48:
344:. For men who are required to, or simply prefer to shave, studies show the optimal length to be about 0.5 mm to 1 mm to prevent the hair growing back into the skin. Using a beard trimmer at the lowest setting (0.5mm or 1mm) instead of shaving is an efficient alternative. The resulting faint stubble can be shaped using a standard electric razor on non-problematic areas (cheeks, lower neck).
415:
is a potent treatment that helps even out any scarring after a few months. It is added as a nightly application of tretinoin cream 0.05–0.1% to the beard skin while beard is growing out. Tea tree oil, witch hazel, and hydrocortisone are also noted as possible treatments and remedies for razor bumps.
351:
should use a single blade or special wire-wrapped blade to avoid shaving too closely, with a new blade each shave. Shaving in the direction of hair growth every other day, rather than daily, may improve pseudofolliculitis barbae. If a blade must be used, softening the beard first with a hot, wet
182:
that commonly affects people who have curly or coarse facial hair. It occurs when hair curls back into the skin after shaving, causing inflammation, redness, and bumps. This can lead to ingrown hairs, scarring, and skin discoloration. PFB can be treated with various methods, including changing
386:
to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy which resulted in significantly fewer PFB lesions on the face and neck. The mechanism of action of glycolic acid is unknown, but it is hypothesized that straighter hair growth is caused by the reduction of
1262:
1247:
1063:
Anderson, R. Rox; Margolis, Randall J.; Watenabe, Shinichi; Flotte, Thomas; Hruza, George J.; Dover, Jeffrey S. (1989). "Selective
Photothermolysis of Cutaneous Pigmentation by Q-switched Nd: YAG Laser Pulses at 1064, 532. and 355nm".
212:. The difference between the two is the cause of the inflammation in the hair follicles. Where folliculitis barbae is caused by viral or bacterial infections, pseudofolliculitis is created by irritation from shaving and ingrown hairs.
1362:
236:
Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is most common on the face, but it can also happen on other parts of the body where hair is shaved or plucked, especially areas where hair is curly and the skin is sensitive, such as
760:"An Unusual Ala12Thr Polymorphism in the 1A alpha-Helical Segment of the Companion Layer-Specific Keratin K6hf: Evidence for a Risk Factor in the Etiology of the Common Hair Disorder Pseudofolliculitis Barbae"
267:
This is especially a problem for some men who have naturally coarse or tightly curling thick hair. Curly hair increases the likelihood of PFB by a factor of 50. If left untreated over time, this can cause
1355:
220:, a related condition, occurs on the back of the neck, often along the posterior hairline, when curved hairs are cut short and allowed to grow back into the skin. Left untreated, this can develop into
202:
is a lesser condition caused by shaving, characterized by mild to moderate redness and irritation on the surface of the skin. Unlike PFB, it is usually transient and there is no infection involved.
572:
183:
shaving habits, using topical creams or ointments, and undergoing laser hair removal. Prevention measures include proper shaving techniques, using sharp razors, and avoiding too close a shave.
758:
Winter, H.; Schissel, D.; Parry, D. A. D.; Smith, T. A.; Liovic, M.; Birgitte Lane, E.; Edler, L.; Langbein, L.; Jave-Suarez, L. F.; Rogers, M. A.; Wilde, J.; Peters, G.; Schweizer, J. (2004).
1348:
484:
upheld the
Atlanta fire department's "no-beard" policy because it was justified by a "business necessity", in that case the fact that even short beards interfered with firefighters' use of
976:
Cook-Bolden FE, Barba A, Halder R, Taylor S (June 2004). "Twice-daily applications of benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% gel versus vehicle in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae".
481:
2443:
375:
For most cases, completely avoiding shaving for three to four weeks allows all lesions to subside, and most extrafollicular hairs will resolve themselves within at least ten days.
465:
228:-like bumps form on the neck. Both occur frequently in black men in the military. It is so common in the U.S. military that the services have protocols for its management.
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2567:
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1855:
3812:
2436:
1216:
477:
3488:
3468:
2888:
3448:
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hair never exits the follicle, but because of its naturally curly nature curls back into the follicle, causing fluid build-up and irritation.
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2429:
557:
532:
577:
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1944:
485:
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for darker-pigmented individuals. Laser therapy for PFC requires typically requires at least six treatments spaced 4–6 weeks apart.
1954:
3590:
3301:
2612:
1913:
1539:
3580:
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After a hair has been shaved, it begins to grow back. Curly hair tends to curl into the skin instead of straight out of the
3238:
2106:
1797:
1634:
803:
252:, leading to an inflammation reaction. PFB can make the skin look itchy and red, and in some cases, it can even look like
1649:
3493:
3396:
2273:
2028:
1719:
502:
3263:
2023:
1554:
1509:
1107:
Yamauchi, Paul S; Lask, Gary P; Kelly, A Paul (1999). "Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae with the diode laser".
352:
washcloth for five minutes or shave while showering in hot water can be helpful. Some use shaving powders (a kind of
3727:
3695:
3523:
3006:
2938:
2747:
2607:
2602:
2376:
2096:
2637:
407:
peels are also effective. Prescription antibiotic gels (Benzamycin, Cleocin-T) or oral antibiotics are also used.
3717:
2707:
41:
Barber's itch, folliculitis barbae traumatica, razor bumps, scarring pseudofolliculitis of the beard, shave bumps
3622:
3606:
3420:
3278:
2141:
1787:
1724:
1619:
1277:
476:
by excluding a quarter of black men from employment, but not an equivalent number of white men, thus violating
440:, which over time impairs hair growth. Common laser systems used to treat PFC are pulsed alexandrite (755 nm),
3769:
3722:
3600:
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3050:
2999:
2795:
2717:
2406:
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1820:
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1422:
3617:
3311:
3228:
3146:
3136:
2923:
2918:
2672:
2381:
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1609:
291:
221:
368:
The simplest treatment for PFB is to let the beard grow. Complete removal of the hair from its follicle (
3787:
3702:
3565:
3518:
3458:
3361:
3248:
3011:
2883:
2762:
2617:
2283:
2210:
1898:
1432:
1412:
449:
179:
802:
Florida, Daryl A.; Michel, Dovena; Eraikhuemen, Nathaniel E.; Carrion, Antonio J. (October 14, 2016).
3670:
3611:
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separating the inner and outer root sheath and increases the chances that a beard hair will in-grow.
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1534:
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353:
320:. Carriers of the A12T polymorphism are six times more likely to develop PFB compared with people
3690:
3680:
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1949:
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429:
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909:
372:) is not recommended. Severe or transfollicular hairs may require removal by a dermatologist.
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Medications may also be prescribed to speed healing of the skin. Clinical trials have shown
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68:
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1939:
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1499:
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844:"Close Shave for a Keratin Disorder-K6hf Polymorphism Linked to Pseudofolliculitis Barbae"
808:
2483:
674:
639:. Department of the Army. 10 December 2014. Technical Bulletin TB MED 287. Archived from
592:"Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military. A medical, administrative and social problem"
900:
Halder, RM; CI Roberts; PK Nootheti; AP Kelly (2006). "Dermatologic
Disease in Blacks".
3685:
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2013:
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Permanent removal of the hair follicle is the only definitive treatment for PFB.
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by glycolic acid, which results in reduced re-entry of the hair shaft into the
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2018:
1998:
1934:
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1709:
1529:
1478:
1407:
714:
436:-selective photothermolysis to heat up hair shafts and damage follicular
360:-based depilatories are most efficient, but produce an unpleasant smell.
305:. This sequence change leads to an amino acid substitution in the highly
299:
283:
hair is a hair that has exited the follicle and reentered the skin. The
261:
3176:
2195:
2049:
1959:
1878:
1865:
1815:
1744:
1468:
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433:
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257:
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199:
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may be used topically, combined or not with prescription antibiotics.
1807:
1752:
1519:
1514:
1488:
1397:
1251:
445:
432:
has proven effective and can last for years. Laser therapies utilize
269:
225:
328:
K6hf sequence. This suggests K6hf mutation structurally weakens the
275:
Pseudofolliculitis barbae can further be divided into two types of
1473:
1001:
999:
348:
341:
548:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
3331:
2054:
1573:
1392:
527:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 899.
298:
gene (K6hf) has been linked to PFB, suggesting that it may be a
2425:
1344:
1008:"The medical and surgical therapy of pseudofolliculitis barbae"
933:
Roberts, W. E. (2004). "Chemical peeling in ethnic/dark skin".
428:
is effective but limited by its slow pace, pain, and expense.
347:
Some men use electric razors to prevent PFB. Those who use a
142:
74:
77:
136:
116:
89:
83:
633:
Pseudofolliculitis of the beard and Acne
Keloidalis Nuchae
107:
904:
Dermatology and dermatological therapy of pigmented skins
472:'s policy of not allowing beards for employees created a
122:
104:
98:
698:"Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options"
804:"Pseudofolliculitis Barbae: Prevention and Treatment"
125:
101:
92:
86:
71:
1229:
139:
133:
119:
113:
95:
80:
3778:
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3651:
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3382:
3329:
3294:
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2780:
2771:
2460:
2340:
2307:
2251:
2236:
2227:
2184:
2155:
2134:
2125:
2078:
2037:
2006:
1995:
1988:
1977:
1922:
1864:
1806:
1743:
1663:
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1572:
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1451:
1383:
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1303:
1233:
157:
130:
110:
59:
37:
32:
702:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
264:can form especially if the area becomes infected.
3464:Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
1371:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
1152:"Advances in laser hair removal in skin of color"
2568:Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers
797:
795:
3474:Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
2437:
1856:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
1356:
908:. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. pp.
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
837:
835:
833:
279:: transfollicular and extrafollicular. The
8:
1510:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
753:
751:
356:) to avoid the irritation of using a blade.
596:Journal of the National Medical Association
340:The most efficient prevention is to grow a
3648:
3028:
2777:
2444:
2430:
2422:
2233:
2131:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1589:
1578:
1380:
1363:
1349:
1341:
1230:
55:A severe case of Pseudofolliculitis barbae
46:
29:
1023:
859:
775:
731:
713:
607:
478:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
456:include erythema and skin discoloration.
3469:Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
2889:Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
521:Edwards, Libby; Lynch, Peter J. (2022).
590:Alexander, A. M.; Delph, W. I. (1974).
513:
3449:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
2163:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
7:
3489:Intermittent hair–follicle dystrophy
1196:Bradley v. Pizzaco of Nebraska, Inc.
1066:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
848:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
764:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
675:10.1001/archderm.1975.01630130132022
448:(1064 nm) lasers. Nd:YAG lasers are
3426:Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis
3307:Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma
2944:Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
3167:Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
2914:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
1945:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
1115:(2). Informa UK Limited: 109–111.
1109:Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy
486:self-contained breathing apparatus
224:, a condition in which hard, dark
25:
3813:Conditions of the skin appendages
3431:Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
3190:Granulomatous perioral dermatitis
1846:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
657:Garcia, Raymond L. (1975-01-01).
482:Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals
205:There is also a condition called
1955:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1025:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04016.x
947:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04020.x
861:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22351.x
777:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22309.x
696:Ogunbiyi, Adebola (2019-04-16).
186:It was first described in 1956.
67:
3591:Traumatic anserine folliculosis
3302:Granulomatous facial dermatitis
1965:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
1156:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
1018:(2). Hindawi Limited: 158–163.
1006:Bridgeman-Shah, Sharon (2004).
466:Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
2613:Malalignment of the nail plate
2206:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
1914:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
1540:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1213:Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta
1203:, 714 (8th Cir. 1991).
241:shaving (more properly termed
1:
3239:Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea
1798:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
1635:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
3494:Keratosis pilaris atropicans
3397:Folliculitis nares perforans
2274:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2029:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1720:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1078:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277339
578:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
503:List of cutaneous conditions
480:. In contrast, in 1993, the
272:scarring in the beard area.
3264:Persistent edema of rosacea
1555:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
1150:Battle, Eliot F Jr (2011).
573:"pseudofolliculitis barbae"
430:Laser-assisted hair removal
3829:
3696:Postmiliarial hypohidrosis
3524:Menkes kinky hair syndrome
2939:Frontal fibrosing alopecia
2748:Staining of the nail plate
2608:Longitudinal erythronychia
2603:Lichen planus of the nails
2377:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
659:"Pseudofolliculitis Pubis"
524:Genital Dermatology Manual
3581:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
3409:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
2708:Pterygium inversum unguis
1121:10.1080/14628839950516959
1072:(1). Elsevier BV: 28–32.
842:McLean, W. H. I. (2004).
550:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
217:Pseudofolliculitis nuchae
172:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
54:
45:
33:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
3623:Uncombable hair syndrome
3607:Trichorrhexis invaginata
3421:Hidradenitis suppurativa
3279:Periorificial dermatitis
2142:Thrombocytopenic purpura
1788:Dermatitis herpetiformis
1773:Acute contact dermatitis
1725:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
1650:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1620:Lichen simplex chronicus
1500:Epidermal inclusion cyst
243:pseudofolliculitis pubis
3601:Trichomycosis axillaris
3534:Parakeratosis pustulosa
3051:Acne miliaris necrotica
2832:(male-pattern baldness)
2796:noncicatricial alopecia
2718:Purpura of the nail bed
2407:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2402:Systemic histoplasmosis
1793:Porphyria cutanea tarda
1423:Squamous-cell carcinoma
663:Archives of Dermatology
3618:Trichostasis spinulosa
3312:Periorbital dermatitis
3229:Papulopustular rosacea
3147:Acne with facial edema
3137:Acne keloidalis nuchae
2924:Folliculitis decalvans
2919:Graham-Little syndrome
2673:Onychoptosis defluvium
2382:Cicatricial pemphigoid
2299:Acne keloidalis nuchae
2294:Folliculitis decalvans
222:acne keloidalis nuchae
3788:Sebaceous hyperplasia
3703:Granulosis rubra nasi
3566:Pityriasis amiantacea
3519:Loose anagen syndrome
3459:Bubble hair deformity
3249:Gram-negative rosacea
3012:Nevoid hypertrichosis
2884:Pseudopelade of Brocq
2763:Twenty-nail dystrophy
2638:Nail–patella syndrome
2618:Median nail dystrophy
2284:Loose anagen syndrome
2211:Necrobiosis lipoidica
2147:Actinic/solar purpura
1821:Insect bite reactions
1610:Seborrheic dermatitis
1433:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1413:Molluscum contagiosum
180:irritant folliculitis
3671:Miliaria crystalline
3612:Trichorrhexis nodosa
2879:cicatricial alopecia
2861:Alopecia neoplastica
2856:Trichorrhexis nodosa
2489:Yellow nail syndrome
2107:Annulare centrifugum
1630:Glucagonoma syndrome
1428:Basal-cell carcinoma
1403:Seborrheic keratosis
1012:Dermatologic Therapy
935:Dermatologic Therapy
715:10.2147/CCID.S149250
552:. St. Louis: Mosby.
3770:Fox–Fordyce disease
3555:Pili pseudoannulati
3509:Lichen planopilaris
3484:Hair follicle nevus
3402:Tufted folliculitis
3185:Perioral dermatitis
2934:Triangular alopecia
2851:Lichen planopilaris
2830:Androgenic alopecia
2738:Splinter hemorrhage
2733:Shell nail syndrome
2578:Half and half nails
2352:Aphthous stomatitis
2289:Lichen planopilaris
2264:Androgenic alopecia
2070:Fixed drug eruption
1645:Pemphigus foliaceus
1545:Granular cell tumor
602:(6): 459–464, 479.
420:Long-term therapies
354:chemical depilatory
3691:Occlusion miliaria
3681:Miliaria pustulosa
3571:Plica neuropathica
3269:Rosacea conglobata
3080:Acne medicamentosa
2899:Traumatic alopecia
2753:Subungual hematoma
2372:Pemphigus vulgaris
2201:Granuloma annulare
2065:Carcinoid syndrome
1950:Tuberous sclerosis
1909:Coccidioidomycosis
1783:Bullous pemphigoid
1778:Pemphigus vulgaris
1710:Secondary syphilis
1600:Contact dermatitis
1304:External resources
984:(6 Suppl): 18–24.
498:Laser hair removal
195:Related conditions
190:Signs and symptoms
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3676:Miliaria profunda
3636:
3635:
3628:Woolly hair nevus
3514:Lichen spinulosus
3352:Trichilemmal cyst
3325:
3324:
3244:Glandular rosacea
3197:Phymatous rosacea
3127:Occupational acne
2909:Hot comb alopecia
2894:Pressure alopecia
2871:Alopecia mucinosa
2846:Traction alopecia
2841:Telogen effluvium
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2259:Telogen effluvium
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2121:
2120:
1973:
1972:
1841:Lichen spinulosus
1836:Keratosis pilaris
1715:Mycosis fungoides
1615:Stasis dermatitis
1605:Atopic dermatitis
1568:
1567:
1443:Trichoepithelioma
1418:Actinic keratosis
1338:
1337:
1219:(11th Cir. 1993).
1162:(11): 1235–1239.
559:978-1-4160-2999-1
534:978-1-9751-6147-7
444:(800–810 nm) and
256:. These inflamed
169:
168:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3820:
3649:
3586:Setleis syndrome
3550:Pili multigemini
3284:Pyoderma faciale
3029:
2866:Anagen effluvium
2778:
2713:Pterygium unguis
2633:Muehrcke's lines
2520:Onychotillomania
2446:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2357:Oral candidiasis
2234:
2132:
2060:Erythema nodosum
2004:
1993:
1986:
1930:Tinea versicolor
1768:Bullous impetigo
1705:Pityriasis rosea
1640:Lichen sclerosus
1625:Darier's disease
1590:
1579:
1535:Kaposi's sarcoma
1381:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1231:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1027:
1003:
994:
993:
973:
967:
966:
930:
924:
923:
907:
897:
874:
873:
863:
839:
828:
827:
825:
824:
799:
790:
789:
779:
755:
746:
745:
735:
717:
693:
687:
686:
654:
648:
647:
646:on 27 July 2018.
645:
638:
628:
622:
621:
611:
587:
581:
570:
564:
563:
545:
539:
538:
518:
474:disparate impact
409:Benzoyl peroxide
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
50:
30:
21:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3792:
3774:
3746:
3643:
3632:
3605:Trichorrhexis (
3437:
3378:
3347:Epidermoid cyst
3321:
3290:
3254:Steroid rosacea
3171:
3132:Acne aestivalis
3070:Excoriated acne
3046:Acne conglobata
3023:
3016:
2948:
2785:
2767:
2743:Spotted lunulae
2703:Psoriatic nails
2658:Onychomatricoma
2471:Onychogryphosis
2456:
2454:skin appendages
2450:
2420:
2411:
2343:
2336:
2303:
2269:Alopecia areata
2247:
2229:
2215:
2172:
2151:
2127:
2117:
2074:
2033:
2019:Viral exanthems
1997:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1940:Pityriasis alba
1918:
1860:
1802:
1739:
1659:
1655:Zinc deficiency
1585:
1583:
1564:
1492:
1483:
1447:
1438:Nevus sebaceous
1372:
1369:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1299:
1298:
1242:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1005:
1004:
997:
975:
974:
970:
932:
931:
927:
920:
899:
898:
877:
841:
840:
831:
822:
820:
809:U.S. Pharmacist
801:
800:
793:
757:
756:
749:
695:
694:
690:
656:
655:
651:
643:
636:
630:
629:
625:
589:
588:
584:
571:
567:
560:
547:
546:
542:
535:
520:
519:
515:
511:
494:
462:
422:
397:follicular wall
389:sulfhydrylbonds
366:
338:
330:companion layer
285:transfollicular
281:extrafollicular
234:
197:
192:
178:) is a type of
153:
129:
70:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3708:Ross' syndrome
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Miliaria rubra
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Colloid milium
3657:
3655:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3545:Pili bifurcati
3542:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Koenen's tumor
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Acroosteolysis
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3358:Steatocystoma
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3341:Sebaceous cyst
3336:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3317:SAPHO syndrome
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Ocular rosacea
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Lupoid rosacea
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Acne necrotica
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Acne mechanica
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Acne cosmetica
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3075:Acne fulminans
3072:
3067:
3061:Infantile acne
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2954:Hypertrichosis
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Tumor alopecia
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2791:
2789:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Plummer's nail
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Coxsackievirus
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2102:Gyratum repens
2099:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:Toxic erythema
2021:
2016:
2014:Drug eruptions
2010:
2008:
2001:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:Lichen nitidus
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1753:Herpes simplex
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1259:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:Classification
1227:
1226:External links
1224:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1187:
1142:
1099:
1055:
995:
968:
941:(2): 196–205.
925:
918:
875:
854:(3): xi–xiii.
829:
791:
770:(3): 652–657.
747:
688:
649:
623:
582:
565:
558:
540:
533:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
500:
493:
490:
470:Domino's Pizza
461:
458:
421:
418:
405:Salicylic acid
365:
362:
358:Barium sulfide
337:
334:
233:
230:
196:
193:
191:
188:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
152:
151:
63:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3825:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Chromhidrosis
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:Hyperhidrosis
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Pili annulati
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Blepharophyma
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Neonatal acne
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Tropical acne
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Acne vulgaris
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Hypotrichosis
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Terry's nails
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Onychoschizia
2681:
2679:
2678:Onychorrhexis
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Onychomycosis
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Onychomadesis
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Onychoatrophy
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:Nail clubbing
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:Disorders of
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Lichen planus
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Onychomycosis
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Tinea capitis
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:Miscellaneous
2226:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:Nonblanchable
2124:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1976:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:Hypopigmented
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Acne vulgaris
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Lichen planus
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Herpes zoster
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Parapsoriasis
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
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1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
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1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:926 F. 2d
1197:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
919:9780849314025
915:
911:
906:
905:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
834:
830:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
798:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
729:
725:
721:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
650:
642:
635:
634:
627:
624:
619:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
586:
583:
580:
579:
574:
569:
566:
561:
555:
551:
544:
541:
536:
530:
526:
525:
517:
514:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:In 1991, the
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
380:glycolic acid
376:
373:
371:
363:
361:
359:
355:
350:
345:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:ingrown hairs
273:
271:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
211:
209:
203:
201:
194:
189:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
165:
162:
160:
156:
147:
65:
64:
62:
60:Pronunciation
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3735:Hypohidrosis
3728:Palmoplantar
3596:Trichomegaly
3499:Kinking hair
3416:Hidradenitis
3408:
3392:Folliculitis
3384:Inflammation
3273:
3090:Halogen acne
3084:steroid acne
2930:
2877:
2794:
2723:Racquet nail
2693:Pincer nails
2668:Onychophosis
2628:Melanonychia
2598:Ingrown nail
2588:Hapalonychia
2563:Chevron nail
2533:Ingrown nail
2525:Onychophagia
2499:Azure lunula
2484:Beau's lines
2332:Ingrown nail
2298:
1904:Dermatophyte
1899:Gonococcemia
1884:Folliculitis
1525:Neurofibroma
1493:subcutaneous
1322:
1311:
1287:
1276:
1261:
1246:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1159:
1155:
1145:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1015:
1011:
981:
977:
971:
938:
934:
928:
903:
851:
847:
821:. Retrieved
807:
767:
763:
705:
701:
691:
666:
662:
652:
641:the original
632:
626:
599:
595:
585:
576:
568:
549:
543:
523:
516:
463:
454:Side effects
426:Electrolysis
423:
377:
374:
367:
346:
339:
316:of the K6hf
292:polymorphism
289:
284:
280:
274:
266:
247:
242:
235:
216:
215:
214:
208:folliculitis
206:
204:
198:
185:
175:
171:
170:
3718:Generalized
3529:Monilethrix
3330:Follicular
3212:Gnathophyma
3152:Pomade acne
3007:Prepubertal
2990:generalised
2986:Congenital
2975:generalised
2816:universalis
2728:Red lunulae
2688:Platonychia
2648:Onycholysis
2623:Mees' lines
2573:Green nails
2544:ungrouped:
2507:Koilonychia
2494:Leukonychia
2469:thickness:
2387:Herpesvirus
2367:Leukoplakia
2192:Scleroderma
2079:Specialized
2007:Generalized
1982:involvement
1894:Candidiasis
1586:involvement
1560:Myxoid cyst
1408:Acrochordon
1313:MedlinePlus
1217:2 F.3d 1112
708:: 241–247.
468:found that
312:initiation
303:risk factor
164:Dermatology
38:Other names
18:Razor bumps
3740:Anhidrosis
3560:Pili torti
3479:Hair casts
3202:Rhinophyma
3100:Bromoderma
2931:ungrouped:
2546:Paronychia
2518:behavior:
2476:Onychauxis
2327:Paronychia
2168:Vasculitis
2092:Multiforme
2090:Erythema (
2045:Cellulitis
1996:Blanchable
1745:Blistering
1735:Ichthyosis
1593:Eczematous
1505:Hemangioma
1289:DiseasesDB
1181:2023-03-07
823:2021-03-25
669:(1): 130.
509:References
438:stem cells
393:hair shaft
336:Prevention
322:homozygous
318:rod domain
200:Razor burn
3780:Sebaceous
3760:Body odor
3723:Gustatory
3442:Ungrouped
3367:multiplex
3295:Ungrouped
3217:Metophyma
3162:Blackhead
3105:Chloracne
3095:Iododerma
3022:Acneiform
2995:localised
2980:patterned
2970:localised
2966:Acquired
2962:Hirsutism
2782:Hair loss
2593:Hook nail
2538:Anonychia
2322:Psoriasis
2230:disorders
2185:Indurated
2086:Urticaria
2038:Localized
1980:epidermal
1763:Varicella
1673:Psoriasis
1584:epidermal
1550:Leiomyoma
1452:Pigmented
1385:Epidermal
1324:eMedicine
1168:1545-9616
1129:1462-883X
1086:0022-202X
1034:1396-0296
818:0147-7633
724:1178-7015
683:0003-987X
450:indicated
413:Tretinoin
401:epidermis
370:epilation
364:Treatment
326:wild-type
307:conserved
290:A common
245:or PFP).
159:Specialty
3807:Category
3752:Apocrine
3661:Miliaria
3576:Poliosis
3274:variants
3222:Otophyma
3117:Tar acne
3112:Oil acne
3024:eruption
3000:X-linked
2821:Ophiasis
2801:Alopecia
2787:Baldness
2583:Hangnail
2397:Syphilis
2344:membrane
1999:Erythema
1935:Vitiligo
1889:Impetigo
1866:Pustular
1831:Miliaria
1679:Corporis
1530:Xanthoma
1479:Melanoma
1459:Freckles
1329:derm/354
1176:22052301
1137:11357287
1050:20876126
1042:15113283
990:15228130
963:44991940
955:15113287
870:15086588
786:15086549
742:31354326
492:See also
324:for the
262:pustules
250:follicle
3653:Eccrine
3362:simplex
3177:Rosacea
3082:(e.g.,
2811:totalis
2556:Chronic
2531:other:
2505:shape:
2482:color:
2196:morphea
2156:Papular
2135:Macular
2128:Purpura
2112:Ab igne
2097:Migrans
2050:Abscess
1978:Without
1960:Leprosy
1879:Rosacea
1816:Scabies
1808:Papular
1677:Tinea (
1665:Scaling
1469:Melasma
1464:Lentigo
1377:Growths
1283:C563016
1094:2746004
733:6585396
618:4436875
609:2609333
434:melanin
391:in the
382:–based
300:genetic
296:keratin
258:papules
254:pimples
239:genital
3644:glands
3538:Pili (
2806:areata
2342:Mucous
2238:Ulcers
1699:Faciei
1694:Manuum
1684:Cruris
1574:Rashes
1520:Lipoma
1515:Keloid
1489:Dermal
1398:Callus
1318:000823
1199:,
1174:
1166:
1135:
1127:
1092:
1084:
1048:
1040:
1032:
988:
961:
953:
916:
868:
816:
784:
740:
730:
722:
681:
616:
606:
556:
531:
446:Nd:YAG
270:keloid
226:keloid
210:barbae
150:
3642:Sweat
3374:Milia
3332:cysts
2551:Acute
1689:Pedis
1474:Nevus
1294:31373
1272:704.8
1257:L73.1
1046:S2CID
978:Cutis
959:S2CID
912:–55.
644:(PDF)
637:(PDF)
460:Legal
442:diode
384:peels
349:razor
342:beard
314:motif
310:helix
294:in a
232:Cause
3033:Acne
2773:Hair
2462:Nail
2309:Nail
2252:Hair
2055:Boil
1582:With
1393:Wart
1278:MeSH
1267:9-CM
1172:PMID
1164:ISSN
1133:PMID
1125:ISSN
1090:PMID
1082:ISSN
1038:PMID
1030:ISSN
986:PMID
951:PMID
914:ISBN
866:PMID
814:ISSN
782:PMID
738:PMID
720:ISSN
679:ISSN
614:PMID
554:ISBN
529:ISBN
1989:Red
1491:and
1263:ICD
1248:ICD
1117:doi
1074:doi
1020:doi
943:doi
910:331
856:doi
852:122
772:doi
768:122
728:PMC
710:doi
671:doi
667:111
604:PMC
575:at
399:or
260:or
176:PFB
137:ɑːr
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93:ˌ
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
