Portland cement - Knowledge

172: 425: 161: 867: 48: 153: 40: 392:, which controls the set time), and up to 5% minor constituents (fillers) as allowed by various standards. Clinkers are nodules (diameters, 0.2–1.0 inch ) of a sintered material that is produced when a raw mixture of predetermined composition is heated to high temperature. The key chemical reaction distinguishing portland cement from other hydraulic limes occurs at these high temperatures (>1,300 °C (2,370 °F)) as 1146:

strengths of types I and II. The only downside is that the six-month strength of type III is the same or slightly less than that of types I and II. Therefore, the long-term strength is sacrificed. It is usually used for precast concrete manufacture, where high one-day strength allows fast turnover of molds. It may also be used in emergency construction and repairs, and construction of machine bases and gate installations.

1985: 4014: 1591: 946: 527: 1999:, combined with the oxidising (oxygen-rich) atmosphere and long residence times, cement kilns are used as a processing option for various types of waste streams; indeed, they efficiently destroy many hazardous organic compounds. The waste streams also often contain combustible materials which allow the substitution of part of the fossil fuel normally used in the process. 1663:

from the raw materials during manufacture, and damage to countryside from quarrying. Equipment to reduce dust emissions during quarrying and manufacture of cement is widely used, and equipment to trap and separate exhaust gases are coming into increased use. Environmental protection also includes the

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A) shall not exceed 8%, which reduces its vulnerability to sulphates. This type is for general construction exposed to moderate sulphate attack, and is meant for use when concrete is in contact with soils and ground water, especially in the western United States due to the high sulphur content of the

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A) causing disruptive expansion. It is unavailable in many places, although its use is common in the western United States and Canada. As with type IV, type V portland cement has mainly been supplanted by the use of ordinary cement with added ground granulated blast furnace slag or tertiary blended

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to develop at a slower rate. Consequently, the strength of the concrete develops slowly. After one or two years the strength is higher than the other types after full curing. This cement is used for very large concrete structures, such as dams, which have a low surface to volume ratio. This type of

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Portland cement is known as common or general-purpose cement. It is generally assumed unless another type is specified. It is commonly used for general construction, especially when making precast, and precast-prestressed concrete that is not to be in contact with soils or ground water. The typical

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in 1885 (U.K.) and 1886 (U.S.); which allowed a stronger, more homogeneous mixture and a continuous manufacturing process. The Hoffmann "endless" kiln which was said to give "perfect control over combustion" was tested in 1860 and shown to produce a superior grade of cement. This cement was made at

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for white cement, and less than 0.9 wt.% for off-white cement. It also helps to have the iron oxide as ferrous oxide (FeO) which is obtained via slightly reducing conditions in the kiln, i.e., operating with zero excess oxygen at the kiln exit. This gives the clinker and cement a green tinge.

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contributes to decrease the melting point of the clinker (normally 1450 °C), the white cement requires a higher sintering temperature (around 1600 °C). Because of this, it is somewhat more expensive than the grey product. The main requirement is to have a low iron content which should be

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typically 50–80% higher. The gypsum level may also be increased a small amount. This gives the concrete using this type of cement a three-day compressive strength equal to the seven-day compressive strength of types I and II. Its seven-day compressive strength is almost equal to 28-day compressive

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have the same composition as types I, II, and III. The only difference is that in Ia, IIa, and IIIa, an air-entraining agent is ground into the mix. The air-entrainment must meet the minimum and maximum optional specification found in the ASTM manual. These types are only available in the eastern

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of 8 MPa in 24 hours. The strength rises to 15 MPa at 3 days, 23 MPa at 1 week, 35 MPa at 4 weeks, and 41 MPa at 3 months. In principle, the strength continues to rise slowly as long as water is available for continued hydration, but concrete is

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which are a middle step in the development of portland cement. In 1848, William Aspdin further improved his cement. Then, in 1853, he moved to Germany, where he was involved in cement making. William Aspdin made what could be called "meso-portland cement" (a mix of portland cement and hydraulic

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to the specific surface area. Typical values are 320–380 m·kg for general purpose cements, and 450–650 m·kg for 'rapid hardening' cements. The cement is conveyed by belt or powder pump to a silo for storage. Cement plants normally have sufficient silo space for one to 20 weeks of

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Constituents that are permitted in Portland-composite cements are artificial pozzolans (blast furnace slag (in fact a latent hydraulic binder), silica fume, and fly ashes), or natural pozzolans (siliceous or siliceous aluminous materials such as volcanic ash glasses, calcined clays and

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per kg cement, but can be twice as high. The thrust of innovation for the future is to reduce sources 1 and 2 by modification of the chemistry of cement, by the use of wastes, and by adopting more efficient processes. Although cement manufacturing is clearly a very large

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emitter, concrete (of which cement makes up about 15%) compares quite favourably with other modern building systems in this regard.. Traditional materials such as lime based mortars as well as timber and earth based construction methods emit significantly less

889:), cement, and water. As a construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. Concrete can be used in the construction of structural elements like panels, beams, and 222:

produced a cement he called British cement. James Frost is reported to have erected a manufactory for making of an artificial cement in 1826. In 1811 Edgar Dobbs of Southwark patented a cement of the kind invented 7 years later by the French engineer

144:, and other naturally occurring materials used in portland cement make it a relatively cheap building material. Its most common use is in the production of concrete, a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. 565:

production, depending upon local demand cycles. The cement is delivered to end users either in bags, or as bulk powder blown from a pressure vehicle into the customer's silo. In industrial countries, 80% or more of cement is delivered in bulk.

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allowing the calcium silicates to form at a lower temperature, and contribute little to the strength. For special cements, such as low heat (LH) and sulphate resistant (SR) types, it is necessary to limit the amount of tricalcium aluminate

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has estimated that cement production will increase by between 12 and 23% by 2050 to meet the needs of the world's growing population. There are several ongoing researches targeting a suitable replacement of portland cement by

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Cement sets when mixed with water by way of a complex series of chemical reactions still only partly understood. The different constituents slowly crystallise, and the interlocking of their crystals gives cement its strength.

117:. Several types of portland cement are available. The most common, historically called ordinary portland cement (OPC), is grey, but white portland cement is also available. Its name is derived from its resemblance to 1468:

or white ordinary Portland cement (WOPC) is similar to ordinary, grey, Portland cement in all respects, except for its high degree of whiteness. Obtaining this colour requires high purity raw materials (low

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content), and some modification to the method of manufacture, among others a higher kiln temperature required to sinter the clinker in the absence of ferric oxides acting as a flux in normal clinker. As

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of airborne pollution in the form of dust; gases; noise and vibration when operating machinery and during blasting in quarries; consumption of large quantities of fuel during manufacture; release of

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can cause severe eye or respiratory irritation. The reaction of cement dust with moisture in the sinuses and lungs can also cause a chemical burn, as well as headaches, fatigue, and lung cancer.

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When water is mixed with Portland cement, the product sets in a few hours and hardens over a period of weeks. These processes can vary widely, depending upon the mix used and the conditions of

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content of these limestones can be as low as 80%. Secondary raw materials (materials in the raw mix other than limestone) depend on the purity of the limestone. Some of the materials used are

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cement is generally not stocked by manufacturers, but some might consider a large special order. This type of cement has not been made for many years, because Portland-pozzolan cements and

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soils. Because of similar price to that of type I, type II is much used as a general purpose cement, and the majority of Portland cement sold in North America meets this specification.

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The Canadian standards describe six main classes of cement, four of which can also be supplied as a blend containing ground limestone (where a suffix L is present in the class names).

1566: 1671:, so it can cause chemical burns. The powder can cause irritation or, with severe exposure, lung cancer, and can contain a number of hazardous components, including crystalline 2425: 1679:. Environmental concerns are the high energy consumption required to mine, manufacture, and transport the cement, and the related air pollution, including the release of the 3077: 1067:

provides moderate sulphate resistance, and gives off less heat during hydration. This type of cement costs about the same as type I. Its typical compound composition is:

246:. Aspdin's cement was nothing like modern Portland cement, but a first step in the development of modern portland cement, and has been called a "proto-portland cement". 3952: 2257: 2923: 1558: 296:, and in the 1870s and 1880s, it was being produced by Eagle Portland cement near Kalamazoo, Michigan. In 1875, the first portland cement was produced in the 1287:

United States and Canada, only on a limited basis. They are a poor approach to air-entrainment which improves resistance to freezing under low temperatures.

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Portland cement was developed from natural cements made in Britain beginning in the middle of the 18th century. Its name is derived from its similarity to

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Workers at portland cement facilities, particularly those burning fuel containing sulfur, should be aware of the acute and chronic effects of exposure to

560:', which is the total particle surface area of a unit mass of cement. The rate of initial reaction (up to 24 hours) of the cement on addition of water is 556:, in which typically 15% by mass consists of particles below 5 μm diameter, and 5% of particles above 45 μm. The measure of fineness usually used is the ' 2667: 3690: 3400: 323:

which consist essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulphate as an inter ground addition.

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temperature of above 600 °C (1,112 °F) and then a fusion temperature, which is about 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) for modern cements, to

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Portland cement manufacture also has the potential to benefit from using industrial byproducts from the waste stream. These include in particular:

1573:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 5000 mg/m, portland cement is 3841: 1306: 328: 3183: 261:

further refined the production of "meso-portland cement" (middle stage of development), and claimed to be the real father of portland cement.

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197-1 defines five classes of common cement that comprise Portland cement as a main constituent. These classes differ from the ASTM classes.

3007: 3515: 1208: 281:, which was the first to use a Hoffmann kiln. The Association of German Cement Manufacturers issued a standard on Portland cement in 1878. 268:. This became a specification for portland cement. The next development in the manufacture of portland cement was the introduction of the 3932: 319:

hydraulic cement (cement that not only hardens by reacting with water but also forms a water-resistant product) produced by pulverizing

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As a generalization, probably 50% of all industrial byproducts have potential as raw materials for the manufacture of portland cement.

2202: 482:) mixed with a second material containing clay as source of alumino-silicate. Normally, an impure limestone which contains clay or SiO 238:

is recorded in a directory published in 1823 being associated with a William Lockwood and possibly others. In his 1824 cement patent,

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re-integration of quarries into the countryside after they have been closed down by returning them to nature or re-cultivating them.

3294:"Scattering Matrix for Typical Urban Anthropogenic Origin Cement Dust and Discrimination of Representative Atmospheric Particulates" 2993: 1921:

Varies with local power source. Typical electrical energy consumption is on the order of 90–150 kWh per tonne cement, equivalent to

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To achieve the desired setting qualities in the finished product, a quantity (2–8%, but typically 5%) of calcium sulphate (usually

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had left his father's company, to form his own cement manufactury. In the 1840s William Aspdin, apparently accidentally, produced

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Note: Cement meeting (among others) the specifications for types I and II has become commonly available on the world market.

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The most common use for portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of

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per kg cement, low-efficiency wet process as high as 0.65, typical modern practices (e.g. UK) averaging around 0.30.

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for superstructures like roads and dams. These may be supplied with concrete mixed on site, or may be provided with '

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The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement with observations on some of its constructive applications

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The development of modern portland cement (sometimes called ordinary or normal portland cement) began in 1756, when

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Rayment, D. L. (1986). "The electron microprobe analysis of the C-S-H phases in a 136-year-old cement paste".

358:, the remainder consisting of aluminium- and iron-containing clinker phases and other compounds. The ratio of 30:

This article is about the building product of cement. For the Australian heritage-listed production site, see

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Lothenbach, Barbara; Scrivener, Karen; Hooton, R.D. (December 2011). "Supplementary cementitious materials".

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Coumes, Céline Cau Dit; Simone Courtois; Didier Nectoux; Stéphanie Leclercq; Xavier Bourbon (December 2006).

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Bags of cement routinely have health and safety warnings printed on them, because not only is cement highly

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This cement is similar to type I, but ground finer. Some manufacturers make a separate clinker with higher C

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Alpha The Guaranteed Portland Cement Company: 1917 Trade Literature from Smithsonian Institution Libraries

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In 1859, John Grant of the Metropolitan Board of Works, set out requirements for cement to be used in the

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The production of comparatively low-alkalinity cements (pH<11) is an area of ongoing investigation.

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Portland cement is generally known for its low heat of hydration. Its typical compound composition is:

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A content, but this is increasingly rare, and the general purpose clinker is usually used, ground to a

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Concrete planet : the strange and fascinating story of the world's most common man-made material

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Oleru, U. G. (1984). "Pulmonary function and symptoms of Nigerian workers exposed to cement dust".

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Five types of portland cements exist, with variations of the first three according to ASTM C150.

924: 312: 176: 98: 3008:"Toward a Sustainable Cement Industry: Environment, Health & Safety Performance Improvement" 207: 3215: 455:, and tetracalcium alumino ferrite. The aluminium, iron, and magnesium oxides are present as a 4043: 4017: 3973: 3773: 3768: 3743: 3725: 3639: 3619: 3455: 3440: 3364: 3343: 3280: 3173: 3119: 2780: 2731: 2686: 2661: 2419: 2237: 2198: 2192: 1551: 851: 476: 456: 273: 137:

is regarded as the inventor of "modern" portland cement due to his developments in the 1840s.

518:. When a cement kiln is fired by coal, the ash of the coal acts as a secondary raw material. 175:

Freshly poured concrete sidewalk on West Winnemucca Boulevard approaching Melarkey Street in

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A) composition which accounts for its high sulphate resistance. The maximum content of (C

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High sulphate resistant; generally develops strength less rapidly than the other types.

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to identify critical issues for the cement industry today concluded the most important

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usually allowed to dry out after a few weeks and this causes strength growth to stop.

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is used where sulphate resistance is important. Its typical compound composition is:

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A) are relatively low. A limitation on this type is that the maximum percentage of (C

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Aerial views of the world's largest concentration of cement manufacturing capacity,

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if not promptly washed off with water. Similarly, dry cement powder in contact with

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Portland cement: its composition, raw materials, manufacture, testing and analysis

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Robert G. Blezard, "The History of Calcareous Cements" in Hewlett, Peter C., ed..

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performance issues facing the cement industry are atmospheric releases (including

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Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Sulfur Dioxide Exposure in Portland Cement Plants

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A) composition cannot exceed 20%. This type is used in concrete to be exposed to

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of the product, but a typical concrete sets in about 6 hours and develops a

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experimented with combinations of different limestones and additives, including

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A) allowed is 5% for type V Portland cement. Another limitation is that the (C

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Clinkers make up more than 90% of the cement, along with a limited amount of

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Engineering materials science: properties, uses, degradation and remediation

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associated with portland cement manufacture comes mainly from four sources:

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Overall, with nuclear or hydroelectric power, and efficient manufacturing,

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Comprising Portland cement and up to 5% of minor additional constituents

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has relatively high early strength. Its typical compound composition is:

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Scrivener, Karen L.; John, Vanderley M.; Gartner, Ellis M. (June 2018).

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have a similar composition as types II and IIa, but with a mild heat.

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per kg of cement, maximum 0.54, typical value around 0.50 worldwide.

1687: 1672: 1517: 1260: 913: 882: 855: 709: 618: 552:. The grinding process is controlled to obtain a powder with a broad 541: 393: 351: 242:

called his invention "portland cement" because of its resemblance to

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the clinker with the addition of several percent (often around 5%)

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2848:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – portland cement" 2139: 2075: 2007: 1574: 886: 515: 499: 491: 429: 102: 3382: 3292:

Liu, Jia; Zhang, Yongming; Zhang, Qixing; Wang, Jinjun (2018).

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Bolognia, Jean L.; Joseph L. Jorizzo; Ronald P. Rapini (2003).

1708:. Production of portland cement contributes about 10% of world 339:

material which shall consist of at least two-thirds by mass of

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is added as an inhibitor to prevent flash (or quick) setting.

206:, intended for the construction of a lighthouse, now known as 2228:

Gillberg, B. Fagerlund, G. Jönsson, Å. Tillman, A-M. (1999).

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per kg finished cement if the electricity is coal-generated.

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Portland cement, blast furnace slag or fly ash and pozzolana

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Portland cement and higher percentages of blast furnace slag

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A 10 MW cement mill, producing cement at 270 tonnes per hour.

2442:. Easton, PA: 1906. The Chemical Publishing Co. 4–14. Print. 2299:. New Delhie: PHI Learning Private Limited. 2010. 30. Print. 1343:

Portland cement and up to 35% of other* single constituents

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Waste materials used in cement kilns as a fuel supplement:

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The low cost and widespread availability of the limestone,

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A practical treatise on the manufacture of Portland cement

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Varies with plant efficiency: efficient precalciner plant

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S) is thirty-five. This causes the heat given off by the

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The major raw material for the clinker-making is usually

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shall not be less than 2.0. The magnesium oxide content (

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in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of

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Gharpure, A.; Heim Jw, I. I.; Vander Wal, R. L. (2021).

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addition offer a cheaper and more reliable alternative.

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Bags of portland cement wrapped and stacked on a pallet.

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The contractor's guide to quality concrete construction

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Produced by vehicles in cement plants and distribution

377:(The last two requirements were already set out in the 167:

is considered the inventor of "modern" portland cement.

101:, produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in a 2295:

Saikia, Mimi Das. Bhargab Mohan Das, Madan Mohan Das.

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Almost insignificant at 0.002–0.005. So typical total

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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Decorative use of portland cement panels on London's

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Typical constituents of portland clinker plus gypsum

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Cement plants used for waste disposal or processing

451:The materials in cement clinker are alite, belite, 3078:World Business Council for Sustainable Development 2063:from the aluminium smelting industry (also called 2603:"Portland Cement Strength – Pavement Interactive" 436:Portland cement clinker is made by heating, in a 3953:International Federation for Structural Concrete 3146:World Production of Hydraulic Cement, by Country 2424:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2404:"125 Years of Research for Quality and Progress" 2186: 2184: 2010:– steel belts are easily tolerated in the kilns 1733: 1546:, France, and the United Kingdom, the level of 333: 317: 3216:"Concrete Is Remixed With Environment in Mind" 1093:A limitation on the composition is that the (C 1057:A limitation on the composition is that the (C 133:who obtained a patent for it in 1824. His son 3394: 2751:"Risk of lung cancer among masons in Iceland" 1559:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1198:A) is seven, and the maximum percentage of (C 8: 3298:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 3234:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 2256:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2163: – Disused industrial site in Australia 1747:, and peak and full-shift concentrations of 1647:at all stages of the process. These include 404:) combines with calcium oxide (CaO) to form 974:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 284:Portland cement had been imported into the 187:, a type of building stone quarried on the 156:Plaque in Leeds commemorating Joseph Aspdin 27:Binder used as basic ingredient of concrete 3401: 3387: 3379: 1240:), 0.9% ignition loss, and 0.8% free CaO. 1175:), 0.9% ignition loss, and 0.8% free CaO. 1130:), 0.9% ignition loss, and 1.3% free CaO. 1090:), 0.8% ignition loss, and 1.0% free CaO. 300:under the direction of David O. Saylor in 3274: 3264: 2909: 2774: 2324: 2322: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 1631:Learn how and when to remove this message 994:Learn how and when to remove this message 2372:Hahn, Thomas F., and Emory Leland Kemp. 2331:The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History 2291: 2289: 1811: 1778: 1700: 1693: 1575:immediately dangerous to life and health 1399: 1311: 1023:compound compositions of this type are: 734: 567: 331:EN 197-1 uses the following definition: 89:in England in the early 19th century by 3108:Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures 2518:"Cement Kilns: Clinker Thermochemistry" 2452: 2450: 2448: 2223: 2221: 2180: 2013:Paint sludge from automobile industries 1487:less than 0.5 wt.% expressed as Fe 736:Typical constituents of portland cement 85:. It was developed from other types of 3360:Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete 2666:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2659: 2417: 2281:Leaʼs chemistry of cement and concrete 2249: 2148: – American industry organization 1643:Portland cement manufacture can cause 1524:. As a result, wet cement is strongly 214:was developed and patented in 1796 by 3106:S.H. Kosmatka; W.C. Panarese (1988). 2858:from the original on 21 November 2015 2538:McArthur, Hugh, and Duncan Spalding. 1923:0.09–0.15 kg (0.20–0.33 lb) 1272:cements containing slag and fly ash. 7: 3516:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag 3357:Peter Hewlett; Martin Liska (2019). 3071:"Recovery of Wastes in Cement Kilns" 2929:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2836:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2374:Cement mills along the Potomac River 1995:Due to the high temperatures inside 1719:supplementary cementitious materials 1613:adding citations to reliable sources 1411:GU, GUL (a.k.a. Type 10 (GU) cement) 1209:ground granulated blast furnace slag 972:adding citations to reliable sources 110: 3933:Institution of Structural Engineers 2197:. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. 1422:Moderate sulphate resistant cement 277:the Portland Cementfabrik Stern at 2996:from the original on 25 June 2017. 2528:from the original on 6 March 2014. 1988:Used tyres being fed to a pair of 1763:An independent research effort of 1520:, but the setting process is also 842:is slowly absorbed to convert the 440:, a mixture of raw materials to a 227:. Vicat's cement is an artificial 25: 3214:Fountain, Henry (30 March 2009). 3043:Kent, Douglas (22 October 2007). 2553:"Housing Prototypes: Page Street" 1365:Portland cement and up to 55% of 315:C150 defines portland cement as: 4013: 4012: 3168:A cracking alternative to cement 3156:Cement Sustainability Initiative 2883:cement-based materials industry" 2813:(12). Elsevier Ltd.: 2152–2163. 2648:from the original on 4 June 2011 2129:Environmental impact of concrete 2028:bovine spongiform encephalopathy 1840:Fairly constant: minimum around 1759:should be periodically measured. 1589: 1561:(OSHA) has set the legal limit ( 1496:Other metallic oxides such as Cr 944: 908:(with sand and water only), for 373:) shall not exceed 5.0% by mass. 2972:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001 2902:10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015 2819:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.005 1600:needs additional citations for 1050:, and 1.0% free CaO (utilizing 739:showing cement chemist notation 3431:Roman architectural revolution 2581:U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, 2161:Portland Cement Works Precinct 1769:environment, health and safety 1186:AF) are relatively high and (C 32:Portland Cement Works Precinct 1: 2315:. London: E. & F.N. Spon. 2297:Elements of Civil Engineering 2169: – Construction material 2123:Energetically modified cement 2016:Waste solvents and lubricants 1954:generation can be reduced to 1243:This cement has a very low (C 335:Portland cement clinker is a 58:, New South Wales, Australia. 3069:Chris Boyd (December 2001). 2960:Cement and Concrete Research 2890:Cement and Concrete Research 2807:Cement and Concrete Research 2728:10.1016/0013-9351(84)90036-7 2360:10.1016/0008-8846(86)90109-2 2347:Cement and Concrete Research 1918:Electrical power generation 1528:and can easily cause severe 448:the materials into clinker. 210:. In the late 18th century, 3948:Portland Cement Association 3923:American Concrete Institute 3116:Portland Cement Association 2583:Mineral commodity summaries 2146:Portland Cement Association 2112:American Concrete Institute 1865:0.24 kg (0.53 lb) 1729:Centers for Disease Control 1714:International Energy Agency 1438:High early strength cement 673:Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 298:Coplay Cement Company Kilns 129:, England. It was named by 93:, and is usually made from 65:is the most common type of 54:Southern Cement works near 4085: 3426:Ancient Roman architecture 2392:. London: E&F.N. Spon. 1900:0.80 kg (1.8 lb) 1842:0.47 kg (1.0 lb) 1571:recommended exposure limit 1563:permissible exposure limit 533: 29: 4008: 3938:Indian Concrete Institute 3363:. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2464:. West Conshohocken, PA: 2191:Courland, Robert (2011). 2136: – Building material 1956:0.7 kg (1.5 lb) 1340:Portland-composite cement 1061:A) shall not exceed 15%. 121:which is quarried on the 3161:18 December 2011 at the 2234:Concrete and environment 2117:Calcium silicate hydrate 1913:per kg finished cement. 1773:greenhouse gas emissions 1710:carbon dioxide emissions 1504:(green), MnO (pink), TiO 4069:19th-century inventions 3266:10.3390/ijerph181910126 2438:Meade, Richard Kidder. 1367:pozzolanic constituents 1236:AF), 1.9% MgO, 1.8% (SO 1171:AF), 1.8% MgO, 1.9% (SO 1126:AF), 3.0% MgO, 3.1% (SO 1086:AF), 2.9% MgO, 2.5% (SO 1052:cement chemist notation 1042:AF), 2.8% MgO, 2.9% (SO 574:cement chemist notation 3716:Alkali–silica reaction 3474:Energetically modified 2329:Francis, A.J. (1977). 2030:contamination concerns 1992: 1761: 1263:soil and ground water 874: 817:Sulphur (VI) oxide, SO 531: 433: 428:A father and a son in 375: 325: 180: 168: 157: 59: 44: 2683:Dermatology, volume 1 2557:housingprototypes.org 2152:Portland, New Zealand 1987: 1860:Kiln fuel combustion 1645:environmental impacts 1581:Environmental effects 1466:White Portland cement 1461:White Portland cement 1430:Moderate heat cement 1178:The percentages of (C 1143:specific surface area 869: 833:Setting and hardening 562:directly proportional 558:specific surface area 529: 427: 259:Isaac Charles Johnson 174: 163: 155: 50: 42: 3701:Environmental impact 3559:Reversing drum mixer 3318:10.1002/2018JD028288 3199:14.6325°N 101.0771°E 3024:on 28 September 2007 2767:10.1136/oem.54.3.184 2563:on 16 September 2012 2386:Reid, Henry (1877). 2309:Reid, Henry (1868). 1609:improve this article 1351:Blast furnace cement 968:improve this section 929:compressive strength 767:Silicon dioxide, SiO 644:Tricalcium aluminate 453:tricalcium aluminate 302:Coplay, Pennsylvania 266:London sewer project 191:in Dorset, England. 81:, and non-specialty 3334:Taylor, Harry F. W. 3310:2018JGRD..123.3159L 3195: / 2755:Occup. Environ. Med 2720:1984ER.....33..379O 2083:(from power plants) 1677:hexavalent chromium 1667:Portland cement is 1414:General use cement 1267:which react with (C 781:Aluminium oxide, Al 741: 594:Tricalcium silicate 578: 554:particle size range 381:, issued in 1909). 4064:Building materials 4049:English inventions 3804:Self-consolidating 3496:Water–cement ratio 3342:. Thomas Telford. 3220:The New York Times 2466:ASTM International 2089:(from steel mills) 2057:(railway sleepers) 2020:Meat and bone meal 1993: 1569:(NIOSH) has set a 1305:The European norm 1204:hydration reaction 875: 756:Calcium oxide, CaO 735: 619:Dicalcium silicate 568: 532: 434: 432:, Congo, in 2017. 181: 177:Winnemucca, Nevada 169: 158: 60: 45: 4026: 4025: 4018:Category:Concrete 3799:Roller-compacting 3620:Climbing formwork 3469:Calcium aluminate 3441:Roman engineering 3370:978-0-08-100795-2 3349:978-0-7277-2592-9 3204:14.6325; 101.0771 3174:Saraburi Province 3125:978-0-89312-087-0 2966:(12): 1244–1256. 2708:Environ. Research 2692:978-0-323-02409-9 2522:cementkilns.co.uk 2495:"Portland Cement" 2474:10.1520/C0185-15A 2243:978-91-7332-906-4 1940: 1939: 1834:Decarbonation of 1641: 1640: 1633: 1552:parts per million 1458: 1457: 1383: 1382: 1362:Pozzolanic cement 1004: 1003: 996: 852:calcium carbonate 850:) into insoluble 830: 829: 740: 733: 732: 577: 486:is used. The CaCO 341:calcium silicates 329:European Standard 274:Frederick Ransome 254:calcium silicates 16:(Redirected from 4076: 4059:Isle of Portland 4016: 4015: 3928:Concrete Society 3739:Fiber-reinforced 3554:Volumetric mixer 3446:Roman technology 3403: 3396: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3353: 3339:Cement Chemistry 3329: 3304:(6): 3159–3174. 3288: 3278: 3268: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3133: 3132: 3112:Skokie, Illinois 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3080:. Archived from 3075: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3017:. Archived from 3012: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2913: 2887: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2804: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2599: 2593: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2559:. Archived from 2549: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2501:. Archived from 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2454: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2317: 2316: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2284: 2277: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2230:Betong och miljö 2225: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2188: 2167:Rosendale cement 2157: 2098:desulphurisation 2061:Spent cell liner 1970: 1969: 1968: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1843: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1781: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1703: 1696: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1636: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1593: 1585: 1534:mucous membranes 1446:Low heat cement 1400: 1376:Composite cement 1312: 999: 992: 988: 985: 979: 948: 940: 891:street furniture 872:Grosvenor estate 799:Ferric oxide, Fe 742: 738: 579: 571: 386:calcium sulphate 189:Isle of Portland 123:Isle of Portland 21: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4004: 3988: 3957: 3911: 3848: 3720: 3674: 3593: 3569:Flow table test 3530: 3450: 3412: 3407: 3377: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3332: 3291: 3246: 3242: 3240:Further reading 3224: 3222: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3163:Wayback Machine 3142: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3087:on 24 June 2008 3084: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2658: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2636:"Archived copy" 2634: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2591:10.3133/mcs2020 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2505:on 7 June 2014. 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2367: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2287: 2278: 2265: 2248: 2244: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2155: 2107: 2065:spent pot liner 1982: 1975: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1637: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1606: 1594: 1583: 1557:In the US, the 1514: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1463: 1395: 1329:Portland cement 1303: 1270: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1060: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1014: 1009: 1000: 989: 983: 980: 965: 949: 938: 864: 849: 835: 820: 806: 802: 788: 784: 770: 737: 726: 719: 715: 700: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 663: 657: 653: 649: 634: 628: 624: 609: 603: 599: 570: 538: 524: 522:Cement grinding 489: 485: 480: 467: 463: 422: 415: 411: 403: 399: 391: 379:German Standard 367: 355: 348: 345:(3 CaO·SiO 310: 236:portland cement 208:Smeaton's Tower 150: 97:. It is a fine 63:Portland cement 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3887:Concrete block 3884: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3875:voided biaxial 3872: 3867: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3579:Concrete cover 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3549:Concrete mixer 3546: 3540: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3436:Roman concrete 3433: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3330: 3289: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3211: 3170: 3165: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3140:External links 3138: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3118:. p. 15. 3098: 3061: 3035: 2999: 2977: 2950: 2932: 2880: 2869: 2839: 2790: 2761:(3): 184–188. 2741: 2714:(2): 379–385. 2698: 2691: 2673: 2627: 2615: 2594: 2574: 2544: 2531: 2508: 2486: 2444: 2431: 2395: 2378: 2365: 2354:(3): 341–344. 2336: 2318: 2301: 2285: 2263: 2242: 2217: 2204:978-1616144814 2203: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2033:Waste plastics 2031: 2024:slaughterhouse 2017: 2014: 2011: 2006:Car and truck 1981: 1978: 1973: 1965: 1948: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1838: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1820: 1803: 1788: 1765:AEA Technology 1753: 1741: 1684:carbon dioxide 1681:greenhouse gas 1657: 1639: 1638: 1597: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1394: 1391: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1302: 1299: 1268: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1058: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 952: 950: 943: 937: 934: 863: 860: 847: 840:Carbon dioxide 834: 831: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 814: 813: 810: 807: 804: 800: 796: 795: 792: 789: 786: 782: 778: 777: 774: 771: 768: 764: 763: 760: 757: 753: 752: 749: 746: 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 717: 713: 706: 705: 702: 698: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 669: 668: 665: 661: 658: 655: 651: 647: 640: 639: 636: 632: 629: 626: 622: 615: 614: 611: 607: 604: 601: 597: 590: 589: 586: 583: 534:Main article: 523: 520: 487: 483: 478: 465: 461: 460:(3 CaO·Al 421: 418: 413: 409: 401: 397: 389: 365: 353: 352:2 CaO·SiO 346: 309: 306: 272:, patented by 250:William Aspdin 244:Portland stone 229:hydraulic lime 185:Portland stone 165:William Aspdin 149: 146: 135:William Aspdin 119:Portland stone 87:hydraulic lime 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4081: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916:Organizations 3914: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3880:slab on grade 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3809:Self-leveling 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3610:Cast-in-place 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3506:Reinforcement 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2072: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2055:railroad ties 2052: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026:waste due to 2025: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1795: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1650: 1646: 1635: 1632: 1624: 1621:February 2020 1614: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1598:This section 1596: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1512:Safety issues 1511: 1509: 1467: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321:Constituents 1320: 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332: 330: 324: 322: 316: 314: 307: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 286:United States 282: 280: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 255: 251: 247: 245: 241: 240:Joseph Aspdin 237: 232: 230: 226: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 190: 186: 178: 173: 166: 162: 154: 147: 145: 143: 138: 136: 132: 131:Joseph Aspdin 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91:Joseph Aspdin 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 53: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3892:Step barrier 3853:Applications 3764:Nanoconcrete 3650:Power trowel 3635:Power screed 3625:Slip forming 3598:Construction 3478: 3359: 3338: 3301: 3297: 3256: 3252: 3223:. 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