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I wish it were really possible to make our people at home understand how definitely this martial spirit is being developed in
Germany. If this government remains in power for another year, and it carries on in the measure in this direction, it will go far toward making Germany a danger to world peace
578:. Messersmith "no longer adhered to his moderate view of the duke and duchess.". During his tenure, in 1942, he helped establish the Benjamin Franklin Library in Mexico City and The American Society of Mexico, an umbrella group to help coordinate the whole American community in Mexico.
552:. As chief of the Foreign Service Promotion Board, Messersmith had to go over all appointments with President Roosevelt and in the process learned that Roosevelt had excellent intelligence on several foreign service officers with problems, including alcohol or affairs.
608:
607:
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517:
When Edward abdicated in
December 1936, he visited Messersmith, who spied on him, in Vienna and made "what amounted to a detailed watching brief on the duke." They became friends, even attending Christmas day services together later that month.
606:
529:, his brother-in-law, had treated him "shabbily." After the Duke and the Duchess of Windsor were married in June 1937, they honeymooned in Austria, and Simpson confided to Messersmith about her bitterness towards the American media.
462:
for years to come. With few exceptions, the men who are running the government are of a mentality that you and I cannot understand. Some of them are psychopathic cases and would ordinarily be receiving treatment somewhere."
2268:
447:, Messersmith cleared the way for the scientist to leave Germany. He called Einstein himself to tell him that his visa would be ready. Messersmith received significant notoriety in late 1932 due to the incident.
409:, was a teacher and then school administrator from 1900 to 1914. Then, he entered the foreign service and left his position as vice president of the Delaware State Board of Education to become US consul in
1782:
1357:
457:
in 1933, Messersmith wrote a dispatch to the State
Department that dramatically contravened the popular view that Hitler had no consensus among the German people and would not remain in power:
532:
In return, Messersmith accidentally leaked through them that the
Americans knew that Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy had secret connections as early as that month. When Messersmith returned to
622:
563:
executive's opinions against
England. He considered that Mooney was "dangerous... for the Duke and Duchess of Windsor to be associated with." However, the Windsors visited Mooney in
2723:
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Messersmith told the
American consuls in Europe that refugees or immigrants requesting a visa to enter the US had to have sufficient funds and property to support themselves.
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In 1930, Messersmith left his position in
Argentina to accept the same position in Berlin. There, he became responsible for administering the annual German quota.
2347:
574:
Later, he was appointed United States
Ambassador to Mexico, where he passed on information about the Windsors' Nazi connections to Assistant Secretary of State
555:
While
Messersmith served as United States Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Cuba, he wrote a report on March 4, 1941, about the Windsors' friend,
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in 1943, Messersmith, then
Ambassador to Mexico, was rumored to be on a short list of candidates to succeed him, but Roosevelt instead selected future
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to Austria, Cuba, Mexico, and Argentina. Messersmith also served as head of the consulate in Germany from 1930 to 1934, during the rise of the
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of Austria. Messersmith had spies at the meeting who reported to the State Department through him on the meeting's goal: solidifying the
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A Tale of Two Diplomats: George S. Messersmith and Charles H. Sherrill on Proposed American Participation in the 1936 Olympics
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Peter Edson, " . . . Liberator or Dictator?" (commentary), Sandusky Register Star News, 1947-02-06 at p. 4.
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From 1937 to 1940, between his appointments as Minister to Austria and Ambassador to Cuba, he served as a
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Twilight at the World of Tomorrow: Genius, Madness, Murder, and the 1939 World's Fair on the Brink of War
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that the Windsors had Nazi connections, which "would seriously affect the Windsors' entire future."
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Messersmith's collection of papers has been digitized and made available to researchers by the
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The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist
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to travel to the United States. He is also known today for his diplomatic handling of
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Messersmith continued to socialize with Edward, attending a concert by soprano
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He was best known in his day for his controversial decision to issue a visa to
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621:. The digitization project was made possible through a grant from the
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on February 3, 1937. That month, Edward confided in him that the
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Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics
471:
His service in Germany ended in February 1934, when President
502:. While Simpson went shopping, Edward met with President
424:(1919–1925), he became US Consul General for Belgium and
370:(October 3, 1883 – January 29, 1960) was a United States
623:
National Historical Publications and Records Commission
393:, later Duke and Duchess of Windsor, in the era before
833:
American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933-1945
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806:" 16 Journal of Sport History 27, 30 (Spring 1989).
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907:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 35.
645:U.S. Department of State: A Reference History
8:
2714:United States Assistant Secretaries of State
1237:on Messersmith's role in Europe, pp 113–128.
682:George S. Messersmith, Diplomat of Democracy
2719:Ambassadors of the United States to Austria
896:
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762:
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648:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 275.
483:before his service in Uruguay could begin.
479:, only to renominate him the next month as
428:in 1925. He served as US Consul General in
2744:Kutztown University of Pennsylvania alumni
2734:Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
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830:Breitman, Richard; Kraut, Alan M. (1987).
613:George S. Messersmith speech, October 1938
486:On January 17, 1935, Edward Albert (later
210:United States Assistant Secretary of State
29:
18:
704:
702:
222:July 9, 1937 – February 15, 1940
170:March 8, 1940 – February 8, 1942
113:February 24, 1942 – May 15, 1946
2729:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
1158:The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life
1038:The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life
984:The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life
836:. Indiana University Press. p. 44.
751:The Dutchess of Windsor: The Secret Life
2739:United States Foreign Service personnel
1136:The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life
1060:The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life
1004:The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life
781:National Affairs: Messersmith to Mexico
634:
567:in November 1941, the month before the
58:April 12, 1946 – June 12, 1947
2749:People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
2307:United States Ambassadors to Argentina
717:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp.
685:. University of North Carolina Press.
443:While he did not personally interview
277:April 7, 1934 – July 11, 1937
1340:United States Ambassador to Argentina
768:Foreign Affairs: Career Man's Mission
674:
672:
7:
1396:United States Ambassadors to Austria
581:Following the forced resignation of
1821:United States Ambassadors to Mexico
642:Plischke, Elmer (January 1, 1999).
498:on vacation with his new mistress,
1313:United States Ambassador to Mexico
870:. St. Martin's Press. p. 11.
536:, in August 1937, he informed the
14:
1259:United States Minister to Austria
1231:U.S. Diplomats in Europe, 1919–41
957:The Presidency: $ 20,000,000 Fine
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1286:United States Ambassador to Cuba
1160:. McGraw Hill. pp. 323–324.
1040:. McGraw Hill. pp. 197–198.
986:. McGraw Hill. pp. 112–113.
432:, Argentina, from 1928 to 1930.
416:After serving as a US consul at
2754:20th-century American diplomats
1317:February 24, 1942–May 15, 1946
1290:March 8, 1940-February 8, 1942
550:US Assistant Secretary of State
453:As America's consul general in
1185:"George S. Messersmith Papers"
936:"George S. Messersmith Papers"
901:Mauro, James (June 22, 2010).
864:Jerome, Fred (June 17, 2003).
1:
2439:and Minister Plenipotentiary
1263:April 7, 1934–July 11, 1937
407:Keystone State Normal School
368:George Strausser Messersmith
329:George Strausser Messersmith
262:United States Ambassador to
155:United States Ambassador to
98:United States Ambassador to
43:United States Ambassador to
1344:May 23, 1946–June 12, 1947
405:Messersmith, a graduate of
2770:
679:Stiller, Jesse H. (1987).
559:, and was critical of the
401:Education and early career
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1614:(1921–1938, 1946–present)
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1229:Jones, Kenneth Paul, ed.
970:The Presidency: Great Day
361:
315:
270:
215:
163:
106:
51:
37:
28:
2495:Ambassador Extraordinary
1156:Higham, Charles (1988).
1142:. pp. 311–312, 328.
1064:. McGraw Hill. pp.
1056:Higham, Charles (1988).
1036:Higham, Charles (1988).
1008:. McGraw Hill. pp.
1000:Higham, Charles (1988).
982:Higham, Charles (1988).
749:Higham, Charles (1988).
583:Under Secretary of State
477:US Ambassador to Uruguay
1496:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1252:George Howard Earle III
1206:"NHPRC Delaware Grants"
709:Schaap, Jeremy (2007).
335:Fleetwood, Pennsylvania
298:George Howard Earle III
619:University of Delaware
614:
593:Edward Stettinius, Jr.
569:attack on Pearl Harbor
464:
612:
286:Franklin D. Roosevelt
231:Franklin D. Roosevelt
179:Franklin D. Roosevelt
122:Franklin D. Roosevelt
23:George S. Messersmith
1174:," Time, 1934-09-06.
1099:Simon & Schuster
1089:Morgan, Ted (1985).
972:," Time, 1934-04-02.
959:," Time, 1934-02-19.
783:," Time, 1941-12-08.
770:," Time, 1946-12-02.
475:nominated him to be
2497:and Plenipotentiary
2437:Envoy Extraordinary
1610:Republic of Austria
538:British authorities
481:Minister to Austria
467:Minister to Austria
1350:James Cabell Bruce
1323:Walter C. Thurston
1269:Grenville T. Emmet
800:2012-02-04 at the
792:Stephen R. Wenn, "
615:
590:Secretary of State
473:Franklin Roosevelt
411:Fort Erie, Ontario
310:Grenville T. Emmet
148:Walter C. Thurston
91:James Cabell Bruce
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2371:Minister Resident
2321:Chargé d'Affaires
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1780:
1779:
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1347:Succeeded by
1320:Succeeded by
1293:Succeeded by
1266:Succeeded by
1244:Diplomatic posts
1233:(ABC-CLIO. 1981)
914:978-0-345-52178-1
877:978-1-4299-7588-9
843:978-0-253-30415-5
728:978-0-618-68822-7
692:978-0-8078-1721-6
655:978-0-313-29126-5
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436:Consul for Berlin
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16:American diplomat
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1303:Preceded by
1279:J. Butler Wright
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527:Earl of Harewood
508:Kurt Schuschnigg
420:(1916–1919) and
357:Lawyer, Diplomat
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345:January 29, 1960
320:Personal details
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2007:De la Reintrie
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
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1909:
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1795:
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1752:Girard-diCarlo
1749:
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1250:
1246:
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1239:
1238:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1197:
1176:
1172:One More Scalp
1163:
1145:
1118:
1111:
1081:
1074:
1043:
1025:
1018:
989:
974:
961:
948:
927:
913:
890:
876:
856:
842:
817:
808:
785:
772:
756:
753:. McGraw Hill.
741:
727:
698:
691:
668:
654:
633:
632:
630:
627:
599:
596:
561:General Motors
545:
542:
504:Wilhelm Miklas
500:Wallis Simpson
468:
465:
437:
434:
402:
399:
391:Wallis Simpson
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
351:
350:
349:(aged 76)
343:
339:
338:
328:
326:
322:
321:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
301:
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295:
289:
288:
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279:
278:
268:
267:
258:
257:
255:Hugh R. Wilson
252:
246:
245:
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233:
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224:
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213:
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206:
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176:
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119:
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94:
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49:
48:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
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22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2766:
2755:
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2159:
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2121:
2119:
2116:
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2100:
2098:
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2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
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1900:
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1893:
1890:
1888:
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1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
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1837:
1833:
1822:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
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1785:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
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1730:
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1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
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1688:
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1645:
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1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
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1564:
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1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1397:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:9780671454951
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1075:9780070288010
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:9780070288010
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
996:
994:
990:
985:
978:
975:
971:
965:
962:
958:
952:
949:
937:
931:
928:
916:
910:
906:
905:
897:
895:
891:
879:
873:
869:
868:
860:
857:
845:
839:
835:
834:
826:
824:
822:
818:
812:
809:
805:
803:
799:
796:
789:
786:
782:
776:
773:
769:
763:
761:
757:
752:
745:
742:
730:
724:
720:
715:
714:
705:
703:
699:
694:
688:
684:
683:
675:
673:
669:
657:
651:
647:
646:
638:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
597:
595:
594:
591:
587:
586:Sumner Welles
584:
579:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
543:
541:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
466:
463:
458:
456:
451:
448:
446:
441:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
360:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
327:
323:
318:
314:
311:
308:
302:
299:
296:
290:
287:
284:
280:
274:
269:
266:
259:
256:
253:
247:
244:
243:Sumner Welles
241:
235:
232:
229:
225:
219:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
195:
192:
189:
183:
180:
177:
173:
167:
162:
159:
152:
149:
146:
140:
137:
134:
128:
123:
120:
116:
110:
105:
102:
95:
92:
89:
83:
80:
77:
71:
68:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2538:
2152:
1677:Riddleberger
1641:
1338:
1311:
1284:
1257:
1230:
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1179:
1166:
1157:
1135:
1097:. New York:
1092:
1084:
1059:
1037:
1003:
983:
977:
964:
951:
939:. Retrieved
930:
918:. Retrieved
903:
881:. Retrieved
866:
859:
847:. Retrieved
832:
811:
793:
788:
775:
750:
744:
732:. Retrieved
712:
681:
659:. Retrieved
644:
637:
616:
580:
573:
554:
547:
544:Later career
531:
523:Joan Hammond
520:
516:
485:
470:
460:
452:
449:
442:
439:
430:Buenos Aires
415:
404:
395:World War II
380:
367:
366:
347:(1960-01-29)
305:Succeeded by
272:
250:Succeeded by
217:
198:Succeeded by
165:
143:Succeeded by
108:
86:Succeeded by
53:
2709:1960 deaths
2704:1883 births
2539:Messersmith
2408:Worthington
2153:Messersmith
1902:G. Thompson
1892:W. Thompson
1642:Messersmith
1500:(1867–1917)
1422:(1838–1867)
1140:McGraw Hill
1101:. pp.
1068:–222, 225.
512:Balkan Pact
488:Edward VIII
387:Edward VIII
293:Preceded by
238:Preceded by
186:Preceded by
131:Preceded by
74:Preceded by
2698:Categories
2604:Shlaudeman
2574:McClintock
2218:Negroponte
2096:Ambassador
2032:Otterbourg
1982:Churchwell
1727:Huffington
1583:C. Francis
1543:J. Francis
1430:Muhlenberg
941:4 December
629:References
426:Luxembourg
376:Nazi Party
372:ambassador
354:Profession
2650:Gutierrez
2353:Pendleton
2133:Sheffield
2037:Rosecrans
1852:Wilkinson
1682:MacArthur
1573:McCormick
625:(NHPRC).
282:President
273:In office
227:President
218:In office
175:President
166:In office
118:President
109:In office
63:President
54:In office
45:Argentina
2660:Martínez
2569:Rubottom
2481:Sherrill
2456:Buchanan
2248:Jacobson
2158:Thurston
2123:Fletcher
2113:Thompson
2027:Campbell
1987:Mordecai
1972:Spofford
1952:Conkling
1932:Greenhow
1922:Clifford
1887:Lawrence
1877:Greenhow
1857:Poinsett
1847:Robinson
1835:Minister
1722:Grunwald
1712:von Damm
1707:Cummings
1692:Buchanan
1672:Matthews
1667:Thompson
1662:Donnelly
1632:Stockton
1627:Washburn
1593:Penfield
1134:(1988).
920:March 3,
883:March 3,
849:March 3,
798:Archived
734:March 3,
661:March 3,
2683:Stanley
2675:Carlson
2614:Gildred
2584:Burgess
2564:Beaulac
2549:Griffis
2524:Weddell
2504:Stimson
2486:Garrett
2471:Beaupre
2466:Barrett
2388:Cushman
2338:Baylies
2258:Salazar
2238:Pascual
2228:Davidow
2213:Pilliod
2188:McBride
2183:Freeman
2163:O'Dwyer
2148:Daniels
2103:Clayton
2087:Clayton
2062:Manning
2057:Jackson
2022:Shufelt
1977:Forsyth
1967:Gadsden
1927:Letcher
1912:Slidell
1907:Shannon
1772:Kennedy
1657:Erhardt
1622:Frazier
1460:Jackson
1450:McCurdy
1435:Jenifer
1211:29 June
1190:29 June
1103:547–548
1012:, 194.
721:, 242.
565:Detroit
490:), the
422:Antwerp
418:Curacao
264:Austria
2678:(a.i.)
2640:(a.i.)
2632:(a.i.)
2629:Godard
2619:Todman
2599:Castro
2579:Martin
2554:Bunker
2534:Braden
2529:Armour
2509:Riddle
2451:Pitkin
2423:Osborn
2403:Asboth
2393:Palmer
2383:Yancey
2348:Harris
2333:Forbes
2328:Rodney
2253:Landau
2138:Morrow
2128:Warren
2118:Wilson
2108:Conger
2082:Ransom
2052:Morgan
2047:Foster
2042:Nelson
2017:Corwin
2012:Weller
2002:McLane
1997:Porter
1957:Cooper
1942:Slacum
1917:Conner
1867:Slacum
1862:Butler
1842:Shaler
1767:Traina
1762:Wesner
1717:Lauder
1702:Kaiser
1588:Kerens
1578:Storer
1568:Harris
1548:Lawton
1533:Phelps
1528:Kasson
1470:Motley
1440:Stiles
1235:online
1109:
1072:
1016:
911:
874:
840:
725:
689:
652:
598:Legacy
496:Vienna
455:Berlin
337:, U.S.
100:Mexico
2670:Prado
2665:Mamet
2655:Wayne
2645:Walsh
2637:Rocha
2624:Cheek
2609:Ortiz
2589:Lodge
2559:Nufer
2544:Bruce
2519:Bliss
2446:Hanna
2428:Hanna
2418:White
2378:Peden
2343:Brent
2243:Wayne
2233:Garza
2223:Jones
2208:Gavin
2198:Lucey
2168:White
2143:Clark
2067:Bragg
1992:Green
1947:Smith
1897:Beach
1882:Ellis
1872:Ellis
1757:Eacho
1747:McCaw
1742:Brown
1687:Humes
1652:Wiley
1647:Emmet
1637:Earle
1563:Tower
1558:Tripp
1553:Grant
1523:Beale
1508:Watts
1465:Jones
1455:Foote
2594:Hill
2476:Eddy
2461:Lord
2413:Kirk
2398:Kirk
2203:Nava
2193:Jova
2178:Mann
2173:Hill
2077:Gray
2072:Ryan
1962:Ward
1937:Goss
1737:Hall
1732:Hunt
1697:Wolf
1538:Taft
1518:Orth
1445:Webb
1213:2011
1192:2011
1107:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1014:ISBN
943:2012
922:2014
909:ISBN
885:2014
872:ISBN
851:2014
838:ISBN
736:2014
723:ISBN
687:ISBN
663:2014
650:ISBN
389:and
342:Died
325:Born
157:Cuba
2514:Jay
1513:Jay
1066:221
1010:192
2700::
1148:^
1138:.
1121:^
1105:.
1046:^
1028:^
992:^
893:^
820:^
759:^
719:71
701:^
671:^
571:.
514:.
413:.
397:.
378:.
2292:e
2285:t
2278:v
1806:e
1799:t
1792:v
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
1215:.
1194:.
1170:"
1115:.
1078:.
1022:.
968:"
955:"
945:.
924:.
887:.
853:.
804:,
779:"
766:"
738:.
695:.
665:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
