1166:, celebrated on 1 October, further stirred up feelings over the Tiananmen Square Massacre. National Day celebrates the founding of the People's Republic of China. In Vancouver, the Chinese community was divided on how to celebrate National Day. Two separate events were planned. Supporters for democracy in China proposed a 24-hour fast along with a reenactment of the Beijing students' tent camps. The Chinese Cultural Center and Chinese Benevolent Association proposed that regular National Day events like lion dancing and dinner should take place. Bill Chu from the Canadian Christians for Democratic Movement in China stated that decisions to continue regular National Day celebrations were another Chinese government cover-up and that telephone polls showed that "71.6% of Vancouver's Chinese community opposed celebrations". Tommy Toa, former director of the Chinese Benevolent Association stated, "To celebrate national Day without condemnation of the current Chinese government is hypocritical I believe if we celebrate anything we should celebrate the courage and determination of the Chinese people seeking democracy". In reaction to the pro-democracy stance, the director of the Chinese Cultural Center Dr. K.T Yue said that because Canada still recognized the Chinese government, "we go along with the government", even though he sympathized with the democracy movement.
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1155:. The garden's namesake is the nationalist leader, considered to be the father of modern China). However, the garden's boards of trustees did not want the statue, because the garden was not a political forum. Others speculate that the trustees did not want the statue because the Chinese Communist Party donated more than $ 500,000 to the building of the Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Garden. The Goddess of Democracy debate continued on 26 August 1989 and Gim Huey, chairman of Vancouver's Chinese Benevolent Association, pleaded that the statue must be in Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Garden, stating that it was "not political" but was "promoting freedom and democracy". Huey believed that "Dr. Sun Yat-Sen stood for freedom and that's the whole spirit of the Garden". When talks with the Vancouver Parks Board failed, the proposed replica statue had no home. Finally, after much lobbying, the 'Vancouver Society in Support for the Democracy Movement' was optimistic when new talks began with the University of British Columbia. Reportedly, "the society approached UBC through a campus organization of Chinese students and scholars and got a warm welcome". Talks were successful in finding the statue a home, and these plans were followed through as the 'Goddess of Democracy' statue was moved to the grounds of the University of British Columbia.
72:) and characterized the crackdown as necessary to maintain stability. Government sources downplayed the violence against demonstrators on 3 and 4 June, and portrayed the public as supportive of the crackdown. In the days after the protest, the CCP attempted to control access to information on the massacre, confiscating film from foreign journalists. Domestic journalists who had been sympathetic to the student movement were removed from their positions, and several foreign journalists were expelled from China. On June 6, State Council spokesman Yuan Mu held a press conference where he claimed that there had been 300 fatalities during the massacre, with no killings having occurred in Tiananmen Square itself. Yuan Mu portrayed the crackdown as a response to "a counterrevolutionary rebellion in the early hours of the morning of June 3." In August 1989, the Chinese government released its complete, official account of the Tiananmen protests,
121:, many young Chinese know almost nothing of the Tiananmen Square protests. In an informal survey, Lim showed the iconic photo of Tank Man to 100 Chinese university students; only 15 correctly identified it as being an image of Tiananmen Square. Perry Link, a Chinese language and literature scholar, writes, "The story of the massacre is banned from textbooks, the media, and all other public contexts." In 2014, Gu Yimin, a Chinese activist, was sentenced to 18 months in prison for attempting to hold a march on the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square crackdown. After filing a request to hold the march in 2013, he was charged with "inciting subversion of state power." Activist groups such as the
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198:) met in Geneva for its thirty-seventh meeting. This meeting was the first time since the killings in June "that a human rights meeting ha begun discussing the subject." At the meeting resolution 1989/5 was adopted by secret ballot on 31 August 1989. The resolution, also called "Situation in China" states the committee was concerned about what had occurred in China and the implications the crackdown would have on the future of human rights. The resolution has two points:
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509:, which was undergoing political reform, reacted strongly to the incident. The Foreign Minister described the events as a "horrible tragedy", and the government expressed "shock", adding that "fundamental human rights could not be exclusively confined to the internal affairs of any country." Demonstrations were held outside the Chinese embassy. Hungary was the only country in Europe to have substantially reduced relations with China in the aftermath of the events.
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770:, but the events fueled discussion on human rights and Soviet foreign policy. There was some private criticism of the Chinese response. Newly formed opposition groups condemned the military action. Ten days after the incident the government expressed regret, calling for political dialogue. Public demonstrations occurred at the Chinese embassy in Moscow. A spokesman on 10 June said the Kremlin was "extremely dismayed" at the incident.
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of living, with over 663 million (according to the World Bank) Chinese citizens lifted out of poverty. Trust and legitimacy of the
Chinese government also remained high and increased from 83% in 2007 to 87% in 2010 according to the 2010 Pew Research Center Study. It also found that the Chinese people were satisfied (87%) with their Government and feel that their country is moving in the right direction (74%).
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94:"The measures adopted by the Chinese government to stop the turmoil and put down the rebellion have not only won the acclaim and support of the Chinese people, but they have also won the understanding and support of the governments and peoples of many other countries. The Chinese government has announced that it will unswervingly carry on the policy of reform and opening to the outside world…"
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103:, Chen Guang, a soldier who participated in the 4 June crackdown, describes the attitudes of citizens following the protests, "The residents suddenly changed to become really nice to the soldiers. I thought about this a lot at the time. It really confused me. Why was it like that? On June 4th, all the residents supported the students. So overnight how did they come to support the soldiers?"
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117:, the CCP's English-language newspaper. The article claims that, "When eventually troops were sent in to clear the square, the demonstrations were already ending. But by this time the Western media were there in force, keen to grab any story they could." There is no mention of a counterrevolutionary rebellion, as earlier government accounts refer to. As Louisa Lim notes in her book,
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153:"Had it not been for the achievements of the reform and the open policy, we could have not weathered June 4th. And if we had failed the test, there would have been chaos and civil war ... Why was it that our country could remain stable after the June 4th Incident? It was precisely because we had carried out the reform and the open policy."
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983:. Beijing offered inducements to the overseas Chinese intellectuals that lead the overseas pro-democratic movements, attempting to regain their loyalty. Many overseas Chinese, however, view the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre as yet another example of communist repression in a long string of similar incidents.
304:, criticized the crackdown. Thus, the SEW deviated officially from the course of the SED for the first time. Following pressure from the SED, however, the SEW office then presented an "oral supplement" at the 13th session of the executive committee, in which the events in VRC were again evaluated in the sense of the SED.
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justified and legitimate." He also states that the punishment of "criminals" who have "violated the criminal law" is justified and that a small number of
Western nations are using the United Nations to interfere internal affairs, which is a clear and complete violation of the UN Charter and international relations.
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reported that protesters wore black armbands, carried banners with slogans like "Li Peng, you are a beast!" or "Today's menu Deng
Xiaoping Stew—Free delivery all over China" and demanded a statement from the consul-general. Members of various Chinese organizations attended the demonstration including
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quietly supported the
Chinese government. Media reported on the protests but offered no commentary, and state radio added that the PLA could not have stopped the action after "hooligans and ruffians insulted or beat up soldiers" and destroyed military vehicles. The government expressed that it wanted
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suspended military sales and visits to that country. Large scale protests against the
Chinese government took place around the country. George Washington University revealed that, through high-level secret channels on 30 June 1989, the US government conveyed to the government of the People's Republic
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issued a statement on 4 June strongly condemning the
Chinese communist response: "Early this morning, Chinese communist troops finally used military force to attack the students and others demonstrating peacefully for democracy and freedom in Tiananmen Square in Peking, resulting in heavy casualties
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On 1 December 1989 the permanent representative of People's
Republic of China (PRC) to the United Nations Ambassador Li Luye replied to the Sub-Commission's adoption of resolution 1989/5 by stating that it was "a brutal interference in China's internal affairs." Li also stated that the "Spokesman of
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Currently, the
Chinese government blocks all website based searches in China with any regard to the massacre at Tiananmen Square. However, the period of relative political stability, order and economic growth that resulted after the crackdown from 1990 till 2012 saw steadily rising Chinese standards
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The military action severely affected perceptions of China. 200,000 people protested against the
Chinese government's response, with the latter considering the protests as "subversive". The people of Hong Kong hoped that the chaos on China would destabilize the Beijing Government and thus avert its
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In the decades since the
Tiananmen Square protests the CCP has attempted to prevent any remembrance of the protest movement and the subsequent crackdown. While the government initially tried to justify its suppression of the protest, releasing official statements and creating museum exhibits on the
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commented that "people in Taiwan think that Tiananmen Square is very far away. ... They think that we have plenty of local issues to be concerned about." Other than the Hands across the island demonstration, there seemed to only be a "muted and controlled local response to the upheaval in China."
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The forty-sixth session found the Chinese claim of interference in internal affairs indefensible and that "massive violation" of human rights concerned of the international community. It also stated that China had accepted voluntarily the obligations of upholding the human rights of its citizens.
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Following the crackdown, rallies supporting Tiananmen Square protesters erupted throughout the world. In the days following the initial crackdown, 200,000 people in Hong Kong formed a massive rally, one of the largest in Hong Kong's history, to mourn the dead and protest the Chinese government's
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In the following weeks the demonstrations continued. On 6 June 1989, 5,000 members of the Vancouver Chinese community, also marched down Granville Street in Vancouver to the Chinese Consulate and held a 40-minute candlelight memorial service. Six days later, on 12 June 1989, more members of the
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of Canada, Gim Huey. Huey said that the weekend massacre in Beijing has ended support for state communism in China. Chinese university students from British Columbia also participated in the events. A student from the University of Victoria said, "Tiananmen Square has never been attacked by any
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At the forty-sixth session of the Commission on Human Rights in January 1990 Li distributed a letter as a document for the meeting. In the letter Li reaffirms the position of the Chinese Government toward the resolution and that "actions to put an end to the turmoil and quell the rebellion were
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in Vancouver, against the Tiananmen Square Massacre. Chan Kwok-Kin criticized those who attended the regular National Day celebrations stating, "I think those who are feasting are doing so for personal gain". Others like the Chinese Benevolent Association's president, Bill Yee, defended their
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at first initially supported the action taken by Chinese authorities, though later issued a "rectified position" which blamed "insufficient information and improper decision making process". The Communist Party also expressed opposition due to its line considering China as "Revisionist" after
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criticised the response of the Chinese government but not the government itself. A government spokesman called the incident "tragic", with "sincere sympathy for the families of those killed and injured." Daily protests and hunger strikes took place outside the Chinese embassy in Warsaw. The
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In the weeks after the crackdown, Chinese state news focused largely on the aggression of protesters and their killing of PLA soldiers. Footage of Liu Guogeng, who was beaten to death by protesters before being immolated, and his grieving family was shown repeatedly in government television
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On 22 August 1989, Vancouver's Chinese community, as well as other human rights activists, united at Robson Square to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre with an art exhibition. The exhibition displayed different media sources such as videos, images, news clippings, and included
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1134:. Afterward, demonstrators took turns expressing their feelings about the Chinese Government's decisions to use military violence on students. A Chinese student from Simon Fraser University stated, "For each of those who have fallen, 1,000 Chinese will come forward and rise up".
1000:" doctrine sent hundreds of thousands of Hong Kongers scrambling for a chance to immigrate to another country. In the end "thousands of people ... disillusioned and worried about their future, moved overseas". But many Hong Kong denizens continued to protest the crackdown in the
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of China that the events around the Tiananmen Square protests were an "internal affair". U.S. public opinion of China dropped significantly after the Tiananmen Square protests, from 72% having favorable opinions of China before the Tiananmen Protests to only 34% in August 1989.
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and loss of life. Although we anticipated this mad action of the Chinese communists beforehand, it still has moved us to incomparable grief, indignation and shock." The authorities also lifted a ban on telephone communications to encourage private contacts and counter the
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broadcasts during June 1989. State media showed mourners laying wreaths and flowers at the site where Liu was killed. The families of demonstrators and bystanders who were killed during the protest have in some cases been forbidden from engaging in public mourning.
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While many in Taiwan also protested the CCP's handling of the 4 June crackdown, going so far as to stage a "hands across the island" demonstration, there seemed to be an ambivalence to the events in China. Chou Tien-Jui, publisher of a weekly news magazine called
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government also expressed hope that it did not affect Sino-Polish relations. After Solidarity assumed the political leadership of Poland, the new government issued new stamps to commemorate the student protests in Tiananmen Square in China in the Spring of 1989.
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described the incident as "inexcusable" and issued a statement: "We can only express horror and outrage at the senseless violence and tragic loss of life resulting from the indiscriminate and brutal use of force against students and civilians of Peking." In
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After the exhibition, the community debated on an appropriate space for a replica statue. Members of Vancouver's Society in Support of Democratic Movement believed that a replica of the Goddess of Democracy should be placed in Vancouver's
744:, speaking on behalf of the Cabinet, said they were shocked and saddened by the response of the Chinese government, adding that "we had expected the Chinese government to apply the doctrine of minimum force when an army is used to quell
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Some Chinese citizens deplored the massacre of peaceful protesters and believed that it had been done with such brutal force to prevent any further protests by citizens. In the immediate aftermath of the Tiananmen Square protests, the
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83:"This turmoil was not a chance occurrence. It was a political turmoil incited by a very small number of political careerists after a few years of plotting and scheming. It was aimed at subverting the socialist People's Republic."
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the Foreign Ministry of the People's Republic of China issued a statement on 2 September 1989, solemnly declaring the firm objection of the Chinese Government to the resolution and deeming it to be illegal and null and void."
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This contradicts the statements of student leaders, who emphasized the spontaneous nature of their decisions to join the protest and their desire to work within the political system. On the 4 June crackdown and its aftermath
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responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum, so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China, and to offer political empathy for the events.
432:, were in China shortly afterward on a goodwill visit. In contrast, members of the general population, including ordinary SED party members, participated in protests against the actions of the Chinese government.
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supported the Chinese government's response, expressing the idea that China would overcome its problems and further develop socialism. In response, the Chinese side "highly valued the understanding shown by the
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55:, among others, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests. Overseas Chinese students demonstrated in many cities in Europe, America, the Middle East, and Asia against the Chinese government.
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was the only political party in the world to pass a resolution hailing the protests, calling them 'an imperialist attempt to internally subvert socialism, was successfully thwarted by the CPC and the PLA.'
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Commission on Human Rights, "Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, with particular reference to Colonial and other Dependent Countries and Territories"
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country said the protest became a "symbol of destroyed illusions and also a symbol of sacrificed ideals which have been cut off by machine gun volleys and squashed under the caterpillars of heavy vehicles."
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expressed sadness at the massacre, urging the Chinese government to "urgently and immediately take steps to stop the aggressive and senseless killing by its armed forces". Socialist labor organization
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When accepted into the United Nations in 1971, China was "bound by established human rights standards which are part of the customary law or which have been accepted by the international community."
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1043:. The Chinese consulate in Toronto was picketed by 30,000 protesters of Chinese descent or their supporters. Members of the protest called for an end to the bloodshed as well as "death to Premier
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issued a statement on 4 June commenting that "although anticipated this mad action of the Chinese communists beforehand, it still has moved us to incomparable grief, indignation and shock".
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Using tactics similar to those used by the university students in Beijing, 1,000 protesters took to Granville Street in Vancouver, British Columbia and marched to the Chinese Consulate. The
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decision to take military action against student protesters. To demonstrate their support of the students in Tiananmen Square, various Chinese Canadian Organizations protested in Vancouver.
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were the first of their type shown in detail on Western television. The Chinese government's response was denounced, particularly by Western governments and media. Criticism came from both
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975:, sought to minimize the impact of the Tiananmen Square Massacre on China's international image. They gave multiple "reassuring public speeches" in an attempt to avoid the loss of
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froze diplomatic relations with China, and summoned the Chinese Chargé d'Affaires Li Qin Ping expressing shock at the "violent and brutal actions of the People's Liberation Army."
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and Dogmidiin Sosorbaram had been aware of the international reaction to the military action, and chose to follow the democratic changes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
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The Foreign Ministry expressed "grave concern" and hoped for no further deterioration of the situation. The statement also encouraged dialogue to resolve the issue peacefully.
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Following the massacre, Hong Kong's largest ever protest erupted as people protested in support of the student movement. This protest was organized by the newly created
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responded by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum. The government's monopoly over television in the 1980s helped Prime Minister
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members, and expressed confidence that the "fluid situation" in China had passed its "critical point", though it was concerned that it could delay a settlement in the
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differs significantly from the accounts of student leaders and foreign journalists, many of which are banned in China. On the origins of the protest the book states:
34:, North America, Australia and some east Asian and Latin American countries. Notably, many Asian countries remained silent throughout the protests; the government of
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On 1 October 1989, the National Day events unfolded with two clear stances. A protest of more than 500 pro-Democracy supporters, was held outside the Main Street
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Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Commission on Human Rights information provided by the Government of China and by other reliable sources;
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Commission on Human Rights, "Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on its Forty-First Session"
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events of 3–5 June, it now denies that such suppression ever occurred. In 2011, an opinion piece, "Tiananmen Square a Myth", was published in
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Due to the ongoing censorship in China, it is difficult to verify the claim that the government crackdown had popular support. In the book
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for his part in the military crackdown. Their goal was to "prove that he is accountable for the crime, and that this kind of crime, the
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better relations with China, but did not want to go to the "extremes of Eastern Europe or Tiananmen" – referring to its own stability.
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Makes an appeal for clemency, in particular in favour of persons deprived of their liberty as a result of the above-mentioned events.
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have faced intense government surveillance for their attempts to hold the CCP accountable for the losses of their family members.
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1130:. Broadbent called for the immediate withdrawal of the Canadian Ambassador in China and an emergency debate of the crisis by the
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did not explicitly condemn the actions, but called for reform. There was an interest on building relations on a recent summit in
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unanimously passed a resolution in support of the Chinese government's use of force. High-ranking politicians from the ruling
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A Heart for Freedom: The Remarkable Journey of a Young Dissident, Her Daring Escape, and Her Quest to Free China's Daughters
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signal to Beijing that India would not revel in China's domestic troubles and offer some political empathy instead. The
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was concerned at the massacre, adding that the government should uphold the utmost restraint, but also noted that the
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The West German Foreign Ministry urged China "to return to its universally welcomed policies of reform and openness."
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Hendrinkson, Bob. "For friends and Foes of China: Protests set up to counter Anniversary Celebration in Vancouver."
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condemned the government response and cancelled all high level contacts and loans. They planned a resolution at the
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The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force Against Their Own People – In Their Own Words.
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government, even the Japanese, Chinese culture has a long civilization that was destroyed by the government".
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was also called into question. Demonstrations continued for several days, and wreaths were placed outside the
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Farrow, Moira. "Tiananmen Statue site proposed: Society seeks UBC site for the replica of Tiananmen statue."
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Wendy Stueck, "Tough choices for Chinese: Many students apply for residency following Tiananmen massacre,"
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Kuwait voiced understanding of the measures taken by the Chinese authorities to protect social stability.
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1786:"Upbeat Chinese Public May Not Be Primed for a Jasmine Revolution | Pew Global Attitudes Project"
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2237:"Resolution Adopted at the 14th Congress of the CPI(M) Madras, January 3-9, 1992, 4.0(xvii), Page 12"
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with preventing destabilization of the regime following the Tiananmen Square massacre. Deng stated:
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called the response "intolerable" and froze loans to China. Japan was also the first member of the
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Die Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins. Untersuchung der Steuerung der SEW durch die SED
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Eric Skelton, "CHINA: THE TIANANMEN MASSACRE Emotional crowd of 30,000 marches on consulate,"
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Eric Skelton, "CHINA: THE TIANANMEN MASSACRE Emotional crowd of 30,000 marches on consulate,"
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As veterans of the 4 June movement settled into lives in their adopted countries, some, like
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to the Romanian Communist Party Congress in August 1989, at which CeauĹźescu was re-elected.
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depicting a destroyed bicycle and a tank track is a symbol of the Tiananmen Square protests
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prohibits interference in member states' internal affairs (especially member states with a
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Goddess of Democracy replica at the Vancouver campus of the University of British Columbia
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The government supported the actions of the Chinese government, while opposition leader
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1913:, E/CN.4/1990/52, page 2, paragraph 3; page 32–33, paragraph 65; page 33, paragraph 66.
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The Holy See of Vatican City has no official diplomatic relations with China, but Pope
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2627:"Solidarity commemorates Tiananmen Square," Making the History of 1989, Item No. 104,
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What demonstrations did happen seemed "more dutiful than enthusiastic". ROC President
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There were international responses toward the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. In
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2346:"India's Communist Party (Marxist): Defender of Stalin and capitalist restoration"
1702:"June 4 March Applicant Sentenced to 18 Months, Lawyers Beaten Outside Courthouse"
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Domestic and international reactions to crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests
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Mending Fences: The Evolution of Moscow's China Policy, from Brezhnev to Yeltsin.
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Carroll, J. M. "A Concise History of Hong Kong." Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
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Rethinking Japan's Identity and International Role: An Intercultural Perspective.
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National Day celebration, arguing that it was rooted in a 30-year-old tradition.
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3591:
3468:
3463:
3422:
3389:
972:
421:
326:
and we wanted the world to stand by Burma, so we stand by the Chinese students."
113:
40:
1047:". Five Hundred Chinese Canadians rallied in front of the Chinese consulate in
3771:
3766:
3676:
3671:
3621:
3606:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3529:
3524:
3509:
3499:
3473:
1830:
992:
brutality. This protest was also tinged with fear, however, as the spectre of
429:
259:
179:
68:(CCP) maintained its original condemnation of the student demonstrations (see
3751:
3666:
3631:
3626:
3561:
3478:
3458:
3442:
3399:
1079:
1048:
346:
341:
279:
3154:
Farrow, Moira. "Chinese Community Split Seen: National Day Events Differ."
1407:
Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict : the Basic Documents
192:
Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
2628:
1039:
5 June 1989 was marked by mass protests against the Beijing government by
4108:
3596:
3571:
3566:
3494:
3432:
3379:
723:
3035:
Gawthrop, Dan. "1000 in City Protest Killings Series: China in Crisis."
2874:
G.P Deshpande, "The Chinese Political System in the Wake of Tiananmen,"
1687:
1063:
held their protests in the provincial legislature. Allan Chan, from the
1009:
Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China
3556:
3514:
3504:
3437:
3427:
3404:
1191:
1044:
1004:, calling for unity with the Chinese people in fighting for democracy.
979:
trade status with the United States as well as to alter the opinion of
965:
767:
353:
to the military action led to friction in the city's Chinese community.
3519:
940:
31:
1252:
State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, (27 July 1989)
1218:
Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s.
3185:"China's Li Peng sued in U.S. court over Tiananmen rights abuses,"
2736:
Reaction swift to bloodshed in China. Associated Press, 7 June 1989
1190:. He, along with four other protesters, launched a lawsuit against
588:
to restore high level relations with China in the following months.
3611:
2780:"United States State Department "Themes" Declassified 2 July 1998"
1093:
1001:
872:
844:
722:
praised the military action, and in a reciprocal move, China sent
376:
and people" for suppressing the "anti-socialist" riots in Beijing.
282:, wept at a memorial service in the Great Hall in Parliament. The
253:
238:
35:
1082:, the Chinese community was among those who stood up against the
286:
granted Chinese students a four-year asylum to stay in Australia.
3093:
Parton, Nicole. "Goddess of Democracy a Hot Lady in Vancouver."
2649:
Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations 1989–2000
44:
3198:
3060:
McLellan, Wendy. "Beijing Ambassador's Withdrawal Called For."
1462:. Carol Stream, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. p. 88.
920:
Despite Vietnam and China's history of strained relations, the
350:
1599:"Beijing Journal; At Tiananmen Exhibit, Fables From the Party"
2947:
Richard Bernstein, "In Taiwan, Sympathies Lean Toward Home,"
2143:
Mansfield, Y. & Pizam, A. Tourism and safety in the PRC.
957:
The Chinese Communist Party and the aftermath of the massacre
241:
criticising China's human rights record. The EU maintains an
2807:"How America's opinion of China has changed since Tiananmen"
1628:
1626:
1055:, one hundred Chinese students protested the actions of the
2278:
Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century
1375:"Turmoil in China; Beijing Ousts 2 American Correspondents"
585:
566:
condemned the "unspeakable slaughter in progress in China".
464:
expressed hope that the events in China would bring change.
1926:
Commission on Human Rights, Letter from Ambassador Li Luye
1586:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 120–121.
952:
Reaction of Chinese in North America, Hong Kong and Taiwan
540:, now the CPI(M) General Secretary, proclaimed in 1989 at
300:
The sister party of the ruling party in East Germany, the
2943:
2941:
3109:
Farrow, Moira. "Democracy Statue Squabble Intensifies."
2578:
Modern Mongolia: from khans to commissars to capitalists
1813:
No Limits: The Inside Story of China's War with the West
1663:. New York, NY: Oxford University PRess. pp. 85–87.
1344:"Turmoil in China; Foreigners Scramble to Leave Beijing"
1075:
in the aftermath of 4 June rather than return to China.
544:
that “Not a drop of blood was shed at Tiananmen Square.”
2964:
CRACKDOWN IN BEIJING; IN TAIWAN, SYMPATHY AND ALOOFNESS
2857:
2855:
2853:
2837:
China, India, Japan and the Security of Southeast Asia.
2478:
China rips US for halting arms flow, aiding dissident,
2912:
2910:
2493:
China's Relations with Arabia and the Gulf, 1949–1999.
2145:
Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice.
1674:
Link, Perry (2009). "June Fourth: Memory and Ethics".
996:
hung over their heads. Reunification, even under the "
1731:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 105.
1729:
The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited
1661:
The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited
1584:
The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited
1531:
1529:
1475:
The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited
1118:
Vancouver's Chinese community rallied in Vancouver's
119:
The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited
100:
The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited
3172:
Wong, Victor Chew. "Chinese Split on National Day."
1477:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 34.
1143:
discussions for a replica of the Beijing students, '
1059:
and the resulting violence. Chinese students at the
901:
and media criticized the military action. President
4136:
4094:
4041:
3995:
3860:
3780:
3729:
3720:
3695:
3549:
3542:
3487:
3451:
3413:
3365:
3354:
3298:
3232:
2715:Zhang, L., Nathan, A. J., Link, P. & Schell O.
2060:Central and Eastern Europe in transition, Volume 1
1939:The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy.
1538:"Giving the Official Spin: 6 Scenes on Chinese TV"
1138:Dispute over the Goddess of Democracy in Vancouver
843:had the warmest relations with Beijing out of all
4023:Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
2861:Surjit Mansingh, "Beijing and Overseas Chinese,"
2675:University of Washington Press, 2001. p.106-107.
2005:Turmoil in China; Asian Diplomats Express Concern
1571:. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House. p. 87.
1522:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
4149:Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao
2933:Final Hong Kong memorial for Tiananmen massacre
1507:. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House. p. 5.
1447:. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House. p. 3.
1262:Places 20 years apart – column by C. Raja Mohan
412:approved of the military action. On 8 June the
151:
3245:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
3134:
3132:
3051:. "5,000 Here Chide China." 7 June 1989. p. 4.
2916:Margaret Scott, "Hong Kong on Borrowed Time,"
2281:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited.
1863:, 17 August 1989. (accessed 26 November 2010).
1410:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 363.
3210:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2693:TURMOIL IN CHINA; Kremlin Dismayed, Aide Says
8:
3321:Dialogue between students and the government
2839:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993.
2651:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 105.
2407:"Watching the Tiananmen Massacre From Delhi"
1885:, E/CN.4/1990/2, page 34, resolution 1989/5.
1764:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"
1615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
487:office in the city. This further fueled the
4185:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
3226:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
3031:
3029:
3027:
2184:
2182:
322:condemned them, saying: "We deplore it. It
21:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
3726:
3546:
3362:
3217:
3203:
3195:
3150:
3148:
2582:. University of California Press. p.
2448:, The Register Guard, 5 June 1989, page 5A
1492:. New York, NY: Putnam Press. p. 125.
1186:, chose to continue the fight against the
1178:Setting a precedent in law – United States
1089:
686:renouncing Maoism and reviving Capitalism.
479:reunification with the rest of China. The
190:From August 7th to September 1st 1989 the
3105:
3103:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
2190:Central and Eastern Europe in Transition.
1301:, Spokane Chronicle, 7 June 1989, page A8
1220:Cambridge University Press, 1996. p.302.
1212:
1210:
630:Many reformists and activists, including
2987:Events In Beijing (Senate – 7 June 1989)
2746:Events In Beijing (Senate – 7 June 1989)
1704:. Human Rights in China. 24 March 2014.
1153:Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden
3708:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
3168:
3166:
3164:
2610:Temple University Press, 1997. p. 178.
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1206:
489:mass migration wave of Hong Kong people
4144:Reactions to the protests and massacre
3703:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation
3285:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2959:
2957:
2928:
2926:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2000:
1998:
1921:
1919:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1871:
1869:
1857:"U.N. Panel Is Asked to Condemn China"
1608:
1090:Vancouver's Chinese community protests
802:froze diplomatic relations with China.
3890:The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries
2434:
2432:
2033:World leaders outraged at army action
1597:Sanger, David, E (9 September 1989).
1490:Moving the Mountain: My Life in China
7:
3265:Campaign against spiritual pollution
2786:from the original on 3 December 2013
1424:from the original on 21 October 2023
1313:"Tiananmen Spokesman Evades Comment"
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1159:Split over National Day in Vancouver
3260:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
2314:Raj Chengappa (15 September 1991).
1569:The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil
1505:The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil
1445:The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil
89:The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil
78:The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil
74:The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil
2608:Militant Labor in the Philippines.
2439:World condemns Tiananmen bloodshed
2417:from the original on 7 August 2024
2386:from the original on 7 August 2024
1843:"Bush halts arms sales to China."
1811:Small, Andrew (15 November 2022).
1708:from the original on 12 April 2018
1548:from the original on 12 April 2018
1385:from the original on 12 April 2018
1373:Kristof, Nicholas (15 June 1989).
1354:from the original on 12 April 2018
1323:from the original on 12 April 2018
1292:Troubles in China provoke protests
533:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
14:
2817:from the original on 3 April 2018
2549:Bruun, Ole; Odgaard, Ole (1996).
2192:Nova Publishers, 1998. p. 22-23.
1974:. kassel university press, 2010,
961:The CCP, under the leadership of
258:A memorial in the Polish city of
3326:Funding of student organizations
2760:Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
2356:from the original on 5 June 2021
2326:from the original on 5 June 2021
2295:from the original on 4 June 2024
2125:from the original on 3 June 2009
1792:from the original on 28 May 2013
1788:. Pewglobal.org. 31 March 2011.
1520:The People's Republic of Amnesia
1243:"China: Aftermath of the Crisis"
929:
910:
887:
855:
829:
806:
788:
774:
752:
730:
709:
690:
667:
649:
620:
606:
592:
570:
548:
513:
495:
468:
450:
436:
398:
380:
357:
330:
308:
290:
268:
223:
164:
4175:1989 in international relations
3883:Collection of June Fourth Poems
3280:Household responsibility system
2758:A Concise History of Hong Kong.
2246:: 12, 4.0(xvii). Archived from
2090:The West Condemns the Crackdown
2062:. Nova Publishers. p. 23.
1941:Oxford University Press, 2002.
1815:. Melville House. p. 194.
1536:Wudunn, Sheryl (15 June 1989).
1132:United Nations Security Council
3073:Rees, Ann. "Thousands Mourn."
2647:Suettinger, Robert L. (2004).
2512:Bruning, Harald (11 Jun 1999)
1342:Wudunn, Sheryl (7 June 1989).
1198:, is beyond China's borders".
1111:Chinese Benevolent Association
481:Sino-British Joint Declaration
340:The External Affairs Minister
1:
3951:Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square
2805:Wike, Richard (3 June 2014).
2166:Hong Kong: China's Challenge.
1745:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 111.
390:The French Foreign Minister,
76:. The narrative presented in
2113:Hansen, Sven (2 June 2009).
1766:. Imf.org. 14 September 2006
374:Czechoslovak Communist Party
369:government of Czechoslovakia
2778:National Security Archive.
2115:"Der Sargnagel aus Fernost"
2058:Columbus, Frank H. (1998).
1928:, E/CN.4/1990/55, page 3–4.
1634:"Tiananmen Massacre a Myth"
1080:Vancouver, British Columbia
616:150,000 protested in Macau.
542:Jawaharlal Nehru University
235:European Economic Community
230:European Economic Community
4206:
3911:The Gate of Heavenly Peace
3142:, 29 September 1989 P. 41.
2629:Making the History of 1989
2514:"June 4 memory fades"
2235:CPI(M) (9 January 1992) .
1404:Oskenberg, Michel (1990).
410:German Democratic Republic
245:against China to this day.
196:Commission on Human Rights
4190:Reactions to 1990s events
3189:, 1 September 2000, A. 24
2553:. Routledge. p. 32.
2495:Routledge, 2002. p. 196.
1881:22 September 2012 at the
1084:Chinese Communist Party's
939:The national news agency
4008:Democracy Party of China
3126:, 4 October 1990 P. A18.
3113:, 26 August 1989, p G15.
2574:Rossabi, Morris (2005).
2461:Routledge, 2002. p. 89.
2350:World Socialist Web Site
998:one country, two systems
994:reunification with China
849:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
3311:April 27 demonstrations
3250:1976 Tiananmen Incident
3176:, 1 October 1989, p 25.
3158:, 25 August 1989 p. B1.
3021:, 11 September 1989, B6
2991:US Congressional Record
2634:17 January 2012 at the
1989:21 October 2023 at the
1297:6 December 2016 at the
1248:25 January 2009 at the
1069:Simon Fraser University
970:Party General Secretary
560:Italian Communist Party
176:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
66:Chinese Communist Party
3290:Criticism of communism
3064:, 12 June 1989, p. B1.
2920:, 22 October 1989, A31
2865:27, no. 4, (1991): 325
2551:Mongolia in transition
2376:"Modi lessons for CPM"
2222:The New Indian Express
1909:6 October 2016 at the
1196:human rights violation
1109:vice-president of the
1099:
1061:University of Manitoba
899:United States Congress
882:
877:Tiananmen Memorial at
408:The government of the
263:
155:
4154:Human rights in China
4018:Human Rights in China
4004:China Support Network
3937:Prisoner of the State
3331:Mao portrait incident
3077:, 12 June 1989, p. 4.
3039:, 5 June 1989, p. B1.
2969:7 August 2024 at the
2878:27, no. 4 (1991): 269
2719:PublicAffairs, 2002.
2698:7 August 2024 at the
2210:Places 20 years apart
2095:7 August 2024 at the
2045:The New Straits Times
2010:7 August 2024 at the
1097:
1065:University of Calgary
922:Vietnamese government
876:
639:SanjaasĂĽrengiin Zorig
636:Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
284:Australian government
257:
4180:History of Vancouver
4120:Goddess of Democracy
4028:Operation Yellowbird
3965:The Tiananmen Papers
3346:Military involvement
2519:29 June 2011 at the
2444:9 March 2021 at the
2253:on 25 September 2020
2038:8 March 2021 at the
1743:Rhythm of Compassion
1727:Lim, Louisa (2015).
1659:Lim, Louisa (2015).
1582:Lim, Louisa (2015).
1518:Lim, Louisa (2015).
1473:Lim, Louisa (2015).
1164:China's National Day
1145:Goddess of Democracy
1128:New Democratic Party
977:Most Favoured Nation
865:The Prime Minister,
632:Davaadorjiin Ganbold
507:Hungarian government
278:The Prime Minister,
3944:Quelling the People
3930:Moving the Mountain
3918:A Heart for Freedom
3876:A Tiananmen Journal
3869:Almost a Revolution
3240:May Fourth Movement
2935:, CNN, 4 June 1997.
2215:15 May 2011 at the
1741:Straub, G. (2001).
1458:Chai, Ling (2011).
1267:15 May 2011 at the
1073:permanent residency
582:Japanese government
525:government of India
4103:Nothing to My Name
4013:Hong Kong Alliance
3415:Standing Committee
3341:June 9 Deng speech
3336:Sino-Soviet Summit
3306:April 26 Editorial
3187:The New York Times
3005:The Globe and Mail
2975:The New York Times
2951:, 4 June 1989, 121
2949:The New York Times
2918:The New York Times
2902:The Globe and Mail
2704:The New York Times
2380:The Indian Express
2101:The New York Times
2016:The New York Times
1861:The New York Times
1676:China Perspectives
1603:The New York Times
1567:Li, Jiang (1989).
1542:The New York Times
1503:Li, Jiang (1989).
1443:Li, Jiang (1989).
1379:The New York Times
1348:The New York Times
1273:The Indian Express
1100:
883:
800:Swedish government
762:General Secretary
485:Xinhua News Agency
264:
174:Secretary-General
70:April 26 Editorial
4162:
4161:
4033:Tiananmen Mothers
3897:Escape from China
3856:
3855:
3716:
3715:
3538:
3537:
3156:The Vancouver Sun
3124:The Vancouver Sun
3111:The Vancouver Sun
3097:, 22 August 1989.
3095:The Vancouver Sun
3062:The Vancouver Sun
3037:The Vancouver Sun
3019:The Vancouver Sun
3008:, 5 June 1989 A.9
2845:978-981-3016-61-3
2766:978-0-7425-3422-3
2725:978-1-58648-122-3
2681:978-0-295-98128-4
2658:978-0-8157-8207-0
2616:978-1-56639-491-8
2593:978-0-520-24419-1
2560:978-0-7007-0441-5
2537:978-0-7425-3422-3
2501:978-0-7007-1730-9
2480:Chicago Sun-Times
2467:978-0-415-93438-1
2382:. 30 April 2015.
2288:978-81-8475-693-7
2198:978-1-56072-596-1
2174:978-0-415-14071-3
2168:Routledge, 1996.
2153:978-0-7506-7898-8
2069:978-1-56072-596-1
1980:978-3-89958-994-8
1959:Los Angeles Times
1947:978-0-19-924979-4
1822:978-1-68589-015-5
1226:978-0-521-48497-8
1041:Chinese Canadians
903:George H. W. Bush
879:Chinatown, Boston
867:Margaret Thatcher
764:Mikhail Gorbachev
720:Nicolae CeauĹźescu
702:Polish government
683:Kilusang Mayo Uno
491:out of Hong Kong.
426:GĂĽnter Schabowski
420:party, including
351:varying reactions
324:happened in Burma
123:Tiananmen Mothers
59:National reaction
4197:
3958:Tiananmen Exiles
3727:
3547:
3452:Regional leaders
3363:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3159:
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3009:
3000:
2994:
2984:
2978:
2961:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2904:, 5 June 1989 A9
2898:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2859:
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2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2802:
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2684:
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2604:
2598:
2597:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2510:
2504:
2491:Huwaidin, M. B.
2489:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2372:
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2365:
2363:
2361:
2352:. 6 April 2012.
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2275:(15 June 2013).
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2207:
2201:
2188:Columbus, F. A.
2186:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2119:die Tageszeitung
2110:
2104:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2049:
2030:
2019:
2002:
1993:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1901:
1886:
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1330:
1328:
1308:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1259:
1253:
1240:
1229:
1214:
1171:SkyTrain station
981:overseas Chinese
935:
933:
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916:
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893:
891:
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861:
859:
858:
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736:
734:
733:
715:
713:
712:
696:
694:
693:
673:
671:
670:
661:Dutch government
655:
653:
652:
643:Erdeniin Bat-Üül
626:
624:
623:
612:
610:
609:
598:
596:
595:
576:
574:
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564:Achille Occhetto
554:
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320:Aung San Suu Kyi
314:
312:
311:
296:
294:
293:
274:
272:
271:
229:
227:
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184:Security Council
170:
168:
167:
147:economic reforms
145:, Deng credited
137:In 1992, during
4205:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4132:
4114:June 4th Museum
4090:
4037:
3997:
3991:
3972:Pillar of Shame
3852:
3776:
3712:
3691:
3550:Leading figures
3534:
3483:
3447:
3409:
3357:
3350:
3294:
3275:Economic reform
3228:
3223:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3162:
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3146:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3117:
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3092:
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3055:
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3016:
3012:
3001:
2997:
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2971:Wayback Machine
2962:
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2799:
2789:
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2776:
2772:
2756:Carroll, J. M.
2755:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2714:
2710:
2706:, 10 June 1989.
2700:Wayback Machine
2691:
2687:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2636:Wayback Machine
2626:
2622:
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2601:
2594:
2573:
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2521:Wayback Machine
2511:
2507:
2490:
2486:
2477:
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2456:
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2446:Wayback Machine
2437:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2411:thediplomat.com
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
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2344:
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2327:
2313:
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2298:
2296:
2289:
2273:Tharoor, Shashi
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2217:Wayback Machine
2208:
2204:
2187:
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2097:Wayback Machine
2088:
2077:
2070:
2057:
2056:
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2040:Wayback Machine
2031:
2022:
2012:Wayback Machine
2003:
1996:
1991:Wayback Machine
1970:Olav Teichert:
1969:
1965:
1961:, 19 June 1989.
1957:
1953:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1911:Wayback Machine
1902:
1889:
1883:Wayback Machine
1874:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1845:Chicago Tribune
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1501:
1497:
1488:Lu, Li (1990).
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1471:
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1317:Radio Free Asia
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841:Thai government
830:
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740:Prime Minister
731:
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538:Sitaram Yechury
514:
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194:(a part of the
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5:
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3764:
3762:Liang Guanglie
3759:
3754:
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3714:
3713:
3711:
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3689:
3684:
3682:Zhao Changqing
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Wang Bingzhang
3639:
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3257:
3255:Beijing Spring
3252:
3247:
3242:
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3224:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3199:
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3160:
3144:
3128:
3115:
3099:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3041:
3023:
3010:
2995:
2993:, 7 June 1989.
2979:
2977:, 4 June 1989.
2953:
2937:
2922:
2906:
2880:
2867:
2849:
2828:
2797:
2770:
2749:
2738:
2729:
2708:
2685:
2664:
2657:
2639:
2620:
2599:
2592:
2566:
2559:
2541:
2524:
2505:
2484:
2482:, 8 June 1989.
2471:
2450:
2428:
2397:
2367:
2337:
2306:
2287:
2264:
2227:
2202:
2178:
2164:Yahuda, M. B.
2157:
2147:2006. p. 197.
2136:
2105:
2103:, 5 June 1989.
2075:
2068:
2050:
2020:
2018:, 8 June 1989.
1994:
1963:
1951:
1930:
1915:
1887:
1865:
1849:
1847:, 6 June 1989.
1836:
1821:
1803:
1777:
1755:
1751:978-1582900582
1734:
1719:
1693:
1666:
1651:
1640:. 14 July 2011
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1179:
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1036:
1033:
1023:The Journalist
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863:
862:United Kingdom
852:
837:
826:
814:
803:
796:
785:
782:
771:
760:
749:
746:civil disorder
738:
727:
717:
706:
698:
687:
679:Corazon Aquino
675:
664:
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628:
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614:
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510:
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388:
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365:
364:Czechoslovakia
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305:
298:
287:
276:
251:
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231:
207:
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172:
171:United Nations
159:
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134:
131:
60:
57:
49:Czechoslovakia
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4048:
4046:
4044:
4043:Anniversaries
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3406:
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3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Yang Shangkun
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Deng Xiaoping
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
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3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
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3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Hunger Strike
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
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3014:
3011:
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3006:
2999:
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2871:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:Jeshurun, C.
2832:
2829:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2767:
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2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:StoriesAsia.
2401:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
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2317:
2310:
2307:
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2290:
2284:
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2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2225:, 4 June 2009
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2183:
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2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2048:, 6 June 1989
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
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