1657:, and Honda); Yazaki (aka pin-and-sleeve, on the RAV4 EV); and ODU (used by DaimlerChrysler). The Avcon butt-and-pin connector supported Level 2 and Level 3 (DC) charging and was described in the appendix of the first version (1996) of the SAE J1772 recommended practice; the 2001 version moved the connector description into the body of the practice, making it the de facto standard for the United States. IWC recommended the Avcon butt connector for North America, based on environmental and durability testing. As implemented, the Avcon connector used four contacts for Level 2 (L1, L2, Pilot, Ground) and added five more (three for serial communications, and two for DC power) for Level 3 (L1, L2, Pilot, Com1, Com2, Ground, Clean Data ground, DC+, DC−). By 2009, J1772 had instead adopted the round pin-and-sleeve (Yazaki) connector as its standard implementation, and the rectangular Avcon butt connector was rendered obsolete.
276:
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1179:
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electrical outlets may not be suitable for PEV charging. Residential outlets can be part of a circuit used to power multiple lights and other electrical devices, and could become overloaded if used to charge a PEV. A dedicated circuit for PEV charging may need to be installed by a licensed electrician in these situations. Also, some commercial parking lot outlets operate in a load restricted or cycled manner and using them may result in your PEV receiving a lower charge than expected or no charge at all. If a parking stall is not specifically designated for PEV use, we recommend that you consult with the parking lot or building manager to ensure it can provide adequate power to your vehicle.
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68:
247:
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2330:
December 2021 the total number of public and private EV charging stations was over 57,000 in the United States and Canada combined. As of May 2023, there are over 3.9 million public EV charging points worldwide, with Europe having over 600,000, China leading with over 2.7 million. United States has over 138,100 charging outlets for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). In
January 2023, S&P Global Mobility estimated that the US has about 126,500 Level 2 and 20,431 Level 3 charging stations, plus another 16,822 Tesla Superchargers and Tesla destination chargers.
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2960:
88:
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2181:
2373:
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59:
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1391:
1343:
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1599:
79:
1645:, but backwards compatible with large-paddle vehicles through an adapter). The larger paddle (introduced in 1994) was required to accommodate a liquid-cooled vehicle inlet charge port; the smaller paddle (introduced in 2000) interfaced with an air-cooled inlet instead. SAE J1773, which described the technical requirements for inductive paddle coupling, was first issued in January 1995, with another revision issued in November 1999.
1542:(PLC). Two connectors are added at the bottom of Type 1 or Type 2 vehicle inlets and charging plugs to supply DC current. These are commonly known as Combo 1 or Combo 2 connectors. The choice of style inlets is normally standardized on a per-country basis so that public chargers do not need to fit cables with both variants. Generally, North America uses Combo 1 style vehicle inlets, while most of the rest of the world uses Combo 2.
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1669:
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1368:
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2249:
1443:
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1417:
1471:
2692:
1057:, which variously use NACS and CCS charging connectors. Depending on the Supercharger version, power is supplied at 72, 150, or 250 kW, the first corresponding to DC Level 1 and the second and third corresponding to DC Level 2 of SAE J1772. As of Q4 2021, Tesla reported 3,476 supercharging locations worldwide and 31,498 supercharging chargers (about 9 chargers per location on average).
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1330:
311:(NEC) of 1999. NEC-1999 also defined the term "electric vehicle supply equipment" as the entire unit "installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle", including "conductors ... electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets, or apparatuses".
2889:
2752:. The power was purchased from Hartford Electric in the form of an exchangeable battery. Both vehicles and batteries were designed to facilitate a fast exchange. The owner paid a variable per-mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover truck maintenance and storage. These vehicles covered more than 6 million miles.
464:
and connector. A 40 A breaker (125% of continuous maximum supply current) was required to protect the branch circuit. For convenience and speedier charging, many early EVs preferred that owners and operators install Level 2 charging equipment, which was connected to the EV either through an inductive paddle (
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Public charge stations may charge a fee or offer free service based on government or corporate promotions. Charge rates vary from residential rates for electricity to many times higher. The premium is usually for the convenience of faster charging. Vehicles can typically be charged without the owner
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at June 2013 prices. The vehicle purchase included one battery pack. After a swap, the owner could later return and receive their battery pack fully charged. A second option would be to keep the swapped battery and receive/pay the difference in value between the original and the replacement. Pricing
2483:
signed several projects with companies like Allego, Greenway, BeCharge and Enel X. The EIB loans will support the deployment of the charging station infrastructure with a total of €200 million. The UK government declared that it will ban the selling of new petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035 for
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Batteries are charged with DC power. To charge from the AC power supplied by the electrical grid, EVs have a small AC-to-DC converter built into the vehicle. The charging cable supplies AC power directly from the grid, and the vehicle converts this power to DC internally and charges its battery. The
1701:
Charging time depends on the battery's capacity, power density, and charging power. The larger the capacity, the more charge the battery can hold (analogous to the size of a fuel tank). Higher power density allows the battery to accept more charge per unit time (the size of the tank opening). Higher
463:
Level 2 charging equipment (as defined in the handbook) was permanently wired and fastened at a fixed location under NEC-1999. It also required grounding and ground-fault protection; in addition, it required an interlock to prevent vehicle startup during charging and a safety breakaway for the cable
6282:
needs to be done to make a charging network or just individual charging stations adequate for EV drivers ... plenty of complaints about such inaccessible charging stations ... it can take what seems like ages to actually find the station because of how invisible it is ... some charging stations are
3084:
Tesla's
Superchargers and Destination Chargers are mostly powered by solar energy. Tesla's Superchargers have solar canopies with solar panels that generate energy to offset electricity use. Some Destination Chargers have solar panels mounted on canopies or nearby rooftops to generate energy. As of
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has invested over $ 5 million to develop over 50 solar-powered electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in rural
California, including areas like Fresno County. These resilient Level 2 (L2) stations aren't tied to the electrical grid, and they provide drivers in rural areas access to EV charging via
3071:
Electric vehicles (EVs) can be powered by renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal, biogas, and some low-impact hydroelectric sources. Renewable energy sources are generally less expensive, cleaner, and more sustainable than non-renewable sources like coal, natural gas, and
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adopted the conductive connector as its standard on 28 June 2001, based on lower costs and durability, and the Magne Charge paddle was discontinued by the following March. Three conductive connectors existed at the time, named according to their manufacturers: Avcon (aka butt-and-pin, used by Ford,
5295:
Manitobans' experience with cold weather and plugging in their vehicles will help ease the transition to adopting PEVs. In some circumstances, the existing infrastructure used to power vehicle block heaters in the winter can also be used to provide limited charging for PEVs. However, some existing
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Private locations include residences, workplaces, and hotels. Residences are by far the most common charging location. Residential charging stations typically lack user authentication and separate metering, and may require a dedicated circuit. Many vehicles being charged at residences simply use a
2717:
or through a cord and plug connected to a 240-volt receptacle. A popular choice for the latter is the NEMA 14-50 receptacle. This type of outlet provides 240 volts and, when wired to a 50-amp circuit, can support charging at 40 amps according to North
American electrical code. This translates to a
1819:
kW) is necessary. This requires a much larger AC-to-DC converter which is not practical to integrate into the vehicle. Instead, the AC-to-DC conversion is performed by the charging station, and DC power is supplied to the vehicle directly, bypassing the built-in converter. This is known as DC fast
647:
Commonly, though incorrectly, called "Level 3" charging based on the older NEC-1999 definition, DC charging is categorized separately in the SAE standard. In DC fast-charging, grid AC power is passed through an AC-to-DC converter in the station before reaching the vehicle's battery, bypassing any
233:
commonly known as the "onboard charger" (OBC). At an AC charging station, AC power from the grid is supplied to this onboard charger, which converts it into DC power to recharge the battery. DC chargers provide higher power charging (which requires much larger AC-to-DC converters) by building the
2329:
As of
December 2012, around 50,000 non-residential charging points were deployed in the U.S., Europe, Japan and China. As of August 2014, some 3,869 CHAdeMO quick chargers were deployed, with 1,978 in Japan, 1,181 in Europe and 686 in the United States, and 24 in other countries. As of
2584:
announced a plan for a standardized nationwide network of 500,000 electric vehicle charging stations by 2030 that will be agnostic to EV brands, charging companies, or location, in the United States. The US will provide US$ 5 billion between 2022 and 2026 to states through the
National Electric
2325:
Charging stations are offered by public authorities, commercial enterprises, and some major employers to address a range of barriers. Options include simple charging posts for roadside use, charging cabinets for covered parking places, and fully automated charging stations integrated with power
2314:
Longer drives require a network of public charging stations. In addition, they are essential for vehicles that lack access to a home charging station, as is common in multi-family housing. Costs vary greatly by country, power supplier, and power source. Some services charge by the minute, while
3016:
scenarios allow the vehicle battery to supply the grid during periods of peak demand. This requires communication between the grid, charging station, and vehicle. SAE International is developing related standards. These include SAE J2847/1. ISO and IEC are developing similar standards known as
3011:
is a power grid that can adapt to changing conditions by limiting service or adjusting prices. Some charging stations can communicate with the grid and activate charging when conditions are optimal, such as when prices are relatively low. Some vehicles allow the operator to control recharging.
2709:
To address the need for faster charging, Level 2 charging stations have become more prevalent. These stations operate at 240 volts and can significantly increase the charging speed, delivering up to 30+ miles of range per hour. Level 2 chargers offer a more practical solution for EV owners,
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As of
November 2012, about 15,000 charging stations had been installed in Europe. As of March 2013, Norway had 4,029 charging points and 127 DC fast-charging stations. As part of its commitment to environmental sustainability, the Dutch government initiated a plan to establish over 200 fast
1109:(NREL) in September 2020. Thirteen manufacturers participated in the test, which checked the coupling and thermal performance of seven vehicle inlets and eleven charger connectors. The final connector requirements and specification was adopted in December 2021 as MCS connector version 3.2.
2919:
Public stations have been sited along highways, in shopping centers, hotels, government facilities and at workplaces. Some gas stations offer EV charging stations. Some charging stations have been criticized as inaccessible, hard to find, out of order, and slow, thus slowing EV adoption.
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266:
Multiple standards have been established for charging technology to enable interoperability across vendors. Standards are available for nomenclature, power, and connectors. Tesla developed proprietary technology in these areas and began building its charging networking in 2012.
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As of
December 2012, Japan had 1,381 public DC fast-charging stations, the largest deployment of fast chargers in the world, but only around 300 AC chargers. As of December 2012, China had around 800 public slow charging points, and no fast charging stations.
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for use in the company's vehicles. It remained a proprietary standard until 2022 when its specifications were published by Tesla. The connector is physically smaller than the J1172/CCS connector, and uses the same pins for both AC and DC charging functionality.
3164:
This allows greater vehicle autonomy and reduces the size of the battery compartment. The technology is planned to be implemented along 3,000 km of
Swedish roads. Sweden's first electrified stretch of road, and the world's first permanent one, connects the
6522:
2510:
As of August 2018, 800,000 electric vehicles and 18,000 charging stations operated in the United States, up from 5,678 public charging stations and 16,256 public charging points in 2013. By July 2020, Tesla had installed 1,971 stations (17,467 plugs).
234:
converter into the charging station instead of the vehicle to avoid size and weight restrictions. The station then directly supplies DC power to the vehicle, bypassing the onboard converter. Most modern electric car models can accept both AC and DC power.
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2228:
Sensor wires react more quickly, have fewer parts to fail, and are possibly less expensive to design and implement. Current sensors however can use standard connectors and can allow suppliers to monitor or charge for the electricity actually consumed.
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opened the "Electric Island", the first heavy-duty vehicle charging station, across the street from its headquarters in
Portland, Oregon. The station is capable of charging eight vehicles simultaneously, and the charging bays are sized to accommodate
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to convert the input AC power to DC, which was then supplied to the vehicle. At the time it was written, the 1999 NEC handbook anticipated that Level 3 charging equipment would require utilities to upgrade their distribution systems and transformers.
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renewable resources. Electrify America’s Solar Glow 1 project, a 75-megawatt solar power initiative in San Bernardino County, is expected to generate 225,000 megawatt-hours of clean electricity annually, enough to power over 20,000 homes.
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Charging stations are powered by whatever the power grid runs on, which might include oil, coal, and natural gas. However, many companies have been making advancements towards clean energy for their charging stations. As of November 2023,
5019:
1503:
In India, "low-power" vehicles with traction battery voltages less than 100 V DC use the Bharat EV Charger standards. For AC charging (230 V, 15 A / 10 kW maximum), the Bharat EV Charger AC-001 standard endorses the
2544:
are popular among consumers. Electrify America currently has 15 agreements with various automakers for their electric vehicles to use its network of chargers or provide discounted charging rates or complimentary charging, including
2478:
Compared to other markets, such as China, the European electric car market has developed slowly. This, together with the lack of charging stations, has reduced the number of electric models available in Europe. In 2018 and 2019 the
2677:, Legrand, Scame, Nexans, etc.) claimed that the system was safer because they use shutters. Prior consensus was that the IEC 62196 and IEC 61851-1 standards have already established safety by making parts non-live when touchable.
2384:
257:
Public charging stations are typically found street-side or at retail shopping centers, government facilities, and other parking areas. Private charging stations are usually found at residences, workplaces, and hotels.
2475:, aiming to provide at least one station every 50 km (31 mi) for the Netherlands' 16 million residents. In addition to that, the E-laad foundation installed about 3000 public (slow) charge points since 2009.
589:, initially developed in 2001. SAE J1772 defines four levels of charging, two levels each for AC and DC supplies; the differences between levels are based upon the power distribution type, standards and maximum power.
1683:
237:
Charging stations provide connectors that conform to a variety of international standards. DC charging stations are commonly equipped with multiple connectors to charge various vehicles that use competing standards.
1129:
MW chargers once they are available. A startup company, WattEV, announced plans in May 2021 to build a 40-stall truck stop/charging station in Bakersfield, California. At full capacity, it would provide a combined
1089:
megawatts (MW). The proposal calls for MCS charge ports to be compatible with existing CCS and HPC chargers. The task force released aggregated requirements in February 2019, which called for maximum limits of
1585:. Both systems charge to 80% in approximately 20 minutes, but the two systems are incompatible. Richard Martin, editorial director for clean technology marketing and consultant firm Navigant Research, stated:
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440:
with members drawn from automotive manufacturers and the electric utilities to define standards in the United States; early work by the IWC led to the definition of three levels of charging in the 1999
6626:
5617:
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Beginning in 1917, a similar service operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Electric cars. 91 years later, a rapid battery replacement system was implemented to service 50 electric buses at the
2522:
prevent large current draws for other uses, they can be used to recharge electric vehicles, albeit slowly. In public lots, some such outlets are turned on only when the temperature falls below −20
1508:
three-pin connector. For DC charging (48–72+ V, 200 A / 15 kW maximum), the corresponding Bharat EV Charger DC-001 standard endorses the same connector used in China (GB/T 20234.3).
5023:
2438:
2979:
Mobile charging involves another vehicle that brings the charge station to the electric vehicle; the power is supplied via a fuel generator (typically gasoline or diesel), or a large battery.
6385:
6547:
2199:
Charging stations are usually accessible to multiple electric vehicles and are equipped with current or connection sensing mechanisms to disconnect the power when the EV is not charging.
294:
Plug: the end of the flexible cable that interfaces with the socket outlet on the EVSE. The socket outlet and plug are not used in North America because the cable is permanently attached.
5530:
2732:
A battery swapping (or switching) station allow vehicles to exchange a discharged battery pack for a charged one, eliminating the charge interval. Battery swapping is common in electric
1522:
For high-power vehicles, India has largely adopted global standards: IEC 62196 Type 2 connector for AC charging (≥22 kW) and CHAdeMO and CCS Combo 2 for DC charging (≥50 kW).
87:
456:
was required within 12 in (30 cm) of the plug. The supply circuit required protection at 125% of the maximum rated current; for example, charging equipment rated at 16
5325:
The plug-ins located in the Park and Ride lots automatically turn on when the outside temperature falls below −20 degrees and turn off and on in increments to save electricity usage.
2318:
Charging stations may not need much new infrastructure in developed countries, less than delivering a new fuel over a new network. The stations can leverage the existing ubiquitous
1725:
3891:
1630:
preferred the use of Level 2 (single-phase AC) EVSE, as defined under NEC-1999, to maintain acceptable charging speed. These EVSEs were fitted with either an inductive connector (
1065:
An extension to the CCS DC fast-charging standard for electric cars and light trucks is under development, which will provide higher power charging for large commercial vehicles (
4562:
6348:
2748:, through the GeVeCo battery service, serving electric trucks. The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle, without a battery, from General Vehicle Company (GeVeCo), part-owned by
67:
2366:
with nationwide coverage, with 165 fast chargers available along highways at a maximum distance of between 40–60 km (25–37 mi), and a higher density in urban areas.
1641:
Magne Charge paddles were available in two different sizes: an older, larger paddle (used for the EV1 and S-10 EV) and a newer, smaller paddle (used for the first-generation
1073:(CharIN) task force was formed in March 2018, the new standard being developed was originally called High Power Charging (HPC) for Commercial Vehicles (HPCCV), later renamed
2180:
4010:
6655:
4948:
3327:
2529:
As of late 2023, a limited number of Tesla Superchargers are starting to open to non-Tesla vehicles through the use of a built in CCS adapter for existing superchargers.
1702:
charging power supplies more energy per unit time (analogous to a pump's flow rate). An important downside of charging at fast speeds is that it also adds stress to the
1589:
The broader conflict between the CHAdeMO and SAE Combo connectors, we see that as a hindrance to the market over the next several years that needs to be worked out.
4463:
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plans to establish charging infrastructure between Los Angeles, California and Las Vegas, Nevada. However, by December 2023, no charging stations had been built.
5931:
4680:
1825:
284:
6087:
5220:
The AFDC counts electric charging units or points, or EVSE, as one for each outlet available, and does not include residential electric charging infrastructure
2168:
58:
5621:
6716:
2492:
As of October 2023, there are 69,222 charging stations, including the Level 1, Level 2 and DC fast charging stations, across the United States and Canada.
585:) defines the general physical, electrical, communication, and performance requirements for EV charging systems used in North America, as part of standard
2658:
Electric car manufacturers, charging infrastructure providers, and regional governments have entered into agreements and ventures to promote and provide
6523:"FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Standards and Major Progress for a Made-in-America National Network of Electric Vehicle Chargers"
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others charge by the amount of energy received (measured in kilowatt-hours). In the United States, some states have banned the use of charging by kWh.
6673:
3409:
2670:
1802:
kWh, with the latter lasting for about 480 km (300 mi). Current plug-in hybrid vehicles typically have an electric range of 15 to 60 miles.
706:
6378:"These floating charging points will let ships draw electricity from offshore wind farms – and could recharge battery-powered vessels of the future"
6377:
5412:
5176:
5150:
3915:
3801:
3088:
1178:
307:
The terms "electric vehicle connector" and "electric vehicle inlet" were previously defined in the same way under Article 625 of the United States
5046:
2372:
6573:
6551:
4730:
448:
Under the 1999 NEC, Level 1 charging equipment (as defined in the NEC handbook but not in the code) was connected to the grid through a standard
6283:
down 50% of the time ... Unless you're willing to increase your travel time by ≈50%, charging at 50 kW on a road trip doesn't really cut it ...
5534:
2585:
Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program to build charging stations along major highways and corridors. One such proposed corridor called
6213:
3987:
2702:
Over 80% of electric vehicle charging is done at home, usually in a garage. In North America, Level 1 charging is connected to a standard 120
2411:
5984:
4896:
6413:
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and operated for a short period of time. However customers vastly preferred using the Superchargers, so the swapping program was shut down.
5852:
4718:. Data from the February, April, June, and August 2003 surveys have been combined. Data cover activities for the month prior to the survey.
3966:"SAE J3271 Megawatt Charging System standard; part of MW+ multiport electric vehicle charging for everything that 'rolls, flies or floats'"
3750:
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1106:
1668:
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78:
5751:
5363:
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kW, sufficient for overnight charging. This is known as "AC charging". To facilitate rapid recharging of EVs, much higher power (50–100+
6010:
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2644:, reported that it will install 220 fast-load stations for electric vehicles in 110 of its service stations in the national territory.
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6600:
6496:
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6240:
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2023, Tesla's global network was 100% renewable, achieved through a combination of onsite resources and annual renewable matching.
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920:
The connection between the electric grid and "charger" (electric vehicle supply equipment) is defined by three cases (IEC 61851-1):
437:
31:
5233:
5071:
4243:
4225:
5895:
5766:
2514:
Colder areas in northern US states and Canada have some infrastructure for public power receptacles provided primarily for use by
2426:
1638:). Proponents of the inductive system were GM, Nissan, and Toyota; DaimlerChrysler, Ford, and Honda backed the conductive system.
7001:
6941:
3447:
2504:
1195:
953:
937:
an on-board vehicle charger with a mains supply cable that can be detached from both the supply and the vehicle – usually mode 3.
453:
6062:
4317:
4092:
6709:
4123:
3317:
3228:
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2744:
The concept of an exchangeable battery service was proposed as early as 1896. It was first offered between 1910 and 1924, by
2586:
1710:
1649:
5958:
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considered battery switch approaches. One complicating factor was that the approach requires vehicle design modifications.
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network. In 2013, Tesla announced it would also support battery pack swaps. A demonstration swapping station was built at
2237:
Further information on the coordinated development of charging stations in a region by a company or local government:
199:
4445:
5599:
3988:"Daimler Trucks North America, Portland General Electric open first-of-its-kind heavy-duty electric truck charging site"
1117:
6399:
3851:
3318:"Tesla Motors Launches Revolutionary Supercharger Enabling Convenient Long Distance Driving | Tesla Investor Relations"
3118:
introduced the world's first wind-powered electric vehicle charging station, the Sanya SkyPump. The design features a 4
1614:
kW AC charging stations (left: inductive Magne-charge gen2 SPI ("small paddle"), right: conductive EVII ICS-200 AVCON).
246:
5935:
2770:
2597:
364:
6118:
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have all committed to equipping their North American vehicles with NACS connectors in the future. Automotive startup
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DC dedicated charging station. The mains supply cable may be permanently attached to the charge station as in mode 4.
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7035:
6702:
6470:
4379:
3672:
3188:
1689:
1531:
Although GB/T 20234.2 is physically capable of supporting three-phase power, the standard does not include its use.
418:
291:
Socket outlet: the port on the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) that supplies charging power to the vehicle
218:
6188:
5435:
3965:
1775:
The usable battery capacity of a first-generation electric vehicle, such as the original Nissan Leaf, was about 20
3724:
3218:
1760:
1113:
6784:
4464:"California moves to accelerate to 100% new zero-emission vehicle sales by 2035 California Air Resources Board"
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in March 2011. The exchange process took five minutes. Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013.
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6920:
6820:
6810:
3350:"ACEA position and recommendations for the standardization of the charging of electrically chargeable vehicles"
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3208:
3203:
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2500:
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The effective charging power can be lower than the maximum charging power due to limitations of the battery or
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1422:
1285:
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1218:
1074:
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308:
275:
187:
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3698:"Ford, Toyota, Hyundai, and more – here's the full list of car companies adopting Tesla's charging technology"
3594:
1750:{\displaystyle {\text{Charging Time (h)}}={\frac {\text{Battery capacity (kWh)}}{\text{Charging power (kW)}}}}
6805:
5386:"Bipartisan Infrastructure Law – National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program Fact Sheet"
3775:
2577:, and more. Prices are generally based on local rates and other networks may accept cash or a credit card.
890:: slow or fast AC charging using a specific EV multi-pin socket with control and protection functions (i.e.
6296:
4357:
4270:
3398:
2342:
As of September 2013, the largest public charging networks in Australia were in the capital cities of
1429:
6961:
6910:
5531:"MENNEKES – Plugs for the world: The solution for Europe: type 2 charging sockets with or without shutter"
4360:(Press release). Society of Automotive Engineers, Electric Vehicle Charging Systems Committee. 27 May 1998
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2835:
2762:
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1461:
1376:
1245:
442:
203:
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5504:
5413:"Greenlane Announces 280-mile Corridor of Commercial EV Charging Stations from Los Angeles to Las Vegas"
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4397:
3030:
2986:, will give ships access to renewable energy while at sea. Connecting ships to electricity generated by
2558:
2301:
2289:
1992:
Common maximum limit of public AC charging stations used in North America, such as a ChargePoint CT4000
1763:, charging losses (which can be as high as 25%), and vary over time due to charging limits applied by a
1714:
1654:
1582:
1007:
104:
4636:
4358:"SAE Committee Selects Conductive Technology for Use As a Universal Electric Vehicle Charging Standard"
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mats that charge without a wired connection and can be embedded in parking stalls or even on roadways.
5574:
4738:
3645:
3107:
The E-Move Charging Station is equipped with eight monocrystalline solar panels, which can supply 1.76
2209:
monitor power consumed, and maintain the connection only while demand is within a predetermined range.
4488:
3751:"Lucid Motors joins the 'in crowd,' will adopt NACS and offer access to Tesla's Supercharger network"
3158:
2839:
2756:
2187:
1693:
1066:
6321:
4949:"Estonia becomes the first in the world to open a nationwide electric vehicle fast-charging network"
4148:
3826:
880:: slow charging from a regular AC socket but with some EV-specific protection arrangement (i.e. the
436:
The National Electric Transportation Infrastructure Working Council (IWC) was formed in 1991 by the
6764:
6266:
3101:
2987:
2982:
An offshore electricity recharging system named Stillstrom, to be launched by Danish shipping firm
2570:
1618:
In the United States, many of the EVs first marketed in the late 1990s and early 2000s such as the
210:
118:
4765:
International Energy Agency; Clean Energy Ministerial; Electric Vehicles Initiative (April 2013).
4613:
3873:
3520:
6851:
6656:"Sweden is building the world's first permanent electrified road for EVs to charge while driving"
6420:
4420:
4074:
3213:
3138:
3115:
2973:
2857:
2781:
2714:
2674:
2554:
2152:
1570:
1054:
967:
931:(the mains supply cable is usually attached to the charger) usually associated with modes 1 or 2.
597:
AC charging stations connect the vehicle's onboard charging circuitry directly to the AC supply.
230:
5678:
5453:
5312:
4200:"Charger standards fight confuses electric vehicle buyers, puts car company investments at risk"
2916:
cable that plugs into a standard household electrical outlet. These cables may be wall mounted.
6035:
5047:"Every Dutch citizen will live within 31 miles of an electric vehicle charging station by 2015"
3573:"IEC 61851-1: 2017 Electrical vehicle conductive charging system, Part 1: General requirements"
3471:
2718:
power supply of up to 9.6 kilowatts, offering a faster and more efficient charging experience.
2613:
6825:
6790:
6739:
5682:
4066:
4011:"This electric truck stop won't offer gas or diesel—just 25 MW of solar-supplemented charging"
3157:, a plate has been placed under the asphalt that interfaces with electric cars, recharging an
3077:
2950:
2904:
can enter conveniently, charging stations can theoretically be placed anywhere with access to
2533:
1764:
1703:
1627:
1268:
928:
582:
222:
175:
6629:[Goodbye columns, here is the first highway that recharges electric cars on the go].
6162:
5280:
6889:
6884:
6754:
6725:
4997:
4056:
4048:
3243:
2880:
had built more than 900 battery swap stations across China and Europe, up from 131 in 2020.
2749:
2727:
2666:
1598:
1395:
1372:
1347:
1252:
1214:
1199:
1122:
881:
686:
179:
97:
4773:
1390:
1342:
6856:
5910:
5881:
5644:
3546:
3253:
3198:
3193:
3126:
3013:
2897:
2810:
2686:
2519:
2362:
As of December 2013, Estonia was the only country that had completed the deployment of an
2319:
1045:(EU) requirements on recharging points, Tesla vehicles sold in the EU are equipped with a
108:
38:
6446:"J2931/1B (WIP) Digital Communications for Plug-in Electric Vehicles – SAE International"
5706:
5703:"BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games – Alternative Fuel Vehicles"
2873:
was not announced. In 2015 the company abandoned the idea for lack of customer interest.
1824:
Charging time for 100 km (62 miles) of range on a 2020 Tesla Model S Long Range per
6627:"Addio colonnine, ecco la prima autostrada che ricarica le auto elettriche in movimento"
5202:
5125:
4335:
4247:
4229:
3620:
3054:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2713:
Charging stations can be installed using two main methods: hardwired connections to the
2507:
connectors, according to the U.S. Department of Energy's Alternative Fuels Data Center.
2262:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6815:
6774:
5821:
5671:
3293:
3288:
3093:
2905:
2842:
was the first car enabled to adopt the approach and was offered in Israel and Denmark.
2822:
2733:
2464:
2399:
2391:
2206:
1642:
1623:
1566:
1233:
Type 1: single-phase AC vehicle coupler – SAE J1772/2009 automotive plug specifications
1134:
MW of charging power, partially drawn from an on-site solar array and battery storage.
1042:
971:
297:
Cable: a flexible bundle of conductors that connects the EVSE with the electric vehicle
214:
191:
115:
6297:"Is it Time to Add Electric Vehicle Charging Stations to Your Retail Shopping Center?"
4588:
4320:. GM Advanced Technology Vehicles – Torrance Operations. 15 March 2002. Archived from
3454:
7029:
6749:
5752:"Mitsubishi working on battery swapping for transit buses, Better Place not involved"
4321:
4100:
4078:
3916:"The CharIN path to Megawatt Charging (MCS): Successful connector test event at NREL"
3248:
1787:
1779:
1027:
987:
122:
5100:
4037:"An Extendable Quadratic Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for V2G and G2V Applications"
3494:"SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler"
3453:. State of Massachusetts, Division of Energy Resources. January 2000. Archived from
3349:
2354:
kW AC) established in both cities – smaller networks exist in other capital cities.
1786:
was the first company to introduce longer-range vehicles, initially releasing their
6759:
6744:
4845:
3493:
3373:
3322:
3283:
2846:
2785:
2605:
2566:
2515:
2453:
1865:
1631:
1251:
Type 3: single- and three-phase AC vehicle coupler equipped with safety shutters –
1030:
has also adopted the connector standard in its vehicles. Other automakers, such as
1023:
465:
195:
172:
140:
6349:"There are now more places to charge your electric vehicle in Maryland – for free"
2467:) charging stations across the country by 2015. The rollout will be undertaken by
17:
6548:"Eco Tech: E-Move Charging Station fuels just about everything with solar energy"
6445:
5364:"Biden announces standards to make electric vehicle charging stations accessible"
2924:
present, allowing the owner to partake in other activities. Sites include malls,
3892:
CharIN High Power Commercial Vehicle Charging Task Force Aggregated Requirements
3097:
2777:
2691:
2541:
1998:
1783:
1603:
1442:
1003:
999:
959:
871:
638:
kW). It provides a significant charging speed increase over AC Level 1 charging.
314:
229:
as alternating current. For this reason, most electric vehicles have a built-in
129:
45:
6574:"Sanya Skypump: World's first wind-fueled EV charging station – Digital Trends"
4767:"Global EV Outlook 2013 – Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020"
4654:
4036:
2860:. Tesla showed that a battery swap with the Model S took just over 90 seconds.
2532:
Other charging networks are available for all electric vehicles. Networks like
1470:
300:
Connector: the end of the flexible cable that interfaces with the vehicle inlet
5767:"Tesla shows off its battery-swapping station: 90 seconds and less than $ 100"
5337:
4655:"Plug-In 2008: Company News: GM/ V2Green/ Coulomb/ Google/ HEVT/ PlugInSupply"
4296:"ARB Amends ZEV Rule: Standardizes Chargers & Addresses Automaker Mergers"
3183:
3150:
3008:
2901:
2806:
Switch company subsidies could reduce prices without involving vehicle owners.
2574:
1900:
This is the maximum continuous power available from a standard US/Canadian 120
1574:
1554:
1354:
1329:
1035:
1031:
250:
226:
133:
4070:
4052:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6879:
5436:"Congress provided $ 7.5B for electric vehicle chargers. Built so far: Zero"
4637:"30 states allow kWh pricing, but non-Tesla EV drivers mostly miss benefits"
3776:"Is Aptera Using Tesla's Charging Tech: 1,000-Mile, Supercharge-Capable EV?"
3572:
3273:
3268:
3223:
3166:
3146:
3018:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2861:
2766:
2641:
2581:
2347:
2221:
2217:
1562:
1505:
1455:
1399:
1367:
1360:
1335:
1296:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1210:
1191:
909:
895:
891:
860:
710:
694:
690:
682:
586:
476:
303:
Vehicle inlet: the port on the electric vehicle that receives charging power
5022:[Charge Points in Norway] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Archived from
4897:"Setting the standard: Australia must choose an electric car charging norm"
4199:
3673:"Tesla officially makes its charging standard available to other companies"
3355:. ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2 March 2011.
3170:
1811:
built-in converters on most EVs typically support charging speeds up to 6–7
143:
recharging at public charging stations in San Francisco, California (2009).
5792:"Tesla shuts down battery swap program in favor of Superchargers, for now"
2495:
As of October 2023, in the U.S. and Canada, there are 6,502 stations with
1416:
460:("amps" or "A") continuous current required a breaker sized to 20 A.
3238:
3154:
2877:
2838:
network was the first modern attempt at the battery switching model. The
2827:
2403:
2213:
1717:, and further specified that the vehicle should allow for fast-charging.
983:
4819:
4383:
3725:"Subaru is adopting Tesla's EV charging port as holdout numbers dwindle"
3129:
introduced the world's first direct from tidal power EV charge station.
2803:
Automation: The driver can stay in the car while the battery is swapped.
6905:
4061:
2909:
2850:
2845:
Better Place launched its first battery-swapping station in Israel, in
2695:
2496:
2472:
2445:
1947:
1546:
1448:
1262:
1222:
913:
5177:"Utilities, states work together to expand EV charging infrastructure"
5072:"Ondersteuning laadinfrastructuur elektrische auto's wordt voortgezet"
4714:
US Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,
2888:
2628:
have so far been able to install 80 electric car chargers nationwide.
6915:
5959:"Plug-and-Play Batteries: Trying Out a Quick-Swap Station for E.V.'s"
5258:
4923:"Infrastructure: Shortage of electric points puts the brake on sales"
3802:"Only 2 major car companies haven't joined Tesla's charging tech yet"
3142:
2983:
2706:
outlet and provides less than 5 miles of range per hour of charging.
2625:
2621:
2191:
1674:
1619:
1558:
1550:
1475:
1019:
1015:
991:
975:
457:
449:
6694:
6601:"World's first tidal energy powered EV charger launched in Shetland"
4731:"Electric vehicles – About electric vehicles – Charging – suppliers"
616:
kilowatts or "kW") depending on the capacity of a dedicated circuit.
125:
charging station and Pay as you go electric vehicle charging point.
3087:
2887:
2821:
2690:
2596:
2417:
2343:
1635:
1597:
995:
979:
469:
274:
245:
6214:"2021 U.S. Electric Vehicle Experience (EVX) Home Charging Study"
5508:
2710:
especially for those who have higher daily mileage requirements.
6497:"Solar-Powered EV Charging from Electrify America — New Project"
5985:"Israeli Venture Meant to Serve Electric Cars Is Ending Its Run"
3874:"CharIN Develops Super Powerful Charger With Over 2 MW Of Power"
2703:
2669:
is an association of 21 European manufacturers that proposed an
2546:
2537:
1832:
1229:-2 (for AC supplied power) and 62196-3 (for DC supplied power):
6698:
6419:. SAE International. January 2010. pp. 1–7. Archived from
6241:"Want electric vehicles to scale? Add chargers to gas stations"
5730:"REPORT: Tesla Model S was designed with battery swaps in mind"
5705:. Beijing Institute of Technology. 18 July 2008. Archived from
4336:"SAE J1772 Overview based on the OLD 2001 version of SAE J1772"
3852:"CharIN HPCCV Task Force: High Power Plug Update [PDF]"
6471:"Where Do Electric Car Charging Stations Get Their Power From"
5896:"Better Place's Renault Fluence EV to sell for under $ 20,000"
5618:"Industrial electrical vehicle stalwarts head out on the road"
3278:
3034:
2637:
2617:
2601:
2562:
2550:
2468:
2242:
1713:
specified a target minimum range of 150 miles to qualify as a
1578:
1105:
A connector design was selected in May 2019 and tested at the
1011:
221:
can only be charged by direct current electricity, while most
5822:"Better Place launches 1st Israeli battery-switching station"
5234:"US public charging stations increase by 9% in first quarter"
4772:. International Energy Agency. pp. 14–15. Archived from
4298:(Press release). California Air Resources Board. 28 June 2001
3827:"Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels"
2673:
norm and a European standard for sockets and plugs. Members (
2224:
schemes that require special (multi-pin) power plug fittings.
1782:(kWh), giving it a range of about 100 mi (160 km).
958:
The North American Charging Standard (NACS) was developed by
870:: slow charging from a regular electrical socket (single- or
713:
standard under IEC 62196-1 for international implementation.
6371:
6369:
6063:"Musk: Tesla "unlikely" to pursue battery swapping stations"
3990:(Press release). Daimler Trucks North America. 21 April 2021
3122:
kW vertical-axis wind turbine paired with a GE WattStation.
5415:(Press release). Daimler Truck North America. 27 March 2024
4446:"Who killed the electric grid? Fast-charging electric cars"
4174:"Committee Report on Standardization of Public EV Chargers"
2449:
1125:. In addition, the design is capable of accommodating >1
2928:, transit stations, and government offices. Typically, AC
2796:
The following benefits were claimed for battery swapping:
1077:(MCS). MCS is expected to operate in the range of 200–1500
681:
Additional standards released by SAE for charging include
5479:"Repsol back on track on YPF road: now for electric cars"
5126:"Petrol and diesel car sales ban brought forward to 2035"
4972:"Estonia launches national electric car charging network"
4820:"Electric Vehicle (EV) Industry Statistics and Forecasts"
4798:
4421:"The Comprehensive Guide to Level 2 EV Charging – EVESCO"
4179:. Government of India, Ministry of Heavy Industries. 2017
3374:"NEC 1999 Article 625 – Electric Vehicle Charging System"
4681:"From Home to Work, the Average Commute is 26.4 Minutes"
3448:"Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation Guide"
6036:"Tesla Motors demonstrates battery swap in the Model S"
5600:"Types of Electrical Outlets for Electric Car Chargers"
4846:"EVO Report 2024 | BloombergNEF | Bloomberg Finance LP"
4589:"EV charging: the difference between AC and DC | EVBox"
2174:
A Sunwin electric bus in Shanghai at a charging station
30:
For an infrastructure system of charging stations, see
6414:"SAE Ground Vehicle Standards Status of work – PHEV +"
6400:"Tesla Motors Introduces Mobile App for Model S Sedan"
3515:
3513:
3511:
3021:, which also provide protocols for automatic payment.
1946:
This is the maximum continuous power available from a
6011:"Death of Better Place: Electric car co. to dissolve"
4276:(Report). California Air Resources Board. 11 May 2001
2484:
a complete shift towards electric charging vehicles.
1728:
1236:
Type 2: single- and three-phase AC vehicle coupler –
1225:, and Tesla. Many standard plug types are defined in
1049:
port. Both the North America and the EU port take 480
452:-20R 3-prong electrical outlet with grounding, and a
321:
as the location of a group of chargers, and the term
5853:"Tesla 90-Second Battery Swap Tech Coming This Year"
4511:"Bordcomputer: Wie genau ist die Verbrauchsanzeige?"
3173:
area. The work is scheduled for completion by 2025.
44:"Charge point" redirects here. For the company, see
6954:
6934:
6898:
6872:
6865:
6834:
6798:
6732:
4614:"Fuel Efficiency for 2020 Tesla Model S Long Range"
3521:"What's the Difference Between EV Charging Levels?"
2892:
Car connected to an EV charger over a parking space
1677:. Able to recharge the battery in 15 minutes to 80%
6322:"Workplace Charging for Plug-In Electric Vehicles"
5878:"Better Place, battery switch station description"
5670:
5209:. United States Department of Energy. 9 April 2013
4122:Ireland, Electric Car Charger (15 February 2023).
3897:(Report). CharIN. 18 February 2019. Archived from
1749:
608:V North American outlet; capable of supplying 6–16
5575:"Guide on charging your electric vehicle at home"
5095:
5093:
4489:"Guide to buy the right EV home charging station"
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
107:being charged at an electric charging station in
5311:. Calgary Transit. 16 April 2009. Archived from
4538:"Tesla: A History Of Innovation (and Headaches)"
4398:"SAE J1772 Compliant Electric Vehicle Connector"
3846:
3844:
1069:, including school and transit buses). When the
630:V (three phase) power to supply between 6 and 80
6119:"NIO Completes More Than 500,000 Battery Swaps"
5934:. Better Place. 22 October 2010. Archived from
5911:"What is Vehicle-to-grid technology | MNL Asia"
4149:"The Future of Bharat Charging Standard DC-001"
697:(automated connection of DC charging devices).
475:Level 3 charging equipment used an off-vehicle
5846:
5844:
5842:
5673:The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History
3646:"Opening the North American Charging Standard"
2965:Detail of a wireless inductive charging device
1053:V DC fast charging through Tesla's network of
6710:
6088:"Could battery swapping replace EV charging?"
5203:"Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State"
5151:"Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations"
4760:
4758:
4756:
4246:. Magne Charge. December 2000. Archived from
4228:. Magne Charge. December 2000. Archived from
3096:at a charging station partially powered with
2780:started building a proprietary fast-charging
285:European Automobile Manufacturers Association
8:
5815:
5813:
4536:Movement, Q. ai-Powering a Personal Wealth.
4491:. US: Home Charging Stations. 3 January 2018
2864:said the service would be offered at around
2830:battery swap station at a carpark in Beijing
2420:charging from an on-street station in London
4271:Staff Report: Initial Statements of Reasons
4041:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
3575:. International Electrotechnical commission
2900:, which need to be located near roads that
2444:Aral Pulse charging stations in front of a
27:Installation for charging electric vehicles
6869:
6862:
6717:
6703:
6695:
2503:connectors, and 7,171 stations with Tesla
1518:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1497:
908:using a specific charging interface (i.e.
855:The IEC alternatively defines charging in
715:
487:
337:
5643:Cassidy, William B. (30 September 2013).
4318:"GM Pulls the Plug on Inductive Charging"
4124:"EV Charging Connector Types Demystified"
4060:
3671:Valdes-Dapena, Peter (11 November 2022).
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
1737:
1729:
1727:
707:International Electrotechnical Commission
648:AC-to-DC converter on board the vehicle.
209:There are two main types of EV chargers:
3918:(Press release). CharIN. 13 October 2020
1822:
1293:
1085:A for a theoretical maximum power of 4.5
279:Charging station and vehicle terminology
6189:"Electric Chargers for the Home Garage"
5728:Blanco, Sebastian (27 September 2009).
4419:Spendiff-Smith, Matthew (18 May 2023).
3306:
2616:and automobile manufacturers including
2505:North American Charging Standard (NACS)
2368:
2164:
1664:
1634:) or a conductive connector (generally
1493:
6388:from the original on 20 February 2022.
5932:"Better Place. The Renault Fluence ZE"
4616:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3939:"Mega push for heavy-duty EV charging"
3621:"Charging modes for electric vehicles"
2202:The two main types of safety sensors:
2115:Typical mid-power DC charging station
6674:"Electric road E20, Hallsberg–Örebro"
6521:House, The White (15 February 2023).
6137:"Site Hosts for EV Charging Stations"
5677:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
5391:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
5145:
5143:
4382:. Avcon. 28 June 2001. Archived from
3619:Ferrari, Lorenzo (20 December 2019).
3362:from the original on 2 December 2012.
2809:Spare batteries could participate in
1067:Class 8, and possibly 6 and 7 as well
604:: Connects directly to a standard 120
581:The Society of Automotive Engineers (
7:
6495:Shahan, Zachary (16 February 2023).
6347:Siddiqui, Faiz (14 September 2015).
6328:. United States Department of Energy
5207:Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC)
5157:. United States Department of Energy
4895:Bräunl, Thomas (16 September 2013).
4569:. United States Department of Energy
4093:"A Simple Guide to DC Fast Charging"
4035:Hosseini, Seyed Hossein (May 2020).
3496:. SAE International. 13 October 2017
3415:from the original on 26 January 2022
3393:
3391:
3330:from the original on 2 November 2020
3312:
3310:
2499:connectors, 7,480 stations with SAE
1107:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
685:(three-phase AC charging, using the
287:(ACEA) defined the following terms:
6061:Sorokanich, Robert (10 June 2015).
5454:"Charging stations in South Africa"
5000:(Press release). Green Car Congress
4871:"EV Chargers: How many do we need?"
3943:Truck & Off-Highway Engineering
3474:. Electric Power Research Institute
1071:Charging Interface Initiative e. V.
6376:Wallace, Abby (20 February 2022).
5645:"Trucking's Eclipsed Electric Age"
5434:Bikales, James (5 December 2023).
4970:Vaughan, Adam (20 February 2013).
4635:Benoit, Charles (12 August 2019).
4563:"Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles"
4009:Edelstein, Stephen (16 May 2021).
2858:its plan to offer battery swapping
2800:"Refueling" in under five minutes.
2526:°C, further limiting their value.
2079:A three-phase AC charging station
2037:A three-phase AC charging station
1720:Charge time can be calculated as:
905:
25:
6770:Electric motorcycles and scooters
6599:Vorrath, Sophie (24 March 2021).
6098:from the original on 4 April 2022
5765:Green, Catherine (21 June 2013).
5101:"The future of e-mobility is now"
4694:(4). October 2003. Archived from
3945:. Society of Automotive Engineers
3800:St. John, Alexa; Rapier, Graham.
3749:Doll, Scooter (6 November 2023).
2876:By 2022, Chinese luxury carmaker
2640:, the state-owned oil company of
2604:Electric Wireless car charger in
1608:Los Angeles International Airport
438:Electric Power Research Institute
165:electric vehicle supply equipment
32:Electric vehicle charging network
6789:
6783:
6265:Shahan, Zachary (22 July 2017).
6239:Peters, Adele (8 October 2018).
6187:Stenquist, Paul (11 July 2019).
5983:Kershner, Isabel (26 May 2013).
5820:Udasin, Sharon (24 March 2011).
4921:Palin, Adam (19 November 2013).
3964:Bohn, Theodore (12 April 2022).
3472:"Infrastructure Working Council"
3039:
2990:, Stillstrom is designed to cut
2958:
2943:
2437:
2425:
2410:
2383:
2371:
2307:Public-domain international sign
2300:
2288:
2247:
2216:signal such as specified by the
2179:
2167:
1682:
1667:
1469:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1389:
1366:
1353:
1341:
1328:
1274:Configurations CC/DD: (reserved)
1258:Type 4: DC fast charge couplers
1177:
1151:
966:As of November 2023, automakers
954:North American Charging Standard
709:(IEC) adopted a majority of the
454:ground-fault circuit interrupter
86:
77:
66:
57:
6816:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
6625:Pesce, Federico (24 May 2023).
6141:US Department of Transportation
5957:Motavalli, Jim (29 July 2011).
5851:Rogowsky, Mark (21 June 2013).
5362:Newburger, Emma (9 June 2022).
4998:"Renault delivers first ZOE EV"
3229:List of energy storage projects
2746:Hartford Electric Light Company
2378:Public charging park in Germany
1038:have not made an announcement.
136:eVgo station in Houston, Texas.
6295:Savard, Jim (16 August 2018).
6267:"Tesla Superchargers vs … Ugh"
4198:Pyper, Juliet (24 July 2013).
3723:Roth, Emma (1 November 2023).
3595:"Charging modes (IEC-61851-1)"
3376:. National Electric Code. 1999
3264:Battery electric multiple unit
2856:In June 2013, Tesla announced
2481:European Investment Bank (EIB)
2432:Car charging point in Scotland
2151:Typical power from a Tesla V2
2075:Maximum limit of a European 32
2033:Maximum limit of a European 16
1711:California Air Resources Board
1650:California Air Resources Board
1602:Public charging stations in a
200:neighborhood electric vehicles
1:
6326:Alternative Fuels Data Center
6117:Hanley, Steve (31 May 2020).
5232:King, Danny (10 April 2013).
5155:Alternative Fuels Data Center
4567:Alternative Fuels Data Center
4128:Electric Car Chargers Ireland
2662:of public charging stations.
2282:Public charging station signs
1950:("Schuko") receptacle on a 16
1790:with battery capacities of 40
927:any charger connected to the
468:) or a conductive connector (
5649:The Lost Annals of Transport
4996:Renault (17 December 2012).
2580:In June 2022, United States
2350:, with around 30 stations (7
1696:, inductive charging station
1565:Combo standard is backed by
1295:Connector designs listed in
1118:Daimler Trucks North America
5771:Silicon Valley Mercury News
5485:(in Spanish). 24 April 2017
5078:(in Dutch). 21 January 2014
5045:Toor, Amar (10 July 2013).
4947:KredEx (20 February 2013).
2771:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1164:CHAdeMO (left); CCS
669:: Supplies a maximum of 400
213:(AC) charging stations and
7057:
6826:Fuel cell electric vehicle
4901:The Conversation Australia
3937:Gehm, Ryan (27 May 2021).
3189:Automated charging machine
3028:
2725:
2684:
2651:
2236:
1690:Solaris Urbino 12 electric
1610:. Shown are two obsolete 6
1209:Common connectors include
1145:Common charging connectors
951:
655:: Supplies a maximum of 80
219:Electric vehicle batteries
43:
36:
29:
7014:
6781:
6633:(in Italian). Rome, Italy
6009:Elis, Niv (26 May 2013).
5669:Kirsch, David A. (2000).
5309:"Park and Ride Locations"
3219:Ground-level power supply
3048:This section needs to be
2715:main electrical panel box
2660:electric vehicle networks
2256:This section needs to be
1761:battery management system
1538:CCS DC charging requires
1468:
1427:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1340:
1114:Portland General Electric
805:
774:
743:
727:
724:
721:
512:
496:
493:
362:
346:
343:
188:battery electric vehicles
184:plug-in electric vehicles
6821:Battery electric vehicle
6811:Plug-in electric vehicle
5909:mnlasia (10 July 2022).
5105:European Investment Bank
4716:Omnibus Household Survey
4400:. Electric Vehicles News
4338:. Modular EV Power. 2009
4053:10.1109/TIE.2020.2992967
3234:Megawatt Charging System
3209:Electric vehicle network
3204:Electric vehicle battery
3133:Alternative technologies
2654:Electric vehicle network
2394:EVs charging at Project
2326:distribution equipment.
2239:electric vehicle network
2233:Public charging stations
1540:power-line communication
1075:Megawatt Charging System
593:Alternating current (AC)
325:for an individual EVSE.
242:Public charging stations
217:(DC) charging stations.
139:Bottom-right: converted
37:Not to be confused with
6806:Hybrid electric vehicle
3547:"What is Fast Charging"
3137:Along a section of the
2972:Wireless charging uses
2212:Sensor wires provide a
1549:standard is favored by
626:V (single phase) or 208
489:SAE J1772(2017) levels
204:plug-in hybrid vehicles
4737:. 2009. Archived from
3968:. EPRI Bus & Truck
3104:
2893:
2831:
2699:
2609:
1751:
1740:Battery capacity (kWh)
1615:
1591:
1094:V DC (optionally, 1500
443:National Electric Code
309:National Electric Code
280:
254:
225:is delivered from the
96:Charging stations for
6921:EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2)
5020:"Ladepunkter i Norge"
4799:"CHAdeMO Association"
3553:. CHAdeMO Association
3525:FreeWire Technologies
3326:. 24 September 2012.
3259:Commercial projects:
3091:
3031:Solar-charged vehicle
2984:Maersk Supply Service
2891:
2825:
2694:
2600:
2398:charging stations in
1752:
1715:zero-emission vehicle
1601:
1594:Historical connectors
1587:
1102:A continuous rating.
884:or the PARVE systems)
403:Level 2 (1-phase AC)
278:
249:
105:Tesla Roadster (2008)
6426:on 29 September 2012
5938:on 12 September 2010
5315:on 19 September 2010
5181:Daily Energy Insider
4875:News Release Archive
4380:"Component Products"
4206:. E&E Publishing
3854:. CharIN. April 2020
3460:on 2 September 2000.
3159:electromagnetic coil
2998:Related technologies
2840:Renault Fluence Z.E.
2757:2008 Summer Olympics
2612:South African based
2190:charging station in
2188:battery electric bus
1726:
1694:battery electric bus
6765:Electric locomotive
6644:English translation
6554:on 30 November 2013
6353:The Washington Post
4450:lowtechmagazine.com
4324:on 28 January 2004.
4103:on 26 December 2017
3406:tesla-cdn.thron.com
3111:kW of solar power.
3102:Frankfort, Illinois
2994:from idling ships.
2988:offshore wind farms
2540:, ChargeFinder and
2402:, Israel, north of
2390:Prototype modified
2364:EV charging network
1840:
1806:AC to DC conversion
1743:Charging power (kW)
1300:
1248:plug specifications
1116:, on 21 April 2021
718:
643:Direct current (DC)
490:
340:
211:Alternating current
119:electric motorcycle
6852:Tesla Supercharger
6402:. 6 February 2013.
6193:The New York Times
6163:"Charging at Home"
6040:Green Car Congress
6015:The Jerusalem Post
5989:The New York Times
5963:The New York Times
5884:on 14 August 2012.
5826:The Jerusalem Post
4386:on 13 August 2001.
3652:. 11 November 2022
3214:Inductive charging
3116:Urban Green Energy
3105:
2974:inductive charging
2926:freeway rest areas
2894:
2832:
2782:Tesla Supercharger
2700:
2675:Schneider Electric
2610:
2471:and Dutch startup
2153:Tesla Supercharger
1823:
1747:
1616:
1294:
1284:Configuration FF:
1277:Configuration EE:
1267:Configuration BB:
1261:Configuration AA:
1112:With support from
1061:Future development
717:IEC 61851-1 modes
716:
488:
338:
281:
255:
231:AC-to-DC converter
155:, also known as a
132:recharging from a
18:Recharging station
7041:Electric vehicles
7036:Charging stations
7023:
7022:
7010:
7009:
6950:
6949:
6885:Type 2 (Mennekes)
6740:Electric aircraft
6726:Electric vehicles
6220:. 3 February 2021
6143:. 2 February 2022
5798:. 6 November 2016
5505:"EVPlug Alliance"
5282:Electric Vehicles
4015:Green Car Reports
3829:. 28 October 2014
3704:. 20 October 2023
3244:Park & Charge
3145:, which connects
3078:Electrify America
3072:petroleum power.
3069:
3068:
2951:Wireless charging
2534:Electrify America
2518:. Although their
2277:
2276:
2158:
2157:
1765:charge controller
1745:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1731:Charging Time (h)
1704:mains electricity
1628:Chevrolet S-10 EV
1485:
1484:
1481:
1238:VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2
1219:CCS Combo 1 and 2
1215:Type 2 (Mennekes)
882:Park & Charge
853:
852:
583:SAE International
579:
578:
434:
433:
339:NEC(1999) levels
329:Voltage and power
223:mains electricity
98:electric vehicles
16:(Redirected from
7048:
6870:
6863:
6842:Charging station
6793:
6787:
6755:Electric bicycle
6719:
6712:
6705:
6696:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6652:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6580:. 14 August 2012
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6550:. Archived from
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6418:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6382:Business Insider
6373:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6301:Metro Commercial
6292:
6286:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6094:. 4 April 2022.
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6067:Road & Track
6058:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5880:. Archived from
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5848:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5732:. Autoblog Green
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5709:on 27 March 2014
5699:
5693:
5692:
5676:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5620:. Archived from
5614:
5608:
5607:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5533:. Archived from
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5511:on 1 August 2015
5507:. Archived from
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5285:, Manitoba Hydro
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5229:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5183:. 13 August 2018
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5026:on 26 April 2012
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4951:. Estonian World
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4779:on 23 April 2013
4778:
4771:
4762:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4685:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4267:
4252:
4251:
4250:on 2 March 2001.
4244:"News Archive 2"
4240:
4234:
4233:
4232:on 2 March 2001.
4226:"News Archive 1"
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4099:. Archived from
4089:
4083:
4082:
4064:
4047:(6): 4859–4869.
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3904:on 10 July 2019.
3903:
3896:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3806:Business Insider
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3702:Business Insider
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3403:
3399:"TSLA Q4 Update"
3395:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3314:
3121:
3110:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3025:Renewable energy
2962:
2947:
2936:plugs are used.
2898:filling stations
2871:
2867:
2813:energy services.
2750:General Electric
2728:Battery swapping
2698:240 volt 50 amps
2667:EV Plug Alliance
2525:
2520:circuit breakers
2441:
2429:
2414:
2387:
2375:
2353:
2304:
2292:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2183:
2171:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1954:A rated circuit
1953:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1841:
1838:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1778:
1771:Battery capacity
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1686:
1671:
1648:The influential
1613:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1509:
1501:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1393:
1370:
1357:
1345:
1332:
1301:
1253:EV Plug Alliance
1200:Type 2 connector
1189:
1187:
1181:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1133:
1128:
1123:tractor-trailers
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1052:
719:
687:Type 2 connector
676:
672:
662:
658:
637:
633:
629:
625:
615:
611:
607:
491:
445:(NEC) Handbook.
341:
319:charging station
180:electrical power
153:charging station
90:
81:
70:
61:
21:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7006:
6946:
6930:
6894:
6861:
6857:Vehicle-to-grid
6830:
6794:
6788:
6779:
6728:
6723:
6693:
6692:
6682:
6680:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6636:
6634:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6583:
6581:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6557:
6555:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6527:The White House
6520:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6477:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6454:
6452:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6357:
6355:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6303:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6275:
6273:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6249:
6247:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6223:
6221:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6146:
6144:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6101:
6099:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6019:
6017:
6008:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5775:
5773:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5624:on 16 July 2011
5616:
5615:
5611:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5537:on 16 July 2015
5529:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5338:"Supercharging"
5336:
5335:
5331:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5288:
5286:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4931:
4929:
4927:Financial Times
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4741:on 5 April 2012
4729:
4728:
4724:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3625:Daze Technology
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3254:Vehicle-to-grid
3199:Direct coupling
3194:Battery charger
3179:
3135:
3127:Nova Innovation
3119:
3108:
3094:Chevrolet Volts
3065:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3014:Vehicle-to-grid
3005:
3000:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2886:
2869:
2865:
2820:
2811:vehicle to grid
2794:
2742:
2730:
2724:
2689:
2687:NEMA connectors
2683:
2656:
2650:
2634:
2595:
2582:President Biden
2523:
2490:
2461:
2457:
2452:gas station in
2442:
2433:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2360:
2351:
2336:
2320:electrical grid
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2295:US traffic sign
2293:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2207:Current sensors
2195:
2184:
2175:
2172:
2163:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1960:Single-phase AC
1959:
1951:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1914:Single-phase AC
1913:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1836:
1829:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1773:
1724:
1723:
1697:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1663:
1611:
1596:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1502:
1495:
1474:
1459:
1446:
1433:
1420:
1411:
1394:
1385:
1371:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1324:
1305:
1211:Type 1 (Yazaki)
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1063:
1050:
956:
950:
728:Maximum supply
703:
674:
670:
660:
656:
645:
635:
631:
627:
623:
613:
609:
605:
595:
497:Maximum supply
486:
347:Maximum supply
336:
334:Early standards
331:
273:
264:
244:
192:electric trucks
182:for recharging
149:
148:
147:
146:
93:
92:
91:
83:
82:
73:
72:
71:
63:
62:
49:
42:
39:filling station
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7054:
7052:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7028:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6890:Type 3 (Scame)
6887:
6882:
6876:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6775:Electric truck
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6699:
6691:
6690:
6665:
6647:
6617:
6591:
6578:Digital Trends
6565:
6539:
6513:
6487:
6462:
6437:
6405:
6391:
6365:
6339:
6313:
6287:
6257:
6231:
6205:
6179:
6154:
6128:
6109:
6079:
6053:
6042:. 21 June 2013
6027:
6001:
5975:
5949:
5923:
5901:
5887:
5869:
5838:
5809:
5783:
5757:
5743:
5720:
5694:
5687:
5661:
5635:
5609:
5591:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5522:
5496:
5470:
5445:
5426:
5404:
5377:
5354:
5329:
5300:
5272:
5259:"Supercharger"
5250:
5238:Autoblog Green
5224:
5194:
5168:
5139:
5117:
5089:
5063:
5037:
5011:
4988:
4962:
4939:
4913:
4887:
4862:
4837:
4811:
4790:
4752:
4722:
4701:on 12 May 2009
4672:
4661:. 28 July 2008
4646:
4627:
4605:
4593:blog.evbox.com
4580:
4554:
4528:
4502:
4480:
4468:ww2.arb.ca.gov
4455:
4437:
4411:
4389:
4371:
4349:
4327:
4309:
4287:
4253:
4235:
4217:
4190:
4165:
4140:
4114:
4097:fleetcarma.com
4084:
4027:
4001:
3979:
3956:
3929:
3907:
3883:
3865:
3840:
3818:
3792:
3767:
3741:
3715:
3689:
3663:
3637:
3611:
3586:
3564:
3538:
3507:
3485:
3463:
3426:
3387:
3365:
3341:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3294:Solar Roadways
3291:
3289:Plugless Power
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3134:
3131:
3067:
3066:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3026:
3023:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2906:electric power
2885:
2882:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2793:
2790:
2741:
2738:
2736:applications.
2726:Main article:
2723:
2720:
2682:
2679:
2652:Main article:
2649:
2646:
2636:In April 2017
2633:
2630:
2608:, South Africa
2594:
2591:
2489:
2486:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2400:Ramat Hasharon
2392:Renault Laguna
2389:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2370:
2359:
2356:
2335:
2332:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2043:Three-phase AC
2039:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:Charging time
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:Configuration
1807:
1804:
1780:kilowatt-hours
1772:
1769:
1736:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1643:Toyota RAV4 EV
1624:Ford Ranger EV
1595:
1592:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1510:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1466:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1364:
1351:
1339:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:European Union
1310:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1249:
1234:
1202:outlet (right)
1198:(center); IEC
1194:inlet (left);
1183:
1176:
1175:
1172:outlet (right)
1168:(center); IEC
1157:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1098:V DC) and 3000
1062:
1059:
1043:European Union
972:General Motors
952:Main article:
949:
946:
945:
944:
938:
932:
918:
917:
899:
885:
875:
851:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
702:
699:
679:
678:
664:
644:
641:
640:
639:
617:
594:
591:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
485:
482:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
414:
413:
410:
407:
404:
400:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
382:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
360:
359:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
335:
332:
330:
327:
317:uses the term
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
272:
269:
263:
260:
243:
240:
215:direct current
196:electric buses
178:that supplies
145:
144:
141:Toyota Priuses
137:
126:
116:Brammo Empulse
112:
95:
94:
85:
84:
76:
75:
74:
65:
64:
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7053:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7018:
7013:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Electric boat
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6713:
6708:
6706:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6632:
6631:la Repubblica
6628:
6621:
6618:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6592:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6514:
6502:
6501:CleanTechnica
6498:
6491:
6488:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6422:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6354:
6350:
6343:
6340:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6272:
6271:CleanTechnica
6268:
6261:
6258:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6232:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6180:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6124:
6123:CleanTechnica
6120:
6113:
6110:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6054:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6016:
6012:
6005:
6002:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5976:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5950:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5912:
5905:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5870:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5797:
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4826:. August 2022
4825:
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4735:london.gov.uk
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3878:insideevs.com
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3527:. 1 July 2020
3526:
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3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
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3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Solar vehicle
3247:
3245:
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3237:
3235:
3232:
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3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
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3117:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3063:
3060:November 2023
3051:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3019:ISO/IEC 15118
3015:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2908:and adequate
2907:
2903:
2899:
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2879:
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2735:
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2721:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2681:Home chargers
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2632:South America
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
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2615:
2607:
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2599:
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2583:
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2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:block heaters
2512:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2488:North America
2487:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2423:
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2418:REVAi/G-Wiz i
2413:
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2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
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2349:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2303:
2291:
2271:
2268:February 2023
2259:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
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2194:, Switzerland
2193:
2189:
2182:
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2154:
2150:
2119:
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2114:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
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1834:
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1803:
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1785:
1781:
1770:
1768:
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1716:
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1705:
1695:
1691:
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1661:Charging time
1660:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1646:
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1639:
1637:
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1629:
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1600:
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1309:United States
1308:
1303:
1302:
1298:
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1283:
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1103:
1076:
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1058:
1056:
1055:Superchargers
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Aptera Motors
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Mercedes-Benz
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907:
906:fast charging
903:
900:
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883:
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731:
720:
714:
712:
708:
705:In 2003, the
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
673:kW at 50–1000
668:
665:
659:kW at 50–1000
654:
651:
650:
649:
642:
621:
618:
603:
600:
599:
598:
592:
590:
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328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:
283:In 2011, the
277:
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268:
261:
259:
252:
248:
241:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
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174:
170:
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162:
158:
154:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:Bottom-left:
127:
124:
123:AeroVironment
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
101:
99:
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6841:
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6745:Electric car
6681:. Retrieved
6678:Trafikverket
6677:
6668:
6660:euronews.com
6659:
6650:
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6245:Fast Company
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4976:The Guardian
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4953:. Retrieved
4942:
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4906:16 September
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4850:BloombergNEF
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3466:
3455:the original
3417:. Retrieved
3405:
3378:. Retrieved
3368:
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3332:. Retrieved
3323:ir.tesla.com
3321:
3284:Magne Charge
3258:
3163:
3136:
3124:
3113:
3106:
3098:solar panels
3083:
3074:
3070:
3057:
3049:
3006:
2981:
2978:
2971:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2895:
2875:
2855:
2847:Kiryat Ekron
2844:
2836:Better Place
2833:
2795:
2786:Harris Ranch
2775:
2763:Better Place
2761:
2754:
2743:
2731:
2722:Battery swap
2712:
2708:
2701:
2664:
2657:
2635:
2611:
2606:Johannesburg
2579:
2567:Lucid Motors
2531:
2528:
2513:
2509:
2494:
2491:
2477:
2460:
2454:Braunschweig
2396:Better Place
2361:
2341:
2337:
2334:Asia/Pacific
2328:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2265:
2257:
2227:
2201:
2198:
1866:Single-phase
1809:
1774:
1758:
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1640:
1632:Magne Charge
1617:
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1544:
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1462:GB/T 20234.3
1377:GB/T 20234.2
1246:GB/T 20234.2
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1104:
1081:V and 0–3000
1064:
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1024:Lucid Motors
965:
957:
940:
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912:-3, such as
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867:
856:
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466:Magne Charge
462:
447:
435:
322:
318:
313:
306:
282:
271:Nomenclature
265:
256:
253:parking area
236:
208:
173:power supply
168:
164:
160:
157:charge point
156:
152:
150:
103:Top-left: a
50:
6480:22 December
6430:3 September
5458:Electromaps
5347:28 November
5004:17 December
4981:28 December
4955:28 December
4932:28 December
4880:21 December
4745:24 November
4598:21 December
4517:(in German)
4495:1 September
4430:21 December
4425:Power Sonic
4404:2 September
4364:2 September
4342:2 September
4302:2 September
4280:2 September
4204:ClimateWire
4153:EV Reporter
4062:10197/12654
3785:12 November
3760:22 November
3682:12 February
3656:12 November
3557:29 November
3551:chademo.com
3478:2 September
3419:17 February
3380:2 September
3139:Highway E20
2902:tank trucks
2542:ChargePoint
1999:Three-phase
1604:parking lot
1047:CCS Combo 2
960:Tesla, Inc.
872:three-phase
739:Power (kW)
736:Voltage (V)
733:Current (A)
689:defined in
634:A (1.4–19.2
612:A (0.7–1.92
566:DC Level 2
552:DC Level 1
538:AC Level 2
513:AC Level 1
508:Power (kW)
505:Voltage (V)
502:Current (A)
358:Power (kW)
355:Voltage (V)
352:Current (A)
315:Tesla, Inc.
186:(including
161:chargepoint
130:Nissan Leaf
114:Top-right:
46:ChargePoint
7030:Categories
6962:GB/T 20234
6866:Connectors
6605:The Driven
6218:J.D. Power
6167:Energy.gov
6072:26 October
5942:22 October
5628:24 October
5483:ambito.com
5463:5 November
5161:4 November
4705:15 October
4573:8 December
4547:8 December
4521:20 October
4473:8 December
3811:29 October
3734:5 November
3708:29 October
3301:References
3184:AC adapter
3161:receiver.
3151:Gothenburg
3029:See also:
3009:smart grid
3003:Smart grid
2696:NEMA 14-50
2685:See also:
2575:Volkswagen
1908:A circuit
1820:charging.
1798:kWh and 85
1575:Volkswagen
1555:Mitsubishi
1412:(62196.3)
1386:(62196.2)
1384:3-phase AC
1325:(62196.2)
1323:1-phase AC
1299:-2 and -3
1138:Connectors
1036:Volkswagen
1032:Stellantis
948:Tesla NACS
823:3Φ AC
809:1Φ AC
792:3Φ AC
778:1Φ AC
761:3Φ AC
747:1Φ AC
667:DC Level 2
653:DC Level 1
622:: Uses 240
620:AC Level 2
602:AC Level 1
251:Fred Meyer
227:power grid
134:NRG Energy
109:Iwata city
7002:SAE J3400
6997:SAE J3105
6992:SAE J3068
6987:SAE J1772
6982:ISO 15118
6977:IEC 63110
6972:IEC 62196
6967:IEC 61851
6955:Standards
6911:BB (GB/T)
6358:3 October
6332:3 October
6306:3 October
6198:3 October
6172:3 October
5604:NeoCharge
5579:ChargeHub
5342:tesla.com
5187:30 August
5076:e-laad.nl
5051:The Verge
4688:OmniStats
4183:10 August
4158:10 August
4107:5 October
4079:219501762
4071:1557-9948
4020:24 August
3994:24 August
3949:24 August
3922:24 August
3858:24 August
3833:15 August
3780:InsideEVs
3729:The Verge
3650:tesla.com
3630:10 August
3604:10 August
3579:11 August
3500:1 January
3274:GridPoint
3269:ECOtality
3224:ISO 15118
3167:Hallsberg
3147:Stockholm
3125:In 2021,
3114:In 2012,
2992:emissions
2862:Elon Musk
2818:Providers
2776:In 2012,
2642:Argentina
2614:ElectroSA
2587:Greenlane
2456:, Germany
2448:-branded
2348:Melbourne
2222:IEC 62196
2218:SAE J1772
1655:Solectria
1563:SAE J1772
1506:IEC 60309
1480:(planned)
1438:Combo 2)
1425:Combo 1)
1400:SAE J3068
1361:SAE J1772
1336:SAE J1772
1297:IEC 62196
1242:SAE J3068
1227:IEC 62196
1192:SAE J1772
910:IEC 62196
896:IEC 62196
892:SAE J1772
861:IEC 61851
711:SAE J1772
695:SAE J3105
691:IEC 62196
683:SAE J3068
587:SAE J1772
477:rectifier
417:Level 3 (
363:Level 1 (
323:connector
262:Standards
6835:Charging
6386:Archived
6250:26 March
6096:Archived
5831:25 March
5802:18 April
5584:11 March
5489:27 April
5440:Politico
5319:25 April
5243:10 April
5213:10 April
5030:10 April
4830:19 March
4783:20 April
4641:Electrek
4620:12 April
4133:16 March
3755:Electrek
3599:Circutor
3531:26 March
3410:Archived
3357:Archived
3328:Archived
3239:OpenEVSE
3177:See also
3092:Several
2792:Benefits
2734:forklift
2648:Projects
2571:Mercedes
2404:Tel Aviv
2214:feedback
2148:minutes
2112:minutes
2072:minutes
1859:Comment
1850:Current
1847:Voltage
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1255:proposal
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6846:network
6733:Vehicle
6584:16 July
6558:7 April
6532:15 June
6506:15 June
6475:Energy5
6450:sae.org
6276:23 July
6224:14 June
6147:14 June
6102:4 April
6092:Autocar
6046:22 June
5968:23 June
5916:13 July
5862:22 June
5776:23 June
5736:22 June
5679:153–162
5541:16 July
5515:16 July
5419:30 June
5370:14 June
5289:2 April
5261:. Tesla
5132:6 March
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5056:11 July
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4804:16 July
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4659:CalCars
4515:adac.de
4210:29 July
3334:17 June
3050:updated
2953:station
2910:parking
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2849:, near
2740:History
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2497:CHAdeMO
2473:Fastned
2258:updated
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1271:20234.3
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6683:15 May
6637:15 May
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5994:27 May
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5713:2 June
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5654:20 May
5366:. CNBC
5265:9 July
5082:26 May
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6560:2012
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6508:2024
6482:2023
6457:2024
6432:2010
6360:2019
6334:2019
6308:2019
6278:2017
6252:2021
6226:2022
6200:2019
6174:2019
6149:2022
6104:2022
6074:2015
6048:2013
6022:2013
5996:2013
5970:2013
5944:2010
5918:2022
5864:2013
5833:2011
5804:2018
5778:2013
5738:2013
5715:2013
5683:ISBN
5656:2022
5630:2010
5586:2023
5543:2015
5517:2015
5491:2017
5465:2021
5421:2024
5399:2023
5372:2022
5349:2017
5321:2009
5291:2013
5267:2020
5245:2013
5215:2013
5189:2018
5163:2022
5134:2022
5112:2021
5084:2014
5058:2013
5032:2013
5006:2012
4983:2013
4957:2013
4934:2013
4908:2013
4882:2023
4857:2024
4832:2023
4806:2015
4785:2013
4747:2011
4707:2009
4667:2010
4622:2021
4600:2023
4575:2022
4549:2022
4523:2020
4497:2018
4475:2022
4432:2023
4406:2021
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3606:2021
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