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perceived direct relevance of such evidence. Those in support of extending the rule to cover sexual experience with the defendant argue that evidence of previous sexual experience between the complainant and defendant should not lead to an implication that the complainant is more likely to agree to the sexual activity on another occasion. Those opposed argue that the existence of a prior sexual relationship between the complainant and the defendant will often be, or inevitably is, directly relevant.
1760:
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1478:, finding that the Florida statute barring any media publication of a rape victim's name was unconstitutional because it was "overbroad"; that is, it punished the media even if, for example, the name of the victim was already known in the community. It also found that the statute was "underinclusive" in that it punished only media publication and not acts by a private person.
1434:, had obtained the victim's name from public court records—a factor the Supreme Court held to be important, noting that "the First and Fourteenth Amendments command nothing less than that the States may not impose sanctions on the publication of truthful information contained in official court records open to public inspection."
1305:
experience with a person other than the defendant. However, the judge may permit any evidence or a question about that experience if satisfied that it would be contrary to the interests of justice to exclude it because of its direct relevance to the facts in issue or to the question of the appropriate sentence (the
1357:
which may be subject to compromise. Section 6 of RA 8505 provides that "evidence of complainant’s past sexual conduct, opinion thereof or of his/her reputation" shall not be admitted in prosecutions for rape. The exception is when such evidence is material and relevant to the case, but evidence shall
1312:
Section 44A provides no evidence of a complainant's sexual experience may be offered in a criminal proceeding unless the other parties have been given notice of the proposed statement, or if every other party has waived the notice requirements, or if the judge dispenses with those requirements. The
1473:
held that a
Florida criminal statute that prohibited the media from identifying the names of sexual assault victims violated the First Amendment. In that case, Globe Communications Corp. twice published the name and identifying information of a sexual assault victim, violating the Florida statute.
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most media will no longer shield the name of the alleged victim. This practice was probably related to laws in some states which made it a crime to publicly reveal the name of the victim in a rape case. When such laws were challenged in court, they were routinely struck down as unconstitutional.
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ruled that a lower court had improperly ruled as inadmissible e-mails in which the plaintiff/witness in a rape case expressed her consent to, and later approval of, the encounter. The lower court ruled these e-mails inadmissible on the basis of rape shield laws; however, the Court of
Appeals ruled
1304:
Section 44 protects complainants in prosecutions for sexual offences from certain questions and evidence about their sexual experience and reputation. The starting point is to exclude evidence or questions that relate to the complainant's reputation in sexual matters or to the complainant's sexual
1405:
As a matter of courtesy, most newspapers and broadcast media in the United States do not disclose the name of an alleged rape victim during the trial, and if the alleged rapist is convicted, most will continue to not identify the victim. If the case is dropped or the alleged rapist is acquitted,
1382:
of 1994 created a federal rape shield law. The military has incorporated the rape shield law into
Military Rules of Evidence, Rule 412. The military's rape shield law also applies to Article 32, pre-trial proceedings. A recent news article, however, has accused defense attorneys of violating rape
1264:
several changes were brought under the
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 to firm up the rape shield laws in India. A new section 53A was introduced to the Indian Evidence Act which stated that in prosecution for sexual offences evidence of victim's character or previous sexual experience with any
1319:
Evidence of a complainant's sexual experience with the defendant is not subject to the heightened relevance test, although it is still subject to the general relevance test in sections 7 and 8 of the
Evidence Act. This has proved to be a contentious issue, with the debate mainly centres on the
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of evidence that the complainant has engaged in sexual activity, whether with the accused or with any other person. Such evidence "is not admissible to support an inference that, by reason of the sexual nature of that activity, the complainant (a) is more likely to have consented to the sexual
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In the late 1970s and early 1980s, almost all jurisdictions in the United States adopted some form of rape shield statute. The laws in each state differ in the scope of sexual behaviour shielded and time limits of the shield. Many states do not permit any evidence relating to the past sexual
1265:
person would not be relevant for deciding the issue of consent or its quality. Section 146 of the Indian
Evidence Act was amended to include clear instructions not to refer to previous sexual history of the victim for determining the question of consent during cross-examinations.
1513:
852:
1219:
resident Andrew Scott
Darrach, who was convicted of sexually assaulting his ex-girlfriend. Darrach was sentenced in 1994 to nine months in jail for the assault. By a 9–0 decision, the court found that of the rape shield provisions in the
1153:
activity that forms the subject-matter of the charge; or (b) is less worthy of belief." The law sets down (in sections 276(2) and 276(3)) strict rules and procedures for determining admissibility of such evidence.
1228:. The ruling said forcing the accuser to give evidence would invade her privacy and would "discourage the reporting of crimes of sexual violence." In his appeal, Darrach had argued that he had been denied a fair
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evidence about a complainant's sexual experience and reputation in sexual cases. Prior to the 2006 Act, section 23A of the
Evidence Act 1908, as amended by the Evidence Amendment Act 1977, set out these rules.
1260:, 1872 forbade indecent, scanadalous, insulting, offensive and irrelevant questions during cross-examinations, even if they have some significance, to prevent attempts to harass and intimidate witnesses. Post
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141:
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of complainants about their past sexual behaviour in sexual assault cases. The term also refers to a law that prohibits the publication of the identity of a complainant in a sexual assault case.
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Republic Act No. 8505, or the Rape Victim
Assistance and Protection Act of 1998, was enacted around the time when the Philippine Congress began moving away from the treatment of rape as a mere
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began its second statutory review of the
Evidence Act. In its March 2018 issues paper, it asked several questions about the operation of section 44, especially in light of two court cases:
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which held that the prior rape shield law (enacted in 1982) was unconstitutional, because the restrictions placed on an accused's ability to lead evidence were too strict. In 1992,
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1248:. Since Darrach had refused to testify or be cross-examined on the affidavit, the trial judge had ruled that evidence inadmissible. The appeal upheld the trial judge's decision.
1200:) led to further amendments, which limited the production of a complainant's personal counselling records to the defence in sexual offence cases. Those provisions were tested in
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to re-establish the rape shield provision with strict guidelines for when and how previous sexual conduct could be used by a defendant at trial. The new legislation amended the
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1276:. Anyone found breaching the anonymity of the survivor/victim can be imprisoned upto two years and shall also be liable to a fine. This protection was upheld by the
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shield laws that limit the admission of evidence in criminal proceedings where someone is charged with a sexual offence. The principal aims of these laws are to:
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789:
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1426: (1975), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional a Georgia statute that imposed civil liability on media for publishing a rape victim's name.
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Complainants are equally bound by the law, preventing them introducing evidence about their own sexual experience contrary to sections 44 and 44A.
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prevent the use of sexual history evidence to establish the complainant as a ‘type’ of person who is more likely to consent to sexual activity; and
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The paper had lawfully learned the victim's name through investigation. The Florida Supreme Court relied on the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in
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is a law that limits the ability to introduce evidence about the past sexual activity of a complainant in a sexual assault trial, or that limits
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provisions that govern the admissibility of evidence of sexual activity, refined the definition of consent to a sexual act, and restricted the
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found a Florida statute which provided penalties for media outlets that publicized the name of an alleged rape victim unconstitutional.
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behaviour of the victim. This encompasses evidence of specific instances of the victim's prior or subsequent sexual conduct including
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with the jury absent to determine whether an affidavit from Darrach describing his former relationship with the complainant was
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section also sets out the notice requirements for evidence proposed to be offered in criminal proceedings.
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exclude the use of a complainant's sexual history as an indicator of the complainant's truthfulness.
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1763: This article incorporates text by the New Zealand Law Commission available under the
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NZSC 151, 1 NZLR 261 – What admissibility rule should apply to sexual disposition evidence?
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that an accused had an honest but mistaken belief that the accuser had consented. The 1995
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Kulshersthra, Nikunj (2022). "The contemporary status of rape shield laws in India".
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1791:
Rape Shield Statutes March 2011—accessed at National District Attorneys Association
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because he was unable to raise the fact that he mistakenly thought the incident was
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New Directions from the Field: Victims Rights and Services for the 21st Century
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Anonymity to survivors and victims of sexual crime in India was provided under
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1215:, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the law in a case involving the former
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prohibit the admission of evidence of a complainant's sexual reputation;
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1779:"Republic Act 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998"
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1216:
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be treated as evidence of veracity, sexual experience, or as both?
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1528:
20. Matters Outside the Uniform Evidence Acts - Rape shield laws
1236:. Darrach had argued also that the law unfairly required him to
1116:
434:
373:
1886:
1568:
Nicole Baer. "Striking the Balance in Sexual Assault Trials".
43:
1742:"Issues Paper 42 - Second Review of the Evidence Act 2006"
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be admitted "only to the extent that the court finds" so.
1623:"Section 72(1) of The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023"
1831:
Manual for Courts-Martial United States (2012), 405(i).
1514:"Rape Shield Evidence and the Hierarchy of Impeachment"
1401:
Identification of alleged rape victims by media outlets
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at his own trial because the trial judge had held an
1397:that the previous court had misapplied those laws.
1383:shield protections during a pre-trial proceeding.
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1672:
1670:
1138:In Canadian criminal proceedings in respect of a
1489:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
1280:in various juridical pronoucements, the last in
599:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
27:Restrictions on evidence in sexual assault cases
1605:The International Journal of Evidence and Proof
1463:State of Florida v. Globe Communications Corp.
1076:
412:
8:
1206:, and upheld by the Supreme Court in 1999.
1115:, all states and mainland territories have
1549:. Government of Canada Ministry of Justice
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1069:
430:
419:
405:
31:
1804:Factsheet: The Violence Against Women Act
1736:
1734:
1547:Government of Canada justice Laws Website
1887:The National Center for Victims of Crime
1873:(Chapter 13), accessed October 16, 2012.
1847:"Navy Hearing in Rape Case Raises Alarm"
1747:. New Zealand Law Commission. March 2018
1505:
1342:false and/or allegedly false complaints
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862:
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560:
440:
433:
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275:
212:
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116:
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34:
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1587:Supreme Court upholds rape-shield law
1270:Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code
7:
1820:Military Rules of Evidence, Rule 412
1430:'s television station in Atlanta,
1272:and is now found u/s 72(1) of the
25:
1892:Rape shield laws aren't foolproof
1702:"Section 23A – Evidence Act 1908"
1680:"Section 44 -- Evidence Act 2006"
1758:
1704:. New Zealand Legislation Online
1682:. New Zealand Legislation Online
1050:
650:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1897:Is the rape-shield law working?
1340:NZSC 122, 1 NZLR 186 – Should
1262:2012 Delhi gang rape and murder
1413:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
1:
1526:Australian Government: ALRC:
1282:Nipun Saxena v Union of India
1728:, 2017 NZCA 336.
1256:Sections 151 and 152 of the
873:Marital rape laws by country
327:Declaration against interest
195:Self-authenticating document
1292:Sections 44 and 44A of the
840:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1943:
1922:United States criminal law
1593:, Ottawa October 13, 2000.
1380:Violence Against Women Act
934:Sexual violence statistics
1394:New York Court of Appeals
795:Bangladesh Liberation War
205:Hague Evidence Convention
94:Eyewitness identification
1794:Retrieved June 19, 2011.
1440:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
1386:In 1999, in the case of
1209:In the 2000 decision of
1186:judgment in the case of
1142:, section 276(1) of the
888:False accusation of rape
614:Sociobiological theories
332:Present sense impression
142:Public policy exclusions
1274:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
1184:Supreme Court of Canada
1158:Supreme Court of Canada
609:Secondary victimisation
561:Effects and motivations
1845:(September 20, 2013).
1476:Florida Star v. B.J.F.
1355:crime against chastity
1278:Supreme Court of India
986:Rape and revenge films
944:Military sexual trauma
800:Sierra Leone Civil War
109:Consciousness of guilt
1917:Canadian criminal law
1471:Florida Supreme Court
1160:issued a decision in
1031:Sexual trauma therapy
903:Sexual consent in law
878:Marry-your-rapist law
758:Occupation of Germany
569:Effects and aftermath
483:Drug-facilitated rape
258:Recorded recollection
1843:Steinhauer, Jennifer
1781:. February 13, 1998.
1650:"Nipun Sharma v UoI"
1307:heightened relevance
844:Israeli-Palestinian
790:Sri Lankan Civil War
771:Liberation of France
589:Rape trauma syndrome
584:Rape crisis movement
478:Cybersex trafficking
292:in United States law
1927:Laws regarding rape
1389:People v. Jovanovic
1373:reputation evidence
1296:sets out rules for
1258:Indian Evidence Act
1242:evidentiary hearing
949:Preventive measures
579:Pregnancy from rape
548:Unacknowledged rape
508:Live streaming rape
132:Laying a foundation
1912:Criminal procedure
1851:The New York Times
1725:K (CA640/2016) v R
1591:The Globe and Mail
1456:U.S. Supreme Court
971:Rape crisis centre
919:Anti-rape movement
893:Rape investigation
461:Child sexual abuse
388:trusts and estates
268:Dead Man's Statute
233:Direct examination
190:Best evidence rule
1469:(Fla. 1994), the
1454: (1989), the
1332:B (SC12/2013) v R
1294:Evidence Act 2006
1101:cross-examination
1093:
1092:
1021:Sexual harassment
733:Armenian genocide
553:Rape by deception
451:Acquaintance rape
429:
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349:Implied assertion
312:Dying declaration
307:Excited utterance
253:Proffer agreement
238:Cross-examination
51:Types of evidence
16:(Redirected from
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924:Bodily integrity
911:Related articles
830:Syrian civil war
810:Rwandan genocide
780:Kashmir conflict
746:Italian campaign
724:During conflicts
685:Papua New Guinea
604:Weinstein effect
574:Factors involved
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322:Ancient document
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1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:For example:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1659:September 17,
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1633:September 16,
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1564:
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1523:
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1515:
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1506:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1467:648 So.2d 110
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
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1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:
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1425:
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1398:
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1390:
1384:
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1370:
1362:United States
1361:
1359:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1295:
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1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Criminal Code
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:R. v. Darrach
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Criminal Code
1173:
1172:Criminal Code
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1156:In 1991, the
1154:
1151:
1150:admissibility
1147:
1146:
1145:Criminal Code
1141:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:Rape schedule
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
960:
959:Rape of males
957:
956:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
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922:
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917:
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891:
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769:
767:
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752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
741:Eastern Front
739:
738:
737:World War II
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
728:
725:
721:
716:
715:United States
713:
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708:
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678:
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648:
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631:
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615:
612:
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605:
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582:
580:
577:
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572:
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567:
566:
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564:
559:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
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446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
402:
400:
399:
394:
391:
389:
385:
382:
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377:
375:
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370:
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366:
365:
364:
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355:
350:
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345:
342:
340:
339:
335:
333:
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328:
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323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
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300:
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295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
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251:
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246:
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241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
119:
115:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
99:Genetic (DNA)
97:
95:
92:
90:
89:Demonstrative
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1799:
1787:
1773:
1757:
1749:. Retrieved
1724:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:BNS bare act
1626:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1522:
1508:
1494:Duluth model
1475:
1462:
1438:
1411:
1404:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1365:
1352:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1281:
1267:
1255:
1221:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1175:
1171:
1170:amended the
1161:
1155:
1144:
1137:
1110:
1096:
1094:
991:Rape fantasy
882:
848:By Palestine
773: /
764: /
760: /
700:South Africa
695:Saudi Arabia
619:Rape culture
533:Sexual abuse
513:Marital rape
471:LGBT victims
393:Criminal law
336:
162:Similar fact
42:Part of the
29:
1808:White House
1654:Indianknoon
1553:November 1,
1349:Philippines
1288:New Zealand
1203:R. v. Mills
1006:Rape threat
805:Bosnian War
785:Vietnam War
690:Philippines
635:Afghanistan
528:Serial rape
518:Prison rape
456:Campus rape
297:Confessions
248:Impeachment
137:Materiality
84:Inculpatory
79:Exculpatory
64:Documentary
1906:Categories
1751:August 29,
1708:August 26,
1500:References
1298:propensity
1246:admissible
1234:consensual
1168:Parliament
835:Tigray War
815:Congo Wars
627:By country
523:Rape chant
359:common law
338:Res gestae
223:Competence
147:Spoliation
1806:from The
1765:CC BY 4.0
1323:In 2017,
1113:Australia
1107:Australia
976:Rape myth
853:By Israel
503:Gray rape
493:Gang rape
488:Date rape
228:Privilege
214:Witnesses
152:Character
118:Relevance
59:Testimony
1767:license.
1686:July 27,
1483:See also
1338:Best v R
1284:(2018).
898:Rape kit
680:Pakistan
379:Property
369:Contract
243:Redirect
36:Evidence
1309:test).
1238:testify
1190:Bishop
1180:defence
1046:Portals
670:Germany
660:Finland
640:Belgium
277:Hearsay
74:Digital
1432:WSB-TV
1392:, the
1224:to be
1217:Ottawa
1134:Canada
775:Serbia
766:Poland
705:Sweden
665:France
594:Causes
357:Other
46:series
1745:(PDF)
1447:
1419:
1252:India
1230:trial
762:Japan
675:India
655:Egypt
645:China
442:Types
384:Wills
361:areas
157:Habit
1858:2013
1753:2018
1710:2018
1688:2018
1661:2024
1635:2024
1611:(1).
1576:(1).
1555:2017
1449:U.S.
1421:U.S.
1378:The
1117:rape
864:Laws
825:ISIL
435:Rape
374:Tort
104:Lies
1461:In
1452:524
1445:491
1437:In
1428:Cox
1424:469
1417:420
1410:In
1371:or
1111:In
44:law
1908::
1849:.
1733:^
1669:^
1652:.
1625:.
1609:27
1607:.
1572:.
1545:.
1534:^
1465:,
1443:,
1375:.
1095:A
386:,
1860:.
1810:.
1755:.
1712:.
1690:.
1663:.
1637:.
1574:1
1557:.
1516:.
1194:(
1084:e
1077:t
1070:v
420:e
413:t
406:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.