Nutrient cycle - Knowledge (XXG)

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point, it does not make sense to assess a terrestrial ecosystem by considering the full column of air above it as well as the great depths of Earth below it. While an ecosystem often has no clear boundary, as a working model it is practical to consider the functional community where the bulk of matter and energy transfer occurs. Nutrient cycling occurs in ecosystems that participate in the "larger biogeochemical cycles of the earth through a system of inputs and outputs."

1780:. In this book he captured the notion of ecological recycling: "The 'reciprocal uses' are the key to the whole idea, for 'the death, and destruction of one thing should always be subservient to the restitution of another;' thus mould spurs the decay of dead plants to nourish the soil, and the earth then 'offers again to plants from its bosom, what it has received from them.'" The basic idea of a balance of nature, however, can be traced back to the Greeks: 56: 1014: 1146: 36: 7505: 5275: 1723: 727: 7495: 6981: 1947:: "We do not know whether to cherish the forest as a source of essential raw materials and other benefits or to remove it for the space it occupies. We expect a river to serve as both vein and artery carrying away waste but bringing usable material in the same channel. Nature long ago discarded the nonsense of carrying poisonous wastes and nutrients in the same vessels." Ecologists use 817: 179: 2073: 865: 65: 45: 7542: 978: 851:

leaving behind different sources of parent material. In terms of a food web, a cycle or loop is defined as "a directed sequence of one or more links starting from, and ending at, the same species." An example of this is the microbial food web in the ocean, where "bacteria are exploited, and controlled, by protozoa, including

3576:. Holmiae: Laurentium Salvium (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Translated by Benjamin Stillingfleet as 'The Oeconomy of Nature,' in Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Natural History, Husbandry, and Physick. ed.). Amoenitates Academicae, seu Dissertationes Variae Physicae, Medicae, Botanicae. pp. 1–58. 918:

of plant material." Different ecosystems can vary in their recycling rates of litter, which creates a complex feedback on factors such as the competitive dominance of certain plant species. Different rates and patterns of ecological recycling leaves a legacy of environmental effects with implications

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materials flowing and cycling through ecosystems from pollution and discarded technology are among a growing list of emerging ecological concerns. For example, unique assemblages of marine microbes have been found to digest plastic accumulating in the world's oceans. Discarded technology is absorbed

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Pesticides soon spread through everything in the ecosphere-both human technosphere and nonhuman biosphere-returning from the 'out there' of natural environments back into plant, animal, and human bodies situated at the 'in here' of artificial environments with unintended, unanticipated, and unwanted

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is another influential figure. "In 1872, Cohn described the 'cycle of life' as the "entire arrangement of nature" in which the dissolution of dead organic bodies provided the materials necessary for new life. The amount of material that could be molded into living beings was limited, he reasoned,

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exceeds supply within that system. There are regional and spatial differences in the rates of growth and exchange of materials, where some ecosystems may be in nutrient debt (sinks) where others will have extra supply (sources). These differences relate to climate, topography, and geological history

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appears in a 1976 paper on the recycling of organic carbon in oceans: "Following the actualistic assumption, then, that biological activity is responsible for the source of dissolved organic material in the oceans, but is not important for its activities after death of the organisms and subsequent

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instead. Some researchers have questioned the premise behind these and other kinds of technological solutions under the banner of 'eco-efficiency' are limited in their capability, harmful to ecological processes, and dangerous in their hyped capabilities. Many technoecosystems are competitive and

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Water is also a nutrient. In this context, some authors also refer to precipitation recycling, which "is the contribution of evaporation within a region to precipitation in that same region." These variations on the theme of nutrient cycling continue to be used and all refer to processes that are

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predates biogeochemistry in a pamphlet on silviculture in 1899: "These demands by no means pass over the fact that at places where sufficient quantities of humus are available and where, in case of continuous decomposition of litter, a stable, nutrient humus is present, considerable quantities of

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or ecosystem engineering. Many species leave an effect even after their death, such as coral skeletons or the extensive habitat modifications to a wetland by a beaver, whose components are recycled and re-used by descendants and other species living under a different selective regime through the

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and nutrient cycle. Most textbooks integrate the two and seem to treat them as synonymous terms. However, the terms often appear independently. The nutrient cycle is more often used in direct reference to the idea of an intra-system cycle, where an ecosystem functions as a unit. From a practical

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when he penned that "it is thoroughly demonstrated by ecological systems and geological systems that all the chemical elements and many organic substances can be accumulated by living systems from background crustal or oceanic concentrations without limit as to concentration so long as there is

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All systems recycle. The biosphere is a network of continually recycling materials and information in alternating cycles of convergence and divergence. As materials converge or become more concentrated they gain in quality, increasing their potentials to drive useful work in proportion to their

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A large fraction of the elements composing living matter reside at any instant of time in the world's biota. Because the earthly pool of these elements is limited and the rates of exchange among the various components of the biota are extremely fast with respect to geological time, it is quite

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appears in a 1968 publication on future applications of ecology for the creation of different modules designed for living in extreme environments, such as space or under the sea: "For our basic requirement of recycling vital resources, the oceans provide much more frequent

2052:) differs from ecological recycling in scale, complexity, and organization. Industrial recycling systems do not focus on the employment of ecological food webs to recycle waste back into different kinds of marketable goods, but primarily employ people and 1052:

containing undigested materials where bacteria and other decomposers gain access to the nutrients. The earthworm is employed in this process and the production of the ecosystem depends on their capability to create feedback loops in the recycling process.

2377: 1032:, for example, passively and mechanically alter the nature of soil environments. The bodies of dead worms passively contribute mineral nutrients to the soil. The worms also mechanically modify the physical structure of the soil as they crawl about ( 3446: 771:

The nutrient cycle is nature's recycling system. All forms of recycling have feedback loops that use energy in the process of putting material resources back into use. Recycling in ecology is regulated to a large extent during the process of

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wrote in "the economy of nature we understand the all-wise disposition of the creator in relation to natural things, by which they are fitted to produce general ends, and reciprocal uses" in reference to the balance of nature in his book

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evident that much of the same material is being incorporated again and again into different biological forms. This observation gives rise to the notion that, on the average, matter (and some amounts of energy) are involved in cycles.

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chain. Microorganisms have a significant role in the removal of synthetic organic compounds from the environment empowered by recycling mechanisms that have complex biodegradation pathways. The effect of synthetic materials, such as

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part of the global biogeochemical cycles. However, authors tend to refer to natural, organic, ecological, or bio-recycling in reference to the work of nature, such as it is used in organic farming or ecological agricultural systems.

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appears in a 1964 paper on the food ecology of the wood stork: "While the periodic drying up and reflooding of the marshes creates special survival problems for organisms in the community, the fluctuating water levels favor rapid

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Macfadyen, S.; Gibson, R.; Polaszek, A.; Morris, R. J.; Craze, P. G.; Planque, R.; et al. (2009). "Do differences in food web structure between organic and conventional farms affect the ecosystem service of pest control?".

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An endless stream of technological waste accumulates in different spatial configurations across the planet and becomes hazardous in our soils, our streams, and our oceans. This idea was similarly expressed in 1954 by ecologist

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microflagellates which are in turn exploited by ciliates. This grazing activity is accompanied by excretion of substances which are in turn used by the bacteria so that the system more or less operates in a closed circuit."

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so there must exist an "eternal circulation" (ewigem kreislauf) that constantly converts the same particle of matter from dead bodies into living bodies." These ideas were synthesized in the Master's research of

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and Boussingault (1844) provided a key paper that is recognized by some to be the true beginning of biogeochemistry, where they talked about the cycle of organic life in great detail. From 1836 to 1876,

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appears in a 1968 paper on the transportation of leaf litter and its chemical elements for consideration in fisheries management: "Fluvial transport of tree litter from drainage basins is a factor in

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demonstrated the nutritional necessity of minerals and nitrogen for plant growth and development. Prior to this time influential chemists discounted the importance of mineral nutrients in soil.

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concentrations relative to the environment. As their potentials are used, materials diverge, or become more dispersed in the landscape, only to be concentrated again at another time and place.

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rates. The balanced recycling efficiency of nature means that production of decaying waste material has exceeded rates of recyclable consumption into food chains equal to the global stocks of

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From the largest to the smallest of creatures, nutrients are recycled by their movement, by their wastes, and by their metabolic activities. This illustration shows an example of the

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parasitic toward natural ecosystems. Food web or biologically based "recycling includes metabolic recycling (nutrient recovery, storage, etc.) and ecosystem recycling (leaching and

758: 843:, the fourth law has been rejected in line with observations of ecological recycling. However, some authors state that complete recycling is impossible for technological waste. 4337: 3852:

Penston, N. L. (1935). "Studies of the physiological importance of the mineral elements in plants VIII. The variation in potassium content of potato leaves during the day".

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Where produce from an organic farm leaves the farm gate for the market the system becomes an open cycle and nutrients may need to be replaced through alternative methods.

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structure. Organic agricultural ecosystems rely on the services of biodiversity for the recycling of nutrients through soils instead of relying on the supplementation of

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Huesemann, M. H.; Huesemann, J. A. (2008). "Will progress in science and technology avert or accelerate global collapse? A critical analysis and policy recommendations".

3349: 2710: 1972:(adding up to millions upon millions of tons) is being recycled by industrial systems; the 93% that never makes it into the industrial recycling stream is presumably 826:

Ecosystems are capable of complete recycling. Complete recycling means that 100% of the waste material can be reconstituted indefinitely. This idea was captured by

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Hastings, A.; Byers, J. E.; Crooks, J. A.; Cuddington, K.; Jones, C. G.; Lambrinos, J. G.; et al. (February 2007). "Ecosystem engineering in space and time".

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Levin, Simon A; Carpenter, Stephen R; Godfray, Charles J; Kinzig, Ann P; Loreau, Michel; Losos, Jonathan B; Walker, Brian; Wilcove, David S (27 July 2009).

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effects. By using zoological, toxicological, epidemiological, and ecological insights, Carson generated a new sense of how 'the environment' might be seen.

4104: 3024: 2437: 1868:: "...ash is probably either built up into its permanent structure, or deposited in some way as waste in the cells, and so may not be free to re-enter the 6272: 1233: 100:, and other creatures dig and digest the compost into fertile soil. The minerals and nutrients in the soil is recycled back into the production of crops. 2310: 5189: 3546: 1771:

in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms. Darwin wrote about "the continued movement of the particles of earth". Even earlier, in 1749

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by natural recycling systems In contrast and over extensive lengths of time (billions of years) ecosystems have maintained a consistent balance with

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than the land area. Fish and other organic populations have higher growth rates, vegetation has less capricious weather problems for sea harvesting."

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are also ecosystem engineers because they: 1) Filter suspended particles from the water column; 2) Remove excess nutrients from coastal bays through

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Stockdale, E. A.; Shepherd, M. A.; Fortune, S.; Cuttle, S. P. (2006). "Soil fertility in organic farming systems – fundamentally different?".

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inspired research into biomagnification and brought to the world's attention the unseen pollutants moving into the food chains of the planet.

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The persistent legacy of environmental feedback that is left behind by or as an extension of the ecological actions of organisms is known as

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Springer on behalf of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1898). "The advances made in agricultural chemistry during the last twenty-five years".

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Rouvinen, J.; Bergfors, T.; Teeri, T.; Knowles, J. K. C.; Jones, T. A. (1990). "Three-dimensional structure of cellobiohydrolase II from

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that cycles nutrients through the layers of the oceanic water column. Whales can migrate to great depths to feed on bottom fish (such as

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feedback and agency of these legacy effects. Ecosystem engineers can influence nutrient cycling efficiency rates through their actions.

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Stauffer, R. C. (1960). "Ecology in the long manuscript version of Darwin's "Origin of Species" and Linnaeus' "Oeconomy of Nature"".

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Boddy, Lynne; Watkinson, Sarah C. (31 December 1995). "Wood decomposition, higher fungi, and their role in nutrient redistribution".

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Clark, B. R.; Hartley, S. E.; Suding, K. N.; de Mazancourt, C. (2005). "The effect of recycling on plant competitive hierarchies".

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stating that complete recycling is impossible. Despite Georgescu-Roegen's extensive intellectual contributions to the science of

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Huesemann, M. H. (2004). "The failure of eco-efficiency to guarantee sustainability: Future challenges for industrial ecology".

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Luke, T. W. (1995). "On environmentality: Geo-Power and eco-knowledge in the discourses of contemporary environmentalism".

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and microplastics, on ecological recycling systems is listed as one of the major concerns for ecosystems in this century.

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Following the Greeks, the idea of a hydrological cycle (water is considered a nutrient) was validated and quantified by

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Bosma, T. N. P.; Harms, H.; Zehnder, A. J. B. (2001). "Biodegradation of Xenobiotics in Environment and Technosphere".

3404:"Fungal Transformation of Tree Stumps into a Suitable Resource for Xylophagous Beetles via Changes in Elemental Ratios" 7535: 7110: 6527: 5418: 1856:. Other uses and variations on the terminology relating to the process of nutrient cycling appear throughout history: 2652: 7131: 7034: 6592: 6312: 5516: 5413: 1805: 1681: 1579: 1285: 1279: 1117: 4910: 7095: 6773: 6385: 6277: 6135: 6120: 6115: 5506: 4585: 1686: 1306: 832: 6532: 3758:

Ackert, L. T. Jr. (2007). "The "Cycle of Life" in Ecology: Sergei Vinogradskii's soil microbiology, 1885-1940".

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Ecosystem services as a tool for production improvement in organic farming – the role and impact of biodiversity

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organic matter mineralization, either in the water column, in the sediment surface, or within the sediment)."

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form habitats for other creatures that decompose the materials and recycle the nutrients back into production.

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Slack, K. V.; Feltz, H. R. (1968). "Tree leaf control on low flow water quality in a small Virginia stream".

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Montes, F.; Cañellas, I. (2006). "Modelling coarse woody debris dynamics in even-aged Scots pine forests".

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Sutherland, W. J.; Clout, M.; Côte, I. M.; Daszak, P.; Depledge, M. H.; Fellman, L.; et al. (2010).

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Lavelle, P.; Dugdale, R.; Scholes, R.; Berhe, A. A.; Carpenter, E.; Codispoti, L.; et al. (2005).

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illustrates ecological recycling. The movement of energy, in contrast, is unidirectional and noncyclic.

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in plants where it is part of the cell walls. Cellulose-degrading enzymes participate in the natural,

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at shallower levels. The whale pump enhances growth and productivity in other parts of the ecosystem.

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Ecosystems execute closed loop recycling where demand for the nutrients that adds to the growth of

654: 464: 355: 7494: 6036: 3260:"The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits" 2857: 7578: 7508: 7498: 7369: 7348: 7314: 7259: 7161: 7024: 6910: 6861: 6844: 6793: 6788: 6597: 6560: 6258: 6223: 6080: 6005: 5907: 5839: 5829: 5763: 5710: 5521: 5466: 5428: 5353: 4847: 4697: 4563: 4455: 4268: 4037: 3986: 3916: 3869: 3834: 3783: 3775: 3737: 3680: 3619: 3527: 3237: 3186: 2943: 2891: 2815: 2799: 2756: 2533: 2351: 2213: 2150:"The stoichiometry of consumer-driven nutrient recycling: Theory, observations, and consequences" 2130: 2018:

are creating new systems of ecological recycling, novel ecosystems that have to contend with the

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Siddique, R.; Khatib, J.; Kaur, I. (2008). "Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A review".

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Ohkuma, M. (2003). "Termite symbiotic systems: Efficient bio-recycling of lignocellulose".

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of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of

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larvae on a low-water diet: Increased metabolic processing costs or nutrient limitation?"

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Nissenbaum, A. (1976). "Scavenging of soluble organic matter from the prebiotic oceans".

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on the movement of organic matter in soils through the ecological activities of worms.

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Odum, H. T. (1991). "Energy and biogeochemical cycles". In Rossi, C.; T., E. (eds.).

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The model for ecological recycling agriculture adheres to the following principals:

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Fallen logs are critical components of the nutrient cycle in terrestrial forests.

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Romero, J.; Lee, K.; Pérez, M.; Mateo, M. A.; Alcoverro, T. (22 February 2007).

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Ecological recycling is common in organic farming, where nutrient management is

910:. "Cellulose, one of the most abundant organic compounds on Earth, is the major 884: 785: 513: 430: 262: 252: 196: 188: 150:, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into 139: 6980: 4799:"The ecological crisis and self-delusion: implications for the building sector" 4604: 4314: 2698: 2378:"Emergy indices and ratios for sustainable material cycles and recycle options" 2191:"Soil health and sustainability: Managing the biotic component of soil quality" 178: 7430: 7384: 7284: 6818: 6395: 6360: 6000: 5952: 5897: 5867: 5773: 5690: 5634: 5511: 5461: 5053: 5011: 4815: 4798: 4451: 3771: 3607: 2529: 2118: 2068: 2011: 2006: 1944: 1781: 1461: 1029: 986: 982: 879: 875: 598: 563: 558: 548: 371: 93: 73: 3475: 3388: 7354: 6884: 6723: 6677: 6405: 5849: 5819: 5619: 5574: 5549: 5486: 5476: 5451: 5443: 5388: 5201: 5106: 2752: 2045: 2040: 1789: 1122: 1094: 1090: 1074: 1056: 1037: 907: 903: 816: 691: 659: 97: 4750: 4732: 4693: 4630: 4502: 4382: 4322: 4280: 4229: 4211: 4180: 4131: 3615: 3420: 3331: 3233: 3182: 3141: 2939: 2811: 2706: 2347: 2126: 864: 80:

capitalizes upon the natural services of nutrient recycling in ecosystems.

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Yadava, A.; Garg, V. K. (2011). "Recycling of organic wastes by employing

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through the food chain, into the mineral nutrient pool, and back into the

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Ayres, R. U. (1998). "Eco-thermodynamics: Economics and the second law".

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appears early in a 1935 in reference to the importance of minerals in

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Ecosystems employ 317:nitrogen and lichens 112:ecological recycling 78:agricultural systems 7426:Ethical consumerism 7360:Urban lumberjacking 7290:Product stewardship 7240:Eco-industrial park 6834:Theoretical ecology 6809:Natural environment 6673:Ecosystem diversity 6643:Ecological collapse 6633:Bateman's principle 6588:Limiting similarity 6501:Landscape limnology 6323:Species homogeneity 6161:Population modeling 6156:Population dynamics 5973:Trophic state index 5256:Sulfur assimilation 5197:Ocean acidification 4727:(1440): 1935–1955. 4487:2008WaMan..28.1835S 4357:2002MarPB..45...46G 4257:1954Sci...120..959S 4206:(1526): 2153–2166. 4163:2002MarPB..44..842D 4124:1994QJRMS.120..861E 4018:1976OrLi....7..413N 3956:10.1021/es60014a005 3948:1968EnST....2..126S 3905:1964EcoM...34...97K 3656:Gorham, E. (1991). 3587:Pearce, T. 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The movement of 824: 790:ecosystem services 7556: 7555: 7310:Resource recovery 7300:Refill (campaign) 7245:Ecological design 7225:Dematerialization 7035:Fluorescent lamps 6851: 6850: 6734:Balance of nature 6491:Landscape ecology 6376:Community ecology 6318:Species diversity 6254:Indicator species 6249:Gradient analysis 6126:Logistic function 6034: 6033: 5991:Animal coloration 5968:Trophic mutualism 5706:Microbial ecology 5497:Photoheterotrophs 5482:Myco-heterotrophy 5394:Ecosystem ecology 5379:Carrying capacity 5344:Abiotic component 5287: 5286: 5241:Nitrogen fixation 5209:Methane clathrate 5190:mycorrhizal fungi 5143:geochemical cycle 4990:deep carbon cycle 4783:978-3-540-62576-6 4532:978-0-534-42066-6 4481:(10): 1835–1852. 4251:(3128): 959–963. 3558:978-0-521-46834-3 3375:(S1): 1377–1383. 3077:(10): 1943–1951. 3034:978-91-576-6881-3 2739:(4967): 380–386. 2664:978-0-13-478116-7 2637:10.3354/ame009069 2601:978-0-691-08508-1 2425:. pp. 25–26. 2326:(3761): 424–429. 2290:978-0-691-12839-9 2256:978-1-55963-228-7 2087:Plastic pollution 1980:roughly equaling 1778:Oeconomia Naturae 1765: 1764: 1563:Methane emissions 1219:In the atmosphere 1019:earthworm casting 889:mineral nutrients 784:, which includes 782:mineral nutrients 769: 768: 624:geochemical cycle 470:Methane clathrate 268:mycorrhizal fungi 258:deep carbon cycle 124:mineral nutrients 16:(Redirected from 7591: 7544: 7543: 7507: 7506: 7497: 7471:Waste management 7461:Waste collection 7320:Reuse of bottles 7220:Circular economy 7197:Northern Ireland 6983: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6855: 6551:Ecological niche 6523:selection theory 6343:Umbrella species 6328:Species richness 6264:Invasive species 6244:Flagship species 6151:Population cycle 6146:Overexploitation 6111:Ecological yield 6061: 6054: 6047: 6038: 5943:Mesotrophic soil 5883:Climax community 5815:Marine food webs 5754:Biomagnification 5555:Chemoorganotroph 5409:Keystone species 5369:Biotic component 5314: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5277: 5276: 5160:Biosequestration 5148:chemical cycling 5079:deep water cycle 5049:Phosphorus cycle 4957: 4950: 4943: 4934: 4885: 4884: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4475:Waste Management 4470: 4464: 4463: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4425:10.1002/ep.10044 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4385:. Archived from 4368: 4342: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4300: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4174: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4118:(518): 861–880. 4109: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4065: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3971:Design Quarterly 3966: 3960: 3959: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3825:(144): 326–331. 3814: 3808: 3807: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3687:. Archived from 3662: 3653: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3632: 3626:. Archived from 3593: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3499:(1–3): 220–232. 3486: 3480: 3479: 3469: 3451: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3423: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3352:. Archived from 3342: 3336: 3335: 3318:(3): 2874–2880. 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3176: 3167:(9): 1751–1762. 3152: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3125: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3037:. Archived from 3018: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2994:. Archived from 2985: 2967: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2856:. Archived from 2839: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2709:. Archived from 2684: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2540:. Archived from 2515: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2461:. Archived from 2442: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2399:. Archived from 2382: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2358:. Archived from 2315: 2306: 2295: 2294: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2259:. Archived from 2249:. Island Press. 2244: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2220:. Archived from 2195: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2178:on 22 July 2011. 2177: 2171:. Archived from 2154: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2102: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2050:technoecosystems 1989:fossilized fuels 1966:technoecosystems 1866:plant physiology 1829:coined the term 1817:from 1881-1883. 1757: 1750: 1743: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1529:pelagic sediment 1423:Soil respiration 1418:Photorespiration 1148: 1129: 1103:nutrient cycling 1071:nutrient cycling 761: 754: 747: 734: 729: 728: 641:Biosequestration 629:chemical cycling 339:Phosphorus cycle 202:deep water cycle 181: 162: 144:phosphorus cycle 67: 58: 47: 38: 21: 7599: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7574:Systems ecology 7559: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7485: 7456:Waste-to-energy 7421:Dumpster diving 7389: 7365:Waste hierarchy 7340:Right to repair 7208: 7177:The Netherlands 7132:Rate by country 7120: 7074: 6984: 6975: 6887: 6882: 6852: 6847: 6838: 6824:Systems ecology 6712: 6683:Extinction debt 6648:Ecological debt 6638:Bioluminescence 6619: 6612: 6581:marine habitats 6556:Ecological trap 6537: 6417: 6410: 6353: 6347: 6303:Rapoport's rule 6298:Priority effect 6239:Endemic species 6207: 6166:Population size 6082: 6075: 6065: 6035: 6030: 5983: 5977: 5963:Trophic cascade 5873:Bioaccumulation 5856: 5783: 5740: 5662: 5629: 5526: 5438: 5399:Ecosystem model 5332: 5318: 5288: 5283: 5265: 5180:biological pump 5138:Biogeochemistry 5126: 5095:Research groups 5090: 4966: 4961: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4560:10.2307/1354445 4545: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4392:on 23 July 2011 4389: 4351:(1–12): 46–52. 4340: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4309:(11): 606–613. 4298: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3983:10.2307/4047350 3968: 3967: 3963: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3913:10.2307/1948449 3891:) in Florida". 3886: 3885: 3881: 3854:New Phytologist 3851: 3850: 3846: 3831:10.2307/4120250 3816: 3815: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3665:Biogeochemistry 3660: 3655: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3381:10.1139/b95-400 3366: 3365: 3361: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3206:Ecology Letters 3203: 3202: 3198: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2983:10.1.1.588.7418 2965: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2912:Ecology Letters 2908: 2907: 2903: 2882:(S1): 301–308. 2873: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2298: 2291: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2054:technodiversity 2043: 2037: 2000: 1940: 1938:novel ecosystem 1930: 1893:natural cycling 1889:natural cycling 1852:in relation to 1832:biogeochemistry 1823: 1761: 1720: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1606: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1547: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1524:Marine sediment 1508: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1457:Solubility pump 1445:Biological pump 1439: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1402: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1374:Carbon fixation 1359: 1344: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1313: 1297: 1250: 1248:Forms of carbon 1240: 1239: 1238: 1213: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1156: 1115: 1061:denitrification 975: 969: 936:soil management 928: 862: 822: 814: 809: 765: 724: 717: 716: 715: 696: 681: 680:Research groups 673: 672: 671: 650: 619:Biogeochemistry 613: 605: 604: 603: 498: 488: 487: 486: 459: 449: 448: 447: 438:Calcareous ooze 421:Biological pump 416: 406: 396: 395: 394: 374: 364: 363: 362: 291: 281: 280: 279: 220: 210: 209: 208: 191: 160: 104: 103: 102: 101: 70: 69: 68: 60: 59: 50: 49: 48: 40: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7597: 7595: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7561: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7501: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7401:Bottle cutting 7397: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7275:Land recycling 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7192:United Kingdom 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7005: 7003:Automotive oil 7000: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6804:Microecosystem 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6703:Thorson's rule 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6628:Assembly rules 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6513: 6511:Patch dynamics 6508: 6506:Metapopulation 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6401:Storage effect 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6283:Neutral theory 6280: 6275: 6270: 6268:Native species 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6141:Overpopulation 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:Nutrient cycle 5945: 5940: 5938:Feeding frenzy 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:Energy quality 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5878:Cascade effect 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5721:Microbial loop 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5686:Lithoautotroph 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5668:Microorganisms 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5625:Prey switching 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Photosynthesis 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5457:Chemosynthesis 5454: 5448: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5349:Abiotic stress 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5134: 5132: 5131:Related topics 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059:Selenium cycle 5056: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5034: 5032:Nutrient cycle 5029: 5027:Nitrogen cycle 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5007:Hydrogen cycle 5004: 5002:Chlorine cycle 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4976: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4891:External links 4889: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4857: 4822: 4809:(3): 300–311. 4789: 4782: 4756: 4707: 4665: 4636: 4573: 4538: 4531: 4508: 4465: 4446:(6): 787–825. 4430: 4419:(4): 264–270. 4403: 4366:10.1.1.566.960 4328: 4286: 4235: 4186: 4157:(9): 842–852. 4137: 4095: 4074:(6): 515–525. 4047: 4012:(4): 413–416. 3996: 3961: 3942:(2): 126–131. 3926: 3879: 3860:(4): 296–309. 3844: 3809: 3793: 3766:(1): 109–145. 3747: 3736:(3): 369–382. 3720: 3705: 3671:(3): 199–239. 3643: 3602:(3): 493–528. 3579: 3564: 3557: 3537: 3526:(2): 235–241. 3510: 3481: 3437: 3394: 3359: 3337: 3308:Eisenia fetida 3298: 3265: 3247: 3212:(2): 153–164. 3196: 3147: 3108:(10): e13255. 3088: 3054: 3033: 3004: 2976:(1–3): 19–31. 2953: 2918:(3): 229–238. 2901: 2866: 2863:on 2011-09-28. 2848:(2): 219–237. 2825: 2796:10.1086/430074 2790:(6): 609–622. 2774: 2719: 2693:(6): 345–353. 2670: 2663: 2643: 2607: 2600: 2572: 2550: 2498: 2487:(2): 189–209. 2471: 2453:(3): 203–223. 2428: 2409: 2406:on 2012-03-13. 2368: 2296: 2289: 2269: 2255: 2230: 2181: 2163:(3): 735–751. 2140: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2079:Ecology portal 2066: 2063: 2039:Main article: 2036: 2033: 2024:biodegradation 1993: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1885: 1873: 1850:nitrogen cycle 1846:nutrient cycle 1841:nutrient cycle 1822: 1819: 1810:Ferdinand Cohn 1769:Charles Darwin 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1667:Deep biosphere 1664: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1637:Redfield ratio 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1617:Nutrient cycle 1614: 1608: 1607: 1604:Biogeochemical 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1560: 1558:Methanogenesis 1555: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472:Microbial loop 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1355:Chemosynthesis 1352: 1350:Photosynthesis 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211:Carbon dioxide 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1114: 1111: 1069:contribute to 971:Main article: 968: 965: 961: 960: 957: 954: 921: 912:polysaccharide 893:trophic system 861: 858: 828:Howard T. Odum 820: 813: 810: 802: 767: 766: 764: 763: 756: 749: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 719: 718: 714: 713: 708: 703: 697: 695: 694: 689: 683: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 670: 669: 664: 663: 662: 651: 649: 648: 646:Deep biosphere 643: 638: 637: 636: 631: 626: 615: 614: 612:Related topics 611: 610: 607: 606: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 499: 494: 493: 490: 489: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 467: 461: 460: 455: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 443:Siliceous ooze 440: 435: 434: 433: 428: 426:microbial loop 417: 415: 414: 408: 407: 402: 401: 398: 397: 393: 392: 387: 382: 376: 375: 370: 369: 366: 365: 361: 360: 359: 358: 348: 347: 346: 336: 331: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 302:Nitrogen cycle 299: 297:Hydrogen cycle 293: 292: 289:Nutrient cycle 287: 286: 283: 282: 278: 277: 275:Boreal forests 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 245: 244: 243: 238: 233: 222: 221: 216: 215: 212: 211: 207: 206: 205: 204: 193: 192: 187: 186: 183: 182: 174: 173: 167: 166: 159: 156: 136:nitrogen cycle 108:nutrient cycle 72: 71: 62: 61: 53: 52: 51: 42: 41: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7596: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7549: 7548: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7529:organizations 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7446:Simple living 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436:Pallet crafts 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Waste picking 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7305:Repairability 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7255:Green economy 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7204:United States 7202: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7116:Waste sorting 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045:Mobile phones 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6872: 6867: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:Urban ecology 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Kleiber's law 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461:Foster's rule 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5779:Trophic level 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5736:Phage ecology 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Microbial mat 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681:Bacteriophage 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5648:Decomposition 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Mesopredators 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5540:Apex predator 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Biotic stress 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5280: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Nitrification 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5022:Mineral cycle 5020: 5018: 5017:Mercury cycle 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4880:9781402029424 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688:(2): 96–100. 4687: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4554:(31): 57–81. 4553: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4404: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4089:2027.42/27572 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4059:Manduca sexta 4051: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899:(2): 97–117. 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3633:on 2012-03-31 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3044:on 2012-07-13 3040: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2421:. Amsterdam: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2029:nanoparticles 2025: 2021: 2020:mercury cycle 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2003:Microplastics 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:plastic waste 1967: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1958:Silent Spring 1954: 1953:Rachel Carson 1950: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1934:ecotoxicology 1927: 1925: 1918: 1917:bio-recycling 1913: 1912:bio-recycling 1909: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1870:mineral cycle 1867: 1863: 1862:mineral cycle 1859: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1773:Carl Linnaeus 1770: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1612:Marine cycles 1610: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:Boreal forest 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:decomposition 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1050:worm castings 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1000: 996: 992: 990: 984: 979: 974: 966: 964: 958: 955: 952: 951: 950: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 926: 920: 917: 913: 909: 905: 902: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881: 877: 871: 868:A simplified 866: 859: 857: 854: 853:heterotrophic 849: 844: 842: 838: 835:proposed the 834: 829: 818: 811: 807: 801: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774:decomposition 762: 757: 755: 750: 748: 743: 742: 740: 739: 733: 723: 722: 721: 720: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 677: 676: 668: 665: 661: 658: 657: 656: 653: 652: 647: 644: 642: 639: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 617: 616: 609: 608: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 497: 492: 491: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 458: 457:Methane cycle 453: 452: 444: 441: 439: 436: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 410: 409: 405: 400: 399: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380:Calcium cycle 378: 377: 373: 368: 367: 357: 354: 353: 352: 349: 345: 342: 341: 340: 337: 335: 332: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 312:nitrification 310: 308: 305: 304: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 290: 285: 284: 276: 273: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248:Sequestration 246: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 219: 214: 213: 203: 200: 199: 198: 195: 194: 190: 185: 184: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 164: 163: 157: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 66: 57: 46: 37: 19: 7545: 7406:Cogeneration 7294: 7235:Durable good 6814:Regime shift 6799:Macroecology 6520: 6516: 6456:Edge effects 6426:Biogeography 6371:Commensalism 6219:Biodiversity 6096:Allee effect 5947: 5835:kelp forests 5788:Example webs 5653:Detritivores 5492:Organotrophs 5472:Kinetotrophs 5424:Productivity 5069:Sulfur cycle 5064:Silica cycle 5037:Oxygen cycle 5031: 4980:Carbon cycle 4907:Dianna Cohen 4870: 4860: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4765: 4759: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4685: 4681: 4668: 4649: 4639: 4596: 4592: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4521: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4387:the original 4348: 4344: 4331: 4306: 4302: 4289: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4115: 4111: 4098: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4050: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3977:(72): 3–31. 3974: 3970: 3964: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3802: 3796: 3763: 3759: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3696:. Retrieved 3689:the original 3668: 3664: 3635:. Retrieved 3628:the original 3599: 3595: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3547: 3540: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3457: 3453: 3440: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3354:the original 3340: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3074: 3070: 3046:. Retrieved 3039:the original 3020: 3007: 2996:the original 2973: 2969: 2956: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2858:the original 2845: 2841: 2828: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2711:the original 2690: 2686: 2673: 2653: 2646: 2627: 2623: 2610: 2586: 2575: 2566: 2553: 2542:the original 2521: 2517: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2463:the original 2450: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2412: 2401:the original 2388: 2384: 2371: 2360:the original 2323: 2317: 2279: 2272: 2261:the original 2246: 2233: 2222:the original 2201: 2197: 2184: 2173:the original 2160: 2156: 2143: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2058: 2044: 2016:Anthropocene 2001: 1995: 1973: 1963: 1956: 1941: 1922: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1837:geochemistry 1830: 1824: 1794: 1777: 1766: 1616: 1450:Martin curve 1437:Carbon pumps 1364:Calvin cycle 1318:Black carbon 1256:Total carbon 1197:Geochemistry 1138:Carbon cycle 1107:forest floor 1065: 1055: 1034:bioturbation 1028: 1004: 988: 962: 948: 931: 929: 923: 915: 898: 883:) linked to 873: 845: 825: 804: 794: 778:biodiversity 770: 584:ozone–oxygen 496:Other cycles 404:Marine cycle 385:Silica cycle 356:assimilation 351:Sulfur cycle 344:assimilation 334:Oxygen cycle 327:assimilation 307:human impact 288: 218:Carbon cycle 148:oxygen cycle 132:sulfur cycle 128:carbon cycle 111: 107: 105: 7519:by material 7380:Wishcycling 7330:Repurposing 7230:Downcycling 7182:Switzerland 7018:PET bottles 6966:Cooking oil 6951:Refrigerant 6451:Disturbance 6354:interaction 6176:Recruitment 6106:Depensation 5898:Copiotrophs 5769:Energy flow 5691:Lithotrophy 5635:Decomposers 5615:Planktivore 5590:Insectivore 5580:Heterotroph 5545:Bacterivore 5512:Phototrophs 5462:Chemotrophs 5434:Restoration 5384:Competition 5185:viral shunt 5175:soil carbon 5170:carbon sink 5074:Water cycle 4838:: 171–190. 4650:Nature News 2391:(1): 1–22. 2204:(1): 3–11. 1985:consumption 1982:respiratory 1514:Carbon sink 1477:Viral shunt 1467:Marine snow 1323:Blue carbon 1177:Deep carbon 1172:Atmospheric 1162:Terrestrial 1085:in growing 1042:soil litter 1021:taken from 987:sand lance 885:decomposers 431:viral shunt 263:soil carbon 253:carbon sink 236:terrestrial 231:atmospheric 197:Water cycle 189:Water cycle 140:water cycle 7563:Categories 7524:by product 7514:by country 7431:Freeganism 7411:Composting 7385:Zero waste 7285:Precycling 7106:Collection 7096:Blue boxes 6998:Appliances 6819:Sexecology 6396:Parasitism 6361:Antibiosis 6196:Resistance 6191:Resilience 6081:Population 6001:Camouflage 5953:Oligotroph 5868:Ascendency 5830:intertidal 5820:cold seeps 5774:Food chain 5575:Herbivores 5550:Carnivores 5477:Mixotrophs 5452:Autotrophs 5331:components 5054:Rock cycle 5012:Iron cycle 4913:on TED.com 4599:(1): 1–7. 3637:2011-06-21 3048:2011-06-21 2113:(1): 1–9. 2093:References 2012:technosols 2007:nanosilver 1978:production 1945:Paul Sears 1932:See also: 1782:Democritus 1487:Whale pump 1482:Jelly pump 1462:Lipid pump 1187:Permafrost 1155:By regions 1123:Nurse logs 1095:xylophages 1091:xylophages 1030:Earthworms 983:whale pump 880:carnivores 876:herbivores 874:producers- 372:Rock cycle 152:productive 120:production 94:earthworms 74:Composting 7579:Recycling 7355:Upcycling 7349:Green Dot 7137:Australia 7125:Countries 7091:Blue bags 7079:Apparatus 7025:Computers 7008:Batteries 6901:Aluminium 6893:Materials 6885:Recycling 6724:Allometry 6678:Emergence 6406:Symbiosis 6391:Mutualism 6186:Stability 6091:Abundance 5903:Dominance 5861:Processes 5850:tide pool 5746:Food webs 5620:Predation 5605:Omnivores 5532:Consumers 5487:Mycotroph 5444:Producers 5389:Ecosystem 5354:Behaviour 5202:acid rain 5107:GEOTRACES 4613:1826/8674 4460:154637064 4361:CiteSeerX 3788:128410978 3685:128563314 3476:1365-3032 3460:: 73–84. 3414:(2): 13. 3389:0008-4026 3161:Evolution 2978:CiteSeerX 2630:: 69–77. 2524:: 21–34. 2041:Recycling 1910:The term 1898:The term 1887:The term 1875:The term 1860:The term 1827:Vernadsky 1799:in 1687. 1790:Lucretius 1087:dead wood 1077:creating 1075:ecosystem 1057:Shellfish 989:Ammodytes 908:cellulose 904:digestion 901:enzymatic 692:GEOTRACES 660:acid rain 574:manganese 7509:Category 7394:See also 7213:Concepts 7172:Mongolia 7167:Malaysia 7070:Vehicles 7060:Textiles 6990:Products 6911:Concrete 6779:Endolith 6708:Xerosere 6620:networks 6436:Ecocline 5982:Defense, 5658:Detritus 5560:Foraging 5429:Resource 5279:Category 4751:14728790 4702:10338446 4631:19939492 4503:17981022 4383:12398366 4323:16843566 4281:13216198 4230:19528062 4181:12405208 4042:31672324 3780:29737466 3624:34864334 3616:20665080 3332:21078553 3285:: 1–10. 3242:44870405 3234:17257103 3191:22997236 3183:17089961 3142:20949007 3102:PLOS ONE 2948:25635323 2940:19141122 2896:98097371 2820:22662199 2812:15937742 2707:16701391 2538:55193459 2423:Elsevier 2356:35880562 2348:17737551 2218:42150903 2135:23331382 2127:12658509 2065:See also 1974:absorbed 1825:In 1926 1786:Epicurus 1728:Category 999:plankton 940:food web 870:food web 732:Category 594:vanadium 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