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a half wavelength. The result is the two beams are in opposition to each other at reassembly, and the recombined light intensity drops to zero (clouds). Thus, as the spacing between the mirrors is adjusted, the observed light intensity cycles between reinforcement and cancellation as the number of wavelengths of path difference changes, and the observed intensity alternately peaks (bright sun) and dims (dark clouds). This behavior is called
396:(CC) that return the two components to the beam splitter again to be reassembled. The corner cube serves to displace the incident from the reflected beam, which avoids some complications caused by superposing the two beams. The distance between the left-hand corner cube and the beam splitter is compared to that separation on the fixed leg as the left-hand spacing is adjusted to compare the length of the object to be measured.
277:. Thus, when light is used in a transit-time approach, length measurements are not subject to knowledge of the source frequency (apart from possible frequency dependence of the correction to relate the medium to classical vacuum), but are subject to the error in measuring transit times, in particular, errors introduced by the response times of the pulse emission and detection instrumentation. An additional uncertainty is the
483:. These refractive index corrections can be found more accurately by adding frequencies, for example, frequencies at which propagation is sensitive to the presence of water vapor. This way non-ideal contributions to the refractive index can be measured and corrected for at another frequency using established theoretical models.
898:) to Earth. The techniques for determining distances to more distant objects are all based on various measured correlations between methods that work at close distances and methods that work at larger distances. Several methods rely on a standard candle, which is an astronomical object that has a known
1887:
The corner cube reflects the incident light in a parallel path that is displaced from the beam incident upon the corner cube. That separation of incident and reflected beams reduces some technical difficulties introduced when the incident and reflected beams are on top of each other. For a discussion
782:
of images with theoretical results from computer modeling. Such elaborate methods are required because the image depends on the three-dimensional geometry of the measured feature, for example, the contour of an edge, and not just upon one- or two-dimensional properties. The underlying limitations are
399:
In the top panel the path is such that the two beams reinforce each other after reassembly, leading to a strong light pattern (sun). The bottom panel shows a path that is made a half wavelength longer by moving the left-hand mirror a quarter wavelength further away, increasing the path difference by
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The ladder analogy arises because no single technique can measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy. Instead, one method can be used to measure nearby distances, a second can be used to measure nearby to intermediate distances, and so on. Each rung of the ladder provides information
486:
It may be noted again, by way of contrast, that the transit-time measurement of length is independent of any knowledge of the source frequency, except for a possible dependence of the correction relating the measurement medium to the reference medium of classical vacuum, which may indeed depend on
463:
source where the wavelength can be held stable. Regardless of stability, however, the precise frequency of any source has linewidth limitations. Other significant errors are introduced by the interferometer itself; in particular: errors in light beam alignment, collimation and fractional fringe
823:
where distances between atoms can be measured. It is based on the effect where nuclear spin cross-relaxation after excitation by a radio pulse depends on the distance between the nuclei. Unlike spin-spin coupling, NOE propagates through space and does not require that the atoms are connected by
376:
In many practical circumstances, and for precision work, measurement of dimension using transit-time measurements is used only as an initial indicator of length and is refined using an interferometer. Generally, transit time measurements are preferred for longer lengths, and interferometers for
312:
a code of ones and zeros is emitted at a known time from multiple satellites, and their times of arrival are noted at a receiver along with the time they were sent (encoded in the messages). Assuming the receiver clock can be related to the synchronized clocks on the satellites, the
244:
For small or microscopic objects, microphotography where the length is calibrated using a graticule can be used. A graticule is a piece that has lines for precise lengths etched into it. Graticules may be fitted into the eyepiece or they may be used on the measurement plane.
778:. This instrument bounces electrons off the object to be measured in a high vacuum enclosure, and the reflected electrons are collected as a photodetector image that is interpreted by a computer. These are not transit-time measurements, but are based upon comparison of
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bonds, so it is a true distance measurement instead of a chemical measurement. Unlike diffraction measurements, NOESY does not require a crystalline sample, but is done in solution state and can be applied to substances that are difficult to crystallize.
631:. This wavelength can be measured in terms of inter-atomic spacing using a crystal diffraction pattern, and related to the metre through an optical measurement of the lattice spacing on the same crystal. This process of extending calibration is called
253:
The basic idea behind a transit-time measurement of length is to send a signal from one end of the length to be measured to the other, and back again. The time for the round trip is the transit time Δt, and the length ℓ is then 2ℓ = Δt*"v", with
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of two lengths can be made by comparing the two transit times of light along the lengths. Such time-of-flight methodology may or may not be more accurate than the determination of a length as a multiple of the fundamental length unit.
787:), determined, as already discussed, by the electron beam energy. The calibration of these scanning electron microscope measurements is tricky, as results depend upon the material measured and its geometry. A typical wavelength is
90:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
2289:
Relating one step on the distance ladder to another involves a process of calibration, that is, the use of an established method of measurement to give absolute meaning to the relative measurements provided by some other
713:. In conjunction with a standardized model of the Earth's surface, a location on that surface may be determined with high accuracy. Ranging methods without accurate time synchronization of the receiver are called
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100:
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For small objects, different methods are used that also depend upon determining size in units of wavelengths. For instance, in the case of a crystal, atomic spacings can be determined using
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a defined value of 299,792,458 m/s, the error in a measured length in wavelengths is increased by this conversion to metres by the error in measuring the frequency of the light source.
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2035:. Corresponding to the uncertainty in frequency is an uncertainty in wavelength. In contrast, the speed of light in ideal vacuum is not dependent upon frequency at all.
698:. Older methodologies that use a set of known information (usually distance or target sizes) to make the measurement, have been in regular use since the 18th century.
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304:. For example, in one radar system, pulses of electromagnetic radiation are sent out by the vehicle (interrogating pulses) and trigger a response from a
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
890:(also known as the extragalactic distance scale) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects. A
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This methodology for length determination requires a careful specification of the wavelength of the light used, and is one reason for employing a
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it is found how many wavelengths long the measured path is compared to the fixed leg. In this way, measurements are made in units of wavelengths
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for different ranges of astronomical length. Both calibrate different methods for length measurement using overlapping ranges of applicability.
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can be found and used to provide the distance to each satellite. Receiver clock error is corrected by combining the data from four satellites.
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Such techniques vary in accuracy according to the distances over which they are intended for use. For example, LORAN-C is accurate to about
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An atomic transition is affected by disturbances, such as collisions with other atoms and frequency shifts from atomic motion due to the
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measurements. The time difference between several received signals is used to determine exact distances (upon multiplication by the
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distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are "close enough" (within about a thousand
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192:. The most commonly used approaches are the rulers, followed by transit-time methods and the interferometer methods based upon the
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Peter J. Mohr; Barry N. Taylor; David B. Newell (2008). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006".
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determination. Corrections also are made to account for departures of the medium (for example, air) from the reference medium of
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or, in specific applications, tens of centimetres. Time-of-flight systems for robotics (for example, Laser
Detection and Ranging
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the frequency of the source. Where a pulse train or some other wave-shaping is used, a range of frequencies may be involved.
420:. The length in wavelengths can be converted to a length in units of metres if the selected transition has a known frequency
215:. Measurement techniques for three-dimensional structures very small in every dimension use specialized instruments such as
308:. The time interval between the sending and the receiving of a pulse is monitored and used to determine a distance. In the
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the speed of propagation of the signal, assuming that is the same in both directions. If light is used for the signal, its
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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the simplest kind of length measurement tool: lengths are defined by printed marks or engravings on a stick. The
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NG Orji; Garcia-Gutierrez; Bunday; Bishop; Cresswell; Allen; Allgair; et al. (2007). Archie, Chas N (ed.).
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Measuring dimensions of localized structures (as opposed to large arrays of atoms like a crystal), as in modern
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method requires multiple measurements to obtain a range by taking multiple bearings instead of appropriate
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Similar techniques can provide the dimensions of small structures repeated in large periodic arrays like a
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Active methods use unilateral transmission and passive reflection. Active rangefinding methods include
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In some systems of units, unlike the current SI system, lengths are fundamental units (for example,
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The measurement also requires careful specification of the medium in which the light propagates. A
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enhanced GPS, in which a correction signal is transmitted from terrestrial stations (that is,
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For example, the index of refraction of air can be found based upon entering a wavelength in
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depending upon the length measured, the wavelength and the type of interferometer used.
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An example of a system combining the pulse and interferometer methods is described by
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With other systems ranging is obtained from passive radiation measurements only: the
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1786:"Absolute measurement of a long, arbitrary distance to less than an optical fringe"
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was initially defined using a ruler before more accurate methods became available.
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are a common method for precise measurement or calibration of measurement tools.
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relating the medium used to the reference vacuum, taken in SI units to be the
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2304:"Photomask critical dimension metrology in the scanning electron microscope"
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926:) and are not defined by times of transit. Even in such units, however, the
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A discussion of interferometer errors is found in the article cited above:
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of the object generates the signal that is used to determine range. This
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2031:, leading to a range of frequencies for the transition referred to as a
499:. The present best value for the lattice parameter of silicon, denoted
2372:. Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XXI.
1529:
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By using sources of several wavelengths to generate sum and difference
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2389:
384:: the two panels show a laser source emitting a light beam split by a
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480:
465:
282:
274:
177:
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that can be used to determine the distances at the next higher rung.
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the beam width and the wavelength of the electron beam (determining
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Special ranging makes use of actively synchronized transmission and
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from the observer to a target, especially a far and moving target.
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Optical
Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) Interferometry
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The figure shows schematically how length is determined using a
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2051:"Chapter 11: Precise wavelength measurements of tunable lasers"
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See section 8: Measurements involving silicon crystals, p. 46.
809:. Calibration is attempted using standard samples measured by
718:
43:
2267:
Mark H. Jones; Robert J. Lambourne; David John Adams (2004).
747:, otherwise the system is just capable of providing a simple
594:{\displaystyle \lambda _{e}={\frac {h}{\sqrt {2m_{e}eV}}}\ ,}
2453:
Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
2224:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009. p. 16.
758:. A commonly used term for residing terrestrial objects is
754:
Combining several measurements in a time sequence leads to
30:"Range estimation" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2363:"TEM calibration methods for critical dimension standards"
1964:"§4.4 Basic principles of electronic distance measurement"
1857:
Handbook of optical metrology: principles and applications
99:
to this template: there are already 1,848 articles in the
468:. Resolution using wavelengths is in the range of ΔL/L ≈
608:
the electrical voltage drop traversed by the electron,
27:
Ways in which length, distance or range can be measured
2185:
A discussion of various types of gratings is found in
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The NIST reference on constants, units and uncertainty
879:
Dashed black lines: Uncertain calibration ladder step.
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Donald
Clausing (2006). "Receiver clock correction".
543:
300:
and the nearly obsolete Long Range Aid to
Navigation
368:
Measuring a length in wavelengths of light using an
83:
1970:(2nd ed.). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 62
1205:, measure usually includes a time component as well
262:depends upon the medium in which it propagates; in
2419:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
869:technique is applicable to all populations of the
593:
456:, absolute distance measurements become possible.
862:Light Purple boxes: Geometric distance technique.
424:. The length as a certain number of wavelengths
876:Solid black lines: Well calibrated ladder step.
289:of the medium larger than one slows the light.
2308:Handbook of photomask manufacturing technology
2167:National Institute of Standards and Technology
819:spectroscopy (NOESY) is a specialized type of
336:(WAAS)) can bring accuracy to a few metres or
125:accompanying your translation by providing an
74:Click for important translation instructions.
61:expand this article with text translated from
1342:
977:used in metal working to measure size of gaps
296:systems for boats and aircraft, for example,
8:
2488:Length, distance, or range measuring devices
2443:This article incorporates material from the
2055:Experimental method in the physical sciences
941:Length, distance, or range measuring devices
2053:. In Thomas Lucatorto; et al. (eds.).
1997:"§7.3 Electromagnetic distance measurement"
1846:
1844:
848:Light green boxes: Technique applicable to
682:Other devices which measure distance using
526:Such measurements allow the calibration of
2273:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88
1695:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
1349:
1335:
1327:
855:Light blue boxes: Technique applicable to
219:coupled with intensive computer modeling.
2336:(2nd ed.). SPIE Press. pp. 313
2270:An introduction to galaxies and cosmology
2193:Physical optics: principles and practices
2125:
2043:
2041:
1756:"Interferometry and transit-time methods"
1240:Frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar
1158:of electromagnetic waves in the GHz-range
797:Other small dimension techniques are the
570:
557:
548:
542:
1859:. Vol. 10. CRC Press. p. 366.
840:
515:corresponding to a resolution of ΔL/L ≈
292:Transit-time measurement underlies most
37:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2003:(4th ed.). Laxton's. pp. 136
1892:and other types of interferometer, see
1718:"§22.1.4: Time-of-flight range sensors"
1716:Robert B Fisher; Kurt Konolige (2008).
1682:
1230:Distance measuring equipment (aviation)
821:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
652:is technique that measures distance or
2220:"Electron wavelength and relativity".
2085:into the calculator provided by NIST:
104:
1762:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 89.
7:
2088:"Refractive index of air calculator"
867:planetary nebula luminosity function
332:(DGPS)) or via satellites (that is,
137:{{Translated|de|Entfernungsmessung}}
2222:High-resolution electron microscopy
176:) refers to the many ways in which
1752:For an overview, see for example,
791:and a typical resolution is about
25:
1693:The Aviator's Guide to Navigation
1235:Ellipsometry#Imaging ellipsometry
828:Astronomical distance measurement
199:For objects such as crystals and
1125:Distance-based road exit numbers
833:This section is an excerpt from
811:transmission electron microscope
344:and Light Detection and Ranging
48:
2451:", which is licensed under the
2417:Electronic Distance Measurement
2057:. Academic Press. pp. 311
2159:"Lattice parameter of silicon"
2049:Miao Zhu; John L Hall (1997).
1760:Instrumentation reference book
1251:Low-energy electron microscopy
428:is related to the metre using
416:corresponding to a particular
352:and have an accuracy of about
135:You may also add the template
1:
2092:Engineering metrology toolbox
1900:Optical systems and processes
1853:"Chapter 15: Length and size"
1726:Springer handbook of robotics
751:from any single measurement.
709:). This principle is used in
404:and the machine is called an
334:Wide Area Augmentation System
266:the speed is a defined value
1689:A brief rundown is found at
1400:Coordinate-measuring machine
1256:Orders of magnitude (length)
1219:Angular measuring instrument
776:scanning electron microscope
509:a = 543.102 0504(89) × 10 m,
2247:"Metrological traceability"
2189:"§3.2 Diffraction gratings"
1902:. SPIE Press. pp. 176
1855:. In Tōru Yoshizawa (ed.).
477:refractive index correction
360:Interferometer measurements
279:refractive index correction
273:in the reference medium of
148:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
107:will aid in categorization.
2504:
2328:Harry J. Levinson (2005).
2310:. CRC Press. pp. 457
2302:Michael T. Postek (2005).
2094:. NIST. September 23, 2010
1266:Range ambiguity resolution
1099:Radar distance measurement
1050:Ultrasonic thickness gauge
938:
918:in the older SI units and
832:
82:Machine translation, like
36:
29:
2425:10.1007/978-3-642-80233-1
2334:Principles of lithography
2195:. CRC Press. pp. 46
2144:10.1103/revmodphys.80.633
1968:Fundamentals of Surveying
1896:"§8.7 Using corner cubes"
1728:. Springer. pp. 528
1598:
1365:
1085:Ultrasonic ranging module
1080:Electronic distance meter
817:Nuclear Overhauser effect
696:stereoscopic rangefinders
634:metrological traceability
310:global positioning system
63:the corresponding article
2187:Abdul Al-Azzawi (2006).
1995:W Whyte; R Paul (1997).
1890:Michelson interferometer
1639:Machine and metalworking
717:, used, for example, in
491:Diffraction measurements
382:Michelson interferometer
249:Transit-time measurement
2306:. In Syed Rizvi (ed.).
1888:of this version of the
1649:Measuring and alignment
1286:Depression range finder
1074:Based on time-of-flight
799:atomic force microscope
677:ultrasonic rangefinding
146:For more guidance, see
39:Dimensional measurement
2415:Rüeger, J. M. (1996).
2330:"Chapter 9: Metrology"
1894:Joseph Shamir (1999).
1720:. In Bruno Siciliano;
1301:Rangefinding telemeter
1271:Cosmic distance ladder
910:Other systems of units
888:cosmic distance ladder
883:
835:Cosmic distance ladder
645:Far and moving targets
639:cosmic distance ladder
595:
373:
2483:Scientific techniques
1851:René Schödel (2009).
1316:Telemeter chronograph
1296:Range-finder painting
1214:Travelling microscope
1112:time-of-flight camera
850:star-forming galaxies
844:
807:helium ion microscope
596:
532:de Broglie wavelength
367:
119:copyright attribution
1927:Jesse Zheng (2005).
1813:10.1364/ol.29.001153
1614:Cutting and abrasive
1450:Laser measuring tool
774:, is done using the
756:tracking and tracing
711:satellite navigation
541:
528:electron microscopes
348:) aim at lengths of
201:diffraction gratings
166:distance measurement
2382:2007SPIE.6518E..10O
2370:Proceedings of SPIE
2136:2008RvMP...80..633M
1939:2005ofmc.book.....Z
1865:2009homp.book.....Y
1805:2004OptL...29.1153Y
1754:Walt Boyes (2008).
1360:and alignment tools
1291:Fire-control system
1261:Pulse-Doppler radar
1156:runtime measurement
1062:Non-contact devices
865:Light Red box: The
772:integrated circuits
615:the electron mass,
521:diffraction grating
32:Interval estimation
2455:but not under the
1560:Thread pitch gauge
1390:Combination square
1187:Positioning system
1130:Linear referencing
1045:Thread pitch gauge
1020:Pacing (surveying)
884:
871:Virgo Supercluster
780:Fourier transforms
591:
374:
162:Length measurement
127:interlanguage link
2434:978-3-540-61159-2
2390:10.1117/12.713368
2347:978-0-8194-5660-1
2321:978-0-8247-5374-0
2284:978-0-521-54623-2
2231:978-0-19-955275-7
2206:978-0-8493-8297-0
2068:978-0-12-475977-0
2014:978-0-7506-1771-0
1981:978-81-203-4198-2
1948:978-0-387-23009-2
1913:978-0-8194-3226-1
1874:978-0-8493-3760-4
1799:(10): 1153–1155.
1769:978-0-7506-8308-1
1702:978-0-07-147720-8
1673:
1672:
1370:Architect's scale
1281:Dazzle camouflage
1104:Laser rangefinder
953:Architect's scale
621:elementary charge
587:
583:
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497:X-ray diffraction
418:atomic transition
377:shorter lengths.
170:range measurement
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1445:Laser line level
1415:Engineer's scale
1410:Drafting machine
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1276:Bradley A. Fiske
1035:Surveyor's wheel
968:Engineer's scale
803:focused ion beam
794:
790:
766:Other techniques
600:
598:
597:
592:
585:
584:
575:
574:
562:
558:
553:
552:
518:
481:classical vacuum
471:
466:classical vacuum
454:beat frequencies
441:
410:counting fringes
355:
351:
339:
330:differential GPS
327:
323:
306:responder beacon
294:radio navigation
287:refractive index
283:classical vacuum
275:classical vacuum
138:
132:
106:
105:|topic=
103:, and specifying
88:Google Translate
73:
69:
52:
51:
44:
21:
2503:
2502:
2498:
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2496:
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2493:
2492:
2463:
2462:
2435:
2414:
2411:
2409:Further reading
2406:
2405:
2365:
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2355:
2348:
2327:
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2300:
2296:
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2111:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2001:Basic Surveying
1994:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1962:SK Roy (2010).
1961:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1788:
1784:Jun Ye (2004).
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1594:
1510:Sliding T bevel
1361:
1355:
1325:
1182:Position sensor
1153:
1120:
1076:
1064:
1059:
976:
948:
946:Contact devices
943:
939:Main category:
937:
935:List of devices
912:
907:
906:
882:
838:
830:
792:
788:
768:
647:
629:Planck constant
613:
566:
544:
539:
538:
516:
493:
469:
447:
438:
433:
362:
353:
349:
337:
325:
321:
272:
251:
225:
223:Standard rulers
155:
154:
153:
136:
130:
76:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2501:
2499:
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2346:
2320:
2294:
2283:
2259:
2237:
2230:
2212:
2205:
2178:
2150:
2120:(2): 633–730.
2104:
2074:
2067:
2037:
2029:Doppler effect
2020:
2013:
1987:
1980:
1954:
1947:
1919:
1912:
1880:
1873:
1840:
1793:Optics Letters
1775:
1768:
1745:
1739:978-3540239574
1738:
1722:Oussama Khatib
1708:
1701:
1681:
1680:
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1656:
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1631:
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1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Types of tools
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1590:Winding sticks
1587:
1582:
1580:Weighing scale
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
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1542:
1537:
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1527:
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1497:
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1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Gunter's chain
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Diagonal scale
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1353:
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1237:
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1227:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1194:, in astronomy
1192:Standard ruler
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Interferometer
1164:
1159:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
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1101:
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1022:
1017:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
986:Gunter's chain
983:
978:
970:
965:
963:Diagonal scale
960:
955:
949:
947:
944:
936:
933:
911:
908:
881:
880:
877:
874:
863:
860:
853:
845:
839:
831:
829:
826:
767:
764:
707:speed of light
646:
643:
611:
602:
601:
590:
581:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
551:
547:
513:
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510:
492:
489:
445:
436:
406:interferometer
370:interferometer
361:
358:
270:
250:
247:
224:
221:
217:ion microscopy
213:electron beams
194:speed of light
157:
156:
152:
151:
144:
133:
111:
108:
96:adding a topic
91:
80:
77:
58:
57:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2500:
2489:
2486:
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2042:
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2034:
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2021:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
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1920:
1915:
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1901:
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1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1830:on 2012-05-04
1826:
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1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
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1779:
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1570:Vernier scale
1568:
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1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
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1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Measuring rod
1463:
1461:
1460:Marking gauge
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
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1097:
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1093:echo sounding
1090:
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1021:
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991:Measuring rod
989:
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878:
875:
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868:
864:
861:
858:
857:population II
854:
851:
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843:
836:
827:
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822:
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814:
812:
808:
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800:
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765:
763:
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757:
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750:
746:
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734:
731:
727:
722:
721:positioning.
720:
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407:
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397:
395:
394:
389:
388:
387:beam splitter
383:
378:
371:
366:
359:
357:
347:
343:
338:< 1 metre,
335:
331:
318:
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210:
207:is used with
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167:
163:
149:
145:
142:
134:
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109:
102:
101:main category
98:
97:
92:
89:
85:
81:
79:
78:
72:
66:
64:
59:You can help
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
18:Range finding
2449:Metre (unit)
2442:
2441:
2416:
2373:
2369:
2356:
2337:
2333:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2288:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2240:
2221:
2215:
2196:
2192:
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2117:
2114:Rev Mod Phys
2113:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2091:
2077:
2058:
2054:
2032:
2023:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1933:. Springer.
1929:
1922:
1903:
1899:
1883:
1856:
1832:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1796:
1792:
1778:
1759:
1748:
1729:
1725:
1711:
1692:
1685:
1550:Tape measure
1535:Straightedge
1525:Steel square
1520:Spirit level
1515:Speed square
1490:Radius gauge
1455:Lesbian rule
1425:French curve
1375:Beam compass
1321:Tellurometer
1246:Length scale
1209:Tellurometer
1154:indirect by
1135:Meridian arc
1040:Tape measure
1001:Metric scale
981:Gauge blocks
973:Feeler gauge
927:
924:atomic units
919:
915:
913:
891:
885:
815:
796:
769:
753:
737:asynchronous
723:
700:
688:stadiametric
684:trigonometry
681:
658:
649:
648:
632:
624:
616:
609:
605:
603:
525:
514:
500:
494:
485:
476:
474:
458:
451:
443:
434:
429:
425:
421:
413:
409:
402:interference
398:
393:corner cubes
391:
385:
379:
375:
319:
315:transit time
314:
305:
291:
278:
267:
255:
252:
243:
239:Gauge blocks
237:
226:
198:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
123:edit summary
114:
94:
68:
60:
2445:Citizendium
1664:Woodworking
1440:Laser level
1420:Flat spline
1311:Tacheometry
1306:Slant range
1145:Rangefinder
996:Meter stick
916:wavelengths
785:diffraction
715:pseudorange
703:travel time
692:coincidence
654:slant range
205:diffraction
2467:Categories
2376:: 651810.
2253:2011-04-10
2172:2011-04-04
2098:2011-12-08
1834:2011-11-30
1677:References
1565:Try square
1555:Theodolite
1500:Set square
1485:Protractor
1475:Micrometer
1470:Meterstick
1385:Chalk line
1198:Tachymeter
1172:Macrometer
1162:Hypsometer
1055:Yard stick
1030:Stadimeter
1015:curvimeter
1011:Opisometer
1006:Micrometer
928:comparison
900:luminosity
743:of active
324:GPS about
70:(May 2021)
2478:Metrology
2447:article "
2127:0801.0028
2033:linewidth
1480:Plumb-bob
1358:Measuring
1224:Altimeter
1203:Taximeter
1140:Milestone
859:galaxies.
760:surveying
733:signature
730:radiation
546:λ
141:talk page
93:Consider
65:in German
2473:SI units
2398:54698571
1821:15182016
1724:(eds.).
1619:Forestry
1609:Cleaning
1545:T-square
1380:Calipers
1226:, height
1177:Odometer
1118:See also
805:and the
350:10–100 m
264:SI units
190:measured
182:distance
117:provide
2378:Bibcode
2290:method.
2132:Bibcode
1935:Bibcode
1861:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1644:Masonry
1634:Kitchen
1585:Wiggler
1530:Stencil
1505:Skirret
1395:Compass
1068:Ranging
958:Caliper
896:parsecs
813:(TEM).
749:bearing
741:scaling
650:Ranging
517:3 × 10.
470:10 – 10
442:. With
354:5–10 mm
302:LORAN-C
188:can be
174:ranging
139:to the
121:in the
67:.
2431:
2396:
2344:
2318:
2281:
2249:. BIPM
2228:
2203:
2083:vacuum
2065:
2011:
1978:
1945:
1910:
1871:
1819:
1766:
1736:
1699:
1654:Mining
1624:Garden
1540:Square
1242:(FMCW)
892:direct
801:, the
789:0.5 Å,
675:, and
623:, and
586:
503:, is:
430:λ
426:λ
414:λ
209:X-rays
178:length
2394:S2CID
2366:(PDF)
2122:arXiv
1828:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
1659:Power
1495:Ruler
1108:lidar
1089:sonar
1025:Ruler
920:bohrs
793:4 nm.
745:pings
726:noise
673:sonar
669:radar
665:lidar
661:laser
604:with
461:laser
408:. By
346:LIDAR
342:LADAR
326:10 m,
322:6 km,
298:radar
260:speed
233:metre
229:ruler
186:range
184:, or
168:, or
84:DeepL
2457:GFDL
2429:ISBN
2374:6518
2342:ISBN
2326:and
2316:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2244:See
2226:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1817:PMID
1764:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1629:Hand
1575:Vise
886:The
694:and
686:are
627:the
619:the
534:is:
285:. A
227:The
211:and
115:must
113:You
2421:doi
2386:doi
2140:doi
1809:doi
1435:Jig
1150:GPS
1013:or
922:in
728:or
719:GPS
667:),
439:/ f
86:or
2469::
2427:.
2392:.
2384:.
2368:.
2340:.
2338:ff
2332:.
2314:.
2312:ff
2287:.
2277:.
2275:ff
2199:.
2197:ff
2191:.
2165:.
2161:.
2138:.
2130:.
2118:80
2116:.
2090:.
2061:.
2059:ff
2040:^
2007:.
2005:ff
1999:.
1974:.
1972:ff
1966:.
1941:.
1906:.
1904:ff
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