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The
Razakar militia brutally put down the armed revolts by Communist sympathizers and the peasantry and even eliminated Muslim activists such as journalist Shoebullah Khan who advocated merger with India. The Razakars terrorised the Hindu population and its sympathizers, causing many to flee to
302:
launched by India, dubbed a 'police action', the
Razakars formed the main resistance to the Indian Army. After they were defeated, the Nizam surrendered and agreed to disband the Razakars. Qasim Razvi was initially jailed and then allowed to move to Pakistan where he was granted asylum.
436:
On 22 September 1948, the Nizam withdrew his complaint from the UN Security
Council. The merger of Hyderabad into the Indian Union was announced. Major General Chaudhuri took over as military governor of Hyderabad and stayed in that position till the end of 1949. In January 1950,
370:
who claimed
Hyderabad was a Muslim state and that Muslim supremacy was based upon the right of conquest". The Razakars demanded special powers from the Nizam, which they started to misuse and the Nizam had to abide by their dictats. The Nizam sent a delegation to the
338:. When India became independent in 1947, like all the other Princely states, the Hyderabad State was also given the choice of either joining India or Pakistan. The Nizam wanted neither; he wanted to remain independent. The Nizam finally entered into a
359:(also known as MIM). The MIM became a powerful organization, with a principal focus of marginalizing the political aspirations of Hindus and progressive Muslims through its actions, including the insistence that Hyderabad be declared a Muslim state.
576:
421:, led by Major General J. N. Chaudhuri, entered the state from five directions. The Razakars fought briefly against the overwhelming attack by Indian forces before surrendering on 18 September 1948.
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The
Razakars were disbanded after the merger of Hyderabad with India and the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen was initially banned—though it was allowed to be rechartered as
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1102:
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Muralidharan, Sukumar (2014). "Alternate
Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India's Independence and Partition".
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630:, p. 220: "A little over 800 people died on both sides during the operation, with the Razakars suffering the majority of the casualties."
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under new leadership in 1957. Qasim Rizvi was jailed and remained in Indian prisons for almost a decade. After his release, he
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53:
137:
413:, the Indian Minister for Home Affairs, decided to undertake "police action" in Hyderabad State to force the Nizam's hand.
279:, it quickly began to draw Dalits and other Hyderabadi Hindus into its ranks, in addition to later collaborating with the
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801:"Razakar: The Silent Genocide Of Hyderabad Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |eTimes"
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899:"The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56"
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Hyderabad state had been steadily becoming more theocratic since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1926,
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441:, a senior civil servant was made the Chief Minister of the state and the Nizam was given the position of "
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263:
whose goals were to defend
Hyderabad in the face of an Indian invasion. Formed in 1938 by the MIM leader
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estimated that between 27,000 and 40,000 lost their lives in the violence that ensued the operation.
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in 1948. The organization has become a renewed topic of discussion in modern-day India due to a
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safety into the jungles, uninhabited mud forts, or neighboring Indian provinces. The
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From
Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948
493:, a 2024 Indian film was released in Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.
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1072:"This day, that year: How Hyderabad became a part of the union of India"
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During the period
November 1947–August 1948, when Hyderabad was under a
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730:
History and
Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times to 1991
679:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 75.
392:
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to disband the Razakars, which were all turned down. In the eventual
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267:, the organisation expanded considerably during the leadership of
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275:. Although primarily associated with the Muslim political party
362:
MIM "had its storm troopers in the Razakars who were headed by
294:
with India, the Indian government made repeated demands to the
25:
719:
Moraes, Frank, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mumbai: Jaico. 2007, p.390
195:, resisting the integration of Hyderabad State into India
861:
India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism
939:
October Coup, A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad
577:"Hyderabad's dark history: A tale of two massacres"
235:
221:
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199:
183:
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155:
147:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
963:. Wichita, Kansas: Hyderabad Historical Society.
640:Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder (2007)
628:Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder (2007)
537:Ghayur, Syed Inam ur Rahman (17 September 2019).
1083:Razakars - a "rope around the neck" of the Nizam
16:1940s Muslim anti-accession militia in Hyderabad
342:with India on 29 November 1947 to maintain the
732:, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 2012. p. 284
563:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration (2000)
983:The Story of Integration of the Indian States
903:The Indian Economic and Social History Review
853:"Border incidents, internal disorder and the
387:was banned and its leaders forced to flee to
8:
355:, a retired Hyderabad official, founded the
130:
859:, in Waltraud Ernst; Biswamoy Pati (eds.),
744:, The Hindu, 22 August 2008; Aniket Alam,
480:In 2015, the Indian Marathi-language film
129:
1118:Paramilitary organisations based in India
375:to refer the Hyderabad State case to the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
575:Sayeed, Vikhar Ahmed (2 November 2023).
529:
1123:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
880:Marathwada under the Nizams, 1724-1948
762:Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams 1987
746:A one-man crusade, it was and still is
708:Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams 1987
650:
648:
490:Razakar – Silent Genocide of Hyderabad
1128:Military wings of nationalist parties
883:, Mittal Publications, pp. 73–,
857:s claim for an independent Hyderabad"
656:"Hate speech not new for Owaisi clan"
7:
1103:Military history of Hyderabad, India
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1098:Military history of Hyderabad State
1013:History and Sociology of South Asia
774:Thomson, Mike (24 September 2013).
601:Joshi, Shashi (31 December 2005).
277:Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM)
14:
993:Muslim Belonging in Secular India
450:Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report
273:India's annexation of the country
334:was a kingdom that was ruled by
285:historical film released in 2024
193:Sir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII
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30:
863:, Routledge, pp. 212–224,
399:Annexation after Operation Polo
41:needs additional citations for
1113:Government paramilitary forces
996:, Cambridge University Press,
607:. Roli Books Private Limited.
405:Indian annexation of Hyderabad
326:Razakars during Operation Polo
1:
831:Benichou, Lucien D. (2000) ,
676:War and peace in modern India
357:Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen
1046:The Destruction of Hyderabad
240:Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
990:Sherman, Taylor C. (2015),
897:Sherman, Taylor C. (2007),
539:"Truth behind the Razakars"
142:Razakar units being trained
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915:10.1177/001946460704400404
851:Kamat, Manjiri N. (2007),
673:Srinath, Raghavan (2010).
402:
18:
961:Hyderabad, after the fall
776:"India's hidden massacre"
135:
65:"Razakars" Hyderabad
1026:10.1177/2230807514524091
937:Hyder, Mohammed (2012).
508:Razakars (East Pakistan)
411:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
385:Hyderabad State Congress
318:, the leader of Razakars
19:Not to be confused with
543:www.deccanchronicle.com
366:, a Muslim educated at
513:Hyderabad State Forces
327:
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503:Muslim National Guard
462:All India MIM (AIMIM)
417:was launched and the
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1078:. 16 September 2018.
877:Kate, P. V. (1987),
837:, Orient Blackswan,
742:Remembering a legend
340:standstill agreement
292:Standstill Agreement
50:improve this article
377:UN Security Council
132:
21:Razakars (Pakistan)
1048:. Hurst & Co.
806:The Times of India
662:. 10 January 2013.
660:The Times of India
429:of the Nizam, and
368:Aligarh University
328:
320:
296:Nizam of Hyderabad
1055:978-1-84904-439-4
1003:978-1-107-09507-6
890:978-81-7099-017-8
870:978-1-134-11988-2
844:978-81-250-1847-6
752:, 6 January 2003.
614:978-93-5194-080-7
445:" or "Governor".
353:Mahmud Nawaz Khan
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979:Menon, V. P.
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810:. Retrieved
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783:. Retrieved
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423:Mir Laik Ali
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236:Affiliations
200:Headquarters
178:Paramilitary
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1108:Monarchists
1076:News Minute
812:29 February
728:Rao, P.R.,
518:Kasim Razvi
456:Disbandment
443:Raj Pramukh
431:Kasim Razvi
419:Indian Army
364:Kasim Razvi
316:Qasim Razvi
269:Qasim Razvi
230:Qasim Razvi
1092:Categories
970:093081102X
524:References
345:status quo
281:communists
255:force and
76:newspapers
1034:153722788
923:145000228
750:The Hindu
695:664322508
581:Frontline
466:emigrated
409:Finally,
336:the Nizam
257:homeguard
204:Hyderabad
166:Dissolved
148:Formation
1044:(2014).
981:(1956).
959:(1988).
497:See also
483:Razzakar
470:Pakistan
389:Bezawada
249:Razakars
131:Razakars
307:History
251:were a
184:Purpose
156:Founder
90:scholar
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586:4 July
548:4 July
425:, the
393:Bombay
222:Leader
92:
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1030:S2CID
919:S2CID
189:Nizam
97:JSTOR
83:books
1050:ISBN
998:ISBN
965:ISBN
943:ISBN
885:ISBN
865:ISBN
839:ISBN
814:2024
787:2013
691:OCLC
681:ISBN
609:ISBN
588:2024
550:2024
448:The
330:The
247:The
174:Type
169:1948
151:1938
69:news
1022:doi
911:doi
780:BBC
468:to
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