207:
75% of visa requests by German Jews and filled only 40% of immigration quotas from
Germany, in a concerted effort to limit Jewish immigration. As late as April 1939, Geist wrote in a letter to a colleague that the consulate should continue limiting the issuance of visas to German Jewish applicants. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum seems to take issue with that view of Geist, as they describe Geist as "responsible for issuing tens of thousands of visas to German Jews fleeing Nazi persecution. He became convinced that Nazi officials were pursuing a goal of 'annihilation of the Jews,' but his warnings were largely ignored in Washington. ... By juggling the number of visas available to various consulates, he was able to make full use of the 27,370 slots in the quota for the first time during the Nazi era in the fiscal year 1938–39."
117:(August 19, 1885 – February 28, 1955) was the American Consul and First Secretary of the United States embassy in Berlin from 1929 to 1939. Geist has been recognized as Diplomat Savior by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation, which advocates for the recognition of Holocaust rescuers. However, one academic researcher has asserted that Geist largely acted to block the granting of visas to Jewish immigrants between 1933 and 1939, in line with the policy adopted by U.S. Foreign Service Officers in Germany at the time. A 2019 book about Geist found that "Geist was doing what he could (which, as a consular officer, was not much) to liberalize America's scandalously tight visa regime for Jewish refugees, help as many German Jews as possible."
31:
206:
Geist has been credited with helping Jews and anti-Nazis to emigrate from
Germany during 1938–1939, including Jews and others who were under imminent threat of deportation to concentration camps. However, between 1933 and 1939 the four U.S. Foreign Service Officers in Germany, including Geist, denied
241:, the 2017 National Geographic TV series on Einstein's life, where Geist is noted for "having issued over 50,000 US visas during his tenure to Jews escaping Nazi persecution in Germany" before the credits for Episode 8, though some, such as American historian
994:
202:
telling him that the German Army feared that Hitler would throw them into a war for which
Germany was unprepared. In May, he repeated his warning about the Jews, saying they would be doomed if aggressive action was not taken to rescue them.
210:
Geist returned to the United States on
October 9, 1939, several weeks after the outbreak of World War II. Following the war, Geist testified and provided an affidavit at Nuremberg on his knowledge of Nazi operations.
969:
245:, questioned the accuracy of the series' portrayal of Geist with respect to both his direct involvement with Einstein and his subsequent issuing of visas for Jewish refugees.
220:
989:
817:"U.S. Consul General in Berlin reports to President Roosevelt. Washington, D.C., Dec. 1. Raymond H. Geist, U.S. Consul General in Berlin, leaving the White House"
789:
Bailin, Barbara L., "The
Influence of Anti-Semitism on United States Immigration Policy With respect to German Jews During 1933–1939" (2011), p. 59.
999:
974:
777:
Bailin, Barbara L., "The
Influence of Anti-Semitism on United States Immigration Policy With respect to German Jews During 1933–1939" (2011), p.4.
323:
Bailin, Barbara L., "The
Influence of Anti-Semitism on United States Immigration Policy With respect to German Jews During 1933–1939" (2011).
633:
606:
579:
552:
525:
498:
429:
399:
866:
The First 3 Days of the Trial
Against the Major German War Criminals in Nuremberg, November 1945: 20th November, 1945 to 1st December, 1945
880:
176:, based on allegations of Einstein being an active communist. The refusal caused an outcry in the United States and was later rescinded.
984:
839:
Trial of the Major War
Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 – 1 October 1946: Proceedings
847:
717:
687:
660:
466:
198:
in a private letter in late 1938 that Jews in
Germany were being "condemned to death". The next year, in April 1939, he reported
138:
179:
While in Berlin, Geist cultivated a number of high-level contacts within the Nazi party, including personal contacts with
166:
802:
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192:
352:
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757:
369:
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625:
The Atlantic Century: Four Generations of Extraordinary Diplomats Who Forged America's Vital Alliance with Europe
169:, serving first in Buenos Aires, and then in Montevideo and Alexandria before being posted to Berlin in 1928.
237:
195:
449:"Portrait of Dr. Raymond Herman Geist. – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
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187:. Geist notified his superiors on several occasions of the conditions for Jews in Germany. Following
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Midway through his career at the Berlin consulate, Geist was directed to refuse a visa for
265:
United States. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946).
173:
130:
126:
55:
517:
The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist
448:
803:"Raymond Geist - Americans and the Holocaust - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
953:
894:
242:
188:
816:
652:
The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined
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199:
146:
869:. Institute of Documentation in Israel for the Investigation of Nazi Wars Crimes.
864:
837:
542:
283:
266:
706:
Baumel Judith Tydor Laqueur Walter; Walter Laqueur; Judith Tydor Baumel (2001).
154:
74:
571:
Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1932-1935
78:
995:
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
30:
108:
American Consul and First Secretary of the United States embassy in Berlin
598:
New Perspectives on the Holocaust: A Guide for Teachers and Scholars
340:
In Search of Refuge: Jews and US Consuls in Nazi Germany, 1933–1941
927:"What 'Genius' Gets Right—and Wrong—About the Jewish Einstein"
421:
American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service
157:
on February 28, 1955. Geist was also a closeted gay man.
836:
Hermann Göring; International Military Tribunal (1948).
881:"The 10 Best Scenes from National Geographic's Genius"
544:
The Unexpected Einstein: The Real Man Behind the Icon
490:
American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933–1945
701:
699:
482:
480:
104:
94:
86:
63:
37:
21:
899:"Einstein TV Series Distorts Jewish Refugee Issue"
353:"Einstein TV series distorts Jewish refugee issue"
342:. London; Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell, 2001.
260:
258:
649:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2002).
328:http://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/262
758:"The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation"
364:
362:
285:Göttinger Bausteine zur Geschichtswissenschaft
305:The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation
8:
970:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust
413:
411:
219:Geist received the Commander's Cross of the
682:. Indiana University Press. pp. 202–.
655:. Indiana University Press. pp. 180–.
574:. Indiana University Press. pp. 35–.
493:. Indiana University Press. pp. 45–.
370:"A Gay American German in Hitler's Berlin"
223:from the German Federal Republic in 1954.
29:
18:
679:America, Its Jews, and the Rise of Nazism
487:Richard Breitman; Alan M. Kraut (1987).
467:"Full text of "Oberlin Alumni Magazine""
443:
441:
712:. Yale University Press. pp. 10–.
383:
381:
379:
254:
990:Case Western Reserve University alumni
622:Kenneth Weisbrode (2 November 2009).
595:Rochelle L. Millen (September 1996).
424:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 419–.
418:J. Robert Moskin (19 November 2013).
7:
568:James G. McDonald (25 April 2007).
391:Register of the department of state
271:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
133:from 1906 to 1909, and received a
14:
925:Goldberg, Sarah (June 20, 2017).
394:. Рипол Классик. pp. 132–.
1000:American expatriates in Germany
975:American people of World War II
628:. Da Capo Press. pp. 19–.
268:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
1:
231:Geist was portrayed by actor
167:United States Foreign Service
16:American diplomat (1885–1955)
541:Denis Brian (24 June 2005).
514:Fred Jerome (17 June 2003).
193:Assistant Secretary of State
129:in 1885. He was student at
676:Gulie Ne'eman Arad (2000).
601:. NYU Press. pp. 73–.
520:. Macmillan. pp. 10–.
1016:
709:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
301:"Dr. Raymond Herman Geist"
139:Western Reserve university
985:Harvard University alumni
388:The Department Of State.
28:
863:Towiah Friedman (1997).
473:. Oberlin College. 1955.
282:Helmut Genschel (1966).
288:. Musterschmidt-Verlag.
165:In 1921 he entered the
141:in 1910. He received a
299:conVistaAlMar.com.ar.
453:collections.ushmm.org
196:George S. Messersmith
791:CUNY Academic Works.
779:CUNY Academic Works.
325:CUNY Academic Works.
115:Raymond Herman Geist
42:Raymond Herman Geist
822:Library of Congress
372:. 23 December 2019.
227:Depictions in media
149:in 1918, both from
980:American diplomats
904:The Jerusalem Post
233:Vincent Kartheiser
151:Harvard University
125:Geist was born in
99:Harvard University
897:(June 20, 2017).
734:"GHDI - Document"
635:978-0-7867-4630-9
608:978-0-8147-5540-2
581:978-0-253-02797-9
554:978-0-471-71840-6
527:978-1-4299-7588-9
500:978-0-253-30415-5
431:978-1-250-03746-6
401:978-5-88042-309-5
338:Zucker, Bat-Ami.
185:Reinhard Heydrich
161:Diplomatic career
135:bachelor's degree
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67:February 28, 1955
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174:Albert Einstein
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143:master's degree
131:Oberlin College
127:Cleveland, Ohio
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95:Alma mater
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81:, United States
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58:, United States
56:Cleveland, Ohio
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52:August 19, 1885
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936:. Retrieved
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761:. Retrieved
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147:Ph.D. degree
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69:(1955-02-28)
965:1955 deaths
960:1885 births
471:archive.org
155:Los Angeles
87:Nationality
75:Los Angeles
954:Categories
743:2022-08-14
310:2017-08-23
249:References
79:California
48:1885-08-19
547:. Wiley.
938:June 11,
910:June 11,
90:American
825:. 1939.
932:Moment
846:
763:19 May
716:
686:
659:
632:
605:
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238:Genius
215:Awards
137:from
940:2019
912:2019
844:ISBN
765:2018
714:ISBN
684:ISBN
657:ISBN
630:ISBN
603:ISBN
576:ISBN
549:ISBN
522:ISBN
495:ISBN
426:ISBN
396:ISBN
183:and
121:Life
64:Died
38:Born
235:in
956::
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46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
