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territorial males, which floated on the surface of the water with their lungs inflated, displaying their yellow gulars. Males optimize their reproductive fitness in a number of ways. Early arrival at the breeding site, prolonged breeding with continuous sexual activity throughout the season, ownership of a centrally located territory within the chorus, and successful movement between the dynamically changing choruses are all common ways for males to maintain dominant, or territorial, status within the chorus. Older males have greater success in all of these areas than younger males. Some of the males display a more inferior role, termed by many researchers as the silent male status. These silent males adopt a submissive posture, sit near resident males and make no attempt to displace them. The silent males do not attempt to intercept females but are waiting for the territories to become vacant. This has also been called the alternate or satellite male strategy.
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of the lower jaw. When the frog attacks prey, opening its mouth is like letting go of the slingshot; the elastic force stored up in both the tongue and the jaw are combined to shoot the tip of the tongue toward the prey much faster than the prey's ability to see the strike and evade capture, completing the strike and retrieval in approximately 0.07 seconds. Another benefit of this elastic-force based attack is that it is not dependent on background temperature. A frog with a cold body temperature has muscles that move more slowly, but it can still attack prey with the same speed as if its body was warm.
1074:. At higher population densities, leks are favored due to the difficulty in defending individual territories among a large population of males. This variance causes differences in how females choose their mates. When the male population density is low and males maintain clearer, more distinct territories, female choice is mostly determined by territory quality. When male population density is higher, females depend on other cues to select their mates. These cues include the males' positions within the chorus and differences in male display behaviors among other determinants.
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ballistic lunge (eyes closed as during all leaps) that ends with the mouth opening. At this stage, the fleshy, mucus-coated tongue is extended towards the prey, often engulfing it, while the jaws continue their forward travel to close (bite) just as the tongue is retracted. Large prey that do not fit entirely into the mouth are stuffed in with the hands. In laboratory observations, bullfrogs taking mice usually swam underwater with prey in mouth, apparently with the advantageous result of altering the mouse's defense from counter-attack to struggling for air.
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utilization of the males' forelimbs. The enlargement of forelimb muscles is a sexually dimorphic trait seen in the male bullfrog. One study investigating male and female bullfrog forelimbs muscles found males had significantly stronger muscles that could undergo longer durations of activity before the onset of fatigue. The significance of forelimb sexual dimorphism allow males to remain in amplexus with the female for longer durations increasing their chance at reproductive success in the highly competitive mating environment.
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1434:, multiple traits within the species contribute to its competitive ability. The generalist diet of the American bullfrog allows for it to consume food in different environments. When observing the contents of American bullfrog stomachs, it was discovered that adult bullfrogs regularly consume predators of bullfrog young, including dragonfly nymphs, garter snakes, and giant water bugs. Thus, the ecological check on American bullfrog juveniles in invaded areas become less effective.
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1003:. The reasons for introducing the bullfrog to these areas have largely been intentional, either to provide humans with a source of food or as biological control agents. In addition to the unintended escape of frogs from breeding establishments or scientific research facilities, captive escapees or released pets are also a possibility. Conservationists are concerned that the bullfrog is relatively immune to the
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the choruses were described as "centers of attraction" in which their larger numbers enhanced the males' overall acoustical displays. This is more attractive to females and also attractive to other sexually active males. Choruses in this study were dynamic, constantly forming and breaking up. New choruses were formed in other areas of the site. Males moved around and were highly mobile within the choruses.
1497:, and low water quality. The frogs are large, have powerful leaps, and inevitably escape after which they may wreak havoc among the native frog population. Countries that export bullfrog legs include the Netherlands, Belgium, Mexico, Bangladesh, Japan, China, Taiwan, and Indonesia. Most of these frogs are caught from the wild, but some are captive-reared. The United States is a net importer of frog legs.
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1484:. The traditional way of hunting them is to paddle or pole silently by canoe or flatboat in ponds or swamps at night; when the frog's call is heard, a light is shone at the frog which temporarily inhibits its movement. The frog will not jump into deeper water as long as it is approached slowly and steadily. When close enough, the frog is
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19.7 ft) apart and call loudly. At least three different types of calls have been noted in male bullfrogs under different circumstances. These distinctive calls include territorial calls made as threats to other males, advertisement calls made to attract females, and encounter calls which precede combat.
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and consume their legs. Adult frogs try to escape by splashing and leaping into deep water. A trapped individual may squawk or emit a piercing scream, which may surprise the attacker sufficiently for the frog to escape. An attack on one bullfrog is likely to alert others in the vicinity to danger and
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has been observed in bullfrog populations in resource-limited environments. Bullfrogs are able to capture large, strong prey because of the powerful grip of their jaws after the initial ranid tongue strike. However, there is a correlation found with size of prey relative to body size of the bullfrog.
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To establish social dominance within choruses, bullfrogs demonstrate various forms of aggression, especially through visual displays. Posture is a key factor in establishing social position and threatening challengers. Territorial males have inflated postures while non-territorial males remain in the
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formation of birds, mammals, and other vertebrates. Choruses are dynamic, forming and remaining associated for a few days, breaking down temporarily, and then forming again in a new area with a different group of males. Male movement has experimentally been noted to be dynamic. In the
Michigan study,
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Commercial bullfrog culture in near-natural enclosed ponds has been attempted, but is fraught with difficulties. Although pelleted feed is available, the frogs will not willingly consume artificial diets, and providing sufficient live prey is challenging. Disease also tends to be a problem even when
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If the water temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F), developmental abnormalities occur, and if it falls below 15 °C (59 °F), normal development ceases. Newly hatched tadpoles show a preference for living in shallow water on fine gravel bottoms. American bullfrog tadpoles have also
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length. They grow fast in the first eight months of life, typically increasing in weight from 5 to 175 g (0.18 to 6.17 oz), and large, mature individuals can weigh up to 500 g (1.1 lb). In some cases bullfrogs have been recorded as attaining 800 g (1.8 lb) and measuring
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Hammond, S. Austin; Warren, René L.; Vandervalk, Benjamin P.; Kucuk, Erdi; Khan, Hamza; Gibb, Ewan A.; Pandoh, Pawan; Kirk, Heather; Zhao, Yongjun; Jones, Martin; Mungall, Andrew J.; Coope, Robin; Pleasance, Stephen; Moore, Richard A.; Holt, Robert A.; Round, Jessica M.; Ohora, Sara; Walle, Branden
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The speed of a bullfrog's tongue strike is much faster than it should be if muscles were the only force behind it. Similar to the tension on a slingshot pulled all the way back, when the frog's mouth is closed, tension is put into the elastic tissues of the tongue, and also into the elastic tendons
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sacs. The gular is dichromatic in bullfrogs, with dominant and fitter males displaying yellow gulars. The New Jersey study also reported low posture with only the head exposed above the water surface was typical of subordinate, or non-territorial males, and females. High posture was demonstrated by
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The bullfrogs have a prolonged breeding season, with the males continuously engaging in sexual activity throughout. Males are present at the breeding pond for longer periods than females during the entire season, increasing their chances of multiple matings. The sex ratio is typically skewed toward
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with a multiple-tined spear and brought into the boat. Bullfrogs can also be stalked on land, by again taking great care not to startle them. In some states, breaking the skin while catching them is illegal, and either grasping gigs or hand captures used. The only parts normally eaten are the rear
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Chorus tenure is the number of nights that a male participates in the breeding chorus. One study distinguishes between chorus tenure and dominant tenure. Dominant tenure is more strictly defined as the amount of time a male maintains a dominant status. Chorus tenure is restricted due to increased
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In areas where the
American bullfrog is introduced, the population can be controlled by various means. One project (3n-Bullfrog project) uses sterile triploïd (3n) bullfrogs. In Europe, the American bullfrog is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union
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Analysis of the
American bullfrog's realized niche at various sites in Mexico, and comparisons with the niches of endemic frogs show that it is possible that the American bullfrog capable of niche shift, and pose a threat to many endemic Mexican frog species, even those that are not currently in
1155:"showed a preference for habitats containing structure." This may reflect a lesser number of predators in these locations. As they grow, they tend to move into deeper water. The tadpoles initially have three pairs of external gills and several rows of labial teeth. They pump water through their
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after they have indicated their willingness to mate. This finding refutes previous claims that a male frog will clasp any proximate female with no regard to whether the female has consented. Once a male finds a receptive female he will clasp onto her and undergo amplexus—reproductive position—by
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seems to exhibit traits of immunity or resistance against the antipredator defenses of other organisms. Analysis of stomach contents from bullfrog populations in New Mexico show the regular consumption of wasps, with no conditioned avoidance due to the wasps' stingers. Along the
Colorado river,
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The bullfrog breeding season typically lasts two to three months. A study of bullfrogs in
Michigan showed the males arriving at the breeding site in late May or early June, and remaining in the area into July. The territorial males that occupy sites are usually spaced some 3 to 6 m (9.8 to
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Prey motion elicits feeding behavior. First, if necessary, the frog performs a single, orienting bodily rotation ending with the frog aimed towards the prey, followed by approaching leaps, if necessary. Once within striking distance, the bullfrog begins its feeding strike, which consists of a
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are the most likely classifications for the bullfrog mating system. Leks would be a valid description because males congregate to attract females, and the females arrive to the site for the purpose of copulation. In a 1980 study on bullfrogs in New Jersey, the mating system was classified as
621:. In these places they are invasive species due to their voracious appetite and the large number of eggs they produce, which has a negative effect on native amphibians and other fauna. Bullfrogs are very skittish which makes capture difficult and so they often become established.
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folds of skin enclose them. The limbs are blotched or banded with gray. The fore legs are short and sturdy and the hind legs are long. The front toes are not webbed, but the back toes have webbing between the digits with the exception of the fourth toe, which is unwebbed.
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list). This implies that this species cannot under any circumstances be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the
European Union. The American bullfrog has been known to spread the amphibian pathogen
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risk of predation, lost foraging opportunities, and higher energy consumption. Calling is postulated to be energetically costly to anurans in general. Energy is also expended through locomotion and aggressive interactions of male bullfrogs within the chorus.
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from actual muscular movement. In other words, the kinematic parameters developed by contribution of the elastic structures differ from those developed by muscular projection, accounting for the difference in velocity, power output, and thermal dependence.
744:, with males being smaller than females and having yellow throats. Males have tympana larger than their eyes, whereas the tympana in females are about the same size as the eyes. Bullfrogs measure about 3.6 to 6 in (9 to 15 cm) in snout–to–
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males. Conversely, females have brief periods of sexual receptivity during the season. In one study, female sexual activity typically lasted for a single night and mating did not occur unless the females initiated the physical contact. Males only
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ranges from a few months in the southern part of the range to 3 years in the north, where the colder water slows development. Maximum lifespan in the wild is estimated to be 8 to 10 years, but one frog lived for almost 16 years in captivity.
1140:. The eggs form a thin, floating sheet which may cover an area of 0.5 to 1.0 m (5.4 to 10.8 sq ft). The embryos develop best at water temperatures between 24 and 30 °C (75 and 86 °F) and hatch in three to five days.
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clasped, each individual in an erect position rising to well above water level. The New Jersey study noted the males would approach each other to within a few centimeters and then tilt back their heads, displaying their brilliantly colored
720:(under) surface is off-white blotched with yellow or gray. Often, a marked contrast in color is seen between the green upper lip and the pale lower lip. The teeth are tiny and are useful only in grasping. The eyes are prominent with brown
1136:, the male rides on top of the female, grasping her just behind her fore limbs. The female chooses a site in shallow water among vegetation, and lays a batch of up to 20,000 eggs, and the male simultaneously releases sperm, resulting in
1329:. This accounts for the tongue projecting with higher power output than would develop by muscular action alone. Also, such mechanism relieves the tongue's musculature from physiological constraints such as limited peak power output -
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water with only their heads showing. For dominant (territorial) males, their elevated posture reveals their yellow-colored throats. When two dominant males encounter each other, they engage in a wrestling bout. The males have their
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at the water-air interface by striking at a position posterior to the target's perceived location. The comparative ability of bullfrogs to capture submerged prey, compared to that of the green frog, leopard frog, and wood frog
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López, Jorge Luis
Becerra et al. “Evidence of niche shift and invasion potential of Lithobates catesbeianus in the habitat of Mexican endemic frogs.” PloS one vol. 12,9 e0185086. 27 Sep. 2017, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185086
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Ortíz-Serrato, Liliana, et al. “Diet of the Exotic
American Bullfrog, Lithobates Catesbeianus, in a Stream of Northwestern Baja California, Mexico.” Western North American Naturalist, vol. 74, no. 1, 2014, pp. 116–22,
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1259:, which are the usual food of ranid frogs. These studies revealed the bullfrog's diet to be unique among North American ranids in the inclusion of a large percentage of aquatic animals, such as fish, tadpoles,
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within the choruses is established through challenges, threats, and other physical displays. Older males tend to acquire more central locations while younger males were restricted to the periphery.
868:, as concerns exist that it may outcompete or prey upon native species of reptiles and amphibians, disrupting the delicate ecological balance of certain areas. The bullfrog has been introduced in
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Deban, Stephen M.; Lappin, A. Kristopher (2011-04-15). "Thermal effects on the dynamics and motor control of ballistic prey capture in toads: maintaining high performance at low temperature".
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3566:"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species"
1171:. As they grow, they begin to ingest larger particles and use their teeth for rasping. They have downward-facing mouths, deep bodies, and tails with broad dorsal and ventral fins.
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stomach contents indicate the ability to withstand the discomforting spines of the stickleback fish. Reports of
American bullfrogs eating scorpions and rattlesnakes also exist.
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Smith, Geoffrey, and
Brittany Doupnik. "Habitat use and activity level of large American bullfrog tadpoles: choices and repeatability." Amphibia-Reptilia 26.4 (2005): 549-552.
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1012:(also called ‘chytrid’ fungus) which has been ravaging numerous frog species, and, as it invades new territories, it may assist in the spread of this lethal fungus as an
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1398:, but the high levels of activity of the tadpoles may make them more noticeable to a predator not deterred by their unpleasant taste. Humans hunt bullfrogs as
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Their presence as a food source has led to bullfrogs being distributed around the world outside of their native range. Bullfrogs have been introduced into the
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tips on how to catch and cook bullfrogs in an effort to encourage residents to help control the growing population by catching the invasive frogs for food.
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1374:), predatory fish, and occasionally other amphibians. Predators of American bullfrogs once in their adult stages can range from 150 g (5.3 oz)
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Garner, Trenton W.J; Perkins, Matthew W; Govindarajulu, Purnima; Seglie, Daniele; Walker, Susan; Cunningham, Andrew A; Fisher, Matthew C (2006-05-24).
3475:"Stomach contents from invasive American bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana (= Lithobates catesbeianus) on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada"
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A review of multiple studies on bullfrogs and other anurans noted male behavior within the groups changes according to the population density of the
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2342:"Introduced bullfrogs are associated with increased Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis prevalence and reduced occurrence of Korean treefrogs"
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Both, Camila, et al. "Widespread occurrence of the american bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)(Anura: Ranidae), in Brazil."
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Juveniles and adults typically go after prey that is relative to their own body size. The bullfrog is able to make allowance for light
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1911:
1747:"Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms"
2782:"Sexual dimorphism in forelimb muscles of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana: a functional analysis of isometric contractile properties"
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1934:
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Tessa, G. (2016). "Age and body size in four introduced populations of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Ranidae)".
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716:(upper) surface of the bullfrog has an olive-green basal color, either plain or with mottling and banding of grayish brown. The
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resource-defense polygyny. The males defended territories within the group and demonstrated typical physical forms of defense.
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Leivas, P. T., Leivas, F. W., & Moura, M. O. (2012). Diet and trophic niche of Lithobates catesbeianus (Amphibia: Anura).
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Ryan, Michael J.; Tuttle, Merlin D.; Taft, Lucinda K. (July 1981). "The costs and benefits of frog chorusing behavior".
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legs, which resemble small chicken drumsticks, have a similar flavor and texture and can be cooked in similar ways.
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586:. The bullfrog gets its name from the sound the male makes during the breeding season, which sounds similar to a
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These male and female behaviors cause male-to-male competition to be high within the bullfrog population and
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Littlejohn, M. J.; Martin, A. A. (1969). "Acoustic interaction between two species of leptodactylid frogs".
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they will all retreat into the safety of deeper water. Bullfrogs may be at least partially resistant to the
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that prey on any small animal they can overpower and consume. Bullfrog stomachs have been found to contain
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1846:"The North American bullfrog draft genome provides insight into hormonal regulation of long noncoding RNA"
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bellowing. The bullfrog is large and is commonly eaten throughout its range, especially in the southern
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The American bullfrog is used as a specimen for dissection in many schools across the world. It is the
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Carpenter, Niel M.; Casazza, Michael L.; Wylie, Glenn D. (2005). "Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog). Diet".
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great care is taken to provide sanitary conditions. Other challenges to be overcome may be predation,
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Other countries and regions into which the bullfrog has been introduced include the extreme south of
912:. Bullfrogs have been found to feed on the young of several snakes, including the California endemic
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3005:"Energy and Communication in Three Species of Hylid Frogs: Power Input, Power Output and Efficiency"
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Wiewandt, Thomas A (1969). "Vocalization, aggressive behavior, and territoriality in the bullfrog,
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Male bullfrogs aggregate into groups called choruses. The male chorus behavior is analogous to the
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up to 8 in (20 cm) from snout to vent. The American bullfrog is the largest species of
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After selecting a male, the female deposits eggs in his territory. During the mating grasp, or
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Woolbright, Lawrence L.; Stewart, Margaret M. (1987). "Foraging success of the tropical frog,
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A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
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Hillis, David M.; Wilcox, Thomas P. (February 2005). "Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (
1647:"American Museum of Natural History: Amphibian Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference"
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1975:, for the Capture of Prey Submerged in Water. M.S. Thesis, U. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
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Ballistic tongue projection of the related leopard frog is possible due to the presence of
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3542:"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission"
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Wells, Kentwood D (1977). "Territoriality and male mating success in the green frog (
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Hillis, David M. (February 2007). "Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life".
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to eastern North America, where it is commonly found in every U.S. state east of the
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provides limited support (BLAST, JBrowse tracks, genome download) for the bullfrog.
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Emlen, Stephen T (1976). "Lek organization and mating strategies in the bullfrog".
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1167:, pollen grains, and other small particles on mucus in a filtration organ in their
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3265:"Temperature Effects on the Biomechanics of Prey Capture in the Frog Rana pipiens"
1998:
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and thermal dependence by uncoupling the activation of the depressor mandibulae's
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This article is about the bullfrog in North America. For the Asian bullfrog, see
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1419:) snakes, though these species are known natural predators of bullfrogs as are
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Borzée, Amaël; Kosch, A. Tiffany; Kim, Miyeon; Jang, Yikweon (May 31, 2017).
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Cardini, F. (1974). Specializations of the Feeding Response of the Bullfrog,
668:) was published in 2017 and provides a resource for future Ranidae research.
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2202:"Why Utah's Wildlife Services is suggesting bullfrogs for your dinner table"
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by movements of the floor of their mouths, trapping bacteria, single-celled
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1906:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 208 pp.
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Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology
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Prestwich, Kenneth N.; Brugger, Kristin E.; Topping, Mary (1 July 1989).
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globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog,
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Bullfrogs are an important item of prey to many birds (especially large
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V.; Veldhoen, Nik; Helbing, Caren C.; Birol, Inanc (10 November 2017).
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761:
633:
579:
110:
85:
3515:
3190:
1773:
1125:
Juvenile with a small, grey, oval-shaped area on top of the head, the
4229:
4159:
4038:
3289:
3264:
3043:
Pough, F. H., et al. (1992). "Behavioral energetics", pp. 395–436 in
1322:
1248:
1208:
976:
936:
932:
885:
869:
849:
841:
833:
745:
543:
224:
3850:
3451:
3364:
3071:
Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species
2981:
2715:
2702:(1958). "Call structure and species groups in US treefrogs (Hyla)".
2677:
2618:
2550:
2508:
1041:
for the females to be an intense process. Kentwood Wells postulated
3960:
3348:
1467:
1404:
1363:
1345:
1216:
1212:
1173:
1160:
1120:
988:
980:
956:
952:
837:
797:
793:
771:
725:
703:
614:
610:
575:
559:
2741:
The influence of sound on the behavior of amphibians and reptiles
1297:, respectively) was also demonstrated in laboratory experiments.
570:. Bullfrogs can also be found in manmade habitats such as pools,
1509:
1476:
The American bullfrog provides a food source, especially in the
1395:
1252:
1240:
1156:
944:
917:
877:
853:
587:
567:
563:
254:
3947:
3854:
1016:
to the more susceptible, native species of frog it encounters.
2459:
Blair, Albert P (1963). "Notes on anuran behavior, especially
664:
The nuclear genome (~5.8Gbp) of the North American bullfrog (
558:. It typically inhabits large permanent water bodies such as
824:
island, as well as portions of the western U.S., including
2491:
Emlen, Stephen T (1968). "Territoriality in the bullfrog,
1267:, as well as the aquatic eggs of fish, frogs, insects, or
908:, and is considered to be a factor in the decline of that
3805:
British Columbia Frog Watch Program: Bull Frog Fact Sheet
2528:
2526:
732:(eardrums) are easily seen just behind the eyes and the
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2317:"The Japanese Bullfrog | Perspectives on History | AHA"
1819:
isolate Bruno, whole genome shotgun sequencing project"
3126:
3124:
2870:
2868:
2588:
788:. Its natural range extends from the eastern Canadian
3828:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
3736:"Dissecting A Frog: A Middle School Rite Of Passage"
3263:
Sandusky, Paula E.; Deban, Stephen M. (2012-12-01).
3065:
3063:
3061:
4134:
3863:
3349:"Weight of autumn migrants from coastal New Jersey"
1621:
NatureServe Explorer An online encyclopedia of life
1460:among populations that it has been introduced to.
632:bullfrogs are sometimes kept as pets, and bullfrog
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2092:McKercher, Liz; Gregoire, Denise R. (2011-09-14).
3184:
3182:
3180:
3073:, M. Lannoo (ed.) University of California Press
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
624:Other than for food, bullfrogs are also used for
3821:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
3810:Bullfrog at the Global Invasive Species Database
3107:. Princeton University Press. pp. 181–184.
2881:: a test of the energetic constraint hypothesis"
3734:Torres-Gutierrez, Melissa (February 25, 2015).
1967:
1965:
1963:
1390:). The eggs and larvae are unpalatable to many
904:, where it is believed to pose a threat to the
692:(masculine), is in honor of English naturalist
2281:
2279:
2277:
1591:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T58565A53969770.en
3215:"Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog)"
3132:"Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog)"
1325:that allow storage and subsequent release of
1313:Biomechanical background of tongue projection
864:. In these states, it is considered to be an
820:. The bullfrog has also been introduced onto
8:
3429:"The reproductive behavior of the bullfrog (
2743:, American Institute of Biological Sciences.
2655:"The Reproductive Behavior of the Bullfrog (
2286:Lu, Christine; Sopory, Ambika (2010-08-23).
2160:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136113A4240307.en
1566:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015).
3823:United States National Agricultural Library
2875:Judge, Kevin A.; Brooks, Ronald J. (2001).
916:, a threatened species. In early 2023, the
896:of other species. It is very common on the
3851:
3756:. NetState.com. 2012-07-11. Archived from
3697:
3695:
3393:. The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
3045:Environmental physiology of the amphibians
2829:"Chorus tenure of male barking treefrogs,
1928:
1926:
1924:
323:
178:
156:
132:
38:
3624:
3490:
3288:
3168:
3020:
2848:
2780:Peters, S.E.; Aulner, D.A. (2000-12-01).
2375:
2365:
2158:
2087:
2085:
2083:
1879:
1869:
1772:
1762:
1589:
3709:. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.
3069:Casper, G. S. and Hendricks, R. (2005).
2877:"Chorus participation by male bullfrogs,
1653:. The American Museum of Natural History
1447:competition with the American bullfrog.
1195:Bullfrogs are voracious, opportunistic,
1142:
1108:
636:are often sold at ponds or fish stores.
3835:
3702:Lutz, C. Greg; Avery, Jimmy L. (1999).
2217:
2215:
2038:"ANIMAL BYTES- North American Bullfrog"
2010:
2008:
1524:
1430:Considering the invasive nature of the
352:
3391:) longevity, ageing, and life history"
3153:"Fish and amphibians as bat predators"
2069:. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
2019:. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center
920:Department of Natural Resources began
2123:South American Journal of Herpetology
1712:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1673:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1305:is the most likely cause of death of
496:Rana (Novirana, Aquarana) catesbeiana
7:
4387:Amphibians of the Dominican Republic
4000:8c27c93e-e2eb-4859-a294-86f6c14cad0c
3251:https://doi.org/10.3398/064.074.0112
2257:"SAVE THE FROGS! - Invasive Species"
4357:IUCN Red List least concern species
3417:. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
3347:Murray, B. G.; Jehl, J. R. (1964).
2931:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2418:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2238:. Invasive Species Specialist Group
2146:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1904:Catesby's Birds of Colonial America
1577:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
4382:Fauna of the Eastern United States
504:Lithobates (Aquarana) catesbeianus
25:
3585:"The emerging amphibian pathogen
1745:Yuan, Z.-Y.; et al. (2016).
1472:Bullfrogs in an Asian supermarket
1382:) to 1,100 lb (500 kg)
4397:Extant Miocene first appearances
3838:
3792:
3780:
3572:from the original on 2017-03-03.
2236:Global Invasive Species Database
1902:Feduccia, Alan (editor) (1985).
201:
4367:Amphibians of the United States
3716:from the original on 2024-03-03
3473:Jancowski K; Orchard S (2013).
3314:Journal of Experimental Biology
3105:A Natural History of Amphibians
3047:, University of Chicago Press,
3009:Journal of Experimental Biology
2827:Murphy, Christopher G. (1994).
2786:Journal of Experimental Biology
1243:, as well as the many types of
888:for various purposes including
3587:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
2222:Crayon, John J. (2009-12-03).
1943:The Frogs and Toads of Georgia
1537:Shaw 1802 (American bullfrog)"
1458:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
757:Online Model Organism Database
724:and horizontal, almond-shaped
1:
2767:10.1016/S0003-3472(69)80027-8
2294:. AmphibiaWeb. Archived from
2102:Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
1999:10.1080/11250003.2016.1259360
538:), often simply known as the
512:Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana
4377:Amphibians described in 1802
3815:Species Profile - Bullfrog (
2367:10.1371/journal.pone.0177860
3754:"Official state amphibians"
3189:Moyle, Peter (2012-07-04).
3157:European Journal of Ecology
3103:; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995).
2704:The Southwestern Naturalist
2135:Geoffrey Hammerson (2008).
2040:. Sea World. Archived from
1933:Knapp, W. W. (2008-05-28).
1724:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007
1685:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001
1368:North American river otters
780:The bullfrog is originally
487:Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana
4433:
4362:NatureServe secure species
3389:Alligator mississippiensis
1987:Italian Journal of Zoology
1871:10.1038/s41467-017-01316-7
1388:Alligator mississippiensis
1356:Alligator mississippiensis
906:California red-legged frog
816:; it is largely absent in
776:In typical aquatic habitat
594:where they are plentiful.
515:Fouquette and Dubois, 2014
29:
4402:Taxa named by George Shaw
3676:"How to Catch a Bullfrog"
2653:Ryan, Michael J. (1980).
2200:Derick Fox (1 Mar 2023).
652:, although others prefer
644:Some authorities use the
499:Hillis & Wilcox, 2005
345:
338:
331:
322:
303:
296:
198:Scientific classification
196:
176:
154:
145:
140:
131:
41:
3656:Seagrant.oregonstate.edu
3492:10.3897/neobiota.16.3806
2968:: the cost of calling".
2737:Bogert, Charles Mitchill
2104:. U.S. Geological Survey
1482:Midwestern United States
935:, nearly every state in
708:female American bullfrog
4178:Lithobates-catesbeianus
4165:lithobates-catesbeianus
4136:Lithobates catesbeianus
3895:Lithobates catesbeianus
3817:Lithobates catesbeianus
3787:Lithobates catesbeianus
2966:Eleutherodactylus coqui
2798:10.1242/jeb.203.23.3639
2226:Lithobates catesbeianus
2096:Lithobates catesbeianus
1817:Lithobates catesbeianus
1615:Lithobates catesbeianus
1570:Lithobates catesbeianus
1358:) feeding on a bullfrog
535:Lithobates catesbeianus
478:Rana (Rana) catesbeiana
438:Rana (Rana) catesbeiana
334:Introduced range – red
307:Lithobates catesbeianus
3799:Lithobates catesbeiana
3680:WikiHow to do anything
3609:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0494
2900:10.1006/anbe.2001.1801
2850:10.1006/anbe.1994.1301
1480:and some areas of the
1473:
1416:Agkistrodon piscivorus
1410:Agkistrodon contortrix
1359:
1179:
1151:
1138:external fertilization
1129:
1118:
1105:Growth and development
971:. It is also found in
800:, and as far north as
777:
709:
650:Lithobates catesbeiana
332:Natural range – blue;
4096:Paleobiology Database
3387:"American Alligator (
3170:10.1515/eje-2015-0010
2183:Herpetological Review
2153:: e.T136113A4240307.
1850:Nature Communications
1764:10.1093/sysbio/syw055
1584:: e.T58565A53969770.
1471:
1421:northern water snakes
1349:
1331:mechanical efficiency
1327:elastic recoil energy
1177:
1146:
1124:
1112:
775:
707:
599:Western United States
4372:Amphibians of Canada
3995:Fauna Europaea (new)
3789:at Wikimedia Commons
3427:Ryan, M. J. (1980).
3137:Animal Diversity Web
3031:10.1242/jeb.144.1.53
2125:6.2 (2011): 127-134.
2015:Lutz, G.; Avery, J.
1918:, Preface, p. xiii).
1178:Underside of tadpole
1014:asymptomatic carrier
628:in science classes.
289:L. catesbeianus
27:Species of amphibian
4417:Symbols of Oklahoma
4407:Symbols of Missouri
3649:"American Bullfrog"
3281:2012JEZA..317..595S
3233:Zoologia (Curitiba)
3219:Animaldiversity.org
3101:Stebbins, Robert C.
2611:1977Ecol...58..750W
2358:2017PLoSO..1277860B
1862:2017NatCo...8.1433H
1413:) and cottonmouth (
1384:American alligators
1086:Aggressive behavior
148:Conservation status
3704:"Bullfrog Culture"
3516:"LIFE 3n-Bullfrog"
3326:10.1242/jeb.048405
2943:10.1007/BF00299526
2430:10.1007/BF00300069
2321:www.historians.org
2017:"Bullfrog Culture"
1825:. 13 November 2017
1803:. Amphibiaweb.org.
1751:Systematic Biology
1623:. 7.1. NatureServe
1474:
1376:belted kingfishers
1360:
1352:American alligator
1323:elastic structures
1180:
1152:
1130:
1119:
949:Dominican Republic
914:giant garter snake
910:vulnerable species
894:population control
792:to as far west as
790:Maritime Provinces
778:
753:in North America.
742:sexually dimorphic
710:
554:native to eastern
451:Rana nantaiwuensis
4344:
4343:
4316:Open Tree of Life
3857:Taxon identifiers
3785:Media related to
3522:. 22 October 2019
3151:Mikula P (2015).
3114:978-0-691-03281-8
2792:(23): 3639–3654.
1380:Megaceryle alcyon
1372:Lontra canadensis
1335:contractile units
1261:ram's horn snails
1150:froglet with tail
1020:Breeding behavior
786:Mississippi River
666:Rana catesbeiana
530:American bullfrog
526:
525:
516:
508:
500:
492:
483:
474:
466:
455:
447:
434:
426:
418:
407:
396:
385:
374:
362:
191:
171:
42:American bullfrog
16:(Redirected from
4424:
4337:
4336:
4324:
4323:
4311:
4310:
4298:
4297:
4285:
4284:
4282:NHMSYS0020194859
4272:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4127:
4126:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4068:
4067:
4055:
4054:
4042:
4041:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3865:Rana catesbeiana
3852:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3797:Data related to
3796:
3784:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3591:Rana catesbeiana
3580:
3574:
3573:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3437:
3431:Rana catesbeiana
3424:
3418:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3320:(8): 1333–1346.
3309:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3290:10.1002/jez.1751
3260:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:Eat the Invaders
3186:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3056:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2888:Animal Behaviour
2885:
2879:Rana catesbeiana
2872:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2837:Animal Behaviour
2824:
2818:
2817:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2755:Animal Behaviour
2750:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2663:
2650:
2631:
2630:
2590:
2563:
2562:
2535:Rana catesbeiana
2530:
2521:
2520:
2493:Rana catesbeiana
2488:
2473:
2472:
2461:Rana catesbeiana
2456:
2450:
2449:
2413:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2290:Rana catesbeiana
2283:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2259:. Archived from
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2230:Rana catesbeiana
2219:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2065:Rana catesbeiana
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1976:
1973:Rana catesbeiana
1969:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1945:. Archived from
1937:Rana catesbeiana
1930:
1919:
1916:Rana catesbeiana
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1823:Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1811:
1805:
1804:
1799:Rana catesbeiana
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1535:Rana catesbeiana
1529:
1451:Invasive species
1265:dytiscid beetles
1197:ambush predators
1113:Bullfrog larva (
1076:Social dominance
1039:sexual selection
1009:chytridiomycosis
1005:fungal infection
929:British Columbia
900:, especially in
866:invasive species
654:Rana catesbeiana
514:
506:
498:
490:
481:
472:
461:
453:
441:
432:
424:
413:
402:
391:
380:
368:
360:
358:Rana catesbeiana
327:
309:
206:
205:
185:
182:
181:
165:
160:
159:
136:
122:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
18:Rana catesbeiana
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4412:Symbols of Ohio
4347:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4303:Observation.org
4301:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4109:
4107:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3777:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3597:Biology Letters
3582:
3581:
3577:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3452:10.2307/1444139
3435:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3365:10.2307/4511101
3346:
3345:
3341:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3275:(10): 595–607.
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3243:
3230:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3178:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3068:
3059:
3042:
3038:
3022:10.1.1.500.5149
3002:
3001:
2997:
2982:10.2307/1446039
2963:
2962:
2958:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2735:
2731:
2716:10.2307/3669039
2700:Blair, W. Frank
2698:
2697:
2693:
2678:10.2307/1444139
2661:
2657:Rana catesbiana
2652:
2651:
2634:
2619:10.2307/1936211
2592:
2591:
2566:
2551:10.2307/1442074
2532:
2531:
2524:
2509:10.2307/1441748
2490:
2489:
2476:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2415:
2414:
2393:
2352:(5): e0177860.
2339:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1901:
1897:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1541:Fossilworks.org
1531:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1502:state amphibian
1466:
1453:
1441:L. catesbeianus
1436:L. catesbeianus
1432:L. catesbeianus
1425:Nerodia sipedon
1407:of copperhead (
1344:
1315:
1231:, small birds,
1193:
1148:L. catesbeianus
1107:
1088:
1060:
1022:
806:Upper Peninsula
804:(including the
770:
759:
702:
674:
662:
646:scientific name
642:
522:
519:
489:
480:
470:Rana catesbyana
440:
430:Rana catesbyana
422:Rana catesbyana
400:Rana scapularis
351:
350:
333:
318:
311:
305:
292:
200:
192:
183:
179:
172:
161:
157:
150:
127:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
32:Banded bullfrog
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4430:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4325:
4312:
4299:
4286:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4234:
4221:
4208:
4195:
4182:
4169:
4156:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4115:
4105:
4092:
4082:
4069:
4056:
4043:
4030:
4017:
4004:
3991:
3982:Fauna Europaea
3978:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3885:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3827:
3826:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:at Wikispecies
3790:
3776:
3775:External links
3773:
3771:
3770:
3745:
3726:
3691:
3667:
3640:
3603:(3): 455–459.
3575:
3557:
3533:
3520:Natuurenbos.be
3507:
3498:
3465:
3446:(1): 108–114.
3419:
3403:
3378:
3339:
3304:
3255:
3241:
3224:
3206:
3176:
3143:
3120:
3113:
3092:
3083:
3057:
3036:
2995:
2956:
2937:(4): 273–278.
2921:
2894:(5): 849–861.
2864:
2843:(4): 763–777.
2819:
2772:
2761:(4): 785–791.
2745:
2729:
2710:(1/4): 77–89.
2691:
2672:(1): 108–114.
2632:
2605:(4): 750–762.
2595:Rana clamitans
2564:
2545:(2): 276–285.
2522:
2503:(2): 240–243.
2474:
2451:
2424:(3): 283–313.
2391:
2332:
2308:
2273:
2248:
2232:) (amphibian)"
2211:
2192:
2173:
2139:Rana draytonii
2127:
2114:
2079:
2054:
2029:
2004:
1993:(4): 497–502.
1977:
1959:
1920:
1912:978-0807848166
1895:
1835:
1806:
1788:
1737:
1718:(2): 299–314.
1698:
1679:(2): 331–338.
1663:
1634:
1604:
1558:
1547:on 2 June 2023
1523:
1521:
1518:
1465:
1462:
1452:
1449:
1343:
1340:
1314:
1311:
1192:
1189:
1106:
1103:
1087:
1084:
1059:
1056:
1045:, territorial
1021:
1018:
769:
766:
758:
755:
740:Bullfrogs are
701:
698:
673:
670:
661:
658:
641:
638:
619:southeast Asia
607:Western Europe
524:
523:
521:
520:
518:
517:
509:
501:
493:
484:
475:
467:
456:
448:
435:
427:
419:
411:Rana conspersa
408:
397:
386:
375:
363:
354:
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
320:
319:
312:
301:
300:
294:
293:
286:
284:
280:
279:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
194:
193:
177:
174:
173:
155:
152:
151:
146:
143:
142:
138:
137:
129:
128:
124:Middle Miocene
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4429:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3760:on 2011-05-14
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:Conant, Roger
3407:
3404:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3359:(4): 253–63.
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:Hyla gratiosa
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2465:Herpetologica
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2298:on 2016-05-10
2297:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2263:on 2017-10-10
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2098:(Shaw, 1802)"
2097:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2044:on 2013-07-30
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1949:on 2018-10-25
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1757:(5): 824–42.
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:Frost, Darrel
1638:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:L. sylvaticus
1290:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:invertebrates
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:metamorphosis
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1031:clasp females
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:, as well as
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:South America
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
767:
765:
763:
756:
754:
752:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
706:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:specific name
671:
669:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:South America
600:
595:
593:
592:United States
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:North America
553:
550:, is a large
549:
548:United States
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
513:
510:
505:
502:
497:
494:
488:
485:
479:
476:
471:
468:
464:
460:
457:
452:
449:
445:
439:
436:
431:
428:
423:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
367:
364:
359:
356:
355:
353:
344:
341:
337:
330:
326:
321:
316:
310:
308:
302:
299:
298:Binomial name
295:
291:
290:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
195:
189:
175:
169:
164:
163:Least Concern
153:
149:
144:
139:
135:
130:
125:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4135:
3864:
3816:
3762:. Retrieved
3758:the original
3748:
3739:
3729:
3718:. Retrieved
3683:. Retrieved
3679:
3670:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:
3643:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3560:
3549:. Retrieved
3546:Ec.europa.eu
3545:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3519:
3510:
3501:
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3163:(1): 71–80.
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1990:
1986:
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1972:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:the original
1942:
1936:
1935:"Bullfrog –
1915:
1903:
1898:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1822:
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1627:20 September
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1307:warm-blooded
1303:Asphyxiation
1299:
1292:
1284:L. clamitans
1282:
1194:
1181:
1153:
1147:
1131:
1127:parietal eye
1089:
1080:
1069:
1061:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1007:
926:
890:frog farming
818:North Dakota
779:
768:Distribution
760:
739:
734:dorsolateral
711:
694:Mark Catesby
690:catesbeianus
689:
681:
675:
665:
663:
653:
649:
643:
623:
596:
539:
534:
533:
529:
527:
511:
507:Dubois, 2006
503:
495:
491:Dubois, 1992
486:
482:Dubois, 1987
477:
469:
459:Rana mugicus
458:
450:
437:
433:Werner, 1909
429:
421:
410:
399:
389:Rana mugiens
388:
378:Rana taurina
377:
366:Rana pipiens
365:
357:
306:
304:
288:
287:
275:
36:
4264:NatureServe
4225:iNaturalist
4034:iNaturalist
3904:AmphibiaWeb
3889:Wikispecies
2908:10214/22189
2166:12 November
1856:(1): 1433.
1651:Herpetology
1597:12 November
1495:cannibalism
1392:salamanders
1273:Cannibalism
1269:salamanders
1229:crustaceans
993:South Korea
969:Puerto Rico
965:Netherlands
700:Description
682:catesbeiana
473:Smith, 1978
188:NatureServe
141:Adult male
48:4.9–0
4392:Lithobates
4351:Categories
3764:2013-01-23
3720:2024-03-03
3685:2013-02-17
3661:2022-03-10
3551:2021-07-27
3413:. (1975).
3397:2014-02-06
3239:, 405-412.
3200:2013-02-18
3191:"Bullfrog"
3079:0520235924
3053:0226239446
2326:2022-06-25
2302:2013-01-20
2267:2017-01-29
2242:2013-01-20
2108:2013-01-20
2073:2013-01-09
2048:2013-01-09
2023:2013-01-09
1953:2013-01-20
1829:2022-03-10
1774:2292/43460
1657:2013-02-17
1520:References
1288:L. pipiens
1278:refraction
1247:, such as
1237:tarantulas
1221:amphibians
1165:protozoans
902:California
898:West Coast
858:Washington
846:New Mexico
626:dissection
425:Cope, 1889
361:Shaw, 1802
276:Lithobates
3617:1744-9561
3485:: 17–37.
3017:CiteSeerX
2806:0022-0949
2471:(2): 151.
1464:Human use
1233:scorpions
1169:pharynges
1001:Venezuela
973:Argentina
882:Caribbean
822:Nantucket
810:Minnesota
751:true frog
672:Etymology
572:koi ponds
552:true frog
454:Hsü, 1930
444:Boulenger
283:Species:
221:Kingdom:
215:Eukaryota
4269:2.105926
4151:Q4667413
4145:Wikidata
4052:11195217
3874:Wikidata
3711:Archived
3635:17148429
3570:Archived
3526:11 March
3479:NeoBiota
3334:21430211
3299:22952141
2951:39431995
2916:53001833
2859:53184986
2814:11060225
2739:(1960).
2446:10792384
2386:28562628
2346:PLOS ONE
1890:29127278
1783:27288482
1732:15619443
1693:16997582
1645:(2011).
1551:11 March
1514:Oklahoma
1506:Missouri
1478:Southern
1227:, other
1225:crayfish
1219:, other
1211:, other
1203:, small
1182:Time to
1134:amplexus
1058:Choruses
1047:polygyny
985:Colombia
922:tweeting
830:Colorado
802:Michigan
686:feminine
640:Taxonomy
634:tadpoles
584:culverts
546:and the
540:bullfrog
340:Synonyms
261:Family:
245:Amphibia
235:Chordata
231:Phylum:
225:Animalia
211:Domain:
168:IUCN 3.1
126:- Recent
4334:1116556
4217:2427091
4124:1116554
4013:2427092
3880:Q159404
3626:1686185
3460:1444139
3373:4511101
3277:Bibcode
2990:1446039
2724:3669039
2686:1444139
2627:1936211
2607:Bibcode
2599:Ecology
2559:1442074
2517:1441748
2438:4599103
2377:5451047
2354:Bibcode
1881:5681567
1858:Bibcode
1342:Ecology
1257:insects
1205:lizards
1201:rodents
1191:Feeding
1115:tadpole
1093:venters
997:Uruguay
961:Jamaica
941:Belgium
862:Wyoming
826:Arizona
814:Montana
762:xenbase
730:tympana
718:ventral
580:ditches
415:LeConte
317:, 1802)
271:Genus:
265:Ranidae
251:Order:
241:Class:
186: (
184:Secure
166: (
117:↓
4243:775084
4204:316353
4160:ARKive
4108:uBio:
4101:110841
4078:173441
3987:177903
3961:RANSCA
3948:330963
3831:Portal
3633:
3623:
3615:
3458:
3440:Copeia
3371:
3332:
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2970:Copeia
2949:
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2857:
2812:
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2666:Copeia
2625:
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2539:Copeia
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2497:Copeia
2444:
2436:
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2374:
2189:: 130.
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1888:
1878:
1781:
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1512:, and
1486:gigged
1364:herons
1309:prey.
1291:, and
1263:, and
1249:snails
1209:snakes
1051:harems
1049:, and
977:Brazil
967:, and
963:, the
947:, the
937:Mexico
933:Canada
886:Europe
884:, and
880:, the
870:Hawaii
850:Oregon
842:Nevada
834:Hawaii
782:native
728:. The
726:pupils
722:irises
714:dorsal
660:Genome
630:Albino
617:, and
576:canals
566:, and
560:swamps
544:Canada
465:, 1947
446:, 1920
417:, 1855
406:, 1826
404:Harlan
395:, 1820
393:Merrem
384:, 1817
382:Cuvier
373:, 1802
371:Daudin
4329:WoRMS
4321:14688
4256:58565
4230:65979
4199:EUNIS
4191:3VHPT
4119:WoRMS
4111:26097
4085:NAS:
4065:66618
4047:IRMNG
4039:65979
3974:10586
3969:EUNIS
3935:6X35Q
3845:Frogs
3714:(PDF)
3707:(PDF)
3652:(PDF)
3456:JSTOR
3436:(PDF)
3369:JSTOR
2986:JSTOR
2947:S2CID
2912:S2CID
2884:(PDF)
2855:S2CID
2720:JSTOR
2682:JSTOR
2662:(PDF)
2623:JSTOR
2555:JSTOR
2513:JSTOR
2442:S2CID
2434:JSTOR
1405:venom
1253:worms
1217:toads
1213:frogs
1161:algae
1157:gills
1098:gular
989:Japan
981:China
957:Italy
953:Haiti
838:Idaho
798:Texas
794:Idaho
688:) or
615:Japan
611:China
568:lakes
564:ponds
463:Angel
255:Anura
4308:1724
4295:8400
4290:NCBI
4251:IUCN
4238:ITIS
4212:GBIF
4073:ITIS
4021:GISD
4008:GBIF
3956:EPPO
3922:8704
3917:BOLD
3909:4999
3631:PMID
3613:ISSN
3528:2022
3444:1980
3330:PMID
3295:PMID
3109:ISBN
3075:ISBN
3049:ISBN
2974:1987
2810:PMID
2802:ISSN
2670:1980
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2543:1969
2501:1968
2382:PMID
2206:ABC4
2168:2021
2151:2008
1908:ISBN
1886:PMID
1779:PMID
1728:PMID
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1708:Rana
1689:PMID
1629:2023
1599:2021
1582:2015
1553:2022
1510:Ohio
1400:game
1396:fish
1394:and
1255:and
1241:bats
1239:and
1215:and
1207:and
1072:leks
1043:leks
999:and
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918:Utah
892:and
878:Asia
860:and
854:Utah
812:and
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676:The
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349:List
315:Shaw
56:PreꞒ
4277:NBN
4186:CoL
4173:ASW
4060:ISC
3943:EoL
3930:CoL
3740:NPR
3621:PMC
3605:doi
3487:doi
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