3897:omãmkəy 3867:3SG 3R= 3769:omãmnoy 3689:-kahmōm 3611:-meŋã-n 3589:-meŋã-n 3583:bemeŋãn 3282:amapəri 3253:copɨt-t 3239:be.fat- 3226:copɨt-t 3055:Valency 3049:valency 2900:aʔ=wĩ-a 2851:=sleep- 2845:o=ker-a 2818:to eat- 2571:mãygãra 2479:mãygãra 2341:‘which’ 2338:kɨgomət 2292:=sleep- 2268:jaguar 2112:=peri-t 2094:=peri-t 2080:3SG.FEM 1839:plural 1771:karowat 1716:Plural 1607:Plural 1583:subject 1419:Adverbs 1335:clitics 1331:affixes 1014:without 917:mãygãra 803:Central 716:lenited 535:Plosive 528:Glottal 518:Palatal 466:See why 296:History 268:Setting 237:, is a 77:See why 6545:(VIII) 6509:Kayabi 6492:Apiaká 6448:Anambé 6389:Akwáwa 6362:Omagua 6351:Cocama 6237:Jopara 6132:Xipaya 6120:Juruna 6112:Yuruna 6019:Wayoró 6014:Tupari 6009:Mekens 5984:Tupari 5961:Arikem 5952:Arikem 5806: 5439:taykir 5376:taykir 5372:taykir 5364:taykit 5288:leave. 5282:yaʔwan 5266:jaguar 5116:leave. 5110:yaʔwan 5094:jaguar 5014:child] 4936:Here, 4917:ket-a 4861:sleep- 4800:, and 4670:o=pi-t 4532:Father 4436:bring- 4181:o=ʔe-t 4116:future 4064:INTERR 4036:capé-t 4000:yapí-t 3973:yapí-t 3880:owakán 3860:at to= 3850:-kill- 3802:-top-t 3776:-top-t 3746:dative 3607:o=yãy 3578:=tooth 3514:nakəga 3473:sleep- 3367:orakət 3362:mother 3312:õn aʔ= 3302:empty- 3182:õn aʔ= 3172:sleep- 3152:amaken 3035:Syntax 3020:=top-t 3001:=top-t 2906:=kill- 2686:cú=tem 2668:cú-tem 2654:cú-tem 2543:təgana 2504:təgana 2418:copula 2302:=ken-t 2284:=ken-t 2261:ameko 2237:jaguar 2224:‘You ( 1591:object 1535:is an 1467:gerund 1423:clause 1391:gender 1387:number 1377:, and 1341:, and 1057:sandhi 1047:Sandhi 1019:parato 955:Stress 785:Vowels 582:Voiced 348:syntax 323:German 307:Gavião 144:Tupian 117:Brazil 6557:Guajá 6526:(VII) 6432:Xingu 6330:(III) 6273:Kaiwá 6191:Awetï 6101:Urumi 6062:Suruí 6057:Mondé 6029:Mondé 5883:(PDF) 5865:(PDF) 5804:JSTOR 5780:UFPA. 5411:=see- 5402:a?toy 5263:ameko 5260:ameko 5238:CL.RD 5205:CL.RD 5193:house 5091:ameko 5088:ameko 5055:kap-t 5023:kap-t 4996:kill- 4993:wɪ̃-a 4985:snake 4920:kap-t 4908:kera 4888:kap-t 4852:ket-a 4766:RPAST 4737:RPAST 4613:iyõm 4603:iyõm 4433:ʔat-a 4425:water 4359:RPAST 4321:RPAST 4270:-tell 4264:obetõ 4261:obetõ 4173:shoot 4049:beat- 4032:karo= 4019:kaʔto 4016:kaʔto 3986:kill- 3864:-wĩ-n 3838:-wĩ-n 3798:õn o= 3788:-see- 3731:IPASS 3698:IPASS 3671:IPASS 3669:meat 3652:-fry- 3649:IPASS 3616:IPASS 3594:IPASS 3572:o=yãy 3543:kək-a 3529:walk- 3520:kək-a 3487:ket-t 3464:ket-t 3458:raken 3387:walk- 3321:CAUS- 3258:CAUS- 3249:ŋa o= 3191:CAUS- 3186:ket-t 3159:ket-t 3009:=see- 2990:fall- 2979:amɑan 2928:yaʔti 2713:=food 2673:-IND1 2632:=food 2585:kill- 2574:snake 2546:there 2530:-IND1 2507:there 2482:snake 2446:/-ap/ 2376:yeket 2265:top-t 2245:top-t 2234:ameko 2212:kaʔto 2184:kaʔto 2163:ASSOC 2149:ASSOC 2102:=cry- 2076:=wé-t 2066:=cry- 2054:=wé-t 2042:house 2029:house 1990:i=top 1974:i=top 1890:karo= 1792:tabat 1752:iʔyat 1738:teʔet 1662:kaʔto 1589:, or 1542:=to ʔ 1532:pe ʔ- 1519:mã m- 1383:Nouns 1359:verbs 1270:okuŋ 1221:naʔyo 1034:káwan 948:anana 935:cẽrat 798:Front 757:naʔmi 748:makap 645:Trill 609:Nasal 523:Velar 368:myths 274:Arara 173:Uruku 170:Arara 6584:Zo'é 6484:(VI) 6466:Aurá 6382:(IV) 6328:Tupi 6301:(II) 6288:Xeta 6251:Mbyá 6219:Aché 6175:Mawé 6090:Karo 6067:Zoro 5474:Karo 5413:IND1 5332:iʔke 5316:iʔke 5313:iʔke 5296:nyat 5290:IND1 5190:kaʔa 5187:kaʔa 5181:POSS 5118:IND1 5035:IND1 5009:owẽ] 4990:wɪ̃a 4953:and 4900:IND1 4879:big] 4846:kera 4763:PAST 4718:PAST 4690:long 4678:IND1 4667:opit 4629:PAST 4605:ikap 4597:PAST 4561:IND2 4549:3IMP 4538:ikap 4529:iyõm 4526:iyõm 4516:PAST 4495:okay 4487:PAST 4468:IND1 4445:okay 4430:ʔara 4413:POSS 4391:and 4268:3IMP 4253:toto 4250:toto 4231:PAST 4211:PAST 4193:IND1 4156:and 4132:and 4114:and 4112:past 4097:edit 4081:REC- 4060:ahyə 4057:ahyə 4051:IND1 4005:REC- 3988:IND1 3937:-DAT 3935:REFL 3930:-kəy 3913:REFL 3904:-kəy 3891:IND1 3869:REFL 3852:IND1 3847:REFL 3807:REFL 3790:IND1 3785:REFL 3729:3SG= 3712:cop- 3709:nã-a 3662:cĩm 3633:meat 3599:IND1 3569:oyãy 3548:COM- 3546:cat 3539:cãn 3492:COM- 3475:IND1 3453:baby 3450:owẽ́ 3447:owẽ́ 3441:POSS 3406:COM- 3401:kə-t 3389:IND1 3374:kə-t 3350:POSS 3304:IND1 3298:CAUS 3241:IND1 3235:CAUS 3174:IND1 3168:CAUS 3124:the 3121:mãm- 3113:the 3102:the 3090:the 3061:edit 3025:NOMZ 3011:IND1 3006:NOMZ 2987:at-a 2982:rain 2958:NOMZ 2951:kanã 2944:IND1 2936:nã-n 2931:like 2921:NOMZ 2915:kanã 2880:NOMZ 2874:kanã 2866:NOMZ 2860:kanã 2835:NOMZ 2821:NOMZ 2795:kanã 2767:kanã 2741:IND2 2727:IND2 2724:eat- 2691:ADVZ 2689:big= 2659:ADVZ 2657:big= 2647:IND1 2602:IND2 2588:IND2 2497:IND1 2493:kill 2450:/-m/ 2436:/-n/ 2294:IND1 2270:1SG= 2256:IND1 2254:see- 2205:EMPH 2177:ADVZ 2175:sad= 2155:iʔtə 2138:INCL 2128:iʔtə 2104:IND1 2068:IND1 2036:kaʔa 2026:kaʔa 2019:POSS 1980:=see 1978:3IMP 1911:tap= 1820:yat= 1806:ŋaat 1643:iʔtə 1573:and 1548:=tem 1522:the 1511:the 1500:the 1489:the 1478:the 1465:the 1401:and 1395:case 1310:naká 1180:naká 1176:waga 1135:ecép 1131:óra 1095:cawa 1040:yaba 1025:naká 1004:Tone 996:yogá 990:wíup 981:cigã 966:yogo 815:High 808:Back 773:The 721:yaba 430:lang 354:and 235:Karo 154:Karo 99:Karo 41:lang 6434:(V) 6212:(I) 5844:doi 5838:,” 5476:at 5452:FUT 5448:NEG 5443:iga 5429:FUT 5423:iga 5419:iga 5409:3SG 5396:3SG 5382:NEG 5349:iga 5339:NEG 5337:FUT 5330:yat 5320:NEG 5306:FUT 5300:yat 5277:big 5252:yat 5241:FUT 5232:yat 5221:FUT 5215:yat 5211:yat 5201:ʔaʔ 5177:1SG 5173:wat 5170:wat 5162:yat 5151:FUT 5145:yat 5134:FUT 5128:yat 5124:yat 5105:big 5080:Yat 5074:yat 5059:(ø) 5050:(ø) 5046:kay 5041:(ø) 5031:FUT 5027:AUX 5020:kay 4998:GER 4973:(ø) 4968:(ø) 4963:(ø) 4945:kay 4924:3R= 4915:to= 4911:kay 4896:FUT 4892:AUX 4885:kay 4874:cú] 4863:GER 4850:to= 4828:kap 4822:kap 4813:kap 4803:iga 4783:kán 4757:kán 4748:kán 4731:kán 4726:kán 4698:mãm 4695:mãm 4687:məy 4684:məy 4674:1SG 4661:1SG 4646:kán 4579:GER 4557:FUT 4553:AUX 4464:FUT 4460:AUX 4455:1SG 4438:GER 4422:icɨ 4419:icɨ 4409:1SG 4405:wat 4402:war 4394:yat 4388:kap 4370:kán 4347:kán 4344:mãm 4341:mɫy 4335:ŋán 4332:mãm 4329:mɨy 4315:kán 4310:ŋán 4298:mãm 4293:mãm 4281:mɫy 4276:mɨy 4242:kán 4189:AUX 4185:1SG 4178:wet 4170:púŋ 4167:púŋ 4159:kán 4147:kán 4135:kán 4074:ro- 4045:REC 4040:2PL 4034:ro- 4023:2PL 3998:ro- 3982:REC 3971:ro- 3969:to= 3960:3PL 3956:tap 3953:tap 3928:mãm 3918:DAT 3908:1SG 3902:mãm 3887:1SG 3862:mãm 3836:mãm 3834:to= 3825:3SG 3800:mãm 3780:1SG 3774:mãm 3763:1SG 3722:aʔ= 3714:GER 3693:3SG 3685:aʔ= 3654:GER 3630:cĩm 3627:cĩm 3576:1SG 3541:ta- 3531:GER 3525:COM 3518:ta- 3509:cat 3506:cãn 3503:cãn 3485:ta- 3469:COM 3462:ta- 3437:1SG 3433:wat 3430:wat 3424:1SG 3399:ta- 3383:COM 3378:1SG 3372:ta- 3359:owã 3356:owã 3346:1SG 3342:wat 3339:wat 3293:3SG 3285:aʔ= 3276:1SG 3251:ma- 3230:1SG 3224:ma- 3213:FEM 3209:3SG 3184:ma- 3163:3SG 3157:ma- 3155:aʔ= 3146:1SG 3110:to- 3099:pe- 3087:ta- 3076:ma- 2992:GER 2973:1SG 2940:COP 2908:GER 2904:3SG 2894:1SG 2853:GER 2849:1SG 2827:ʔo- 2812:ʔo- 2801:ko= 2779:-ap 2773:ko= 2761:-ap 2718:ʔo- 2701:3SG 2643:eat 2620:3SG 2579:wĩ- 2565:1SG 2555:LOC 2551:peʔ 2516:LOC 2512:peʔ 2487:wĩ- 2473:1SG 2428:SOV 2368:tət 2360:yét 2330:nãn 2306:3SG 2289:3SG 2250:1SG 2219:2PL 2201:2PL 2190:2PL 2157:tap 2145:tap 2134:1PL 2116:3PL 2110:tap 2099:3PL 2092:tap 2063:FEM 2059:3SG 2034:wat 2015:1SG 2009:wat 1997:2SG 1994:who 1985:nãn 1967:2SG 1954:who 1949:nãn 1923:ŋa= 1904:aʔ= 1871:iʔ= 1859:té= 1731:wat 1683:tap 1581:or 1554:ko= 1508:to- 1497:pe- 1486:ta- 1475:ma- 1393:or 1236:and 1099:wɨy 975:ĩya 886:Low 848:Mid 779:tap 767:ken 762:pre 738:itɨ 728:). 450:IPA 358:in 250:SOV 218:ELP 194:arr 61:IPA 6646:: 5660:^ 5645:^ 5637:, 5626:^ 5557:^ 5538:^ 5520:^ 5510:. 5490:^ 5392:at 5389:at 5274:cú 5271:cú 5198:ʔa 5102:cú 5099:cú 4939:to 4906:to 4857:3R 4844:to 4777:co 4754:co 4745:co 4712:co 4707:co 4701:X‍ 4657:ōn 4654:ōn 4640:co 4619:co 4609:co 4591:co 4586:co 4575:3R 4507:co 4498:co 4481:co 4476:co 4397:. 4382:co 4376:co 4373:, 4303:X‍ 4225:co 4219:co 4205:co 4200:co 4153:co 4141:Co 4138:. 4129:co 3977:3R 3900:o= 3842:3R 3821:at 3818:at 3772:o= 3759:õn 3756:õn 3724:pe 3706:nã 3687:pe 3664:pe 3642:pe 3609:pe 3587:pe 3561:. 3420:õn 3417:õn 3370:o= 3314:ma 3287:ma 3272:õn 3269:õn 3222:o= 3205:ŋa 3202:ŋa 3142:õn 3139:õn 3018:ko 2999:ko 2969:õn 2890:õn 2789:-a 2711:3R 2697:at 2666:-t 2639:-t 2637:ʔo 2630:3R 2616:at 2561:õn 2469:õn 2441:-p 2423:-t 2413:-p 2407:-t 2401:-p 2398:, 2395:-t 2300:aʔ 2282:aʔ 2263:o= 2243:o= 2226:PL 2074:ŋa 2052:ŋa 1988:ẽn 1961:ẽn 1935:i= 1883:e= 1852:o= 1785:at 1764:et 1697:ŋa 1676:at 1655:ẽn 1629:té 1622:õn 1462:-a 1457:-p 1448:-t 1433:. 1417:. 1389:, 1381:. 1373:, 1369:, 1361:, 1357:, 1337:, 1333:, 1329:, 1306:nã 1274:ɨt 1225:nõ 943:in 706:. 435:, 378:. 362:. 46:, 6079:– 5936:e 5929:t 5922:v 5889:. 5871:. 5846:: 5770:. 5655:. 5514:. 5179:. 5033:- 5029:. 4898:- 4894:. 4859:= 4808:. 4559:- 4555:. 4551:= 4466:- 4462:. 4457:= 4411:. 4191:- 4187:= 4101:] 4047:- 4042:= 3984:- 3979:- 3916:- 3910:= 3844:= 3782:= 3695:= 3527:- 3471:- 3439:. 3385:- 3380:= 3348:. 3300:- 3295:= 3237:- 3232:= 3211:. 3170:- 3165:= 3065:] 2942:- 2829:p 2814:p 2735:p 2720:p 2645:- 2596:m 2581:m 2523:n 2495:- 2489:n 2252:= 2203:= 2136:. 2061:. 2017:. 1455:, 1349:- 1308:m 1272:ŋ 1223:h 1178:g 1133:b 1097:b 1055:( 899:ã 894:a 878:õ 873:o 866:ə 859:ẽ 854:e 840:u 833:ɨ 826:ĩ 821:i 687:j 678:w 664:h 653:r 643:/ 631:ŋ 622:n 615:m 599:g 588:b 574:ʔ 567:k 560:c 553:t 546:p 476:) 472:( 468:. 87:) 83:( 79:.

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Index