1382:. They presumably settled disputes by striking each other with their wings; to aid this purpose, they used the knobs on their wrists. Fractures in their wing bones also indicate that they were used in combat. It has also been suggested that these fractures may instead have been the result of a hereditary bone disease rather than battle-injuries. But in all extant birds where carpal spurs and knobs are present, these are used as weapons without exceptions. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison with the Rodrigues solitaire. Since Rodrigues receives less rainfall and has more seasonal variation than Mauritius, which would have affected the availability of resources on the island, the solitaire would have more reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour. Several accounts state that they also defended themselves with a powerful bite.
1349:. One group, probably the males, were considerably larger than the other, measuring 90 cm (35 in) in length and weighing up to 28 kg (62 lb), whereas the smaller group, probably females, were only 70 cm (28 in) and weighed 17 kg (37 lb). This is only 60% of the weight of a larger individual. Their weight may have varied substantially due to fat cycles, meaning that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but slim during hot seasons, and may have been as low as 21 kg (46 lb) in the larger gender and 13 kg (29 lb) in the smaller. Though male pigeons are usually larger than females, there is no direct evidence for the largest specimens actually being the males of the species, and this has only been assumed based on early works. Though the male was probably largest, this can only be confirmed by molecular sexing techniques, and not skeletal morphology alone.
1075:
1305:
birds, 1 metre (3.3 feet) tall, and possibly weighing up to 23 kilograms (51 lb). The higher weights have been attributed to birds in captivity; weights in the wild were estimated to have been in the range 10.6–21.1 kg (23–47 lb). A later estimate gives an average weight as low as 10.2 kg (22 lb). This has been questioned, and there is still some controversy. It has been suggested that the weight depended on the season, and that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but less so during hot. The bird was
1321:
766:. This view was met with ridicule, but later supported by Strickland and Melville, who suggested the common descent of the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo in 1848, after dissecting the only known dodo specimen with soft tissue and comparing it with the few solitaire remains then available. Strickland stated that although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features in the leg bones, features which were otherwise known only in pigeons.
138:
1358:
120:
1276:
286:
3754:
1211:. The DNA obtained from the Oxford specimen is degraded, and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains, so the age of the groups divergence from other pigeons still needs to be independently verified. The dodo lost the ability to fly owing to the lack of mammalian predators on Mauritius. Another large, flightless pigeon, the
592:
523:
of the dodo was in 1693. The
Rodrigues solitaire was killed off later than the dodo. The IUCN uses an extinction date of 1778 for the solitaire, although a more probable date would be in the 1750s or 1760s. Both birds became extinct as a consequence of human hunting and the introduction of mammals that ate the birds and their eggs.
1264:, meaning that they changed considerably with age. The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire, such as features of the skull, pelvis, and sternum, as well as their large size. It differed in other aspects, such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire, having a larger skull and beak, a rounded
1390:
The last surviving raphine species, the
Rodrigues solitaire, probably became extinct before 1778. The dodo survived until 1662 or 1690. The Rodrigues solitaire became extinct because of the introduction of feral cats and heavy hunting by the human population. Although the dodo became extinct earlier,
1374:
strength of its leg bones indicate that it could run quite fast. Unlike the
Rodrigues solitaire, there is no evidence that the dodo used its wings in intraspecific combat. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison.
1452:
attempted to obtain a live specimen, as he had been assured the
Rodrigues solitaire still survived in remote areas of the island. After searching for 18 months and offering large rewards, he could find none. He noted that cats were blamed for decimating the species, but suspected that it was really
1304:
and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end. The head was grey and naked, the beak green, black and yellow, and the legs were stout and yellowish, with black claws. Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that they were very large
1295:
As no complete dodo specimens exist, its external appearance, such as plumage and colouration, is hard to determine. Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction (1598–1662) are the primary evidence for its external appearance. According to
522:
Both the
Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo are now extinct. A common threshold of the extinction of the dodo is 1662, but some possible sightings had been made as late as 1688. The last sighting with a description was in 1662, but a statistical analysis by Roberts and Solow found that the extinction
1375:
The dodo may instead have used its large, hooked beak in territorial disputes. Since
Mauritius received more rain and had a more stable climate than Rodrigues, there was probably less need for male dodos to fight over territory. The solitaire was therefore probably the more aggressive of the two.
1403:
of humans. This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey for sailors. The human population on
Mauritius (an area of 1,860 km or 720 sq mi) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century, but they introduced other animals, including dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and
1328:
The beak of the solitaire was slightly hooked, and its neck and legs were long. One observer described it as the size of a swan. The skull was 170 millimetres (6.7 in) long, flattened at the top with the fore and hind parts elevated into two bony ridges structured with
1247:
Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the
Rodrigues solitaire, its closest relative, from pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness. The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight, and the
1412:. The impact of these introduced animals, especially the pigs and macaques, on the dodo population is currently considered more severe than that of hunting. Rats would not have caused such a problem for the dodo, as they would have been used to dealing with local
1431:
of 1688–1715. The authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s, and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave cannot be dismissed out of hand.
1234:
about 1.5 million years ago. However, that estimate appears highly unlikely. It was estimated that the relatives of the two species moved to the island about 35 million years ago, when a land bridge between
Nazareth (Rodrigues) or
1309:: males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks. The beak was up to 23 centimetres (9.1 in) in length and had a hooked point. A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were
1369:
Little is known of the behaviour of the dodo, as most contemporary descriptions are very brief. Based on weight estimates, it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 21, and the female 17. Studies of the
785:
and molecular data, however, agrees that placement in the
Columbidae is more appropriate. Many different affinities have historically been suggested for the dodo, including that it was a small
2938:
Janoo, A. (April–June 2005). "Discovery of Isolated Dodo Bones from Mauritius Cave Shelters Highlights Human Predation, with a Comment on the Status of the Family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930".
1196:
origin and are less than 10 million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their
627:. To house their new species, as well as the other species known at the time, Strickland and Melville named the subfamily Didinae. In 1893 three species were assigned to the group
1074:
2537:
3827:
3632:
The Dodo and Its Kindred; or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon
1106:
at the base of the clade. Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the
3853:
1145:
has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily, Raphinae, in the family Columbidae.
487:
from the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, as well as 37 species of doves, has found where in Columbidae the raphines should be placed. Raphines are not the most
1449:
1448:
trade between 1730 and 1750, when traders burnt off vegetation, hunted solitaires, and released cats and pigs that preyed on eggs and chicks. In 1755,
1532:
gives a meaning of frontlet that is used in ornithology as the margin just behind the beak and provides a quote of it being used in this way in 1874.
3937:
3814:
769:
The raphines are sometimes separated as a distinct family Raphidae, and their affinities were for long uncertain. They were initially placed in the
1423:
in 1662, may not necessarily have been the last members of the species. The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of
3932:
3840:
3518:
1129:
of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was placed in its own
315:
3371:
3307:
2846:
2633:
2606:
2579:
2547:
1227:. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons.
1272:. The dodo's neck and legs were proportionally shorter, and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire's wrists.
3922:
2801:"How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: Academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly-discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius"
3327:"Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene"
464:
and the Rodrigues solitaire, not all grouping them together. Most recently, it is considered that the two birds can be classified in
3917:
1333:. A black band (a contemporary description described it as a "frontlet") appeared on its head just behind the base of the beak. The
3104:
McNab, B. K. (1999). "On the Comparative Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Total and Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism".
3535:
Shapiro, B.; Sibthorpe, D.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Wragg, G. M.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Lee, P. L. M.; Cooper, A. (2002).
2324:
Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (April 2011). "In defence of the slim dodo: A reply to Louchart and Mourer-Chauviré".
1408:, which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources. At the same time, humans destroyed the dodo's forest
1122:) was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire.
246:
1427:
in 1688. Statistical analysis of these records by Roberts and Solow gives a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95%
3845:
1114:
pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence. In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct
3028:
Louchart, A.; Mourer-Chauviré, C. C. C. (April 2011). "The dodo was not so slim: Leg dimensions and scaling to body mass".
3927:
2968:
2487:
Brom, T. G.; Prins, T. G. (June 1989). "Microscopic investigation of feather remains from the head of the Oxford dodo,
2279:
Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (2011). "The end of the fat dodo? A new mass estimate for Raphus cucullatus".
878:, from Shapiro and colleagues (2002), shows the position of the dodo and solitaire within the pigeon and dove family.
700:
672:
A suborder named in 1893 by Sharpe, Didi was defined as a group including only the massive birds, that were sister to
397:
3858:
3406:
1103:
755:
469:
460:
following human colonisation in the 17th century. Historically, many different groups have been named for both the
2800:
2731:
3912:
3522:
2513:
1528:
1517:
In 1966, Raphinae was named for a subfamily within Noctuidae. It was later found to be synonymous with Dilobinae.
624:
477:
373:
137:
2569:
2652:
1230:
It has been estimated that the group containing the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire diverged from genera like
1050:
3574:
Sharpe, R.B., ed. (1893). "Catalogue of the Columbae, or Pigeons, in the British Museum of Natural History".
1458:
1424:
1249:
348:
3769:
2758:
1280:
1212:
1149:
505:
3668:
Turvey, S. T.; Cheke, A. S. (2008). "Dead as a dodo: The fortuitous rise to fame of an extinction icon".
3879:
3640:
3626:
1454:
1168:
The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the Rodrigues solitaire and the dodo diverged around the
719:. Illiger concluded that the dodo was related to ostriches and rheas, and so placed Inepti in the order
620:
488:
473:
369:
333:
3645:"XVI. On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo, in the Collection of the Zoological Society of London"
1444:
some time between the 1730s and 1760s; the exact date is unknown. Its disappearance coincided with the
2471:
2431:
1440:
Although the IUCN lists the Rodrigues solitaire as going extinct by 1778, the species probably became
846:) to be their closest living relative among 35 analyzed species of pigeons and doves, followed by the
3801:
3758:
3718:
3677:
3482:
3435:
3214:
3175:
3037:
2947:
2876:
2815:
2750:
2687:
2333:
2288:
1115:
629:
2763:
468:, often under the subfamily Raphinae. The first person to suggest a close affinity to the doves was
3080:
1428:
1420:
1405:
1197:
1134:
968:
941:
859:
564:
500:
266:
1337:
of the Rodrigues solitaire was described as grey and brown. Females were paler than males and had
1320:
3734:
3693:
3614:
3506:
3461:
3394:
3230:
3193:
3137:
3121:
3061:
2904:
2892:
2864:
2796:
2784:
2727:
2349:
2312:
2267:
1379:
1324:
Digital recreation of a Rodrigues solitaire, based on skeleton morphology and Leguat description.
1306:
576:
453:
298:
132:
3884:
3568:
3907:
3866:
3559:
3498:
3453:
3367:
3348:
3313:
3303:
3129:
3092:
3053:
2852:
2842:
2776:
2715:
2639:
2629:
2612:
2602:
2585:
2575:
2553:
2543:
2304:
1399:
Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely
1177:
988:
834:
supported their close relationship and their placement within the family of pigeons and doves
827:
685:
677:
445:
382:
235:
217:
3832:
1256:, meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features. The skull, trunk and
3871:
3726:
3685:
3656:
3604:
3579:
3551:
3490:
3443:
3338:
3286:
3259:
3222:
3183:
3113:
3084:
3045:
2999:
2955:
2924:
2884:
2823:
2768:
2705:
2695:
2500:
2466:
2426:
2341:
2296:
2259:
1301:
1284:
1208:
1126:
704:
681:
641:
580:
406:
595:
Skulls of the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, the latter having been scaled up for comparison
1400:
1391:
the causes of extinction are related and involve the introduction of animals and hunting.
1362:
1342:
1130:
1099:
536:
496:
437:
762:, based on studies of a dodo skull he had rediscovered in the royal Danish collection of
3722:
3681:
3486:
3439:
3218:
3179:
3157:(1–4). Czech Republic: Institute of Geology and Paleontology. Charles University: 75–90.
3074:
3041:
2951:
2880:
2819:
2754:
2691:
2448:
2408:
2385:
2362:
2337:
2292:
1495:
The family Inepti (Illiger 1811) is unavailable because it was not defined on any genus.
3705:
Worthy, T. H. (2001). "A giant flightless pigeon gen. Et sp. Nov. And a new species of
3660:
3290:
3003:
2710:
2675:
2504:
1142:
1079:
903:
847:
839:
492:
324:
1207:
competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain
456:, but became extinct through hunting by humans and predation by introduced non-native
3901:
3630:
2973:
2888:
2457:
2417:
1482:
Raphidae Poche, 1904 is not available because Poche definitely based it on the genus
820:
635:
575:. These birds reached an impressive size as a result of isolation on islands free of
539:
242:
70:
3738:
3510:
3234:
3141:
2896:
2353:
2316:
119:
3697:
3465:
3197:
3065:
2788:
2565:
1138:
871:
823:
813:
810:
728:
515:
226:
3730:
3555:
2676:"The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred"
1133:
family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had
3806:
3361:
3226:
3205:
Naish, D. (2014). "A Review of 'The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History'".
3012:
2959:
2913:(Aves: Columbidae), an extinct flightless bird from Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands"
2539:
Lost Land of the Dodo: An Ecological History of Mauritius, Reunion, and Rodrigues
2533:
1261:
1236:
724:
45:
1378:
Observations of the Rodrigues solitaire in life indicate that they were highly
3689:
3473:
Roberts, D. L. (2013). "Refuge-effect hypothesis and the demise of the Dodo".
3343:
3326:
3244:"On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of the Island of Rodriguez,
3049:
2828:
2772:
2345:
2300:
1413:
1371:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1275:
1265:
1185:
855:
835:
763:
759:
744:
739:
673:
465:
199:
189:
90:
55:
3792:
3578:. Vol. 21. London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 628–636.
3536:
3317:
3125:
2856:
2780:
2700:
2557:
3013:"The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge"
2643:
2616:
2589:
1461:
encountered no solitaires, although he had been assured that they survived.
1220:
1204:
1189:
1181:
1169:
875:
794:
782:
748:
689:
543:
449:
149:
95:
3583:
3563:
3502:
3457:
3352:
3264:
3133:
3096:
3088:
3057:
2719:
2308:
1357:
3753:
285:
3786:
3149:
MlĂkovsky, J. (1999). "Family-Group Names of Cenozoic Birds: 1811–1998".
2657:
2390:
2367:
1445:
1346:
1288:
1107:
1086:) is the closest living relative of the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire.
838:. The genetic evidence was interpreted as suggesting the Southeast Asian
790:
778:
774:
693:
169:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3409:(1842–1843). "Nøjere oplysning om det i Kjøbenhavn fundne Drontehoved".
1152:", long considered a third extinct didine bird, has turned out to be an
17:
3618:
3494:
3398:
2271:
1441:
1409:
1334:
1297:
1253:
1193:
1173:
798:
786:
720:
557:
434:
100:
75:
2929:
2908:
1090:
A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of
495:
as their closest relative, with other closely related birds being the
3325:
Pereira, S. L.; Johnson, K. P.; Clayton, D. H.; Baker, A. J. (2007).
3188:
3163:
3076:
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History)
1269:
1257:
1201:
1125:
For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a
770:
733:
607:
457:
159:
3819:
3763:
3644:
3609:
3448:
3423:
3243:
2263:
591:
3117:
1453:
due to hunting by humans. When he visited Rodrigues to observe the
3382:
1356:
1319:
1274:
1073:
863:
831:
601:
590:
546:
532:
430:
255:
3592:
2982:
Livezey, B. C. (1993). "An Ecomorphological Review of the Dodo (
1590:
1588:
1586:
1224:
1153:
568:
510:
461:
274:
179:
3767:
2217:
2215:
1940:
1938:
1936:
692:. Features grouping Didi with Columbidae were the angle of the
1980:
1956:
484:
127:
Dodo and Rodrigues solitaire skeletons compared, not to scale
2130:
2128:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1710:
1708:
1706:
2674:
Heupink, Tim H.; van Grouw, Hein; Lambert, David M. (2014).
2029:
2027:
2025:
2909:"Fight club: A unique weapon in the wing of the solitaire,
2867:(2012). "The Dodo: From extinction to the fossil record".
1486:
Mohring, 1752 which is unavailable as a pre-Linnaean name.
3273:
Owen, R. (January 1867). "On the Osteology of the Dodo (
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1697:
3709:(Aves: Columbidae), from Quaternary deposits in Fiji".
3302:. Life of the Past. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
2990:), Flightless Columbiformes of the Mascarene Islands".
1968:
1774:
1573:
1571:
1296:
most representations, the dodo had greyish or brownish
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1810:
711:. He named the family Inepti, and in it included only
611:. In 1848, a new species within the now defunct genus
3593:"Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire"
3424:"Flightless birds: When did the dodo become extinct?"
3649:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
3279:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
3162:
Mourer-Chauviré, C. C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S. (1995).
1617:
1615:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1317:(downy) and most similar to those of other pigeons.
984:
964:
3776:
1313:(vaned feathers with barbs and quills) rather than
1594:
645:. Today, only two raphine species are known, with
2799:; Cheke, Anthony S.; McOran-Campbell, A. (2009).
2519:. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius
2472:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690059A93259513.en
2432:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690062A93259685.en
2841:. Poyser Monographs. London: T & AD Poyser.
1944:
1345:in the solitaire is perhaps the greatest in any
870:("little dodo"), and it was called "dodlet" by
3422:Roberts, D. L.; Solow, A. R. (November 2003).
2134:
2119:
1750:
1714:
1681:
1657:
773:due to their peculiar, flightlessness-related
599:Historically, the dodo was assigned the genus
3300:The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History
3017:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
2250:Amadon, D. (1951). "Inbreeding and Disease".
1365:itself in a Roelant Savery painting from 1626
8:
3576:Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum
2206:
2045:
491:columbid, instead they are grouped with the
3711:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2158:
2078:
1992:
3764:
3252:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2837:Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012).
2628:. Lost Worlds. Hawkurst: Bunker Hill Pub.
2016:
1669:
1419:The latest definite sighting of dodos, on
284:
118:
31:
3608:
3447:
3342:
3263:
3187:
2928:
2917:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2827:
2762:
2709:
2699:
2470:
2430:
2221:
2182:
2146:
2066:
2004:
1822:
1577:
1633:
649:becoming a junior subjective synonym of
472:, whose opinions were then supported by
3242:Newton, Alfred; Newton, Edward (1867).
3164:"Was the solitaire of RĂ©union an ibis?"
2194:
1891:
1606:
1544:
1475:
1450:Joseph-François Charpentier de Cossigny
311:
2233:
2102:
2033:
1927:
1915:
1870:
1858:
1786:
1698:Hume, Cheke & McOran-Campbell 2009
1621:
1562:
1137:their similar features independently.
3106:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
2170:
1834:
1798:
1775:Heupink, van Grouw & Lambert 2014
1762:
1685:
1504:From the dodo's obsolete genus name,
1436:Extinction of the Rodrigues solitaire
1341:elevations on the lower neck. Sexual
696:and the hook at the end of the beak.
7:
2967:Kitchener, Andrew C. (August 1993).
2090:
1903:
1846:
1738:
1645:
665:being identified as synonymous with
444:or didine birds. They inhabited the
2458:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2418:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2386:"Scientists pinpoint dodo's demise"
1969:Louchart & Mourer-Chauviré 2011
1726:
957:
933:
926:
919:
895:
888:
881:
3661:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb08059.x
3635:. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve.
3291:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1867.tb00571.x
3207:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3036:(4): 357–358, discussion 358–360.
3004:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02686.x
2505:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02535.x
1279:Famous depiction of a dodo with a
25:
3752:
2889:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00843.x
2653:"Bringing the dodo back to life"
2626:The Dodo: Extinction in Paradise
2363:"DNA yields dodo family secrets"
1252:region and the small wings were
858:and the superficially dodo-like
136:
3938:Taxa named by Alexander Wetmore
3011:Long, George, ed. (1833–1843).
2447:BirdLife International (2016).
2407:BirdLife International (2016).
3933:Fauna of the Mascarene Islands
3530:. London: Hutchinson & Co.
3383:"On the Spurs on Birds' Wings"
2969:"Justice at last for the dodo"
1595:Strickland & Melville 1848
1219:), was described in 2001 from
1:
3731:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517673
3556:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683
2736:and the Penguin of Mauritius"
2599:Dodo: From Extinction to Icon
2542:. London: T & AD Poyser.
866:. The genus of the latter is
509:, is now considered to be an
3227:10.1080/02724634.2013.803977
2960:10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002
1239:banks and Mauritius formed.
777:, and a relationship to the
3923:Bird extinctions since 1500
3407:Reinhardt, Johannes Theodor
1945:Kitchener & August 1993
1811:Mourer-Chauviré et al. 1995
701:Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger
657:now classified as the ibis
639:, and the possible species
3954:
3629:; Melville, A. G. (1848).
2574:. New York: Comstock Pub.
2512:Cheke, Anthony S. (2004).
1104:thick-billed ground pigeon
830:and a Rodrigues solitaire
758:proposed they were ground
756:Johannes Theodor Reinhardt
723:, as the sister family to
605:, now a junior synonym of
556:. The former contains the
470:Johannes Theodor Reinhardt
27:Extinct subfamily of birds
3690:10.1080/08912960802376199
3569:Supplementary information
3344:10.1080/10635150701549672
3050:10.1007/s00114-011-0771-6
2829:10.1080/08912960903101868
2773:10.1080/08912960600639400
2732:"The History of the Dodo
2346:10.1007/s00114-011-0772-5
2301:10.1007/s00114-010-0759-7
1529:Oxford English Dictionary
1110:subfamily along with the
1047:
982:
962:
955:
938:
931:
924:
917:
900:
893:
886:
781:has also been suggested.
625:Alexander Gordon Melville
587:History of classification
478:Alexander Gordon Melville
357:Poche, 1904 (unavailable)
304:
297:
292:
283:
261:
254:
232:
225:
133:Scientific classification
131:
126:
117:
34:
3918:Extinct flightless birds
2940:Annales de Paléontologie
2701:10.1186/1471-2148-14-136
2680:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2514:"The Dodo's last island"
2465:: e.T22690059A93259513.
2425:: e.T22690062A93259685.
2384:BBC (20 November 2003).
2361:BBC (28 February 2002).
2207:Roberts & Solow 2003
2046:Newton & Newton 1867
1051:Didunculus strigirostris
3360:Quammen, David (1996).
2159:Hume & Walters 2012
2079:Hume & Walters 2012
1993:Hume & Walters 2012
1425:Isaac Johannes Lamotius
1158:Threskiornis solitarius
659:Threskiornis solitarius
3591:Storer, R. W. (1970).
3584:10.5962/bhl.title.8233
3298:Parish, J. C. (2013).
3265:10.1098/rspl.1867.0091
3089:10.5962/bhl.title.8301
1395:Extinction of the dodo
1366:
1325:
1292:
1281:lesser Antillean macaw
1213:Viti Levu giant pigeon
1087:
596:
483:Recent extractions of
293:Former range (in red)
3880:Paleobiology Database
3761:at Wikimedia Commons
3073:Lydekker, R. (1891).
2222:Cheke & Hume 2008
2183:Cheke & Hume 2008
2067:Hume & Steel 2013
2005:Brom & Prins 1989
1823:Cheke & Hume 2008
1455:1761 transit of Venus
1360:
1323:
1278:
1156:; it is now known as
1077:
826:isolated from a dodo
621:Hugh Edwin Strickland
594:
579:, in accordance with
474:Hugh Edwin Strickland
3928:Holocene extinctions
3537:"Flight of the Dodo"
3475:Conservation Biology
3381:Rand, A. L. (1954).
3363:The Song of the Dodo
3081:Taylor & Francis
2907:; Steel, L. (2013).
2147:BBC & 2002-11-20
1459:Alexandre Guy Pingré
1406:crab-eating macaques
1116:spotted green pigeon
667:Pezophaps solitarius
630:Pezophaps solitarius
400:, 1811 (unavailable)
3723:2001JRSNZ..31..763W
3682:2008HBio...20..149T
3487:2013ConBi..27.1478R
3440:2003Natur.426..245R
3411:Nat. Tidssk. Krøyer
3387:The Wilson Bulletin
3246:Pezophaps solitaria
3219:2014JVPal..34..489N
3180:1995Natur.373..568M
3042:2011NW.....98..357L
3030:Naturwissenschaften
2988:Pezophaps solitaria
2952:2005AnPal..91..167J
2911:Pezophaps solitaria
2881:2012GeolT..28..147H
2820:2009HBio...21...33H
2797:Hume, Julian Pender
2755:2006HBio...18...69H
2692:2014BMCEE..14..136H
2624:Fuller, E. (2003).
2601:. London: Collins.
2597:Fuller, E. (2002).
2411:Pezophaps solitaria
2338:2011NW.....98..359A
2326:Naturwissenschaften
2293:2011NW.....98..233A
2281:Naturwissenschaften
2236:, pp. 156–164.
2224:, pp. 111–114.
2135:IUCN Red List 2012a
2120:IUCN Red List 2012b
2081:, pp. 137–138.
2036:, pp. 203–205.
2019:, pp. 177–179.
1995:, pp. 134–136.
1751:Pereira et al. 2007
1715:Shapiro et al. 2002
1682:Shapiro et al. 2002
1658:Reinhardt 1842–1843
1429:confidence interval
1217:Natunaornis gigoura
1084:Caloenas nicobarica
969:Pezophaps solitaria
942:Caloenas nicobarica
860:tooth-billed pigeon
844:Caloenas nicobarica
715:, now a synonym of
565:Rodrigues solitaire
561:Pezophaps solitaria
503:. A third raphine,
501:tooth-billed pigeon
3670:Historical Biology
3495:10.1111/cobi.12134
3331:Systematic Biology
2992:Journal of Zoology
2808:Historical Biology
2743:Historical Biology
2651:Fryer, J. (2002).
2493:Journal of Zoology
1367:
1326:
1307:sexually dimorphic
1293:
1098:and including the
1088:
597:
567:), the latter the
3895:
3894:
3867:Open Tree of Life
3770:Taxon identifiers
3757:Media related to
3641:Strickland, H. E.
3373:978-0-684-80083-7
3309:978-0-2530-0099-6
2986:) and Solitaire (
2984:Raphus cucullatus
2930:10.1111/bij.12087
2848:978-1-4081-5725-1
2734:Raphus cucullatus
2635:978-1-5937-3002-4
2608:978-0-0071-4572-0
2581:978-0-8014-3954-4
2549:978-0-7136-6544-4
2489:Raphus cucullatus
2451:Raphus cucullatus
1861:, pp. 37–39.
1825:, pp. 70–71.
1470:Explanatory notes
1178:Mascarene Islands
1150:RĂ©union solitaire
1120:Caloenas maculata
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
989:Raphus cucullatus
717:Raphus cucullatus
678:Mascarene Islands
655:Didus? borbonicus
651:Raphus cucullatus
573:Raphus cucullatus
542:and contains the
506:Raphus solitarius
446:Mascarene Islands
423:
422:
416:
410:
401:
392:
391:(Hachisuka, 1953)
386:
377:
364:
358:
352:
343:
337:
328:
319:
236:Raphus cucullatus
221:
16:(Redirected from
3945:
3913:Bird subfamilies
3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3848:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3765:
3756:
3742:
3701:
3664:
3636:
3627:Strickland, H.E.
3622:
3612:
3587:
3567:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3514:
3481:(6): 1478–1480.
3469:
3451:
3418:
3402:
3377:
3356:
3346:
3321:
3294:
3269:
3267:
3238:
3201:
3191:
3189:10.1038/373568a0
3158:
3145:
3100:
3069:
3024:
3007:
2978:
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2932:
2900:
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2703:
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2668:
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2647:
2620:
2593:
2561:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2357:
2320:
2275:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1340:
1302:primary feathers
1285:Martinique macaw
1209:very large sizes
986:
966:
958:
934:
927:
920:
896:
889:
882:
874:. The following
727:, Epollicati (a
642:Didus borbonicus
440:formerly called
438:flightless birds
414:
405:
396:
390:
381:
368:
362:
356:
347:
341:
332:
323:
314:
288:
216:
211:
141:
140:
122:
112:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
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3897:
3896:
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3878:
3870:
3865:
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3852:
3844:
3839:
3831:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3805:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3772:
3750:
3745:
3704:
3667:
3643:(August 1859).
3639:
3625:
3610:10.2307/4083934
3590:
3573:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3517:
3472:
3449:10.1038/426245a
3421:
3405:
3380:
3374:
3359:
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3297:
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3204:
3161:
3148:
3103:
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3027:
3010:
2981:
2966:
2937:
2903:
2863:
2849:
2836:
2803:
2795:
2764:10.1.1.695.6929
2738:
2726:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2650:
2636:
2623:
2609:
2596:
2582:
2564:
2550:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2406:
2397:
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2278:
2264:10.2307/2405692
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2240:
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2228:
2220:
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2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2023:
2017:Rothschild 1907
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1680:
1676:
1670:Strickland 1859
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1438:
1397:
1388:
1355:
1343:size dimorphism
1338:
1300:, with lighter
1245:
1166:
1100:pheasant pigeon
1072:
1063:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
848:crowned pigeons
807:
663:Didus nazarenus
619:, was named by
589:
535:is part of the
529:
497:crowned pigeons
419:
310:
309:
250:
239:
215:
209:
135:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3951:
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3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
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3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3876:
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3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3749:
3748:External links
3746:
3744:
3743:
3717:(4): 763–794.
3702:
3676:(2): 149–163.
3665:
3655:(6): 187–196.
3637:
3623:
3603:(2): 369–370.
3588:
3571:
3550:(5560): 1683.
3532:
3519:Rothschild, W.
3515:
3470:
3419:
3403:
3393:(2): 127–134.
3378:
3372:
3357:
3337:(4): 656–672.
3322:
3308:
3295:
3270:
3239:
3213:(2): 489–490.
3202:
3159:
3146:
3118:10.1086/316701
3112:(5): 642–644.
3101:
3070:
3025:
3023:. London: 305.
3008:
2998:(2): 247–292.
2979:
2964:
2946:(2): 167–180.
2935:
2901:
2875:(4): 147–151.
2861:
2847:
2834:
2814:(1–2): 33–49.
2793:
2724:
2671:
2648:
2634:
2621:
2607:
2594:
2580:
2562:
2548:
2532:Cheke, A. S.;
2529:
2509:
2499:(2): 233–246.
2484:
2444:
2404:
2381:
2358:
2332:(4): 359–360.
2321:
2287:(3): 233–236.
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1578:MlĂkovsky 1999
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1384:
1354:
1351:
1339:light-coloured
1268:, and smaller
1244:
1241:
1223:material from
1200:. The lack of
1176:boundary. The
1165:
1162:
1143:molecular data
1080:Nicobar pigeon
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1042:
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1038:
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909:
908:
904:Goura victoria
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
840:Nicobar pigeon
809:Comparison of
806:
803:
707:for the genus
703:created a new
588:
585:
528:
527:Classification
525:
493:Nicobar pigeon
421:
420:
418:
417:
415:Verheyen, 1957
411:
402:
393:
387:
378:
365:
359:
353:
344:
342:Swainson, 1837
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3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3524:Extinct Birds
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:(6964): 245.
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:Didus ineptus
3271:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:(6515): 568.
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:101086/316701
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:New Scientist
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:Geology Today
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2839:Extinct Birds
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:Extinct Birds
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 79.
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:, p. 45.
1929:
1924:
1921:
1918:, p. 48.
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:Lydekker 1891
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1287:(right), and
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
992:
991:
990:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
970:
960:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
943:
936:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
897:
891:
890:
884:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
818:
817:
812:
811:mitochondrial
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
741:
736:
735:
730:
729:defunct group
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Didus ineptus
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:Didus ineptus
644:
643:
638:
637:
636:Didus ineptus
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
603:
593:
586:
584:
582:
581:Foster's rule
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:Columbiformes
538:
534:
526:
524:
520:
518:
517:
513:in the genus
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
412:
408:
403:
399:
394:
389:Pezophabidae
388:
384:
380:Pezophapidae
379:
375:
371:
366:
363:Wetmore, 1930
360:
354:
350:
345:
339:
335:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
303:
300:
296:
291:
287:
282:
277:
276:
271:
269:
268:
263:
262:
260:
257:
253:
248:
244:
238:
237:
231:
228:
224:
219:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:Columbiformes
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3777:
3751:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3673:
3669:
3652:
3648:
3631:
3600:
3596:
3575:
3547:
3543:
3523:
3478:
3474:
3431:
3427:
3414:
3410:
3390:
3386:
3366:. Scribner.
3362:
3334:
3330:
3299:
3285:(2): 49–85.
3282:
3278:
3274:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3210:
3206:
3171:
3167:
3154:
3151:Paleozoology
3150:
3109:
3105:
3075:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3016:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2972:
2943:
2939:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2872:
2868:
2838:
2811:
2807:
2749:(2): 69–93.
2746:
2742:
2733:
2683:
2679:
2663:. Retrieved
2656:
2625:
2598:
2570:
2538:
2521:. Retrieved
2496:
2492:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2462:
2456:
2450:
2436:. Retrieved
2422:
2416:
2410:
2396:. Retrieved
2389:
2373:. Retrieved
2366:
2329:
2325:
2284:
2280:
2255:
2251:
2229:
2202:
2195:Roberts 2013
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2041:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1892:Livezey 1993
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1693:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1607:Quammen 1996
1602:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1439:
1421:Amber Island
1418:
1398:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1327:
1294:
1254:paedomorphic
1246:
1231:
1229:
1216:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1139:Osteological
1124:
1119:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1049:
1048:
987:
983:
967:
963:
940:
939:
902:
901:
872:Richard Owen
867:
851:
843:
815:
808:
783:Osteological
768:
753:
738:
732:
716:
712:
708:
698:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
634:
628:
617:D. nazarenus
616:
612:
606:
600:
598:
572:
560:
553:
549:
530:
521:
516:Threskiornis
514:
504:
482:
441:
426:
424:
413:Pezophabini
273:
265:
234:
227:Type species
212:
29:
3417:: 71–72. 2.
3277:, Linn.)".
3258:: 428–433.
2905:Hume, J. P.
2865:Hume, J. P.
2728:Hume, J. P.
2665:7 September
2534:Hume, J. P.
2478:11 November
2438:11 November
2398:7 September
2375:7 September
2234:Fuller 2002
2103:Amadon 1951
2034:Fuller 2001
1981:Angst et al
1957:Angst et al
1928:Fuller 2002
1916:Fuller 2003
1871:Worthy 2001
1859:Fuller 2001
1787:Storer 1970
1622:Sharpe 1893
1563:Parish 2013
1380:territorial
1262:peramorphic
1260:limbs were
1243:Description
1237:St. Brandon
814:cytochrome
775:apomorphies
676:, from the
206:Subfamily:
3902:Categories
2686:(1): 136.
2566:Fuller, E.
2258:(4): 417.
2243:References
2171:Fryer 2002
1835:McNab 1999
1799:Janoo 2005
1763:Naish 2014
1686:Janoo 2005
1414:land crabs
1386:Extinction
1372:cantilever
1331:cancellous
1315:plumaceous
1311:pennaceous
1266:skull roof
1205:herbivores
1192:), are of
1164:Divergence
1096:Didunculus
868:Didunculus
856:New Guinea
836:Columbidae
764:Copenhagen
740:Syrrhaptes
731:including
725:Gallinacei
674:Columbidae
466:Columbidae
370:Strickland
346:Didusidae
200:Columbidae
3318:740630833
2923:: 32–44.
2857:778339723
2781:0891-2963
2759:CiteSeerX
2558:839812673
2252:Evolution
2091:Rand 1954
1904:Hume 2006
1847:Hume 2012
1739:Owen 1867
1646:Long 1843
1540:Citations
1465:Footnotes
1353:Behaviour
1221:subfossil
1202:mammalian
1190:Rodrigues
1182:Mauritius
1170:Paleogene
1131:monotypic
876:cladogram
824:sequences
805:Phylogeny
795:albatross
754:In 1842,
745:Columbini
699:In 1811,
690:Rodrigues
682:Mauritius
577:predators
550:Pezophaps
544:monotypic
489:primitive
454:Rodrigues
450:Mauritius
383:Hachisuka
361:Raphidae
355:Raphidae
331:Didiadae
316:Bonaparte
267:Pezophaps
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
3908:Raphinae
3807:Raphidae
3787:Wikidata
3778:Raphidae
3759:Raphinae
3739:83708873
3564:11872833
3521:(1907).
3511:39987650
3503:23992554
3458:14628039
3353:17661233
3248:(Gmel.)"
3235:84119319
3142:28619917
3134:10521332
3058:21380621
2897:83711229
2730:(2006).
2720:25027719
2661:. London
2658:BBC News
2644:59303394
2617:50877321
2590:46671147
2568:(2001).
2536:(2008).
2394:. London
2391:BBC News
2371:. London
2368:BBC News
2354:30903508
2317:29215473
2309:21240603
1727:BBC 2002
1446:tortoise
1401:fearless
1363:preening
1347:neognath
1291:(bottom)
1289:red rail
1283:(left),
1250:pectoral
1194:volcanic
1108:Gourinae
1102:and the
819:and 12S
779:Rallidae
749:Crypturi
694:mandible
427:Raphinae
407:Verheyen
404:Raphini
374:Melville
367:Didinae
340:Dididae
334:Swainson
325:Ridgeway
299:Synonyms
243:Linnaeus
213:Raphinae
196:Family:
170:Chordata
166:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
41:Holocene
35:Raphines
18:Raphidae
3793:Q551092
3719:Bibcode
3698:6257901
3678:Bibcode
3619:4083934
3597:The Auk
3544:Science
3483:Bibcode
3466:4347830
3436:Bibcode
3399:4158290
3215:Bibcode
3198:4304082
3176:Bibcode
3097:4170867
3066:9126864
3038:Bibcode
2948:Bibcode
2877:Bibcode
2816:Bibcode
2789:2954728
2751:Bibcode
2711:4099497
2688:Bibcode
2334:Bibcode
2289:Bibcode
2272:2405692
1442:extinct
1410:habitat
1335:plumage
1298:plumage
1198:lineage
1186:RĂ©union
1174:Neogene
1135:evolved
850:(genus
799:vulture
797:, or a
787:ostrich
771:ratites
721:Rasores
686:RĂ©union
558:species
458:mammals
442:didines
435:extinct
398:Illiger
395:Inepti
218:Wetmore
186:Order:
176:Class:
107:↓
3872:543770
3859:187131
3846:177060
3833:104756
3737:
3707:Ducula
3696:
3617:
3562:
3509:
3501:
3464:
3456:
3428:Nature
3397:
3370:
3351:
3316:
3306:
3233:
3196:
3168:Nature
3140:
3132:
3124:
3095:
3064:
3056:
2895:
2855:
2845:
2787:
2779:
2761:
2718:
2708:
2642:
2632:
2615:
2605:
2588:
2578:
2556:
2546:
2523:12 May
2352:
2315:
2307:
2270:
1484:Raphus
1270:orbits
1258:pelvic
1188:, and
1127:family
828:tarsal
747:, and
734:Turnix
705:family
688:, and
661:; and
608:Raphus
554:Raphus
547:genera
429:are a
409:, 1957
385:, 1953
376:, 1848
372:&
351:, 1842
349:Lesson
336:, 1836
327:, 1916
322:Raphi
318:, 1857
275:Raphus
256:Genera
220:, 1930
3885:92330
3828:IRMNG
3735:S2CID
3694:S2CID
3615:JSTOR
3540:(PDF)
3528:(PDF)
3507:S2CID
3462:S2CID
3395:JSTOR
3231:S2CID
3194:S2CID
3138:S2CID
3122:JSTOR
3062:S2CID
2977:: 24.
2893:S2CID
2804:(PDF)
2785:S2CID
2739:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2350:S2CID
2313:S2CID
2268:JSTOR
1506:Didus
1361:Dodo
1232:Goura
1148:The "
1112:Goura
1092:Goura
864:Samoa
862:from
854:) of
852:Goura
832:femur
793:, an
760:doves
709:Didus
613:Didus
602:Didus
563:(the
537:order
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