306:
109:
133:
431:) on the basis that they all have only three thoracic segments. Analysis of adult anatomy of these genera and larval stages of other raphiophorids showed they most probably developed through
305:
1041:
1120:
392:
391:
is considered an endymioniin. Raphiophorids are generally found in deep-water sediments, and have a cosmopolitan distribution from the Floian to the
325:) that are triangular to subcircular, and many carry long, trailing genal spines, a forward-directed rapier-like spine on the central raised area (or
1028:
353:, which have only 3). As mentioned before, all raphiophorids are blind. Many, if not most, genera have no eyes whatsoever, though a few, such as
908:
Zhou, Z.; Webby, B.D.; Yuan, W. (1995). "Ordovician trilobites from the Yingan
Formation of northwestern Tarim, Xinjiang, northwestern China".
108:
367:
Raphiophoridae currently includes two officially recognized subfamilies. The nominal subfamily
Raphiophorinae originated from the Upper
892:
463:. Since the three genera of the Taklamakaniinae have been demonstrated to be unrelated to each other, this subfamily is regarded as
383:
and contains 36 species in 13 genera. The time of the first occurrence depends on whether the inadequately known monotypic genus
1110:
1125:
132:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1095:
375:, and has 217 species assigned to it divided over 26 genera. The subfamily Endymioniinae occurred from the
945:
1067:
887:. Memoirs of the Geological Society of London. Vol. 38. Geological Society of London. p. 490.
1015:
917:
983:
628:
819:
706:
756:
726:
686:
638:
568:
436:
256:
127:
1072:
780:
766:
696:
676:
648:
528:
811:
746:
736:
508:
355:
1054:
1002:
888:
800:
518:
498:
118:
1059:
1046:
925:
879:
J.M. Adrian (2014). "20. A synopsis of
Ordovician trilobite distribution and diversity". In
20:
829:
921:
857:
583:
432:
203:
866:
II. Asaphidae, Nileidae, Raphiophoridae and
Telephinidae of the Valhallfonna Formation
1089:
880:
822:
716:
591:
66:
359:, have vestigial tubercles that correspond to the compound eyes of their ancestors.
658:
618:
558:
488:
309:
1007:
977:
868:]. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter. Vol. 162. Oslo: Norsk Polarinstitutt.
608:
598:
548:
396:
368:
329:), or both, with the glabella often inflated and the natural fracture lines (or
41:
968:
929:
295:
86:
51:
578:
538:
464:
388:
334:
330:
326:
322:
291:
177:
164:
144:
91:
994:
962:
400:
299:
190:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
1033:
415:
96:
71:
790:
380:
376:
372:
154:
939:
304:
1020:
943:
337:
typically has five to seven segments (except for the genera
435:
from three different ancestors, so provide an example of
312:
fossil from
Lashkark Formation, Ordovician, Damghan, Iran
122:
showing the cephalon, genal spines & glabellar spine
910:
467:, and has been synonymized with the Raphiophorinae.
379:
952:
321:All raphiophorids are blind, with headshields (or
885:Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography
475:These genera are assigned to the Raphiophoridae:
563:Ghobadi Pour, Vidal & Hosseini-Nezhad, 2007
333:) of the cephalon coinciding with its margin.
852:
850:
8:
298:and became extinct at the end of the Middle
940:
107:
27:
862:The Ordovician Trilobites of Spitsbergen
294:that first occurred at the start of the
846:
459:is almost identical to early stages of
290:is a family of small to average-sized
393:Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
7:
1121:Early Ordovician first appearances
14:
395:with diversity peaking from the
131:
761:Webby, Moors & McLean, 1970
387:from the Lower Tremadocian of
371:and died out during the Lower
1:
451:strongly looks like juvenile
37:Ordovician to Middle Silurian
407:survived into the Silurian.
16:Extinct family of trilobites
248:
1142:
18:
930:10.1080/03115519508619098
262:
255:
231:
226:
128:Scientific classification
126:
115:
106:
30:
443:closely resembles young
310:damghanampyx ghobadipour
19:Not to be confused with
313:
1111:Ordovician trilobites
1068:Paleobiology Database
883:; T. Servais (eds.).
623:Chang & Fan, 1960
308:
1126:Silurian extinctions
751:Vaccari, et al, 2006
427:, (and then, later,
1116:Silurian trilobites
922:1995Alch...19...47Z
1106:Trilobite families
437:parallel evolution
314:
1083:
1082:
1055:Open Tree of Life
946:Taxon identifiers
835:
817:
806:
796:
786:
772:
762:
752:
742:
732:
722:
712:
711:Whittington, 1965
702:
692:
682:
664:
654:
644:
634:
624:
614:
604:
587:
574:
564:
554:
544:
534:
533:Whittington, 1965
524:
514:
504:
494:
285:
284:
277:Typhlokorynetidae
243:
237:
222:
1133:
1076:
1075:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1023:
1011:
1010:
998:
997:
988:
987:
986:
973:
972:
971:
941:
934:
933:
905:
899:
898:
876:
870:
869:
854:
833:
816:W. T. Zhang 1979
815:
804:
794:
784:
770:
760:
750:
741:Zhou et al. 1977
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
662:
652:
642:
632:
622:
612:
602:
582:
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
512:
502:
492:
241:
235:
220:
215:
202:
189:
176:
136:
135:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
21:Rhaphidophoridae
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1001:
993:
991:
982:
981:
976:
967:
966:
961:
948:
938:
937:
907:
906:
902:
895:
878:
877:
873:
856:
855:
848:
843:
838:
830:Typhlokorynetes
476:
473:
413:
385:Typhlokorynetes
365:
319:
274:Taklamakaniinae
234:Raphiophorinae
219:
213:
200:
187:
174:
130:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Trinucleioidea
1098:
1096:Raphiophoridae
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1025:
1012:
999:
989:
984:Raphiophoridae
974:
958:
956:
954:Raphiophoridae
950:
949:
944:
936:
935:
900:
894:978-1862393738
893:
871:
845:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:
826:
807:
797:
787:
777:
771:Lu et al. 1965
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
691:Koroleva, 1959
683:
681:Billings, 1865
666:
665:
655:
645:
635:
625:
615:
605:
595:
588:
575:
565:
555:
553:Whittard, 1955
545:
543:Chugaeva, 1956
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
482:Raphiophorinae
478:
472:
469:
433:paedomorphosis
412:
409:
364:
361:
318:
315:
288:Raphiophoridae
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
275:
272:
271:Ampyxinellinae
269:
260:
259:
253:
252:
245:
244:
240:Endymioniinae
238:
229:
228:
224:
223:
217:Raphiophoridae
211:
207:
206:
204:Trinucleioidea
198:
194:
193:
185:
181:
180:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
33:
31:Raphiophoridae
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
985:
979:
975:
970:
964:
960:
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
901:
896:
890:
886:
882:
881:D.A.T. Harper
875:
872:
867:
863:
859:
853:
851:
847:
840:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
814:
813:
808:
805:Thomson, 1864
803:
802:
798:
793:
792:
788:
783:
782:
778:
776:
769:
768:
764:
759:
758:
754:
749:
748:
744:
739:
738:
734:
729:
728:
724:
719:
718:
717:Carinocranium
714:
709:
708:
704:
699:
698:
694:
689:
688:
684:
679:
678:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:Endymioniinae
661:
660:
656:
651:
650:
646:
641:
640:
636:
631:
630:
629:Pseudampyxina
626:
621:
620:
616:
613:Rusconi, 1951
611:
610:
606:
603:Angelin, 1854
601:
600:
596:
594:
593:
592:Kongqiangheia
589:
585:
581:
580:
576:
571:
570:
566:
561:
560:
556:
551:
550:
546:
541:
540:
536:
531:
530:
526:
521:
520:
516:
511:
510:
506:
501:
500:
496:
493:Angelin, 1854
491:
490:
486:
485:
484:
483:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Pseudampyxina
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Kongqiangheia
426:
422:
421:Pseudampyxina
418:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
357:
352:
351:Kongqiangheia
348:
344:
343:Pseudampyxina
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
311:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
264:
263:
261:
258:
254:
251:
250:
247:see text for
242:Raymond, 1920
239:
236:Angelin, 1854
233:
232:
230:
225:
221:Angelin, 1854
218:
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
197:Superfamily:
196:
195:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
121:
120:
119:Ampyx nasutus
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
953:
916:(1): 47–72.
913:
909:
903:
884:
874:
865:
861:
858:Fortey, R.A.
828:
823:ptychopariid
810:
799:
795:Fortey, 1975
789:
779:
774:
773:, synonym =
765:
755:
745:
735:
725:
715:
707:Anisonotella
705:
695:
685:
675:
669:
667:
659:Taklamakania
657:
653:Fortey, 1975
647:
637:
627:
619:Nanshanaspis
617:
607:
597:
590:
577:
573:Cooper, 1953
567:
559:Damghanampyx
557:
547:
537:
527:
523:Ulrich, 1922
517:
507:
503:Dalman, 1827
497:
489:Raphiophorus
487:
481:
479:
474:
465:polyphyletic
460:
457:Taklamakania
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:Nanshanaspis
440:
428:
425:Taklamakania
424:
420:
417:Nanshanaspis
416:
414:
405:Raphiophorus
404:
384:
366:
363:Distribution
354:
350:
347:Nanshanaspis
346:
342:
339:Taklamakania
338:
320:
287:
286:
265:Subfamilies
246:
227:Subfamilies
216:
117:
25:
978:Wikispecies
775:Sinampyxina
757:Malongullia
731:Cooper 1953
727:Edmundsonia
687:Ampyxinella
663:Zhang, 1980
639:Raymondella
609:Mendolaspis
599:Lonchodomas
569:Edmundsonia
549:Cnemidopyge
453:Raymondella
397:Darriwilian
369:Tremadocian
268:Ampyxininae
1090:Categories
841:References
834:Shaw, 1966
820:shumardiid
818:(may be a
785:Zhang 1979
781:Miboshania
767:Miaopopsis
721:Dean, 1989
701:Zhang 1979
697:Ampyxinops
677:Endymionia
668:Subfamily
649:Rhombampyx
643:Reed, 1935
529:Ampyxoides
513:Dean, 1960
480:Subfamily
335:The thorax
296:Ordovician
292:trilobites
165:Arthropoda
812:Tarimella
747:Lehnertia
737:Jiuxiella
579:Globampyx
539:Bulbaspis
509:Ampyxella
445:Globampyx
389:Laurentia
356:Lehnertia
323:cephalons
178:Trilobita
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
992:BioLib:
969:Q1245960
963:Wikidata
860:(1975).
801:Salteria
633:Ju, 1983
519:Ampyxina
461:Ampyxina
411:Taxonomy
401:Sandbian
327:glabella
300:Silurian
257:Synonyms
210:Family:
191:Asaphida
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
1060:5129588
1034:3267157
1021:4320586
918:Bibcode
399:to the
331:sutures
317:Anatomy
184:Order:
171:Class:
116:Curled
1073:124265
1047:100281
995:457081
891:
791:Pytine
586:, 1975
584:Fortey
471:Genera
455:, and
423:, and
381:Katian
377:Floian
373:Ludlow
349:, and
249:genera
1042:IRMNG
864:[
499:Ampyx
1029:GBIF
889:ISBN
42:Preęž’
1016:EoL
1008:FK4
1003:CoL
926:doi
1092::
1070::
1057::
1044::
1031::
1018::
1005::
980::
965::
924:.
914:19
912:.
849:^
809:?
447:,
439:.
419:,
403:.
345:,
341:,
302:.
92:Pg
932:.
928::
920::
897:.
825:)
214:â€
201:â€
188:â€
175:â€
97:N
87:K
82:J
77:T
72:P
67:C
62:D
57:S
52:O
47:ęž’
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
