653:
840:; of course, you would need more shuffles if your shuffling technique is poor. Recently, the work of Trefethen et al. has questioned some of Diaconis' results, concluding that six shuffles are enough. The difference hinges on how each measured the randomness of the deck. Diaconis used a very sensitive test of randomness, and therefore needed to shuffle more. Even more sensitive measures exist, and the question of what measure is best for specific card games is still open. Diaconis released a response indicating that you only need four shuffles for un-suited games such as
239:
left hand (say), most of the cards are grasped as a group from the bottom of the pack between the thumb and fingers of the right hand and lifted clear of the small group that remains in the left hand. Small packets are then released from the right hand a packet at a time so that they drop on the top of the pack accumulating in the left hand. The process is repeated several times. The randomness of the whole shuffle is increased by the number of small packets in each shuffle and the number of repeat shuffles performed.
279:, in which half of the deck is held in each hand with the thumbs inward, then cards are released by the thumbs so that they fall to the table interleaved. Many also lift the cards up after a riffle, forming what is called a bridge which puts the cards back into place; it can also be done by placing the halves flat on the table with their rear corners touching, then lifting the back edges with the thumbs while pushing the halves together. While this method is more difficult, it is often used in
607:
other. Performing eight perfect faro shuffles in a row restores the order of the deck to the original order only if there are 52 cards in the deck and if the original top and bottom cards remain in their positions (1st and 52nd) during the eight shuffles. If the top and bottom cards are weaved in during each shuffle, it takes 52 shuffles to return the deck back into original order (or 26 shuffles to reverse the order).
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43:
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941:, where the randomness of the shuffling of packs of simulated cards for online card games is crucial. For this reason, many online gambling sites provide descriptions of their shuffling algorithms and the sources of randomness used to drive these algorithms, with some gambling sites also providing auditors' reports of the performance of their systems.
227:
705:
shuffle the cards, as it gives the casino a few advantages, including an increased complexity to the shuffle and therefore an increased difficulty for players to make predictions, even if they are collaborating with croupiers. The shuffling machines are carefully designed to avoid biasing the shuffle
370:
The
Mongean shuffle, or Monge's shuffle, is performed as follows (by a right-handed person): Start with the unshuffled deck in the left hand and transfer the top card to the right. Then repeatedly take the top card from the left hand and transfer it to the right, putting the second card at the top of
606:
A perfect faro shuffle, where the cards are perfectly alternated, is considered one of the most difficult sleights by card magicians, simply because it requires the shuffler to be able to cut the deck into two equal packets and apply just the right amount of pressure when pushing the cards into each
586:
Weaving is the procedure of pushing the ends of two halves of a deck against each other in such a way that they naturally intertwine. Sometimes the deck is split into equal halves of 26 cards which are then pushed together in a certain way so as to make them perfectly interweave. This is known as a
361:
This method is similar to 52 pickup and also useful for beginners. Also known as the Chemmy, Irish, wash, scramble, hard shuffle, smooshing, schwirsheling, or washing the cards, this involves simply spreading the cards out face down, and sliding them around and over each other with one's hands. Then
643:
Typically performed after a previous shuffling method, the cut is of simply taking a deck, dividing it into two portions of random size, and putting the previously lower portion on top of the previously higher portion. This is occasionally performed by a second shuffler, for additional assurance of
320:
for scissor) or "Kutti
Shuffle". The deck is held face down, with the middle finger on one long edge and the thumb on the other on the bottom half of the deck. The other hand draws off a packet from the top of the deck. This packet is allowed to drop into the palm. The maneuver is repeated over and
598:
is performed by cutting the deck into two, preferably equal, packs in both hands as follows (right-handed): The cards are held from above in the right and from below in the left hand. Separation of the deck is done simply lifting up half the cards with the right hand thumb slightly and pushing the
908:
There are other, less-desirable algorithms in common use. For example, one can assign a random number to each card, and then sort the cards in order of their random numbers. This will generate a random permutation, unless any of the random numbers generated are the same as any others (i.e. pairs,
238:
Johan
Jonasson wrote, "The overhand shuffle... is the shuffling technique where you gradually transfer the deck from, say, your right hand to your left hand by sliding off small packets from the top of the deck with your thumb." In detail as normally performed, with the pack initially held in the
671:
employ various methods of shuffling whereby the deck appears to have been shuffled fairly, when in reality one or more cards (up to and including the entire deck) stays in the same position. It is also possible, though generally considered very difficult, to "stack the deck" (place cards into a
615:
The
Mexican spiral shuffle is performed by cyclic actions of moving the top card onto the table, then the new top card under the deck, the next onto the table, next under the deck, and so on until the last card is dealt onto the table. It takes quite a long time, compared with riffle or overhand
242:
The overhand shuffle offers sufficient opportunity for sleight of hand techniques to be used to affect the ordering of cards, creating a stacked deck. The most common way that players cheat with the overhand shuffle is by having a card at the top or bottom of the pack that they require, and then
352:
A person may throw a deck of cards into the air or across a surface, and then pick up the cards in random order, assembled with the cards facing the same direction. If specific cards are observed too closely as they are picked up, an additional 52 pickup or an additional shuffling method may be
628:
Especially useful for large decks, a shuffler may divide a deck into two or more smaller decks, and give the other portion(s) to (an)other shuffler(s), each to choose their own shuffling method(s). Smaller decks or portions of smaller decks may be traded around as shuffling continues, then the
337:
Cards are simply dealt out into a number of piles, then the piles are stacked on top of each other. Though this is deterministic and does not randomize the cards at all, it ensures that cards that were next to each other are now separated. Some variations on the pile shuffle attempt to make it
760:
means that it is exceedingly improbable that two randomly selected, truly randomized decks will be the same. However, while the exact sequence of all cards in a randomized deck is unpredictable, it may be possible to make some probabilistic predictions about a deck that is not sufficiently
781:
In practice the number of shuffles required depends both on the quality of the shuffle and how significant non-randomness is, particularly how good the people playing are at noticing and using non-randomness. Two to four shuffles is good enough for casual play. But in club play, good
298:
provides a mathematical model of the random outcomes of riffling that has been shown experimentally to be a good fit to human shuffling and that forms the basis for a recommendation that card decks be riffled seven times in order to randomize them thoroughly. Later, mathematicians
599:
left hand's packet forward away from the right hand. The two packets are often crossed and tapped against each other to align them. They are then pushed together by the short sides and bent (either up or down). The cards then alternately fall into each other, much like a
909:
triplets etc.). This can be eliminated either by adjusting one of the pair's values randomly up or down by a small amount, or reduced to an arbitrarily low probability by choosing a sufficiently wide range of random number choices. If using efficient sorting such as
855:
divided into suits with two suits in ascending order from ace to king, and the other two suits in reverse. (Many decks already come ordered this way when new.) After shuffling, the measure of randomness is the number of rising sequences that are left in each suit.
769:
The number of shuffles that are sufficient for a "good" level of randomness depends on the type of shuffle and the measure of "good enough randomness", which in turn depends on the game in question. For most games, four to seven riffle shuffles are sufficient: for
706:
and are typically computer-controlled. Shuffling machines also save time that would otherwise be wasted on manual shuffling, thereby increasing the profitability of the table. These machines are also used to lessen repetitive-motion-stress injuries to a dealer.
362:
the cards are moved into one pile so that they begin to intertwine and are then arranged back into a stack. Statistically random shuffling is achieved after approximately one minute of smoothing. Smooshing has been largely popularized by Simon Hofman.
603:. A flourish can be added by springing the packets together by applying pressure and bending them from above, as called the bridge finish. The faro is a controlled shuffle which does not randomize a deck when performed properly.
679:
and the Push-Through-False-Shuffle as particularly effective examples of the false shuffle. In these shuffles, the entire deck remains in its original order, although spectators think they see an honest riffle shuffle.
557:
307:
authored a paper using a tweaked version of the
Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model showing that the minimum number of riffles for total randomization could also be six, if the method of defining randomness is changed.
243:
slipping it to the bottom at the start of a shuffle (if it was on top to start), or leaving it as the last card in a shuffle and just dropping it on top (if it was originally on the bottom of the deck).
709:
Players with superstitions often regard with suspicion any electronic equipment, so casinos sometimes still have the croupiers perform the shuffling at tables that typically attract those crowds (e.g.,
847:
On the other hand, variation distance may be too forgiving a measure and seven riffle shuffles may be many too few. For example, seven shuffles of a new deck leaves an 81% probability of winning
436:
353:
needed for sufficient randomization. This method is useful for beginners, but the shuffle requires a large clean surface for spreading out the cards, and it may take more time than is desired.
778:, four riffle shuffles are sufficient, while for suited games, seven riffle shuffles are necessary. There are some games, however, for which even seven riffle shuffles are insufficient.
786:
players take advantage of non-randomness after four shuffles, and top blackjack players supposedly track aces through the deck; this is known as "ace tracking", or more generally, as "
329:
the cards to the resulting pile. This is the most common shuffling technique in Asia and other parts of the world, while the overhand shuffle is primarily used in
Western countries.
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created a false riffle shuffle of such beauty that it is quite possibly the only move to have been originated by a magician and that has found its way into world of card cheating.
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874:
of the cards; beware that this terminology (an algorithm that perfectly randomizes the deck) differs from "a perfectly executed single shuffle", notably a perfectly interleaving
321:
over, with newly drawn packets dropping onto previous ones, until the deck is all in the second hand. Indian shuffle differs from stripping in that all the action is in the hand
283:
because it minimizes the risk of exposing cards during the shuffle. There are two types of perfect riffle shuffles: if the top card moves to be second from the top then it is an
832:
of random riffle shuffling and concluded that the deck did not start to become random until five good riffle shuffles, and was truly random after seven, in the precise sense of
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shuffles, but allows other players to fully control cards which are on the table. The
Mexican spiral shuffle was popular at the end of the 19th century in some areas of
833:
820:, who began studying the question around 1970, and has authored many papers in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s on the subject with numerous co-authors. Most famous is (
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smaller decks are combined (and briefly shuffled) into the original large deck. This also prevents one shuffler having unfair control of the randomization.
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2680:
905:
A new alternative to Fisher-Yates, which does not use any array memory operations, is the use a Pseudo Random Index
Generator (PRIG) function algorithm.
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the new deck, the third at the bottom, the fourth at the top, the fifth at the bottom, etc. The result, if one started with cards numbered consecutively
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802:, which was abandoned in 1955, the question of how many shuffles was required remained open until 1990, when it was convincingly solved as
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756:) possible orderings, or specifically 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000. The
2441:
1558:
Diaconis and his colleagues are issuing an update. When dealing many gambling games, like blackjack, about four shuffles are enough.
1348:
126:
741:. In other words, there are 52 × 51 × 50 × 49 × ··· × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 possible combinations of card sequence. This is approximately
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For a deck of given size, the number of
Mongean shuffles that it takes to return a deck to starting position, is known (sequence
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1970:
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1343:, Institute of Mathematical Statistics Lecture Notes—Monograph Series, 11, Hayward, CA: Institute of Mathematical Statistics,
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898:-card deck, assuming constant time for fundamental steps) algorithm for doing this. Shuffling can be seen as the opposite of
64:
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where the probability is 50% with a uniform random deck. One sensitive test for randomness uses a standard deck without the
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60:
158:
53:
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86:
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31:
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Cards lifted after a riffle shuffle, forming what is called a bridge which puts the cards back into place
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2010:
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If a computer has access to purely random numbers, it is capable of generating a "perfect shuffle", a
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randomization, and to prevent either the shuffler or an observer from knowing the top or bottom card.
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the cards, whereas in stripping, the action is performed by the hand with the original deck,
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desirable order) by means of one or more riffle shuffles; this is called "riffle stacking".
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Mathematical
Developments from the Analysis of Riffle Shuffling, Technical Report 2002-16
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as elaborated below. Some results preceded this, and refinements have continued since.
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Diaconis, Persi; Pal, Soumik (2017-11-02). "Shuffling cards by spatial motion".
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as a protection from gamblers and con men arriving from the United States.
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1063:
Group Representations in Probability and Statistics (Lecture Notes Vol 11)
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1959:
1943:
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1291:
Jonasson, Johan (2006). "The overhand shuffle mixes in Θ(n2logn) steps".
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914:
702:
552:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 2n,2n-2,2n-4,\dots ,4,2,1,3,\dots ,2n-3,2n-1}
234:
One of the easiest shuffles to accomplish after a little practice is the
722:"52!" redirects here. For information on the mathematical function, see
338:
slightly random by dealing to the piles in a random order each circuit.
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How We Learned to Cheat at Online Poker: A Study in Software Security
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1227:"The Achilles' Heel of the GSR Shuffle: A Note on New Age Solitaire"
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213:, to help ensure that the shuffler has not manipulated the outcome.
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1448:(1st ed.). New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. p. 109.
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1164:(4), (Consortium for Mathematics and Its Applications): 303–332
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36:
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UMAP Journal (Undergraduate Mathematics and Its Applications)
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1176:(2000). "How many shuffles to randomize a deck of cards?".
572:). Twelve perfect Mongean shuffles restore a 52-card deck.
564:
937:
These issues are of considerable commercial importance in
1234:
Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences
438:, would be a deck with the cards in the following order:
1446:
Phantoms of the Card Table: Confessions of a Card Sharp
675:
Both performance magicians and card sharps regard the
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377:
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1154:"How many times should you shuffle a deck of cards?"
809:
A leading figure in the mathematics of shuffling is
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Group representations in probability and statistics
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards
1524:
1410:
551:
431:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 1,2,3,4,5,6,\dots ,2n}
430:
886:, is simple (a few lines of code) and efficient (
291:(which preserves both the top and bottom cards).
316:Also known as the "Indian", "Kattar", "Kenchi" (
1570:Assaf, Sami; Persi Diaconis; K. Soundararajan.
1621:Magician's tool with much shuffling simulation
1616:Illustrated guide to several shuffling methods
30:"Shuffle" redirects here. For other uses, see
4496:
3138:
2686:Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing Cards
1672:
821:
8:
1179:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A
1033:"Trailing the Dovetail Shuffle to its Lair"
267:A common shuffling technique is called the
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2705:
2681:Saga Arashiyama Museum of Arts and Culture
2596:
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2094:
1702:
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1665:
1657:
1538:"Shuffling the cards: Math does the trick"
1240:(3). Cambridge University Press: 315–328.
1499:"In Shuffling Cards, 7 Is Winning Number"
1472:
1470:
1468:
1428:
1377:"In Shuffling Cards, 7 Is Winning Number"
1304:
1199:
1142:
1048:
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376:
263:After a riffle shuffle, the cards cascade
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1099:Department of Statistics, archived from
169:of all important aspects of the article.
2971:The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds
1283:
1225:Van Zuylen, A.; Schalekamp, F. (2004).
737:) possible orderings of the cards in a
2624:International Skat Players Association
1636:Shuffle - MathWorld - Wolfram Research
1572:"A Rule of Thumb for Riffle Shuffling"
165:Please consider expanding the lead to
2725:Blackstone's Card Trick Without Cards
1647:Real world (historical) application:
1124:"The mathematics of perfect shuffles"
7:
1596:
1067:Institute of Mathematical Statistics
980:"Shuffling Cards and Stopping Times"
929:) average and worst-case algorithm.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3006:Violin and Playing Cards on a Table
209:. Shuffling is often followed by a
205:to provide an element of chance in
2676:Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer
2662:International Playing-Card Society
2350:United States Playing Card Company
1544:. November 7, 2008. Archived from
824:), co-authored with mathematician
25:
1293:The Annals of Applied Probability
1037:The Annals of Applied Probability
4438:
4437:
2647:Fournier Museum of Playing Cards
2642:Cary Collection of Playing Cards
1631:Real World Shuffling In Practice
1497:Kolata, Gina (January 9, 1990).
1478:Van Zuylen & Schalekamp 2004
1444:Britland, David; Gazzo (2004) .
143:
41:
2964:Card Players in a Rich Interior
1131:Advances in Applied Mathematics
157:may be too short to adequately
52:needs additional citations for
1525:Trefethen & Trefethen 2000
1411:Trefethen & Trefethen 2000
697:often equip their tables with
287:, otherwise it is known as an
167:provide an accessible overview
1:
2865:The Phantom of the Card Table
2652:German Doppelkopf Association
2320:Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag
1398:"Shuffling, what's the Deal?"
988:American Mathematical Monthly
733:(expressed in shorthand as 52
3084:Patience and solitaire games
2978:Cardplayers in a Sunlit Room
2810:The Expert at the Card Table
1144:10.1016/0196-8858(83)90009-X
798:Following early research at
5331:Tarot and Tarock card games
4534:Glossary of card game terms
4467:Tarot and Tarock card games
4458:Non trick-taking card games
3102:Tarot and Tarock card games
3066:Non trick-taking card games
2547:Richard Valentine Pitchford
2517:Master of the Playing Cards
1640:Ivars Peterson's MathTrek:
830:Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model
296:Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model
5376:
2657:German Playing Card Museum
1642:Card Shuffling Shenanigans
1626:Mathematics of shuffling:
1315:10.1214/105051605000000692
1152:Mann, Brad (Winter 1994),
863:
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29:
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3051:
1611:Physical card shuffling:
1246:10.1017/S0269964804183034
822:Bayer & Diaconis 1992
3539:Twenty-five (Spoil Five)
2619:International Skat Court
2609:British Skat Association
838:Markov chain mixing time
758:magnitude of this number
32:Shuffle (disambiguation)
5322:Trick-taking card games
3154:Trick-taking card games
3075:Trick-taking card games
2614:German Skat Association
2392:Bielefelder Spielkarten
1050:10.1214/aoap/1177005705
665:sleight-of-hand artists
197:is a procedure used to
18:Shuffling playing cards
2999:Still Life with a Poem
2202:Guru (circular whirls)
1210:10.1098/rspa.2000.0625
657:
553:
432:
264:
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191:
5355:Card game terminology
5304:Historical card games
4449:Historical card games
4046:(except where stated)
3173:(except where stated)
3057:Historical card games
3038:Play Your Cards Right
2755:Twenty-One Card Trick
2730:The Circus Card Trick
2492:Johann Kaspar Hechtel
1818:Archaeology awareness
1812:Ambraser Hofjagdspiel
828:, which analyzed the
655:
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2821:History of cardistry
2305:J.O. Öberg & Son
1828:Flemish Hunting Deck
880:Fisher–Yates shuffle
866:Fisher–Yates shuffle
442:
375:
61:improve this article
5198:Kings in the Corner
4585:Beggar-my-neighbour
4203:Officers' Schafkopf
3015:Film and television
2957:The Card Players II
2715:The Acme of Control
1375:(January 9, 1990).
1192:2000RSPSA.456.2561N
1186:(2002): 2561–2568.
1097:Stanford University
4399:Swiss German packs
4083:Bohemian Schneider
4030:Württemberg Tarock
2992:Dogs Playing Poker
2557:Johann Georg Rauch
2345:U.S. Games Systems
1707:Playing card suits
1504:The New York Times
1382:The New York Times
1120:Kantor, William M.
1069:, pp. 77–84,
961:Solitaire (cipher)
872:random permutation
834:variation distance
701:instead of having
699:shuffling machines
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305:Lloyd N. Trefethen
301:Lloyd M. Trefethen
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4859:Continental Rummy
4590:Egyptian Ratscrew
4511:Non trick-taking
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4291:Wendish Schafkopf
4238:Russian Schnapsen
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2898:Si Stebbins stack
2762:
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2740:Out of This World
2735:The Four Burglars
2696:Card manipulation
2632:
2631:
2582:Fusajiro Yamauchi
2542:Ferdinand Piatnik
2425:
2424:
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1971:Portuguese-suited
1873:
1872:
1850:Most-wanted Iraqi
1833:Hamas most wanted
1790:Curse of Scotland
1116:Graham, Ronald L.
1076:978-0-940600-14-0
951:Card manipulation
882:, popularized by
849:New Age Solitaire
690:Shuffling machine
277:leafing the cards
236:overhand shuffle.
184:
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16:(Redirected from
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5100:Snip-Snap-Snorum
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2950:The Card Players
2943:The Bezique Game
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2908:Three-card monte
2787:Cards in the hat
2706:
2668:The Playing-Card
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2532:Samuel J. Murray
2472:Thierry Depaulis
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2139:German and Swiss
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1901:Four-colour pack
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1174:Trefethen, L. M.
1170:Trefethen, L. N.
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230:Overhand shuffle
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4894:Liverpool rummy
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4721:Ranter-Go-Round
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4110:Dreierschnapsen
4088:Bohemian Watten
4060:Bauernschnapsen
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3975:Bavarian Tarock
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3804:Klaberjass/Bela
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3364:Knock-out whist
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2572:Charles Troedel
2567:Howard Thurston
2487:Richard Harding
2421:
2402:Charles Goodall
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2265:ASS Altenburger
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2237:Tens of Myriads
2227:Strings of Cash
2214:Chinese (Money)
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1778:Queen of spades
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1337:Diaconis, Persi
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1201:10.1.1.167.7656
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1112:Diaconis, Persi
1110:
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1084:Diaconis, Persi
1082:
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1059:Diaconis, Persi
1057:
1029:Diaconis, Persi
1023:
1001:10.2307/2323590
982:
976:Diaconis, Persi
974:Aldous, David;
973:
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939:online gambling
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933:Online gambling
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804:seven shuffles,
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656:Shuffling trick
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5360:Card shuffling
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5193:Jack Change It
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4949:Viennese Rummy
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4934:Three thirteen
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4909:Robbers' rummy
4906:
4901:
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4871:
4866:
4864:Contract rummy
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4557:Costly colours
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3919:Tausendundeins
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3844:Officers' Skat
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3729:Bauernheinrich
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3282:Call-ace whist
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3220:Auction bridge
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2985:The Cardsharps
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2871:Second dealing
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2826:House of cards
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2767:Bottom dealing
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2720:Ambitious Card
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2552:Franco Pratesi
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2502:Sekiryo Kaneda
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2430:Notable people
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2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1937:Hyakunin Isshu
1933:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1865:Transformation
1862:
1860:Stuttgart pack
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:Jerry's Nugget
1842:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1804:Specific decks
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1747:
1745:
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1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1607:External links
1605:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1562:
1529:
1516:
1482:
1464:
1455:978-1568582993
1454:
1436:
1415:
1403:
1389:
1364:
1349:
1328:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1222:
1166:
1149:
1137:(2): 175–196.
1108:
1080:
1075:
1055:
1043:(2): 295–313.
1021:
995:(5): 333–348.
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
946:
943:
934:
931:
864:Main article:
861:
858:
818:Persi Diaconis
795:
792:
774:games such as
766:
763:
719:
716:
688:Main article:
685:
682:
677:Zarrow shuffle
649:
646:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
625:
622:
612:
611:Mexican spiral
609:
580:Main article:
577:
574:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
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411:
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387:
384:
381:
367:
364:
358:
355:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
334:
331:
313:
310:
248:
245:
223:
220:
218:
215:
190:Riffle shuffle
182:
181:
175:September 2024
161:the key points
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
117:September 2024
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5372:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
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5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
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5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Lusti-Kartl'n
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:Rosbiratschka
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Chase the Ace
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:My ship sails
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
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4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4444:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4419:Hindersi-Jass
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:Unteransetzen
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Rosbiratschka
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Lusti-Kartl'n
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
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4130:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
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4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Slobberhannes
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Letzter Stich
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Catch the ten
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3560:
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3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
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3532:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:(Danish) (20)
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
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3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
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3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:Konter a Matt
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3299:
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3288:
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3280:
3278:
3275:
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3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
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3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
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3176:
3168:
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3159:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:Playing Cards
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
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2986:
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2937:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:Art and media
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2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
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2892:
2889:
2887:
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2874:
2872:
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2840:
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2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Herrmann pass
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Cardistry-Con
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:Card throwing
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
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2738:
2736:
2733:
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2663:
2660:
2658:
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2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:52 Plus Joker
2635:
2634:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:organisations
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:David Parlett
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Lennart Green
2480:
2478:
2477:S. W. Erdnase
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
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2351:
2348:
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2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Oishi Tengudo
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:France Cartes
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:Manufacturers
2256:
2253:
2249:Manufacturers
2247:
2236:
2233:
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2223:
2220:
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2122:
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2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Stripped deck
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
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1982:
1979:
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1916:
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1911:
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1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1886:
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1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1839:Hofämterspiel
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:Ace of hearts
1759:
1757:
1756:Ace of spades
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1688:Playing cards
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1599:, section 10)
1598:
1592:
1589:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1548:on 2009-01-11
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
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1457:
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1447:
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1431:
1426:
1419:
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1412:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:0-940600-14-5
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:on 2010-08-04
1102:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
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1002:
998:
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989:
981:
977:
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957:
954:
952:
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942:
940:
932:
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928:
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916:
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903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
859:
857:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
836:described in
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
811:mathematician
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
779:
777:
773:
764:
762:
759:
755:
740:
736:
732:
729:There are 52
725:
718:Randomization
717:
715:
713:
707:
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691:
683:
681:
678:
673:
670:
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365:
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270:
261:
253:
246:
244:
240:
237:
228:
221:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
203:playing cards
200:
196:
188:
178:
168:
162:
160:
155:
150:
146:
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140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5334:}}
5328:{{
5325:}}
5319:{{
5316:}}
5310:{{
5307:}}
5301:{{
5173:Dupa biskupa
5153:Crazy Eights
4944:Treppenrommé
4904:Penang rummy
4884:Indian rummy
4874:German Rummy
4749:Bauernfangen
4668:Stop the Bus
4523:
4470:}}
4464:{{
4461:}}
4455:{{
4452:}}
4446:{{
4415:Schieberjass
4354:Calabresella
4054:Bauernfangen
4040:German packs
3996:Haferltarock
3970:Bauerntarock
3959:German packs
3939:Twenty-eight
3894:Siebenschräm
3697:French packs
3657:Six-bid solo
3570:French packs
3544:Two-ten-jack
3534:Turkish King
3334:German whist
3329:French whist
3167:French packs
3114:}}
3111:Occult tarot
3108:{{
3105:}}
3099:{{
3096:}}
3090:{{
3087:}}
3081:{{
3078:}}
3072:{{
3069:}}
3063:{{
3060:}}
3054:{{
3036:
3028:
3021:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2936:The Acrobats
2934:
2875:
2863:
2831:One-way deck
2808:
2772:Card marking
2750:Spelling Bee
2666:
2562:Juan Tamariz
2467:Dan and Dave
2457:Derren Brown
2452:David Blaine
2387:Aspioti-ELKA
2335:Ravensburger
2052:
1992:
1985:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1888:
1837:
1810:
1698:52-card deck
1646:
1625:
1610:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1565:
1557:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1542:Science News
1541:
1532:
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1502:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1418:
1406:
1392:
1380:
1373:Kolata, Gina
1367:
1340:
1331:
1306:math/0501401
1296:
1292:
1286:
1265:. Retrieved
1237:
1233:
1183:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1134:
1130:
1101:the original
1088:
1062:
1040:
1036:
992:
986:
956:Mental poker
936:
926:
922:
907:
904:
895:
891:
884:Donald Knuth
876:faro shuffle
869:
846:
808:
803:
797:
780:
768:
761:randomized.
754:vigintillion
739:52-card deck
728:
708:
693:
674:
659:
642:
627:
624:Team shuffle
614:
605:
596:faro shuffle
593:
589:Faro Shuffle
588:
585:
582:Faro shuffle
561:
369:
360:
351:
336:
326:
322:
315:
293:
276:
272:
268:
266:
241:
235:
233:
194:
193:
172:
156:
154:lead section
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5258:Ristiseiska
5133:Brede Mette
5128:Black Peter
4869:Dummy rummy
4759:Davoserjazz
4615:Schlafmütze
4600:Ninety-nine
4562:Ninety-nine
4425:Kaiserspiel
4379:Truc y Flou
4306:Zehnerlegen
4188:Matzlfangen
4132:German Solo
3719:Bassadewitz
3652:Scharwenzel
3490:Skærvindsel
3479:Sixty-three
3459:Ristikontra
3407:Ninety-nine
3324:Forty-fives
3309:Court piece
3252:Black Maria
3023:Card Sharks
2913:Trick decks
2804:Double lift
2745:Rising Card
2527:Anton Moser
2522:John McLeod
2507:René Lavand
2462:Lewis Cohen
2442:Hubert Auer
2417:Waddingtons
2412:Lewis Cohen
2295:F.X. Schmid
2091:Other suits
1879:Other packs
1855:Politicards
1581:14 November
1552:14 November
1267:14 November
1025:Bayer, Dave
917:this is an
765:Sufficiency
669:card cheats
639:Cut (cards)
289:out shuffle
275:shuffle or
76:"Shuffling"
5349:Categories
5228:Paskahousu
5183:Hahndreier
5070:Nain Jaune
5037:Tablanette
4982:Byggkasino
4929:Thirty-one
4824:Bing rummy
4774:Kein Stich
4736:Compendium
4726:Vogelspiel
4706:Höllfahren
4648:James Bond
4577:Collecting
4513:card games
4276:Trischettn
4157:Kein Stich
4098:Doppelkopf
4013:Mulatschak
3944:Zwanzig ab
3889:Sheepshead
3874:Préférence
3662:Svängknack
3642:Marjapussi
3632:Hindersche
3506:Spoil Five
3349:Hucklebuck
3247:Black lady
2903:Spoke card
2852:mechanic's
2847:magician's
2838:and grips
2777:Card sharp
2591:Groups and
2577:Dai Vernon
2447:Bryan Berg
2270:Cartamundi
2251:and brands
2234:of Strings
2170:Portuguese
2021:Court card
1981:Tarot pack
1951:uta-garuta
1510:2012-11-14
1430:1708.08147
967:References
860:Algorithms
826:Dave Bayer
285:in shuffle
217:Techniques
207:card games
201:a deck of
87:newspapers
5253:Red nines
5238:Pusoy dos
5233:President
5203:Last Card
5168:Dou dizhu
5075:Newmarket
4919:Gin rummy
4899:Militaire
4794:Quodlibet
4678:Comparing
4663:Schwimmen
4524:Shuffling
4369:Tressette
4339:Botifarra
4281:Wallachen
4265:Sixty-six
4249:Schnapsen
4244:Schafkopf
4218:Ramscheln
4208:Quodlibet
4193:Mauscheln
4142:Grasobern
4024:Schnalzen
4018:Perlaggen
3884:Schwimmen
3869:Preferans
3814:Klaverjas
3794:Herzblatt
3789:Fünf dazu
3744:Bierlachs
3724:Bauerchen
3511:Stýrivolt
3392:Lanterloo
3354:Kachufool
3236:Bid whist
3215:All fours
2929:Paintings
2886:Gilbreath
2876:Shuffling
2842:gambler's
2701:cardistry
2497:Ricky Jay
2437:Lee Asher
2397:C.L. Wüst
2280:Dal Negro
2198:Japanese
2067:Nicknames
1881:and decks
1795:Beer card
1696:Standard
1597:Mann 1994
1323:119648392
1278:Footnotes
1254:0269-9648
1196:CiteSeerX
911:mergesort
842:blackjack
800:Bell Labs
776:blackjack
731:factorial
724:factorial
714:tables).
703:croupiers
661:Magicians
543:−
528:−
516:…
486:…
477:−
462:−
416:…
348:52 pickup
342:52 pickup
199:randomize
195:Shuffling
159:summarize
5313:Patience
5283:Tiến lên
5263:Shithead
5243:Quatorze
5223:One-card
5218:Old maid
5110:Shedding
5095:Slapjack
5052:Matching
4997:Cuarenta
4854:Conquian
4844:Chinchón
4814:Draw and
4643:Commerce
4630:Commerce
4610:Quartets
4552:Cribbage
4443:Category
4349:Briscola
4271:Sticheln
4093:Bolachen
4066:Bierkopf
4044:32 cards
3986:Brusbart
3962:36 cards
3864:Polignac
3849:Oma Skat
3839:Mistigri
3834:Marjolet
3809:Klammern
3749:Brandeln
3701:32 cards
3682:Viersche
3672:Tarabish
3647:Rutersju
3574:36 cards
3474:Sheng ji
3464:Rödskägg
3443:Polskpas
3427:Pinochle
3402:Napoleon
3386:Knüffeln
3381:Köpknack
3339:Gong Zhu
3314:Cucumber
3171:52 cards
2512:Ed Marlo
2315:Nintendo
2285:Fournier
2043:Pip card
1960:Kvitlech
1944:kabufuda
1930:hanafuda
1823:Charruan
1730:Diamonds
1339:(1988),
1262:18330303
1218:14055379
1122:(1983).
1086:(2002),
1061:(1988),
1031:(1992).
1017:11625632
978:(1986).
945:See also
915:heapsort
894:) on an
815:magician
794:Research
772:unsuited
712:baccarat
684:Machines
273:dovetail
222:Overhand
5288:Vändtia
5248:Rabouge
5213:Mau-Mau
5163:Daifugō
5123:Big two
5090:Sedmice
5060:Go Fish
5042:Zwicker
5017:Go-Stop
4987:Cassino
4969:Fishing
4959:500 rum
4889:Kalooki
4849:Colonel
4839:Carioca
4834:Canasta
4816:discard
4769:Herzeln
4529:Cutting
4411:Chratze
4329:Aluette
4320:Spanish
4316:Italian
4260:Sedmice
4162:Lampeln
4147:Herzeln
4078:Blattla
4072:Binokel
4007:Kratzen
3949:Zwicken
3914:Solo 66
3854:Pilotta
3829:Manille
3819:Letzter
3764:Coinche
3759:Chouine
3739:Bezique
3687:Voormsi
3677:Trekort
3559:Zwikken
3523:Tarneeb
3417:Oh hell
3397:Mizerka
3319:Femkort
3292:Clabber
2799:Cutting
2407:Dondorf
2380:Defunct
2371:Grimaud
2366:Bicycle
2330:Piatnik
2310:Modiano
2232:Myriads
2166:Spanish
2162:Italian
2160:Latin (
2125:Shields
2082:Unicode
1976:Russian
1914:ganjapa
1907:Ganjifa
1896:Chinese
1577:. t.b.a
1359:0964069
1188:Bibcode
1009:2323590
900:sorting
749:(80,658
695:Casinos
568:in the
565:A019567
366:Mongean
281:casinos
269:riffle,
101:scholar
5278:Switch
5148:Craits
5118:Bartok
5032:Skwitz
5007:Escopa
5002:Escoba
4992:Cicera
4977:Bastra
4924:Rumino
4829:Buraco
4754:Bonken
4691:Coucou
4544:Adding
4364:Julepe
4344:Brisca
4334:Bestia
4286:Watten
4233:Rumpel
4223:Ramsen
4213:Ramsch
4198:Mucken
4183:Mariáš
4172:Lupfen
4152:Herzla
4137:Gilten
4123:(2x24)
4121:Gaigel
4116:Elfern
4100:(2x24)
4074:(2x24)
4001:Jaggln
3980:Bieten
3934:Tuppen
3929:Toepen
3924:Tippen
3859:Piquet
3799:Kaiser
3784:Fipsen
3779:Euchre
3769:Écarté
3734:Belote
3714:Baloot
3528:Thunee
3501:Spades
3469:Shelem
3449:Priffe
3429:(2x24)
3344:Hearts
3303:Chlust
3277:Bridge
3272:Bourré
3267:Boston
3262:Bonken
3033:(1896)
2891:Zarrow
2857:Tenkai
2709:Tricks
2359:Brands
2300:Gemaco
2194:Swords
2189:Batons
2146:Acorns
2107:Leaves
2099:German
2026:knight
2011:Banner
1994:Zi pai
1987:Tujeon
1966:Polish
1923:Karuta
1890:As-Nas
1725:Hearts
1720:Spades
1711:French
1452:
1357:
1347:
1321:
1260:
1252:
1216:
1198:
1073:
1015:
1007:
878:. The
853:jokers
784:bridge
751:
743:8.0658
667:, and
648:Faking
618:Mexico
601:zipper
327:giving
323:taking
247:Riffle
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5268:Speed
5178:Durak
5158:Cheat
5143:Comet
5138:Burro
5085:Sedma
5027:Scopa
5022:Mulle
5012:Pasur
4954:Yaniv
4914:Rummy
4784:Lorum
4764:Dreeg
4744:Barbu
4716:Kille
4696:Cuccù
4653:Kemps
4567:Noddy
4384:Truco
4322:packs
4255:Sedma
4167:Lorum
4104:Dreeg
3991:Dobbm
3899:Sjavs
3774:Enflé
3754:Bruus
3637:Knack
3607:Bruus
3592:Bräus
3582:Agram
3554:Whist
3517:Sueca
3496:Smear
3484:Sjavs
3433:Pitch
3422:Pedro
3287:Cinch
3257:Bluke
3241:Bisca
3230:Baśka
3225:Barbu
3187:3-5-8
3181:3-2-5
3093:Poker
2836:Palms
2340:Trefl
2275:Copag
2184:Coins
2151:Bells
2130:Roses
2117:Swiss
2077:Talon
2062:Joker
2048:deuce
2036:Unter
2016:Blank
2004:Cards
1773:Queen
1744:Ranks
1735:Clubs
1575:(PDF)
1425:arXiv
1319:S2CID
1301:arXiv
1258:S2CID
1230:(PDF)
1214:S2CID
1127:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
1013:S2CID
1005:JSTOR
983:(PDF)
357:Corgi
318:Hindi
312:Hindu
108:JSTOR
94:books
5273:Spit
5188:Hund
5080:Poch
4939:Tonk
4879:Golf
4804:Trex
4789:Poch
4779:King
4711:Hypp
4701:Gnav
4638:Brag
4407:Jass
4389:Tute
4374:Truc
4359:Gilé
4296:Ulti
4267:(24)
4251:(20)
4240:(24)
4174:(20)
4112:(20)
4106:(24)
4068:(20)
4062:(20)
4056:(20)
4026:(33)
4020:(33)
4009:(33)
4003:(33)
3982:(33)
3904:Skat
3879:Rams
3667:Tapp
3627:Frog
3622:Dapp
3612:Bura
3602:Brús
3597:Brus
3587:Bête
3561:(20)
3549:Vira
3530:(24)
3519:(40)
3513:(48)
3492:(28)
3445:(24)
3438:Phat
3388:(48)
3377:(16)
3371:(24)
3359:King
3305:(20)
3298:Clag
3294:(24)
3243:(40)
3232:(16)
3211:(24)
3209:1001
3205:(24)
3203:1000
3199:(43)
3183:(30)
3158:list
2881:faro
2699:and
2601:Skat
2222:Cash
2179:Cups
2054:Weli
2031:Ober
1785:Jack
1768:King
1583:2008
1554:2008
1450:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1269:2009
1250:ISSN
1071:ISBN
925:log
813:and
594:The
576:Faro
570:OEIS
333:Pile
303:and
294:The
80:news
5208:Mao
4658:Mus
4620:War
4605:Pig
4318:or
3709:304
3454:Put
3375:Kop
3197:500
3192:400
1751:Ace
1311:doi
1242:doi
1206:doi
1184:456
1139:doi
1045:doi
997:doi
913:or
790:".
633:Cut
271:or
211:cut
63:by
5351::
4417:,
4413:,
1556:.
1540:.
1501:.
1485:^
1467:^
1458:.
1379:.
1355:MR
1353:,
1317:.
1309:.
1299:.
1297:16
1295:.
1256:.
1248:.
1238:18
1236:.
1232:.
1212:.
1204:.
1194:.
1182:.
1172:;
1162:15
1160:,
1156:,
1133:.
1129:.
1118:;
1114:;
1095:,
1065:,
1039:.
1035:.
1027:;
1011:.
1003:.
993:93
991:.
985:.
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