2046:
270:
2742:
38:
303:
236:
2768:
1686:
2756:
527:
1675:
484:
109:
2374:
248:
479:
The
Standing Committee is the intersessional executive body which represents the COP between its triennial meetings, within the framework of the decisions made by the COP. The contracting parties that are members of the Standing Committee are elected by each meeting of the COP to serve for the three
470:
This is the convention's governing body consisting of all governments that have ratified the treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the convention, create expert advisory
360:
These organizations support the work of the convention by providing expert technical advice, helping implement field studies, and providing financial support. The IOPs also participate regularly as observers in all meetings of the conference of the parties and as full members of the
Scientific and
511:
The implementation of the Ramsar
Convention is a continuing partnership between the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Secretariat, with the advice of the subsidiary expert body, the Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP), and the support of the international
540:
2 February is World
Wetlands Day, marking the convention's adoption on 2 February 1971. Established to raise awareness about the value of wetlands for humanity and the planet, WWD was celebrated for the first time in 1997, and has grown since then. In 2015 World Wetlands Day was celebrated in 59
589:
Despite its quasi-universal application, the domestic response to this treaty is often half-hearted and inadequate. By way of example, Germany joined the
Convention in 1976 and has, ", failed to give effect to the Ramsar Convention in the manner set out by the constitution of Germany."
284:
in May 2018 covering over 2.1 million square kilometres (810,000 sq mi). The countries with most sites are the United
Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142. The country with the largest surface area of listed wetland is Bolivia, with around 148,000 square kilometres
828:
231:
which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP14 was co-held in Wuhan, China, and Geneva, Switzerland.
3792:
826:
Bury, Zur VerknĂĽpfung ĂĽberkommener
Vorstellungen völkerrechtlicher Normativität mit der unterlassenen Übernahme der Ramsar-Konvention von 1971 in den deutschen Rechtsraum (2022) 60(1) Archiv des Völkerrechts.
3717:
2205:
3547:
2697:
3802:
3722:
3702:
2952:
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The
Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) provides scientific and technical guidance to the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Ramsar Secretariat.
3147:
390:
3777:
3002:
2200:
3452:
3727:
3687:
1516:
264:
3487:
3787:
3742:
2987:
3732:
2045:
3747:
3712:
3257:
2230:
438:
3737:
3707:
3017:
1459:
615:
505:
331:
3627:
1544:
1469:
599:
415:
314:
As of 2016 there are 18 transboundary Ramsar sites, and 15 Ramsar regional initiatives covering regions of the
Mediterranean, Asia, Africa, and South America.
2812:
1722:
3052:
2937:
2070:
3497:
646:
3807:
3307:
673:
3772:
3597:
2857:
337:
297:
165:
3757:
3752:
3632:
3037:
2220:
3762:
3637:
3107:
3072:
1564:
1496:
3797:
3697:
3467:
3432:
3767:
3447:
3372:
3277:
2235:
407:
403:
378:
59:
3692:
2807:
2333:
2195:
1559:
3782:
3262:
3137:
879:
374:
3662:
3612:
3522:
3507:
3412:
2957:
2225:
610:
81:
3567:
3532:
3527:
3477:
3397:
3377:
3187:
3067:
3012:
2887:
2822:
2817:
1860:
1715:
322:
The Ramsar
Convention works closely with six other organisations known as international organization partners (IOPs). These are:
3647:
3577:
3502:
3352:
3342:
3312:
3282:
3272:
3227:
3207:
3102:
2982:
2897:
2882:
2797:
1055:
504:
The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day coordination of the convention's activities. It is based at the headquarters of the
419:
382:
269:
3652:
3542:
3382:
3317:
3267:
3162:
3127:
2872:
2862:
2687:
3682:
3587:
3582:
3557:
3552:
3517:
3512:
3457:
3437:
3417:
3337:
3292:
3217:
3142:
3047:
3007:
2972:
2967:
2942:
2902:
2832:
1569:
1284:
1008:
471:
bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements.
434:
240:
3657:
3642:
3622:
3602:
3492:
3462:
3392:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3327:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3192:
3172:
3152:
3122:
3087:
3077:
3057:
3042:
3022:
2962:
2932:
2912:
2907:
2892:
2877:
2867:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2707:
2692:
1815:
1579:
566:
353:
3677:
3617:
3607:
3562:
3472:
3427:
3402:
3332:
3322:
3287:
3237:
3222:
3202:
3177:
3132:
3117:
3092:
3032:
2977:
2947:
2927:
2917:
2702:
1708:
1464:
734:
288:
The Ramsar Sites Information Service (RSIS) is a searchable database which provides information on each Ramsar site.
52:
46:
3672:
3667:
3572:
3537:
3482:
3422:
3387:
3367:
3302:
3212:
3197:
3182:
3157:
3112:
3097:
3062:
2997:
2922:
2792:
2010:
1549:
430:
348:
3592:
3442:
3407:
3297:
3232:
3167:
3082:
3027:
2992:
2318:
2212:
396:
Project funding bodies including global environmental funds, multilateral development banks and bilateral donors;
386:
63:
2802:
2771:
2564:
2559:
1855:
1528:
2472:
2283:
2177:
1905:
1895:
1239:
2298:
2288:
1990:
1975:
1574:
1451:
1345:
872:
677:
426:
343:
326:
302:
699:
2837:
2827:
2717:
2644:
2444:
2419:
2394:
2278:
2025:
1805:
1219:
721:
2452:
2414:
1745:
1479:
573:
in the late 1960s. The conference, which adopted the terms of the agreement, was held in the Iranian
228:
2674:
2328:
2137:
2095:
1865:
1825:
1659:
1310:
746:
620:
515:
251:
2594:
2589:
2457:
2399:
2293:
2142:
2060:
1945:
1925:
1835:
1778:
1523:
1441:
1350:
1224:
1209:
1189:
1090:
1085:
809:
578:
535:
213:
130:
235:
2604:
2579:
2482:
2429:
2348:
2015:
1920:
1880:
1850:
1820:
1731:
1689:
1599:
1315:
1257:
1120:
1095:
865:
801:
793:
562:
2712:
2404:
2308:
2260:
2172:
2065:
2005:
1763:
1320:
1274:
1234:
1115:
924:
785:
273:
2682:
2649:
2510:
2462:
2338:
2313:
2122:
2075:
2000:
1845:
1830:
1679:
1554:
1491:
1249:
1244:
1100:
991:
604:
550:
194:
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
102:
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
2546:
2500:
2495:
2467:
2434:
2303:
2162:
2090:
2080:
1930:
1875:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1629:
1436:
1110:
399:
2786:
2760:
2654:
2619:
2520:
2515:
2490:
2020:
1985:
1960:
1810:
1773:
1639:
1393:
964:
813:
773:
453:
647:"Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat"
2755:
2746:
2525:
2505:
2409:
2147:
2030:
1950:
1910:
1900:
1870:
1624:
1410:
1325:
1060:
1050:
1013:
944:
919:
554:
526:
27:
International treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands
2659:
2634:
2629:
2599:
2382:
2358:
2323:
2132:
2035:
1955:
1915:
1768:
1649:
1644:
1511:
1501:
1400:
1289:
1279:
1262:
1149:
1130:
959:
949:
939:
574:
483:
281:
201:
789:
186:
English (prevailing in case of divergence), French, German, Russian and Spanish
17:
2639:
2574:
2363:
2343:
2127:
2100:
1885:
1798:
1609:
1305:
1269:
1135:
1125:
1028:
1003:
996:
979:
974:
969:
570:
307:
797:
2664:
2569:
2353:
2117:
2110:
2085:
1995:
1431:
1405:
1140:
954:
929:
909:
444:
Since 1998 the convention has also benefited from a strong partnership with
2373:
805:
452:
brand, and since 2007 from the Biosphere Connections partnership with the
223:
Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the
2614:
2424:
1970:
1965:
1890:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1426:
1378:
1373:
1356:
1214:
1194:
1159:
1075:
1038:
1033:
558:
449:
108:
2624:
2584:
2554:
2532:
2152:
1940:
1840:
1654:
1634:
1199:
1164:
986:
888:
518:
is the seventh secretary general of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
205:
310:
is a transboundary Ramsar site in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands
2609:
1935:
1700:
1388:
1179:
1169:
1065:
651:
445:
411:
197:
176:
247:
852:
1229:
1184:
1174:
1154:
1105:
1070:
1045:
1018:
914:
525:
482:
301:
268:
246:
234:
3793:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2105:
1383:
1204:
1080:
280:
The list of wetlands of international importance included 2,331
217:
2258:
1742:
1704:
861:
2167:
2157:
1023:
934:
31:
747:"Sad news: death of Mr Eskandar Firouz – Call of the Curlew"
623:– international agreement on historic site recognition
857:
845:
224:
369:
The convention collaborates with a network of partners:
3718:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
391:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
581:
on 2 February 1971. The convention turned 50 in 2021.
487:
The Ramsar Secretariat offices in Gland, Switzerland
2673:
2545:
2481:
2443:
2381:
2271:
2188:
2053:
1756:
1592:
1537:
1478:
1450:
1419:
1366:
1338:
1298:
902:
895:
265:
List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance
182:
171:
161:
153:
145:
137:
126:
118:
101:
3803:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
3548:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
3723:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
3703:Treaties extended to British Antigua and Barbuda
530:A wetland clean-up in Oman on World Wetlands Day
439:International Association for Impact Assessment
373:Biodiversity-related conventions including the
1460:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
616:List of international environmental agreements
506:International Union for Conservation of Nature
332:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3778:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
2953:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
2006:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1716:
1545:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
1470:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
873:
425:Non-governmental organizations including the
8:
772:Bridgewater, Peter; Kim, Rakhyun E. (2021).
735:"Using the Ramsar Sites Information Service"
641:
639:
637:
259:List of wetlands of international importance
200:for the conservation and sustainable use of
96:
3148:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
2071:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
700:"The Conference of the Contracting Parties"
418:, and specific programmes such as UNESCO's
220:, where the convention was signed in 1971.
3728:Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)
3688:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3003:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
2387:
2268:
2255:
1753:
1739:
1723:
1709:
1701:
1484:
899:
880:
866:
858:
607:– threat classification for wetlands
95:
3788:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
3743:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
774:"The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands at 50"
557:of Tour du Valat research station in the
492:The Scientific and Technical Review Panel
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
3453:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
2988:Treaties of the Central African Republic
338:International Water Management Institute
298:List of parties to the Ramsar Convention
45:This article includes a list of general
3733:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
674:"The Ramsar Convention and its Mission"
633:
553:(former environment minister of Iran),
3748:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
3713:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
3258:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1565:Meadowview Biological Research Station
1497:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
227:(COP), the policy-making organ of the
3738:Treaties extended to the Cook Islands
3708:Treaties extended to British Honduras
3018:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
466:Conference of the Contracting Parties
225:Conference of the Contracting Parties
7:
3628:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
461:Bodies established by the convention
379:Convention to Combat Desertification
2813:Treaties entered into force in 1975
2334:Oceanic physical-biological process
2196:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1560:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
318:International organization partners
3053:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
2938:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
375:Convention on Biological Diversity
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3498:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
3488:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
611:Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award
549:The convention was co-founded by
416:UN Economic Commission for Europe
254:in India, an example of wise use.
3808:Treaties extended to West Berlin
3308:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
2767:
2766:
2754:
2740:
2372:
2044:
1861:Colored dissolved organic matter
1685:
1684:
1673:
212:. It is named after the city of
107:
36:
3773:Treaties extended to Montserrat
3598:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
2858:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2206:Latin America and the Caribbean
1056:Flooded grasslands and savannas
722:"Ramsar Sites Around the World"
420:Man and the Biosphere Programme
383:Convention on Migratory Species
3758:Treaties extended to Greenland
3753:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
3633:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3038:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2688:Ecological values of mangroves
2231:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
778:Nature Ecology & Evolution
512:organization partners (IOPs).
508:(IUCN) in Gland, Switzerland.
1:
3763:Treaties extended to Guernsey
3638:Treaties of the United States
3108:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3073:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
1580:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
1570:Society of Wetland Scientists
567:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
435:Society of Wetland Scientists
354:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
241:Upper Navua Conservation Area
3798:Treaties extended to Tokelau
3698:Treaties extended to Bermuda
3468:Treaties of the Soviet Union
3433:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
2708:Marine conservation activism
2693:Fisheries and climate change
1195:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
600:Ramsar classification system
276:Ramsar site in Guinea-Bissau
3768:Treaties extended to Jersey
3448:Treaties of the Philippines
3373:Treaties of the Netherlands
3278:Treaties of North Macedonia
2703:Human impact on marine life
2580:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
1816:Aquatic population dynamics
1465:National Wetlands Inventory
208:). It is also known as the
3824:
3693:Treaties extended to Aruba
2808:Treaties concluded in 1971
1550:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
829:DOI: 10.1628/avr-2022-0005
790:10.1038/s41559-021-01392-5
533:
431:Conservation International
295:
285:(57,000 sq mi).
262:
3783:Treaties extended to Niue
3263:Treaties of Liechtenstein
3138:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
2734:
2390:
2370:
2319:Marine primary production
2267:
2254:
2213:List of marine ecoregions
2042:
1752:
1738:
1668:
1487:
387:World Heritage Convention
292:International cooperation
106:
3663:Treaties of West Germany
3613:Treaties of Turkmenistan
3523:Treaties of South Africa
3508:Treaties of Sierra Leone
3413:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
2958:Treaties of Burkina Faso
2565:Coastal biogeomorphology
2560:Marine coastal ecosystem
1529:Wetland indicator status
361:Technical Review Panel.
149:Ratification by 7 states
3568:Treaties of Switzerland
3533:Treaties of South Sudan
3528:Treaties of South Korea
3478:Treaties of Saint Lucia
3398:Treaties of North Korea
3378:Treaties of New Zealand
3188:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3068:Treaties of El Salvador
3013:Treaties of the Comoros
2888:Treaties of the Bahamas
2823:1975 in the environment
2818:1971 in the environment
2473:Paradox of the plankton
2284:Diel vertical migration
2178:Freshwater swamp forest
1896:GIS and aquatic science
1744:General components and
1240:Freshwater swamp forest
274:Archipel Bolama-Bijagos
66:more precise citations.
3648:Treaties of Uzbekistan
3578:Treaties of Tajikistan
3503:Treaties of Seychelles
3353:Treaties of Mozambique
3343:Treaties of Montenegro
3313:Treaties of Mauritania
3283:Treaties of Madagascar
3273:Treaties of Luxembourg
3228:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3208:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3103:Treaties of the Gambia
2983:Treaties of Cape Verde
2898:Treaties of Bangladesh
2883:Treaties of Azerbaijan
2798:Environmental treaties
2299:Large marine ecosystem
1991:Shoaling and schooling
1575:Wetlands International
1346:List of wetland plants
531:
488:
475:The Standing Committee
344:Wetlands International
327:BirdLife International
311:
277:
255:
244:
210:Convention on Wetlands
3653:Treaties of Venezuela
3543:Treaties of Sri Lanka
3383:Treaties of Nicaragua
3318:Treaties of Mauritius
3268:Treaties of Lithuania
3163:Treaties of Indonesia
3128:Treaties of Guatemala
2873:Treaties of Australia
2863:Treaties of Argentina
2718:Marine protected area
2645:Salt pannes and pools
2420:Marine larval ecology
2395:Census of Marine Life
2279:Deep scattering layer
2236:San Francisco Estuary
2201:Africa and Madagascar
2026:Underwater camouflage
1806:Aquatic biomonitoring
1746:freshwater ecosystems
1220:Salt pannes and pools
529:
486:
305:
272:
250:
238:
3683:Treaties of Zimbabwe
3588:Treaties of Thailand
3583:Treaties of Tanzania
3558:Treaties of Eswatini
3553:Treaties of Suriname
3518:Treaties of Slovenia
3513:Treaties of Slovakia
3458:Treaties of Portugal
3438:Treaties of Paraguay
3418:Treaties of Pakistan
3338:Treaties of Mongolia
3293:Treaties of Malaysia
3218:Treaties of Kiribati
3143:Treaties of Honduras
3048:Treaties of Djibouti
3008:Treaties of Colombia
2973:Treaties of Cameroon
2968:Treaties of Cambodia
2943:Treaties of Botswana
2903:Treaties of Barbados
2833:Wetland conservation
2453:Marine bacteriophage
2415:Marine invertebrates
196:is an international
175:Director General of
3658:Treaties of Vietnam
3643:Treaties of Uruguay
3623:Treaties of Ukraine
3603:Treaties of Tunisia
3493:Treaties of Senegal
3463:Treaties of Romania
3393:Treaties of Nigeria
3363:Treaties of Namibia
3358:Treaties of Myanmar
3348:Treaties of Morocco
3328:Treaties of Moldova
3253:Treaties of Liberia
3248:Treaties of Lesotho
3243:Treaties of Lebanon
3193:Treaties of Jamaica
3173:Treaties of Ireland
3153:Treaties of Iceland
3123:Treaties of Grenada
3088:Treaties of Finland
3078:Treaties of Estonia
3058:Treaties of Ecuador
3043:Treaties of Denmark
3023:Treaties of Croatia
2963:Treaties of Burundi
2933:Treaties of Bolivia
2913:Treaties of Belgium
2908:Treaties of Belarus
2893:Treaties of Bahrain
2878:Treaties of Austria
2868:Treaties of Armenia
2853:Treaties of Andorra
2848:Treaties of Algeria
2843:Treaties of Albania
2329:Ocean fertilization
2138:Trophic state index
2096:Lake stratification
1826:Aquatic respiration
1680:Wetlands portal
1311:Constructed wetland
896:Types and landforms
621:World Heritage Site
252:Sustainable fishing
243:Ramsar site in Fiji
98:
3678:Treaties of Zambia
3618:Treaties of Uganda
3608:Treaties of Turkey
3563:Treaties of Sweden
3473:Treaties of Rwanda
3428:Treaties of Panama
3403:Treaties of Norway
3333:Treaties of Monaco
3323:Treaties of Mexico
3288:Treaties of Malawi
3238:Treaties of Latvia
3223:Treaties of Kuwait
3203:Treaties of Jordan
3178:Treaties of Israel
3133:Treaties of Guinea
3118:Treaties of Greece
3093:Treaties of France
3033:Treaties of Cyprus
2978:Treaties of Canada
2948:Treaties of Brazil
2928:Treaties of Bhutan
2918:Treaties of Belize
2595:Intertidal wetland
2590:Intertidal ecology
2458:Marine prokaryotes
2400:Deep-sea community
2294:Iron fertilization
2217:Specific examples
2143:Upland and lowland
2061:Freshwater biology
1926:Microbial food web
1836:Aquatic toxicology
1779:Aquatic adaptation
1732:Aquatic ecosystems
1524:Salt marsh die-off
1442:Salt marsh dieback
1351:List of fen plants
1190:Palustrine wetland
1091:Intertidal wetland
1086:Interdunal wetland
853:World Wetlands Day
536:World Wetlands Day
532:
522:World Wetlands Day
489:
441:, and many others;
427:Nature Conservancy
312:
278:
256:
245:
3673:Treaties of Zaire
3668:Treaties of Yemen
3573:Treaties of Syria
3538:Treaties of Spain
3483:Treaties of Samoa
3423:Treaties of Palau
3388:Treaties of Niger
3368:Treaties of Nepal
3303:Treaties of Malta
3213:Treaties of Kenya
3198:Treaties of Japan
3183:Treaties of Italy
3158:Treaties of India
3113:Treaties of Ghana
3098:Treaties of Gabon
3063:Treaties of Egypt
2998:Treaties of Chile
2923:Treaties of Benin
2793:Ramsar Convention
2780:
2779:
2761:Oceans portal
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2605:Hydrothermal vent
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2430:Seashore wildlife
2261:Marine ecosystems
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2016:Thermal pollution
1981:Ramsar Convention
1921:Microbial ecology
1881:Fisheries science
1821:Aquatic predation
1698:
1697:
1600:Aquatic ecosystem
1588:
1587:
1507:Ramsar Convention
1334:
1333:
1316:Converted wetland
1258:Peat swamp forest
1121:Inland salt marsh
563:Geoffrey Matthews
402:agencies such as
349:WWF International
190:
189:
97:Ramsar Convention
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
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3593:Treaties of Togo
3443:Treaties of Peru
3408:Treaties of Oman
3298:Treaties of Mali
3233:Treaties of Laos
3168:Treaties of Iraq
3083:Treaties of Fiji
3028:Treaties of Cuba
2993:Treaties of Chad
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2747:Lakes portal
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2713:Marine pollution
2405:Deep-water coral
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2309:Marine chemistry
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2173:Freshwater marsh
2066:Freshwater biome
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1764:Acoustic ecology
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1660:Will-o'-the-wisp
1593:Related articles
1485:
1285:Whitewater river
1235:Coniferous swamp
1116:Freshwater marsh
1009:Clearwater river
925:Blackwater river
900:
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846:Official website
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141:21 December 1975
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753:. 11 March 2020
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2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
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2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
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2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Trophic level
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Sediment trap
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Phytoplankton
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Aquatic plant
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Anoxic waters
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Riparian zone
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1591:
1581:
1578:
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1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:Organizations
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
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1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:Tropical peat
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Várzea forest
1273:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Polygonal bog
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
901:
898:
894:
890:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
863:
860:
854:
851:
847:
842:
841:
837:
830:
823:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
765:
752:
748:
742:
739:
736:
731:
728:
723:
717:
714:
701:
695:
692:
679:
675:
669:
666:
654:
653:
648:
642:
640:
638:
634:
627:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
542:
537:
528:
521:
519:
517:
516:Musonda Mumba
513:
509:
507:
499:
497:
491:
485:
481:
474:
472:
465:
460:
455:
454:Star Alliance
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
370:
364:
362:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
317:
315:
309:
304:
299:
291:
289:
286:
283:
275:
271:
266:
258:
253:
249:
242:
237:
233:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
110:
105:
100:
94:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2838:Wildlife law
2828:1971 in Iran
2675:Conservation
2526:Pelagic fish
2506:Coastal fish
2410:Marine fungi
2148:Water garden
2031:Water column
1980:
1976:Productivity
1951:Pelagic zone
1911:Macrobenthos
1901:Hydrobiology
1871:Ecohydrology
1625:List of bogs
1506:
1480:Conservation
1411:Ombrotrophic
1355:
1326:Water-meadow
1250:
1061:Grass valley
1051:Flood-meadow
1014:Cypress dome
945:Cataract bog
920:Beach meadow
822:
781:
777:
767:
755:. Retrieved
750:
741:
730:
716:
704:. Retrieved
694:
682:. Retrieved
678:the original
668:
656:. Retrieved
650:
588:
555:Luc Hoffmann
548:
539:
514:
510:
503:
495:
478:
469:
368:
359:
321:
313:
287:
282:Ramsar sites
279:
222:
209:
202:Ramsar sites
193:
191:
93:
78:
72:October 2017
69:
50:
29:
2660:Sponge reef
2635:Rocky shore
2630:Oyster reef
2600:Kelp forest
2483:Vertebrates
2383:Marine life
2359:Viral shunt
2324:Marine snow
2226:Maharashtra
2133:Stream pool
2036:Zooplankton
1956:Photic zone
1916:Meiobenthos
1769:Algal bloom
1650:Telmatology
1645:River delta
1512:Ramsar site
1502:Marsh organ
1401:Hydric soil
1280:Vernal pool
1263:Shrub swamp
1131:Tidal marsh
960:Plateau bog
950:Coastal bog
940:Blanket bog
575:Caspian Sea
541:countries.
385:(CMS), the
377:(CBD), the
154:Signatories
113:Ramsar logo
64:introducing
2787:Categories
2640:Salt marsh
2575:Coral reef
2364:Whale fall
2344:Photophore
2221:Everglades
2189:Ecoregions
2128:Stream bed
2101:Macrophyte
2054:Freshwater
1886:Food chain
1799:Water bird
1610:Bog butter
1306:Bog garden
1299:Artificial
1270:Wet meadow
1136:High marsh
1126:Salt marsh
1029:Fen-meadow
997:Alder carr
980:Upland bog
975:String bog
970:Raised bog
684:11 October
628:References
577:resort of
571:Slimbridge
414:, and the
308:Wadden Sea
229:convention
172:Depositary
47:references
2665:Tide pool
2570:Cold seep
2354:Upwelling
2118:Rheotaxis
2111:Fish pond
2086:Limnology
2011:Substrate
1996:Siltation
1866:Dead zone
1432:Hydrosere
1420:Processes
1406:Marsh gas
1251:Myristica
1141:Low marsh
955:Kermi bog
930:Bofedales
910:Backswamp
814:231757105
798:2397-334X
381:(UNCCD),
183:Languages
146:Condition
138:Effective
2772:Category
2698:HERMIONE
2615:Mangrove
2425:Seagrass
1971:Pleuston
1966:Plankton
1946:Particle
1891:Food web
1690:Category
1620:Bog-wood
1615:Bog iron
1605:Bog body
1427:Halosere
1379:Histosol
1374:Acrotelm
1357:Sphagnum
1215:Reed bed
1160:Moorland
1039:Rich fen
1034:Poor fen
889:Wetlands
806:33526891
757:18 March
706:31 March
702:. Ramsar
658:7 August
594:See also
559:Camargue
393:(CITES);
206:wetlands
127:Location
2625:Mudflat
2585:Estuary
2555:Bay mud
2533:Seabird
2289:f-ratio
2272:General
2153:Wetland
1941:Neuston
1906:Hypoxia
1851:Biomass
1841:Benthos
1757:General
1655:Turbary
1635:Estuary
1210:Pothole
1200:Pocosin
1165:Mudflat
1004:Ciénega
987:Callows
903:Natural
565:of the
545:History
480:years.
162:Parties
60:improve
2610:Lagoon
1936:Nekton
1794:Mammal
1789:Insect
1225:Slough
1180:Pakihi
1170:Muskeg
1096:Kettle
1066:Guelta
812:
804:
796:
652:UNESCO
579:Ramsar
446:Danone
437:, the
433:, the
422:(MAB);
412:UNESCO
340:(IWMI)
334:(IUCN)
214:Ramsar
198:treaty
177:UNESCO
133:, Iran
131:Ramsar
119:Signed
49:, but
2001:Spawn
1321:Swale
1290:Yaéré
1253:swamp
1230:Swamp
1185:Palsa
1175:Oasis
1155:Misse
1106:Marsh
1076:IgapĂł
1071:Hamun
1046:Flark
1019:Dambo
915:Bayou
810:S2CID
450:Évian
356:(WWT)
2106:Pond
1517:List
1384:Peat
1339:Life
1205:Pond
1150:Mere
1101:Lagg
1081:Ings
992:Carr
802:PMID
794:ISSN
759:2020
708:2019
686:2016
660:2022
408:UNDP
404:UNEP
306:The
239:The
218:Iran
192:The
2168:Fen
2158:Bog
1024:Fen
935:Bog
786:doi
569:at
216:in
166:172
2789::
808:.
800:.
792:.
780:.
776:.
749:.
649:.
636:^
429:,
410:,
406:,
400:UN
157:23
1724:e
1717:t
1710:v
881:e
874:t
867:v
816:.
788::
782:5
761:.
724:.
710:.
688:.
662:.
204:(
85:)
79:(
74:)
70:(
56:.
20:)
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