450:) and his use of their machine came about as a result of three contributing factors: - need, availability, and timing. In late 1896, Haydon and Urry were in the process of developing their own cinematograph. They had just moved their premises to 353 Upper Street, Islington, locating them directly across the street from the Royal Agricultural Hall where Williams was exhibiting. In early February 1897, their new cinematograph was ready for market - just as Williams had become in need of a new one. He had opened at the Worldâs Fair with a film exhibition, but the projector he was using (
454:) had been condemned as a fire risk by London County officials. Outfitting Williams was a major coup for Haydon and Urry and they applied for a patent for their cinematograph on 10 February 1897, just as the Worldâs Fair was coming to an end and, just prior to Williams opening at Kingâs Lynn at the start of the fairground season. The projector used by Williams at Lynn would have been the firmâs earliest model and the same model he used throughout the summer at the Victorian Era Exhibition in Earl's Court, London. Williams initially billed his cinematograph as
98:
at the front of the stage and, it had to be housed in a box specially built for transport. The final component was a platform-type stage built high enough to accommodate the actors (the ghosts) who worked directly below and to the front of the stage, as well as the limelight worker, whose job it was to illuminate the actors whose images were reflected onto and through the glass. An enclosure or partition was erected around the front of the stage to prevent the audience from seeing all the activity that was going on below the surface.
415:
676:, and was described as âproviding for the regulation of vans, vehicles and tents used as dwellings.â Itâs real intent, however, was to enact legislation aimed at regulating and controlling the gypsy population and forcing itinerant parents to send their children to school. There were some commendable aspects to the bill, but the showmen believed that if the bill passed, it would restrict their ability to travel and pose a serious threat to their livelihoods.
169:, to exhibit at the Victorian Era Exhibition in London. His show that year was designed specifically to pay homage to Queen Victoriaâs sixty year reign and it included a number of short plays, films of the Queenâs Jubilee Procession (filmed 22 June 1897) and a tableau vivant representation of the Queen surrounded by flags of all nations. The exhibition guide billed the show as âPepperâs Ghost,â stating that â
478:
the firm. The films were exhibited at the London
Pavilion the same night they were filmed and are believed to have been the first footage of the Queen's procession to be seen by the public. A second copy of the films was dispatched by train to Liverpool where they were exhibited by the owners of Reynolds Waxworks and Variety Exhibition on Lime Street within 24 hours of the procession having taken place.
20:
90:
701:
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background. A typical exhibit portrayed some scene or event such as a colliery village or a battlefield re-enactment. Williams's father's show in 1870, for example, represented the loss of Her
Majesty's ship "Captain" and depicted a storm and rescue at sea. The exhibition also included a model of a coal pit and had over one hundred mechanical figures.
149:(an American illusionist). By the early 1880s, Williams' show had many of the same trappings as a theatrical touring company. The showâs crew in Manchester at the time of the 1881 census consisted of a number of actors, actresses, comedians, musicians and comic singers, as well as a set decorator and a dramatic author.
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The showmenâs dispute with George Smith over the bill lasted another three years. Smithâs final attempt to regulate the itinerant population was a revised bill in 1894 for the âimprovement of moveable dwellings,â but little became of it and Smith died less than a year later. The showmenâs opposition
477:
Williams' main draw in 1897 were films supplied by Haydon and Urry of Queen
Victoria's Jubilee Procession on 22 June 1897. The company opened its own film production studio in April 1897 and the Jubilee films (a series of six films) were produced by James and Richard Monte, two brothers employed by
468:
Williams was Haydon and Urryâs best known exhibitor, but their
Eragraph projector was popular with other early film show proprietors including Harry Scard (of Wadbrook and Scard fame); Albert and George Biddall; Alfred Reynold (Reynoldâs Waxworks Exhibition, Liverpool); John Cooper; George Aspland;
97:
Putting on the âghostâ was a rather costly undertaking for travelling show proprietors. The essential requirements were a source of lighting (limelight), a large mirror, and a large sheet of plate glass upon which to reflect the images. The glass had to be erected so that it sat at a 45-degree angle
65:
figures and touring with waxworks and mechanical exhibitions. The mechanical exhibitions presented on
Victorian fairgrounds consisted of a number of visual displays incorporating three-dimensional models with various moving parts. Each individual display was presented against an aptly painted scenic
712:
in
Salford on 18 November with the funeral service being conducted by the Reverend Thomas Horne. Williams was survived by his long-term partner, Annie Radford Williams, daughters, Caroline and Annie, and sons, Randall, Thomas, Eddie Albert, and George. He was predeceased by his first wife, Mary Ann
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cinematograph as the "Electroscope" and, at Hull Fair in
October that year, he had been advertising âThe Electroscope and Living Pictures.â The following month, he became the first showman to exhibit films at the Worldâs Fair, an indoor fair held each year over the Christmas holiday period at the
410:
Travelling showmen played an important role in introducing the new medium of moving pictures to the
British public in the late 1890s. In fact, the speed at which the cinema took off in Britain was due, in large part, to the combined network of exhibitors (travelling showmen) and performance venues
171:
Mr. Randall
Williams, who has made many improvements on the original, will present, amongst other features, distinct and apart from the Ghost Show, a representation of Her Majestyâs Coronation, and the chief scenes from the present Jubilee Year, all the characters being dressed in costumes of the
85:
The travelling showâs adaptation of Pepperâs Ghost was typically a short stage play, consisting of three acts and a comic song - all done in about twenty minutes. The final act usually ended with a âtransformation scene' depicting the final passage from this life to the next, and during which, at
671:
Williams was one of the travelling show communityâs more outspoken advocates. He organized several protests over the years against the railway companies over the rates they were charging travelling amusement caterers. He was also one of a small group of showmen who met at the Black Lion Hotel in
422:
Williams was one of the first showmen to exhibit films on the fairgrounds. The first known reference to a cinematograph exhibition in his show was at
Rotherham Statute Fair on 2 November 1896. It is likely, however, that he exhibited films two weeks earlier. Williams referred to his first
469:
Charles Thurston; George Lewis; James Crighton; James Norman; George Williams; Walter Lear (Learsâ Pierrot Minstrels); M. de Montel; Signor Ernest Polverini; Hamilton Brothers (diorama exhibition); John Sylvester (Sylvesterâs Circus); and Mr. C. A. James (Worldâs Fair Wax-works, Dublin).
69:
The Williams family toured with shows until the early 1900s when they diversified into rides and other fairground attractions. Their various exhibits included waxworks and mechanical displays, photography and fine art exhibits, ghost shows, and cinematograph exhibitions.
684:
Amphitheatre in London on 12 February 1891. The new van dwellers association was the start of a new trade organization and it helped define those in the travelling amusement trade as a distinct group, socially and economically separate from other groups of travellers.
86:
least one ghostly entity made its appearance. The âghost,â a life-like, three dimensional and free moving apparition was the reflection of a living being (an actor) who was brightly lit up by limelight, and positioned off stage, out of sight of the audienceâs view.
30:(17 July 1846 â 14 November 1898) was a Victorian showman noted for popularising moving pictures on British fairgrounds. The first known reference to a cinematograph exhibition in Williams' show was at Rotherham Statute Fair on 2 November 1896.
154:
Not the least amusing show on the ground is Randall Williams' "Hobgoblinscope," in which ghosts, phantoms, and goblins appear and disappear, and sing and dance in such a way as to puzzle the auditors to distinguish between illusion, and bodily
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to the bill, however, left a lasting legacy. It helped shape a new alliance between the men and women who made a living with traveling amusements and led to them forming the United Kingdom Van Dwellersâ Protection Association at a meeting in
44:
Williams was also an outspoken advocate for the travelling show community and a founding member of the United Kingdom Van Dwellersâ Protection Association, the fairground trade organization which evolved into what is known today as the
389:
Ghost illusions were the mainstay of Williams' show for a quarter of a century with the 'ghosts' making their final appearance at Nottingham Goose Fair in October 1897. The show travelled under various names over the years including
481:
Other films produced for Haydon & Urry by the Monte brothers included scenes of Henley Regatta, Lady Overboard, Turn out of Fire Brigade, The Bride's First Night, Twelve Months After, and the funeral procession of actor
101:
The programs for Williams' show varied, but audiences were usually treated to at least one melodrama and a comical farce or two. His show at the New Yearâs fair in Bolton, Lancashire in 1873 advertised a program of
720:
until 1913 when it was destroyed by fire at Thirsk, Yorkshire. Williams' No. 2 show was taken over by his daughter and son-in-law, Annie and Reuben Williams. They travelled with their bioscope until 1906.
78:
Williams' primary interest was the ghost illusion show he started in 1871. A ghost illusion show was a type of stage show that combined theatrical presentations with the optical technique known as
353:, "as played by Henry Irving" (The Bells was a three-act play by Leopold Davis Lewis. Henry Irving was the British actor most commonly associated with the lead role): Boston May Fair 1895
716:
Following his death, Williams' main bioscope was taken over by his daughter Carrie and new husband, Dick Monte (former Haydon and Urry employee). They continued to travel the show as the
37:. He reached the height of his career in the summer of 1897 when he exhibited at the Victorian Era Exhibition in Earl's Court, London with a show designed specifically to pay tribute to
439:
There is no record of the supplier of Williams's first cinematograph, but by early February 1897, he was using one supplied by Haydon and Urry, a London-based firm that produced
133:
Williams' show was part ghost illusion theatre, part variety show. The artists he employed included actors, song and dance teams, ballet dancers, mummers and comedians like the
443:
and films during the late 1890s. The company's involvement in the cinema trade was short-lived, but they are noted for supplying many of the first fairground exhibitors.
692:. Williams was deeply involved in the Van Dwellerâs Protection Association, both as a committee member and as one of the Vice Presidents for the Manchester Section.
57:
Williams was born in Liverpool on 17 July 1846 and spent his entire life "on the road." His father, Thomas, came from an extended family of showmen with roots in
1125:
Film historian Geoff Mellorâs original notes of an interview with Williamsâ grandson, Paul Williams, Bradford, Yorkshire, 3 March 1984 (notes initialed âGJMâ)
708:
Williams' last show was at Freeman Street Market in Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, where he died of typhoid fever on 14 November 1898. He was buried at
672:
Salford in late 1890 to organize a protest against the Moveable Dwellings Bill. The proposed bill had been initiated by child welfare reformer,
1584:
1506:
Theatre and Music Hall Committee papers re Royal Agricultural Hall 1880-1899 (ref. LCC/MIN/10,886) on file at London Metropolitan Archives.
152:
Williams' phantasmagoria was popular with fair-going audiences. A reporter who attended the show at Glasgow Fair in July 1880 wrote that, "
1589:
689:
46:
629:
The Queenâs carriage near St. Paulâs, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge, Foreign Princes, Colonial Premiers, &c.: Hull Fair, 1897
242:(a spoof on the antics of real-life fraudster, Arthur Orton, who masqueraded as the missing heir, Sir Roger Tichborne): Hull Fair 1874
82:. Ghost illusions were popular in British theatres throughout the 1860s but did not appear in fairground shows until the early 1870s.
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673:
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in London. Williams's next stop was the Valentine's Fair at King's Lynn, Norfolk in February 1897, where it was reported that "
208:: Bolton New Year's Fair 1873; York Martinmas Fair 1880; Sowerby Rushbearing Festival 1886; Bingley Hall, Birmingham, 1886-87
324:(a melodrama depicting the death of General Charles Gordon at the Battle of Khartoum in late January 1885): Aston Fair 1885
61:. The Williams family began travelling with fairground shows in the mid 1840s and got their start in the business by making
327:âGorgeous Illuminated View of St. Peterâs Church, Rome. With the Celebration of High Pontifical Massâ: Birmingham 1888
808:
George Speight: Professor Pepperâs Ghost, Theatre Notebook, Vol. 43, #1, pp 23-24, Society for Theatre Research
424:
688:
The Van Dwellerâs Protection Association was renamed the Showmenâs Guild in 1900 and is known today as the
414:
236:(based on the poem by Edward Farmer): Pembroke Hall, Liverpool 1874; Sowerby Rushbearing Festival 1886
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1574:
166:
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Williams reached the pinnacle of his success in 1897 when he was invited by showman-entrepreneur,
681:
1554:
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I've been a gipsying, or, Rambles among our gipsies and their children in their tents and vans
79:
104:
a specially written adaptation of the late Chas. Dickensâs Christmas story of the Haunted Man
1450:
Gashinski, Pauline. "Worldâs Fair: Royal Agricultural Hall: The Cinematograph, 1896-1907",
709:
483:
650:
A film depicting the 1898 SpanishâAmerican War: Manningham Feast, Yorkshire, August 1898
33:
Williams toured Britain for 25 years, first with a ghost illusion show, and then with a
112:
the tableaux illustrative of the heart-stirring poem of Little Jim, the Collierâs Child
38:
1568:
1544:
440:
34:
568:
Express training coming into a local station, people getting in and out of the train
1438:
The Journals of Sydney Race 1892-1900: A Provincial View of Popular Entertainment
359:(based on a melodrama by Irish play-write Dion Boucicault): Boston May Fair 1895
19:
58:
62:
89:
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534:: Victorian Era Exhibition, London, June 1897: Nottingham Goose Fair 1897
1549:
1431:
The Dream that Kicks: The Prehistory and Early Years of Cinema in Britain
400:
Randall Williams Grand Electroscope and Mammoth Phantoscopical Exhibition
446:
Williams was the first showman to use Haydon and Urry's cinematograph (
141:(James Frederick Greethead.) He also hired international acts such as
699:
641:(filmed by Haydon & Urry): Worldâs Fair, London, January 1898
413:
88:
18:
1555:
National Fairground and Circus Archive: Monte Williams Collection
120:
The Goblinâs Haunt, introducing the Gorgeous Transformation Scene
1550:
Who's Who Victorian Cinema: Greorge Haydon and Frank Harvey Urry
498:: Worldâs Fair, Royal Agricultural Hall, London, December 1896
429:
Randall Williamsâ Cinematographe Pavilion did immense business
375:, A musically illustrated service compiled and arranged from
1002:
1000:
1466:
The British Film Catalogue, 1895-1985: A Reference Guide
1459:
Wanted, A Few Useful People for the Ghost Business
614:(filmed by Haydon & Urry): Hull Fair, October 1897
411:(the fairs and fairgrounds) that was already in place.
385:: Victorian Era Exhibition, Earl's Court, London 1897
1392:"Van-Dwellers in Conclave. A Showmen's Association,"
544:
Mdme Loie Fuller in a most beautiful Serpentine dance
1454:, Issue 91, February 2008, pp. 15â21, Tweedale.
1447:, Issue 87, February 2007, pp. 7â19, Tweedale.
1208:"Filming the Diamond Jubilee: A Popular Exhibit,"
556:The teetotaller that got drunk - roars of laughter
1560:Biography: Randall Kay Williams - Weaste Cemetery
1475:, Riddle & Couchman, London, 1897, p. 45
252:Little Jen, the light of the collier's homestead
1503:, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 23â24, London, 1989.
1096:
1094:
1320:"Eastern Morning News", 20 October 1897, p. 7"
540:(a fake war film): Nottingham Goose Fair 1897
1499:Speight, George. "Professor Pepperâs Ghost",
1424:Beginnings of the Cinema in England 1894-1901
859:Hebden Bridge Times & Calder Vale Gazette
594:Wrestling Match for Championship of the World
574:Prize fight between Fitzsimmons & Corbett
462:model in October, he began advertising it as
108:Gounodâs famous Opera of Faust and Marguerite
8:
1443:Gashinski, Pauline. "Putting on the Ghost",
842:
840:
838:
836:
532:Queen Victoriaâs Diamond Jubilee Procession
473:Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee procession
458:but after he upgraded to Haydon and Urryâs
292:Maria Martin; or the Murder in the Red Barn
226:: Pembroke Hall, Liverpool, Christmas 1874
220:: Pembroke Hall, Liverpool, Christmas 1874
214:: Pembroke Hall, Liverpool, Christmas 1874
116:the thrilling legend of Adrian, the Avenger
1419:, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 5â12, May, 1943.
817:Victorian Era Exhibition Guide, 1897, p.45
472:
418:Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, London
1545:Victorian Era Exhibition 1897 (catalogue)
704:Randall Williams Cinematograph Show, 1902
1415:Arthur, M.C.B. "The House of Williams",
667:The Van Dweller's Protection Association
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504:: Worldâs Fair, London, December 1896
264:Paddy Mile's Boy, or Ghost at the Wake
1220:
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1136:J. Beginning of the Cinema in England
1019:
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939:
937:
935:
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780:
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754:Bolton Evening News, 30 Dec 1870, p.2
647:: Worldâs Fair, London, January 1898
234:Little Jim, The Collier`s Dying Child
7:
1523:Williams, Karen. "King of Showmen",
1485:Scrivens, Kevin and Smith, Stephen.
956:Barrow Herald and Furness Advertiser
635:: Malton Hiring Fair, November 1897
310:Life and Adventures of Charles Peace
872:Hull Packet & East Riding Times
718:Randall Williams Cinematograph Show
1185:Beginning of the Cinema in England
584:A young lady taking a morning bath
202:Faust, or The Devil and The Doctor
145:(American tight rope walkers) and
14:
1487:The Travelling Cinematograph Show
1471:Kiralfy, Imre. âPepperâs Ghost,â
1412:, pp. 106â120, London, 1974.
490:Films exhibited in Williams' Show
161:The Victorian Era Exhibition 1897
128:Entertainment of Prestidigitation
1480:The Picture House in East Anglia
1410:Gypsy politics and social change
1248:The Picture House in East Anglia
826:'Worldâs Fair at Bingley Hall',
690:Showmen's Guild of Great Britain
660:Dr. Graceâs Jubilee Day at Lords
562:The old gardener - very humerous
371:(accompanied by James Tipton's â
47:Showmen's Guild of Great Britain
1518:The Great Nottingham Goose Fair
1496:, Chilworth & London, 1883.
1426:, Vols. 1â5, Exeter, 1994-1998.
526:A march past of the Royal blues
1473:Victorian Era Exhibition Guide
1051:, Vol. 43, No. 1, London, 1989
198:: Bolton New Year's Fair 1873
192:: Bolton New Year's Fair 1873
186:: Bolton New Year's Fair 1873
1:
1513:, Vol. 1, Trent Valley, 1989.
742:Warrington Standard and Times
662:: Nottingham Goose Fair 1898
528:: Kingâs Lynn, February 1897
522:: Kingâs Lynn, February 1897
516:: King's Lynn, February 1897
510:: Kingâs Lynn, February 1897
335:Murder of the Hull Fisher Boy
248:: Nottingham Goose Fair 1875
16:Victorian showman (1846â1898)
1047:"Professor Pepperâs Ghost",
1007:Bridlington and Quay Gazette
586:(likely Haydon & Urry's
576:(likely Haydon & Urryâs
23:Randall K. Williams, c.1892.
1585:Entertainers from Liverpool
913:East Aberdeenshire Observer
270:The Dying Fishermanâs Child
260:: Peterhead, Scotland 1881
93:Pepper's Ghost stage set up
1606:
1590:Burials at Weaste Cemetery
1482:, Lavenham, Suffolk, 1980.
639:Funeral of William Terriss
626:: Hull Fair, October 1897
620:: Hull Fair, October 1897
608:: Hull Fair, October 1897
602:: Hull Fair, October 1897
600:On the benches in the park
578:The Great Fight â Knockout
345:Bonnie Lass of Bridlington
312:: Barrow-in-Furness: 1884
124:the Seraph or Living Head;
1150:, 26 February 1898, p. 27
1116:, 19 December 1896, p. 28
1088:, 26 December 1896, p. 18
1038:, 22 February 1896, p. 19
886:, 25 September 1875, p. 1
713:Hough, who died in 1884.
1527:, Northwest Wales, 1988.
1396:, 19 February 1891, p 14
1347:, 29 January 1898, p. 20
1064:, 7 November 1896, p. 25
946:, 31 December 1883, p. 3
927:, 29 September 1881, p.1
925:Aberdeen Evening Express
896:Bradford Daily Telegraph
870:"A Visit to Hull Fair",
849:, 20 December 1874, p. 6
830:, 25 December 1886, p. 3
392:The Great Hobgoblinscope
363:Faith, Hope, and Charity
304:Ten Nights in a Bar Room
178:Ghost show presentations
1381:Journals of Sydney Race
1311:, 11 October 1897, p. 3
1272:Journals of Sydney Race
1174:, 9 December 1897, p.17
1104:, 27 February 1897, p20
1060:"Provincial Theatres",
1009:, 23 November 1889, p.2
874:, 16 October 1874, p. 6
797:Glasgow Evening Citizen
756:, 10 December 1870, p.2
744:, 10 December 1870, p.2
633:Local Animated Subjects
612:The Bride's First Night
538:Graeco-Turkish War film
425:Royal Agricultural Hall
365:: Boston May Fair 1895
1534:, Wolverhampton, 2001.
787:, 2 January 1873, p. 2
705:
496:Queen of the Antipodes
419:
143:The Brothers LaFayette
94:
24:
1532:Birmingham Onion Fair
1520:, Trent Valley, 1989.
1359:, 3 August 1898, p. 6
1212:, 9 April 1935, p. 19
1138:, Vol. 2, 1897, p. 66
970:, 6 December 1884, p5
828:Birmingham Daily Post
768:, 7 January 1871, p.3
703:
435:Haydon and Urry, Ltd.
417:
318:: Chesterfield, 1884
246:Pagoda of Zegerzeneth
212:The Aerial Phenomenon
92:
22:
1457:Gashinski, Pauline.
1371:, 2 June 1898, p. 21
1260:Victorian Nottingham
1199:, 26 June 1897, p. 7
1100:The Showman World",
898:, 28 June 1877, p. 4
799:, 14 July 1880, p. 3
682:Lord George Sanger's
656:: London, June 1898
618:Bathing at Blackpool
396:The Great Ghost Show
347:: Hildethorpe, 1889
337:: Hildethorpe, 1889
254:: Halifax Fair 1877
218:Chawbacon's Troubles
206:Faust and Marguerite
28:Randall Kay Williams
1511:Fairground Heritage
1436:Featherstone, Ann.
1187:, Vol. 2, pp. 67-68
1162:, 1 May 1897, p. 29
958:, 10 June 1884, p.2
944:Bolton Evening News
915:, 23 September 1881
785:Bolton Evening News
654:Gladstoneâs Funeral
606:The unfaithful wife
489:
398:(1881 - 1895); and
383:Adrian the Betrayer
230:Death of Little Jim
139:Leotard 'Boz' Bosco
137:and magicians like
74:Ghost illusion show
1332:, 13 November 1897
1227:, 29 December 1896
1076:, 16 Oct 1896, p.2
1026:, 7 May 1895, p. 3
994:, 26 May 1888, p.8
968:Derbyshire Courier
884:Nottingham Journal
706:
590:): Hull Fair 1897
580:): Hull Fair 1897
550:Village Blacksmith
502:Fishery Exhibition
420:
406:Cinematograph show
190:Adrien the Avenger
135:Great Little Titch
95:
25:
1489:, Tweedale, 1999.
1461:, Atikokan, 2011.
1429:Chanan, Michael.
1225:Islington Gazette
1197:Liverpool Mercury
1024:Lincolnshire Echo
645:Snowballing Match
596:: Hull Fair 1897
570:: Hull Fair 1897
564:: Hull Fair 1897
558:: Hull Fair 1897
552:: Hull Fair 1897
546:: Hull Fair 1897
520:A Paris boulevard
508:The Czar in Paris
456:The Electroscope,
377:Uncle Tom's Cabin
369:Uncle Tomâs Cabin
298:Demon of the Alps
286:Corsican Brothers
282:: Aberdeen, 1881
276:The Twin Brothers
272:: Peterhead 1881
266:: Peterhead 1881
41:Diamond Jubilee.
1597:
1501:Theatre Notebook
1478:Peart, Stephen.
1464:Gifford, Denis.
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1049:Theatre Notebook
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766:Bolton Chronicle
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696:Death and legacy
514:Serpentine Dance
452:the Electroscope
357:The Colleen Bawn
322:Fall of Khartoum
240:Crackskull Abbey
147:Professor Howard
39:Queen Victoria's
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1541:
1530:Williams, Ned.
1516:Wilkes, Peter.
1509:Wilkes, Peter.
1492:Smith, George.
1468:, London, 1986.
1440:, London, 2007.
1433:, London, 1980.
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1309:Hull Daily Mail
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1262:, Vol. 3, p. 49
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1244:Lynn Advertiser
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1074:Hull Daily Mail
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992:Aston Chronicle
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980:Aston Chronicle
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316:Mistletoe Bough
306:: Bolton, 1883
300:: Bolton, 1883
294:: Bolton, 1883
288:: Bolton, 1883
224:The Misanthrope
204:(in 3 acts) or
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1183:Barnes, J.
1569:Categories
725:References
331:Otto Brand
59:Warrington
53:Early life
730:Footnotes
379:"): 1896
351:The Bells
343:, or the
333:, or the
278:, or the
63:automaton
1452:Platform
1445:Platform
1172:Bioscope
1134:Barnes,
460:improved
35:bioscope
1403:Sources
1383:, p. 86
1274:, p. 83
1250:, p. 17
861:, 1886
172:period
1394:Stage
1369:Stage
1246:, in
1210:Times
174:.â
130:.â
122:;â â
118:;â â
114:;â â
110:;â â
106:;â â
1345:Era
1160:Era
1148:Era
1114:Era
1102:Era
1086:Era
1062:Era
1036:Era
847:Era
431:."
373:Eva
232:or
157:."
1571::
1337:^
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932:^
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835:^
773:^
486:.
49:.
102:â
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