211:. Central to this system was the principle of random selection, seen as a cornerstone for fair representation. The unique structure of Greek democracy, which translates to "rule by the people," was exemplified by administrative roles being rotated among citizens, selected randomly through lot. This method was perceived as more democratic than elections, which the Athenians argued could lead to inequalities. They believed that elections, which often favored candidates based on merit or popularity, contradicted the principle of equal rights for all citizens. Furthermore, the random allotment of positions like magistrates or jury members served as a deterrent to vote-buying and corruption, as it was impossible to predict who would be chosen for these roles.
322:. It randomly displays the answer options to survey participants, which prevents order bias caused by the tendency of respondents to choose the first option when the same order is presented to different respondents. To overcome this, researchers can give the answer options in a random order so that the respondents allocate some time to read all the options and choose an honest answer. For example, consider an automobile dealer who wants to conduct a feedback survey and ask the respondents to select their preferred automobile brand. The user can create a study with randomized answers to display the different automobile brands so that the respondents do not see them in the same order.
164:, the integrity and fairness of games hinge significantly on effective randomization. This principle serves as a cornerstone in gambling, ensuring that each game outcome is unpredictable and not manipulable. The necessity for advanced randomization methods stems from the potential for skilled gamblers to exploit weaknesses in poorly randomized systems. High-quality randomization thwarts attempts at prediction or manipulation, maintaining the fairness of games. A quintessential example of randomization in gambling is the
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fairness in political systems, countering issues associated with electoral politics. This concept has garnered academic interest, with scholars exploring the potential of random selection in enhancing the democratic process, both in political frameworks and organizational structures. The ongoing study and debate surrounding the use of sortition reflect its enduring relevance and potential as a tool for political innovation and integrity.
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451:, used random methods (like dripping or splattering paint) to create their artworks. This approach emphasizes the physical act of painting and the role of chance in the artistic process.Also, contemporary artists often use algorithms and computer-generated randomness to create visual art. This can result in intricate patterns and designs that would be difficult or impossible to predict or replicate manually.
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290:, constraints such as limited manpower, material resources, financial backing, and time necessitate a selective approach to participant inclusion. Despite the broad spectrum of potential participants who fulfill the inclusion criteria, it is impractical to incorporate every eligible individual in the target population due to these constraints. Therefore, a representative subset of
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35:, as it equates groups statistically by balancing both known and unknown factors at the outset of the study. In statistical terms, it underpins the principle of probabilistic equivalence among groups, allowing for the unbiased estimation of treatment effects and the generalizability of conclusions drawn from sample data to the broader population.
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Randomization is used in optimization to alleviate the computational burden associated to robust control techniques: a sample of values of the uncertainty parameters is randomly drawn and robustness is enforced for these values only. This approach has gained popularity by the introduction of rigorous
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The selected samples (or continuous non-randomly sampled samples) are grouped using randomization methods so that all research subjects in the sample have an equal chance of entering the experimental group or the control group and receiving corresponding treatment. In particular, the random grouping
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used randomization to create music where certain elements are unforeseeable, resulting in each performance being uniquely different. Modern musicians sometimes employ computer algorithms that generate music based on random inputs. These compositions can range from electronic music to more classical
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within Anglo-Saxon legal systems, such as those in the UK and the United States. However, its political implications extend further. There have been various proposals to integrate sortition into government structures. The idea is that sortition could introduce a new dimension of representation and
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have become crucial. These RNGs use complex algorithms to produce outcomes that are as unpredictable as their real-world counterparts. The gambling industry invests heavily in research to develop more effective randomization techniques. To ensure that gambling games are fair and random, regulatory
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In many scientific and engineering fields, computer simulations of real phenomena are commonly used. When the real phenomena are affected by unpredictable processes, such as radio noise or day-to-day weather, these processes can be simulated using random or pseudo-random numbers. One of the most
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from the observed data. Multiple alternative versions of the data-set that "might have been observed" are created by randomization of the original data-set, the only one observed. The variation of statistics calculated for these alternative data-sets is a guide to the uncertainty of statistics
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is employed to ensure the integrity and representativeness of the study. This method ensures that all qualified subjects within the target population have an equal opportunity to be selected. Such a strategy is pivotal in mirroring the overall characteristics of the target population and in
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In summary, randomization in gambling is not just a technical necessity; it is a fundamental principle that upholds the fairness, integrity, and thrill of the games. As technology advances, so too do the methods to ensure that this randomization remains effective and beyond reproach
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can be used to determine whether the occurrence of a set of measured values is random. Randomization is widely applied in various fields, especially in scientific research, statistical analysis, and resource allocation, to ensure fairness and validity in the outcomes.
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is a statistical process in which a random mechanism is employed to select a sample from a population or assign subjects to different groups. The process is crucial in ensuring the random allocation of experimental units or treatment protocols, thereby minimizing
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Randomization also allows for the testing of models or algorithms against unexpected inputs or scenarios. This is essential in fields like machine learning and artificial intelligence, where algorithms must be robust against a variety of inputs and conditions.
953:
Berger, Vance W.; Bour, Louis Joseph; Carter, Kerstine; Chipman, Jonathan J.; Everett, Colin C.; Heussen, Nicole; Hewitt, Catherine; Hilgers, Ralf-Dieter; Luo, Yuqun
Abigail; Renteria, Jone; Ryeznik, Yevgen; Sverdlov, Oleksandr; Uschner, Diane (2021-08-16).
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The unpredictability inherent in randomization is also a key factor in the psychological appeal of gambling. The thrill and suspense created by the uncertainty of outcomes contribute significantly to the allure and excitement of gambling games.
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Randomization plays a fascinating and often underappreciated role in literature, music, and art, where it introduces elements of unpredictability and spontaneity. Here is how it manifests in each of these creative fields:
89:: Random assignment of experimental units to treatment or control conditions is fundamental in scientific studies. This approach ensures that each unit has an equal chance of receiving any treatment, thereby reducing
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bodies rigorously test and certify shuffling and random number generation methods. This oversight is vital in maintaining trust in the gambling industry, ensuring that players have equal chances of winning.
83:, this method is vital for obtaining representative samples. By randomly choosing a subset of individuals, biases are minimized, ensuring that the sample accurately reflects the larger population.
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after the research subjects are stratified can make the known or unknown influencing factors between the groups basically consistent, thereby enhancing the comparability between the groups.
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46:. For example, a random sample of individuals from a population refers to a sample where every individual has a known probability of being sampled. This would be contrasted with
360:. These methods rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results, typically to model probability distributions or to estimate uncertain quantities in a system.
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Bespalov, Anton; Wicke, Karsten; Castagné, Vincent (2020), Bespalov, Anton; Michel, Martin C.; Steckler, Thomas (eds.), "Blinding and
Randomization",
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randomize the data to prevent predictable patterns, which is crucial for securing communication channels and enhancing transmission reliability."
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is a sequence of random variables describing a process whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern but follow an evolution described by
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involve randomly rearranging text to create new literary forms. It disrupts linear narratives, fostering unexpected connections and meanings.
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Fowler, Kathryn L.; Fleming, Martin D. (2023-01-01), Eltorai, Adam E. M.; Bakal, Jeffrey A.; Newell, Paige C.; Osband, Adena J. (eds.),
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Lugrin, Thomas (2023), Mulder, Valentin; Mermoud, Alain; Lenders, Vincent; Tellenbach, Bernhard (eds.), "Random Number
Generator",
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Although historically "manual" randomization techniques (such as shuffling cards, drawing pieces of paper from a bag, spinning a
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applications, and statistical analysis. These numbers form the basis for simulations, model testing, and secure data encryption.
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Clark, Luke; Averbeck, Bruno; Payer, Doris; Sescousse, Guillaume; Winstanley, Catharine A.; Xue, Gui (2013-11-06).
168:. This process must be thoroughly random to prevent any predictability in the order of cards. Casinos often employ
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605:, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 257, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 81â100,
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1015:"Randomisation and resource allocation: a missed opportunity for evaluating health care and social interventions"
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200:, has ancient roots and contemporary relevance, significantly impacting the evolution and practice of democracy.
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258:" (1883). Its application in statistical methodologies is multifaceted and includes critical processes such as
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927:, Handbook for Designing and Conducting Clinical and Translational Research, Academic Press, pp. 353â358,
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73:. By randomly rearranging the sequence, it ensures fairness and unpredictability in games and experiments.
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The concept of randomization in political systems, specifically through the method of allotment or
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662:"Issues in Outcomes Research: An Overview of Randomization Techniques for Clinical Trials"
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724:"An Overview of Randomization and Minimization Programs for Randomized Clinical Trials"
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theories that permit one to have control on the probabilistic level of robustness, see
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wheel) were common, nowadays automated techniques are mostly used. As both selecting
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uses randomization, following the criticisms of previous "representative methods" by
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forms, where randomness plays a key role in creating harmony, melody, or rhythm.
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1131:"Pathological Choice: The Neuroscience of Gambling and Gambling Addiction"
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A sentence generator using random words at the Sci-Port
Discovery Center
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1386:"Dada Manifesto On Feeble Love And Bitter Love (1920) - Tristan Tzara"
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1072:"Expert reveals the fascinating link between math and card shuffling"
172:, which enhance randomness beyond what manual shuffling can achieve.
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Desharnais, Josée; Laviolette, François; Zhioua, Sami (2013-06-01).
1414:- Generate quasi-random stimulus sequences for experimental designs
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1234:
603:
Good
Research Practice in Non-Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedicine
921:"Chapter 58 - Principles and methods of randomization in research"
783:"Testing probabilistic equivalence through Reinforcement Learning"
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213:
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was pioneering in its approach to ensuring political equality, or
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31:. It facilitates the objective comparison of treatment effects in
1987:
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On the impact of randomization on robustness in machine learning
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is chosen based on the specific requirements of the research. A
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1289:"Democracy: Should We Replace Elections with Random Selection?"
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1219:"Athenian Democracy: Modern Mythmakers and Ancient Theorists"
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Educational tools used to extract a random sample from a pool
1334:
Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society. Series A (General)
113:: In telecommunications, randomization is used to transform
1373:(phdthesis thesis). Université Paris sciences et lettres.
286:
In the realm of scientific research, particularly within
225:
In modern times, the concept of allotment, also known as
1013:
Toroyan, Tami; Roberts, Ian; Oakley, Ann (2000-10-01).
869:"A non-parametric test for several independent samples"
660:
Kang, Minsoo; Ragan, Brian G; Park, Jae-Hyeon (2008).
93:
and improving the reliability of experimental results.
1099:, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 31â34,
1097:
Trends in Data
Protection and Encryption Technologies
956:"A roadmap to using randomization in clinical trials"
356:
prominent uses of randomization in simulations is in
3809:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
336:
Some important methods of statistical inference use
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471:can be reduced to simply selecting random numbers,
69:: This is essential in various situations, such as
1191:The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes
3357:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
62:In various contexts, randomization may involve
1330:"The Foundations of Survey Sampling: A Review"
1912:
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8:
38:Randomization is not haphazard; instead, a
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1189:Hansen, Mogens Herman (18 December 1998).
822:"Random sampling versus random allocation"
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475:methods are now most commonly used, both
175:With the rise of online casinos, digital
77:Selecting Random Samples from Populations
229:, is primarily seen in the selection of
87:Random Allocation in Experimental Design
578:
499:Common randomization methods including
299:mitigating the risk of selection bias.
129:, political use, statistical analysis,
3883:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
1258:"The Political Potential of Sortition"
728:Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors
404:and later popularized by writers like
1212:
1210:
1184:
1182:
252:Illustrations of the Logic of Science
246:, whose importance was emphasized by
242:Randomization is a core principle in
238:Randomization in statistical analysis
7:
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3893:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1223:PS: Political Science & Politics
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3488:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1795:Generalized randomized block design
873:Journal of Nonparametric Statistics
320:International Statistical Institute
3583:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
2209:Pearson product-moment correlation
341:estimated from the original data.
16:Process of making something random
14:
1846:Sequential probability ratio test
1274:10.1111/j.1467-9213.2010.660_11.x
477:hardware random number generators
260:randomized controlled experiments
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1869:
1771:Polynomial and rational modeling
960:BMC Medical Research Methodology
547:Covariate Adaptive Randomization
274:Randomized controlled experiment
3842:Least-squares spectral analysis
1287:Lever, Annabelle (2023-07-20).
820:Sedgwick, Philip (2011-11-23).
481:pseudo-random number generators
177:random number generators (RNGs)
125:Randomization has many uses in
2823:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1538:Replication versus subsampling
1420:- Randomization List Generator
1217:Saxonhouse, Arlene W. (1993).
1147:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3231-13.2013
867:Alhakim, A; Hooper, W (2008).
256:A Theory of Probable Inference
67:Generating Random Permutations
1:
4136:Geographic information system
3352:Simultaneous equations models
1293:Danish Yearbook of Philosophy
221:selecting a jury by sortition
3319:Coefficient of determination
2930:Uniformly most powerful test
1765:Response surface methodology
1673:Analysis of variance (Anova)
1367:Pinot, Rafael (2020-12-02).
666:Journal of Athletic Training
170:automatic shuffling machines
54:individuals are selected. A
3888:Proportional hazards models
3832:Spectral density estimation
3814:Vector autoregression (VAR)
3248:Maximum posterior estimator
2480:Randomized controlled trial
1835:Randomized controlled trial
1262:The Philosophical Quarterly
1135:The Journal of Neuroscience
1106:10.1007/978-3-031-33386-6_7
1070:Liu, Michael (2023-04-22).
787:Information and Computation
103:is central to simulations,
4254:
3648:Multivariate distributions
2068:Average absolute deviation
1256:Stone, Peter (July 2010).
973:10.1186/s12874-021-01303-z
678:10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215
525:and stratified allocation)
431:
371:
348:
329:
318:in his 1922 report to the
296:randomized sampling method
166:shuffling of playing cards
111:Data Stream Transformation
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3636:Structural equation model
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2972:Score/Lagrange multiplier
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2387:Sample size determination
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1934:
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1306:10.1163/24689300-bja10042
1019:Journal of Medical Ethics
895:10.1080/10485250801976741
722:Saghaei, Mahmoud (2011).
586:Oxford English Dictionary
513:random number method
203:In the fifth century BC,
97:Generating Random Numbers
44:probability distributions
4233:Random number generation
4131:Environmental statistics
3653:Elliptical distributions
3446:Generalized linear model
3375:Simple linear regression
3145:HodgesâLehmann estimator
2602:Probability distribution
2511:Stochastic approximation
2073:Coefficient of variation
1821:Repeated measures design
1533:Restricted randomization
1328:Smith, T. M. F. (1976).
799:10.1016/j.ic.2013.02.002
568:Random number generation
531:Systematic randomization
519:Stratified randomization
473:random number generation
408:, automatic writing and
101:random number generation
3791:Cross-correlation (XCF)
3399:Non-standard predictors
2833:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
2506:Adaptive clinical trial
1193:. Bloomsbury Academic.
741:10.4103/2228-7477.83520
332:Resampling (statistics)
48:nonprobability sampling
4187:Mathematics portal
4008:Engineering statistics
3916:NelsonâAalen estimator
3493:Analysis of covariance
3380:Ordinary least squares
3304:Pearson product-moment
2708:Statistical functional
2619:Empirical distribution
2452:Controlled experiments
2181:Frequency distribution
1959:Descriptive statistics
1876:Mathematics portal
1638:Ordinary least squares
503:Simple randomization (
445:abstract expressionism
397:
288:clinical study designs
283:
222:
157:
4238:Design of experiments
4103:Population statistics
4045:System identification
3779:Autocorrelation (ACF)
3707:Exponential smoothing
3621:Discriminant analysis
3616:Canonical correlation
3480:Partition of variance
3342:Regression validation
3186:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
3085:Likelihood-ratio test
2774:Frequentist inference
2686:Locationâscale family
2607:Sampling distribution
2572:Statistical inference
2539:Cross-sectional study
2526:Observational studies
2485:Randomized experiment
2314:Stem-and-leaf display
2116:Central limit theorem
1473:Scientific experiment
1455:Design of experiments
925:Translational Surgery
534:Cluster randomization
494:scenario optimization
395:
281:
217:
152:
4026:Probabilistic design
3611:Principal components
3454:Exponential families
3406:Nonlinear regression
3385:General linear model
3347:Mixed effects models
3337:Errors and residuals
3314:Confounding variable
3216:Bayesian probability
3194:Van der Waerden test
3184:Ordered alternative
2949:Multiple comparisons
2828:RaoâBlackwellization
2791:Estimating equations
2747:Statistical distance
2465:Factorial experiment
1998:Arithmetic-Geometric
1747:Fractional factorial
1384:babel (1920-12-12).
1031:10.1136/jme.26.5.319
612:10.1007/164_2019_279
558:Randomized algorithm
406:William S. Burroughs
81:statistical sampling
29:statistical validity
4098:Official statistics
4021:Methods engineering
3702:Seasonal adjustment
3470:Poisson regressions
3390:Bayesian regression
3329:Regression analysis
3309:Partial correlation
3281:Regression analysis
2880:Prediction interval
2875:Likelihood interval
2865:Confidence interval
2857:Interval estimation
2818:Unbiased estimators
2636:Model specification
2516:Up-and-down designs
2204:Partial correlation
2160:Index of dispersion
2078:Interquartile range
1881:Statistical outline
1841:Sequential analysis
1806:Graeco-Latin square
1715:Multiple comparison
1662:Hierarchical model:
1141:(45): 17617â17623.
543:Quasi-randomization
538:Multistage sampling
528:Block randomization
523:stratified sampling
469:random permutations
358:Monte Carlo methods
254:" (1877â1878) and "
141:and other fields.
33:experimental design
4118:Spatial statistics
3998:Medical statistics
3898:First hitting time
3852:Whittle likelihood
3503:Degrees of freedom
3498:Multivariate ANOVA
3431:Heteroscedasticity
3243:Bayesian estimator
3208:Bayesian inference
3057:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2942:Randomization test
2912:Testing hypotheses
2885:Tolerance interval
2796:Maximum likelihood
2691:Exponential family
2624:Density estimation
2584:Statistical theory
2544:Natural experiment
2490:Scientific control
2407:Survey methodology
2093:Standard deviation
1886:Statistical topics
1478:Statistical design
398:
284:
244:statistical theory
223:
205:Athenian democracy
158:
117:. Techniques like
27:and enhancing the
4220:
4219:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4093:National accounts
4063:Actuarial science
4055:Social statistics
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3875:Survival function
3860:
3859:
3722:Granger causality
3563:Contingency table
3538:Survival analysis
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3367:Linear regression
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3233:Credible interval
3202:
3201:
2985:
2984:
2801:Method of moments
2670:Parametric family
2631:Statistical model
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2475:Random assignment
2397:Statistical power
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2176:Contingency table
2146:
2145:
2013:Generalized/power
1894:
1893:
1781:Central composite
1679:Cochran's theorem
1633:Linear regression
1610:Nuisance variable
1523:Random assignment
1500:Experimental unit
1116:978-3-031-33386-6
934:978-0-323-90300-4
838:10.1136/bmj.d7453
622:978-3-030-33656-1
410:cut-up techniques
248:Charles S. Peirce
99:: The process of
4245:
4208:
4207:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4170:
4169:
4073:Crime statistics
3967:
3954:
3871:
3837:Fourier analysis
3824:Frequency domain
3804:
3751:
3717:Structural break
3677:
3626:Cluster analysis
3573:Log-linear model
3546:
3521:
3462:
3436:Homoscedasticity
3292:
3268:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3170:(KruskalâWallis)
3155:
3140:
3095:Cross validation
3080:
3062:AndersonâDarling
3009:
2996:
2967:Likelihood-ratio
2959:Parametric tests
2937:Permutation test
2920:1- & 2-tails
2811:Minimum distance
2783:Point estimation
2779:
2730:Optimal decision
2681:
2580:
2567:
2549:Quasi-experiment
2499:Adaptive designs
2350:
2337:
2214:Rank correlation
1976:
1967:
1954:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1874:
1873:
1811:Orthogonal array
1448:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1268:(240): 664â666.
1253:
1247:
1246:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
975:
950:
944:
943:
942:
941:
916:
907:
906:
888:
864:
858:
857:
817:
811:
810:
778:
772:
771:
761:
743:
719:
708:
707:
697:
657:
642:
641:
614:
598:
589:
583:
443:Some artists in
292:treatment groups
160:In the world of
4253:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4179:
4150:
4112:
4049:
4035:quality control
4002:
3984:Clinical trials
3961:
3936:
3920:
3908:Hazard function
3902:
3856:
3818:
3802:
3765:
3761:BreuschâGodfrey
3749:
3726:
3666:
3641:Factor analysis
3587:
3568:Graphical model
3540:
3507:
3474:
3460:
3440:
3394:
3361:
3323:
3286:
3285:
3254:
3198:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3153:
3138:
3117:Rank statistics
3111:
3090:Model selection
3078:
3036:Goodness of fit
3030:
3007:
2981:
2953:
2906:
2851:
2840:Median unbiased
2768:
2679:
2612:Order statistic
2574:
2553:
2520:
2494:
2446:
2401:
2344:
2342:Data collection
2323:
2235:
2190:
2164:
2142:
2102:
2054:
1971:Continuous data
1961:
1948:
1930:
1925:
1895:
1890:
1868:
1850:
1827:Crossover study
1818:
1816:Latin hypercube
1752:PlackettâBurman
1731:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1622:
1614:
1555:
1547:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1346:10.2307/2345174
1327:
1326:
1322:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1076:News and Events
1069:
1068:
1064:
1012:
1011:
1007:
952:
951:
947:
939:
937:
935:
918:
917:
910:
886:10.1.1.568.6110
866:
865:
861:
819:
818:
814:
780:
779:
775:
721:
720:
711:
659:
658:
645:
623:
600:
599:
592:
588:"randomization"
584:
580:
576:
554:
489:
457:
449:Jackson Pollock
447:movement, like
441:
436:
422:aleatoric music
418:
390:
381:
376:
370:
368:In cryptography
353:
347:
334:
328:
312:Survey sampling
309:
307:Survey sampling
276:
264:survey sampling
240:
194:
147:
91:systematic bias
71:shuffling cards
17:
12:
11:
5:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4176:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3981:
3979:Bioinformatics
3975:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3784:partial (PACF)
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3731:Specific tests
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3631:Classification
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3578:McNemar's test
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3524:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Semiparametric
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3157:
3154:(MannâWhitney)
3149:
3148:
3147:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3079:(ShapiroâWilk)
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3011:
2999:
2993:
2991:Specific tests
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2442:Standard error
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Optimal design
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2169:Summary tables
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Contraharmonic
2000:
1995:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1513:Optimal design
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1407:
1406:External links
1404:
1402:
1401:
1376:
1359:
1340:(2): 183â204.
1320:
1299:(2): 136â153.
1279:
1248:
1235:10.2307/419988
1229:(3): 486â490.
1206:
1199:
1178:
1121:
1115:
1087:
1062:
1025:(5): 319â322.
1005:
945:
933:
908:
879:(3): 253â261.
859:
812:
773:
709:
672:(2): 215â221.
643:
621:
590:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
565:
560:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
540:
535:
532:
529:
526:
516:
488:
485:
465:random samples
456:
453:
440:
437:
434:Computer music
417:
414:
389:
386:
380:
377:
372:Main article:
369:
366:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
330:Main article:
327:
324:
308:
305:
275:
272:
239:
236:
193:
190:
146:
143:
123:
122:
108:
94:
84:
74:
40:random process
25:selection bias
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4250:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4212:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Geostatistics
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4108:Psychometrics
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:Biostatistics
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3933:
3932:Log-rank test
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3803:(BoxâJenkins)
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:DurbinâWatson
3754:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:DickeyâFuller
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Cointegration
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Decomposition
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
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3627:
3624:
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3614:
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3609:
3607:
3604:
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3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Cohen's kappa
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3504:
3501:
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3491:
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3481:
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3463:
3457:
3455:
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3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Nonparametric
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
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3370:
3368:
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3326:
3320:
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3307:
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3299:
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3224:
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3214:
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3211:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:Nonparametric
3158:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3130:Sample median
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3075:
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3021:
3019:
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3012:
3010:
3005:
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3000:
2997:
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2988:
2978:
2975:
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2968:
2965:
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2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:loss function
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
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2716:
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2711:
2710:
2709:
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2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Questionnaire
2435:
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2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Control chart
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2255:
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2250:
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2201:
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2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
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2153:
2149:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
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2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
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2109:
2105:
2099:
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2079:
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2051:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1974:
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1968:
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1955:
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1735:
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1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Compare means
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1698:
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1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
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1663:
1660:
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1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:Random effect
1648:
1647:
1644:
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1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
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1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:Orthogonality
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Randomization
1526:
1524:
1521:
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1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
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1471:
1470:
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1456:
1449:
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1437:
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1426:
1419:
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1410:
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1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
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1371:
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1331:
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1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
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1283:
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1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:1-85399-585-1
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
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1125:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
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997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
974:
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965:
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957:
949:
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926:
922:
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909:
904:
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896:
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855:
851:
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843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
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813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
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774:
769:
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755:
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747:
742:
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733:
729:
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718:
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691:
687:
683:
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624:
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613:
608:
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591:
587:
582:
579:
573:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
520:
517:
514:
510:
506:
505:coin flipping
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
438:
435:
430:
427:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
400:Pioneered by
394:
387:
385:
378:
375:
367:
365:
361:
359:
352:
344:
342:
339:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
306:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
280:
273:
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269:
265:
261:
257:
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237:
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228:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
191:
189:
185:
181:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
156:
155:playing cards
151:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
105:cryptographic
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
21:
20:Randomization
4209:
4197:
4178:
4171:
4083:Econometrics
4033: /
4016:Chemometrics
3993:Epidemiology
3986: /
3959:Applications
3801:ARIMA model
3748:Q-statistic
3697:Stationarity
3593:Multivariate
3536: /
3532: /
3530:Multivariate
3528: /
3468: /
3464: /
3238:Bayes factor
3137:Signed rank
3049:
3023:
3015:
3003:
2698:Completeness
2534:Cohort study
2432:Opinion poll
2367:Missing data
2354:Study design
2309:Scatter plot
2231:Scatter plot
2224:Spearman's Ï
2186:Grouped data
1833:
1819:
1801:Latin square
1787:
1763:
1739:
1700:
1696:
1689:multivariate
1688:
1684:
1671:
1649:
1597:
1565:
1527:
1511:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1369:
1362:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1226:
1222:
1190:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1096:
1090:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1065:
1022:
1018:
1008:
963:
959:
948:
938:, retrieved
924:
876:
872:
862:
829:
825:
815:
790:
786:
776:
734:(1): 55â61.
731:
727:
669:
665:
602:
581:
509:drawing lots
498:
490:
487:Optimization
458:
442:
419:
399:
382:
374:Cryptography
362:
354:
335:
316:Jerzy Neyman
310:
301:
285:
241:
224:
202:
195:
186:
182:
174:
159:
135:cryptography
124:
115:data streams
110:
96:
86:
76:
66:
61:
37:
19:
18:
4211:WikiProject
4126:Cartography
4088:Jurimetrics
4040:Reliability
3771:Time domain
3750:(LjungâBox)
3672:Time-series
3550:Categorical
3534:Time-series
3526:Categorical
3461:(Bernoulli)
3296:Correlation
3276:Correlation
3072:JarqueâBera
3044:Chi-squared
2806:M-estimator
2759:Asymptotics
2703:Sufficiency
2470:Interaction
2382:Replication
2362:Effect size
2319:Violin plot
2299:Radar chart
2279:Forest plot
2269:Correlogram
2219:Kendall's Ï
1776:BoxâBehnken
1657:Mixed model
1588:Confounding
1583:Interaction
1573:Effect size
1543:Sample size
402:surrealists
268:simulations
219:USCAR Court
192:In politics
145:In gambling
4227:Categories
4078:Demography
3796:ARMA model
3601:Regression
3178:(Friedman)
3139:(Wilcoxon)
3077:Normality
3067:Lilliefors
3014:Student's
2890:Resampling
2764:Robustness
2752:divergence
2742:Efficiency
2680:(monotone)
2675:Likelihood
2592:Population
2425:Stratified
2377:Population
2196:Dependence
2152:Count data
2083:Percentile
2060:Dispersion
1993:Arithmetic
1928:Statistics
1732:randomized
1730:Completely
1701:covariance
1463:Scientific
1395:2023-12-11
1081:2023-12-10
966:(1): 168.
940:2023-12-10
574:References
455:Techniques
432:See also:
388:Literature
351:Simulation
345:Simulation
338:resampling
326:Resampling
153:Shuffling
119:scramblers
3459:Logistic
3226:posterior
3152:Rank sum
2900:Jackknife
2895:Bootstrap
2713:Bootstrap
2648:Parameter
2597:Statistic
2392:Statistic
2304:Run chart
2289:Pie chart
2284:Histogram
2274:Fan chart
2249:Bar chart
2131:L-moments
2018:Geometric
1741:Factorial
1625:inference
1605:Covariate
1567:Treatment
1553:Treatment
1315:0070-2749
1155:0270-6474
1039:0306-6800
982:1471-2288
903:123493589
881:CiteSeerX
846:0959-8138
832:: d7453.
807:0890-5401
793:: 21â57.
750:2228-7477
686:1062-6050
639:207956615
426:John Cage
227:sortition
198:sortition
56:runs test
52:arbitrary
4173:Category
3866:Survival
3743:Johansen
3466:Binomial
3421:Isotonic
3008:(normal)
2653:location
2460:Blocking
2415:Sampling
2294:QâQ plot
2259:Box plot
2241:Graphics
2136:Skewness
2126:Kurtosis
2098:Variance
2028:Heronian
2023:Harmonic
1864:Category
1859:Glossary
1665:Bayesian
1643:Bayesian
1599:Blocking
1578:Contrast
1558:blocking
1518:Bayesian
1505:Blinding
1495:validity
1492:external
1488:Internal
1418:RandList
1173:24198353
1057:11055032
1000:34399696
854:71545281
768:22606659
704:18345348
631:31696347
552:See also
461:roulette
209:isonomia
162:gambling
127:gambling
50:, where
4199:Commons
4146:Kriging
4031:Process
3988:studies
3847:Wavelet
3680:General
2847:Plug-in
2641:L space
2420:Cluster
2121:Moments
1939:Outline
1757:Taguchi
1725:Designs
1483:Control
1390:391.org
1354:2345174
1164:3858640
1048:1733281
991:8366748
759:3317766
695:2267325
4068:Census
3658:Normal
3606:Manova
3426:Robust
3176:2-way
3168:1-way
3006:-test
2677:
2254:Biplot
2045:Median
2038:Lehmer
1980:Center
1797:(GRBD)
1697:Ancova
1685:Manova
1620:Models
1465:method
1352:
1313:
1243:419988
1241:
1197:
1171:
1161:
1153:
1113:
1055:
1045:
1037:
998:
988:
980:
931:
901:
883:
852:
844:
805:
766:
756:
748:
702:
692:
684:
637:
629:
619:
379:In art
231:jurors
139:gaming
3692:Trend
3221:prior
3163:anova
3052:-test
3026:-test
3018:-test
2925:Power
2870:Pivot
2663:shape
2658:scale
2108:Shape
2088:Range
2033:Heinz
2008:Cubic
1944:Index
1789:Block
1412:RQube
1350:JSTOR
1239:JSTOR
899:S2CID
850:S2CID
635:S2CID
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