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of perceived disadvantage which both felt equally. Both were legitimately concerned about the disruption in relations which radical ideas might foment through further rebellion and raids. An unprecedented level of cooperation occurred in diplomatic and military circles. Far from the
Rebellions being entirely domestic events, the administration of American president Martin Van Buren had little choice but to implement mitigating measures on US soil to prevent escalation. As they evolved into the Patriot War, the Rebellions contributed to the construction of more recent Anglo-American and Canada-US relations.
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663:. The rebels believed that the right of citizens to participate in the political process through the election of representatives was the most important right, and they sought to make the legislative council elective rather than appointed. Rebellion in Upper Canada (and Lower Canada also) broke out after the 1836 Legislative Assembly elections were corrupted. It seemed then that the reformers' struggles could only be settled outside the framework of existing colonial institutions. The
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807:("Sons of Liberty"). William Lyon Mackenzie helped organize the Toronto Political Union in July 1837. Both organizations became the vehicles for politically organizing protests, and eventually rebellion. As the situation in Lower Canada approached crisis the British concentrated their troops there, making it apparent that they planned on using armed force against the Patriots. With no troops left in Upper Canada, an opportunity for a sympathetic revolt was opened.
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liberties, the burning of entire villages, and imprisonment or exile of hundreds of men by government troops and militias, which had been concentrated in Lower Canada to deal with the crisis. By contrast, the Upper Canada
Rebellion was not as broadly supported by local populations, was quickly quelled by relatively small numbers of pro-government militias and volunteers and was consequently less widespread and brutal by comparison.
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In geopolitical terms the
Rebellions and the subsequent Patriot War altered the landscape of relations between Britain and British colonial authorities on one hand, and the American government on the other. Both nations were dedicated to a peace policy due to a budding financial crisis and to a sense
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The root cause of resentment in Upper Canada was not so much against distant rulers in
Britain, but rather against the corruption and injustice by local politicians—the so-called "Family Compact". However, the rebels were not really convicted because their views aligned with the liberalism of the US,
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The Lower Canada rebellion was widely supported by the populace, due to economic and political subordination of the French
Canadians, resulting in mass actions over an extended period of time, such as boycotts, strikes and sabotage. These drew harsh punitive reprisals such as the restriction of civil
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In the midst of this crisis of legitimacy, the
Atlantic economy was thrown into recession, with the greatest impact being on farmers. These farmers barely survived widespread crop failures in 1836–37, and now faced lawsuits from merchants trying to collect old debts. The collapse of the international
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one: the Crown, as protector of the lives, liberty and prosperity of its subjects, could "legitimately demand allegiance to its authority." Robinson went on to say that those who preferred republicanism over monarchism were free to emigrate, and thus the participants in the uprisings were guilty of
756:"—a balance of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. The colonies, however, lacked the aristocratic element, and found their non-elective Legislative Councils dominated by local oligarchies that controlled local trade and the institutions of state and religion. In Lower Canada they were known as the
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on the
Rebellions, the Lower Canada Rebellion has been attributed to tensions between the British and the French, that the conflict was "'racial' and, as a consequence, it was sharper than–indeed fundamentally different from—the milder strife that disturbed 'English' Upper Canada." Despite being
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in isolation, without reference to each other, and without reference to the republican impetus they shared. Recent reconsiderations have emphasized that this was a purposeful forgetfulness by the
Reformers after the Rebellions, as they attempted to repudiate the bold
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of French
Canadians to the English language and culture. In fact, the merging of the Upper and Lower Canada was intended to take any form of self-government away from the French Canadians, forcing them into becoming a smaller part of the new, larger, political unit.
879:, was expected to share in the work of building the scaffold for Lount's and Matthews' execution. However, he claimed the men had done nothing that he wouldn't have and refused to assist. The Orange militia stood guard during the execution to deter a rescue.
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was the establishment of responsible government for the colonies, one of the rebels' original demands (although it was not achieved until 1849). Durham also recommended the merging of Upper and Lower Canada into a single political unit, the
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The governments in both provinces were viewed by the
Reformers as illegitimate. In Lower Canada acute conflict between the elected and appointed elements of the legislature brought all legislation to a halt, leaving the Tories to impose
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776:'s Ten Resolutions, allowing them to rule without accountability to electors. In Upper Canada the 1836 elections had been marred by political violence and fraud organized by the new Lt. Governor,
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lost their seats in the result. The Tories passed a bill allowing them to continue to sit in disregard of the established practice of dissolving the House on the death of a monarch (
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In response, Reformers in each province organized radical democratic "political unions". The Political Union movement in Britain was largely credited with the passing of the
638:(1810–1825) were inspired by republican ideals, but whether the rebels would have gone so far as to usurp the Crown remains a subject for historical debate. Great Britain's
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There were two types of rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. Many of the rebels (including Mackenzie) fled to the United States. Mackenzie established a short-lived "
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1982:
1372:"Canada: more liberal than Tory? A new book puts the country's bedrock beliefs under a microscope. (The Canadian Founding: John Locke and Parliament) (Book review)"
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and Peter Matthews. The public hangings of the rebels took place in Court House Square, in between Toronto's new jail and courthouse. The Foreman of Public Works,
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McGill/Queens University Press: Montreal/Kingston. The book was awarded the John A. MacDonald award for best book 2010 by the Canadian Historical Association
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659:. Ducharme (2006) puts the rebellion in 1837 in the context of the Atlantic Revolutions. He argues that Canadian reformers took their inspiration from the
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against the Crown. One of the most severe punishments was the sentencing of 100 Canadian rebels and American sympathizers to life in Britain's
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Lacroix, Patrick (6 October 2015). "Choosing Peace and Order: National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland, 1837–42".
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Some historians contend that the rebellions in 1837 ought to be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century
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or the Mac-Paps, a battalion of officially unrecognised Canadian volunteers who fought on the Republican side in Spain during the
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In 1937, exactly one century after the Rebellion, the names of William Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau were applied to the
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parties" and opposed by a Reform opposition that demanded a radically more democratic government than existed in each colony.
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936:, gained credibility as an alternative voice to the radicals. They proved to be influential when the British government sent
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Those rebels who were arrested in Upper Canada following the 1837 uprisings were put on trial, and most were found guilty of
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and thus caused some kind of offence to the Tory values of the Canadian colonies. Rather, as revealed in the ruling of
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crushed the rebellions, ending any possibility the two Canadas would become republics. Some historians see ties to the
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in 1837 and 1838. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with lack of political reform. A key shared goal was
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sought the same democratic goals. Historians have tended to view the two Canadian rebellions and the subsequent US
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1113:"Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada,"
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1502:"Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada"
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The constitutions of Upper and Lower Canada differed greatly, but shared a basis on the principle of "
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Union is Strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy
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980:. In memory of their heritage, the group fought to the rallying cry "The Spirit of 1837 Lives on!"
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1033:"The Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada"
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which partially reformed the British provinces into a unitary system and eventually led to the
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financial system imperiled trade and local banks, leaving large numbers in abject poverty.
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The Capacity to Judge: Public Opinion and Deliberative Democracy in Upper Canada 1791–1854
732:. The Hunters' Lodges drew on the American members of the radical Equal Rights Party (or "
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After the rebellions died down, more moderate reformers, such as the political partners
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Le concept de liberté au Canada à l'époque des Révolutions atlantiques (1776–1838)
728:, which organized a convention in Cleveland in September 1838 to declare another
17:
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Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America: Text of the report
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Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America: Text of the report
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709:
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489:
470:
422:
1522:"The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective"
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Rebellion in Canada, 1837–1885, Volume 2: The Irish, the Fenians and the Metis
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Getting it Wrong: How Canadians Forgot their Past and Imperilled Confederation
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655:, yet steer an acceptable course to national independence under the guise of
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764:. Both office-holding oligarchies were affiliated with more broadly based "
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Chart of British Regiments serving in the Canadian Rebellions of 1837–1838
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920:", 1849. The establishment of responsible government was recommended in a
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true, this interpretation understates the republicanism of the Patriots.
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Canadian state trials – Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839
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The patriots and the people: the rebellion of 1837 in rural Lower Canada
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The Patriots and the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada
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in the Niagara River, but withdrew from armed conflict soon thereafter.
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Canadian reformers' rebellion against the British Canadian government
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1378:(July 2007). Toronto: Literary Review of Canada, Inc. Archived from
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Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press,
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justification was given for the prisoners' condemnation, and not a
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905:
833:
744:, nearly a year after the first defeat near Montgomery's Tavern.
1608:. Edited by Colin Read and Ronald J. Stagg and Published by the
1606:
The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A Collection of Documents
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Buckner, Phillip. 2020. "The Canadian Civil Wars of 1837–1838."
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Rebellion in Canada, 1837–1885: Autocracy, Rebellion and Liberty
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720:, in contrast, helped foment a largely American militia, the
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Greenwood, F. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002)
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crushed by loyalist forces; Republic of Canada dismantled
1301:
Greer, Allan (1995). "1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered".
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Greer, Allan (1995). "1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered".
1247:
Greer, Allan (1995). "1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered".
1220:
Greer, Allan (1995). "1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered".
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Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History
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political cartoon depicts a baby Canada "delighted with
1209:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 23–62.
1145:"The Patriot War of 1837–1838: Locofocoism with a gun?"
1132:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 181ff.
1101:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 57–71.
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Greer, Alan (1995). "1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered".
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of 1832. In Lower Canada the Patriots organized the
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1116:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society,
1509:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
1194:. New York: Bookman Associates. pp. 31–48.
1040:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
111:Unification of Upper and Lower Canada into the
34:
588:Report on the Affairs of British North America
72:(11 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
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1566:Rebellion: The Rising in French Canada, 1837
1418:John George Lambton Earl of Durham (1839).
1401:John George Lambton Earl of Durham (1839).
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1357:Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited
871:. Many were publicly hanged, most notably
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385:
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31:
1537:
760:; in Upper Canada they were known as the
1192:The Rise and Fall of the Patriot Hunters
846:(orange). Shortly after the rebellions,
661:republicanism of the American Revolution
1336:. University of Toronto Press. p.
1011:
1118:Oct 2006, Vol. 116 Issue 2, pp 413–430
2899:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
1353:"Chapter 34: The Jails of the County"
7:
1983:Northwest Territories capital cities
1407:. Clarendon Press. pp. 294–295.
1370:Fierlbeck, Katherine (1 July 2007).
736:"). This organization launched the "
600:the contemporary Canadian federation
3172:Topics by provinces and territories
1494:London Journal of Canadian Studies
25:
70:7 December 1837 – 4 December 1838
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674:of 1839 in Wales, suppressed by
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2257:Former colonies and territories
1762:Former colonies and territories
1550:, University of Toronto Press,
1424:. Clarendon Press. p. 296.
596:British North America Act, 1867
213:John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton
2192:Post-Confederation (1867–1914)
805:Société des Fils de la Liberté
1:
1449:10.1080/07075332.2015.1070892
1737:Crown and Indigenous peoples
1437:International History Review
974:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion
3268:Political history of Canada
2237:Crown and Indigenous people
1128:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
270:Ferdinand-Alphonse Oklowski
3294:
3127:Provincial and territorial
3050:Inventions and discoveries
2187:British Canada (1763–1867)
1303:Canadian Historical Review
1276:Canadian Historical Review
1249:Canadian Historical Review
1222:Canadian Historical Review
1190:Kinchen, Oscar A. (1956).
1072:Canadian Historical Review
995:Military history of Canada
934:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine
869:Australian prison colonies
689:
620:American Revolutionary War
278:Cyrille-Hector-Octave Côté
3216:
2353:Newfoundland and Labrador
2074:
1873:Newfoundland and Labrador
1500:Ducharme, Michel (2006).
1376:Literary Review of Canada
1205:McNairn, Jeffrey (2000).
1143:Bonthius, Andrew (2003).
949:(established through the
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241:George Augustus Wetherall
206:
124:
62:
47:
39:
1018:Ducharme, Michel (2010)
922:report on the rebellions
730:Republic of Lower Canada
166:Republic of Lower Canada
56:Battle of Saint-Eustache
3263:Rebellions of 1837–1838
2287:Persons of significance
2282:National Historic Sites
1726:Persons of significance
1560:excerpt and text search
632:Irish Rebellion of 1798
556:Rebellions of 1837–1838
35:Rebellions of 1837–1838
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1757:Events of significance
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918:responsible government
860:
850:were united under the
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696:Upper Canada Rebellion
692:Lower Canada Rebellion
657:responsible government
653:William Lyon Mackenzie
634:and the rebellions in
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563:
456:William Lyon Mackenzie
436:Upper Canada Rebellion
418:Upper Canada Rebellion
326:Lower Canada Rebellion
250:William Lyon Mackenzie
207:Commanders and leaders
2394:Northwest Territories
2297:Territorial evolution
1878:Northwest Territories
1823:Territorial evolution
1520:Dunning, Tom (2009).
1315:10.3138/chr-076-01-01
1288:10.3138/chr-076-01-01
1261:10.3138/chr-076-01-01
1234:10.3138/chr-076-01-01
1097:Romney, Paul (1999).
1084:10.3138/chr-076-01-01
957:cultural assimilation
909:
837:
778:Sir Francis Bond Head
676:Sir Francis Bond Head
246:Louis Joseph Papineau
3278:Rebellions in Canada
2368:Prince Edward Island
1898:Prince Edward Island
1488:excerpt for volume 2
1328:Allan Greer (1993).
818:Lord Durham's Report
792:died in June 1837).
616:Atlantic Revolutions
258:Jean-Olivier Chénier
254:Thomas Storrow Brown
237:Charles Stephen Gore
42:Atlantic Revolutions
2723:Firearms regulation
1813:Population history
1784:Chinese immigration
1478:(Volume 1) ((2012)
1046:(2): 413–430. 2006.
1000:American Revolution
570:that took place in
449:Montgomery's Tavern
2904:Population centres
947:Province of Canada
926:
861:
858:Province of Canada
815:Since the time of
706:Republic of Canada
680:Edmund Walker Head
630:of 1791–1804, the
628:Haitian Revolution
622:of 1775–1783, the
566:), were two armed
564:Rébellions de 1837
481:Anthony Van Egmond
274:Anthony Van Egmond
201:Republic of Canada
113:Province of Canada
100:Patriote rebellion
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888:Sir John Robinson
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801:Great Reform Bill
774:Lord John Russell
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1196:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1161:10.2307/25149383
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1125:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1102:
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1087:
1067:
1061:
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1048:
1047:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1016:
726:Frères chasseurs
714:Charles Duncombe
672:Newport Uprising
665:British military
626:of 1789–99, the
610:Atlantic context
598:, which created
461:Charles Duncombe
425:
419:
409:
402:
395:
386:
329:
327:
317:
310:
303:
294:
282:Charles Duncombe
221:James FitzGibbon
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21:
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3253:
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3246:
3223:
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3212:
3176:
3146:
3089:
3001:
2992:Social programs
2958:Law enforcement
2913:
2887:
2830:
2727:
2665:
2565:
2505:
2492:Atlantic Canada
2470:Canadian Shield
2465:Northern Canada
2432:
2431:
2408:
2382:
2318:and territories
2317:
2306:
2216:
2163:
2144:
2139:
2109:
2104:
2093:
2091:
2070:
2039:
1919:
1840:and territories
1839:
1832:
1708:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1597:
1592:
1575:
1573:Primary sources
1546:Greer, Allan.
1526:Ontario History
1519:
1504:
1499:
1470:
1468:Further reading
1465:
1464:
1434:
1433:
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986:
970:
832:
813:
750:
702:
690:Main articles:
688:
678:'s cousin, Sir
636:Spanish America
612:
552:
547:
528:Hunters' Lodges
524:
523:
485:
452:
451:
444:Reform movement
426:
417:
415:
413:
383:
378:
349:Moore's Corners
330:
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132:
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107:Hunters' Lodges
95:
82:
71:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3291:
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3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Historiography
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
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3175:
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2909:Municipalities
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2806:Stock exchange
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2791:
2786:
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2774:Communications
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2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2620:Prime Minister
2617:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2567:
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2548:
2543:
2541:National Parks
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2487:Eastern Canada
2484:
2483:
2482:
2475:Central Canada
2472:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2441:Western Canada
2437:
2435:
2433:(west to east)
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2239:
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2232:Constitutional
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2056:Historiography
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
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2038:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
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1990:
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1980:
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1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
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1945:
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1774:Historic Sites
1771:
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1732:Constitutional
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1596:
1595:External links
1593:
1591:
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1569:
1562:
1544:
1532:(2): 129–141.
1517:
1497:
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1471:
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1443:(5): 943–960.
1427:
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930:Robert Baldwin
831:
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762:Family Compact
758:Château Clique
754:mixed monarchy
749:
746:
722:Hunters' Lodge
687:
684:
611:
608:
604:its government
549:
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533:Abram D. Smith
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266:Wolfred Nelson
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3075:Protectionism
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2637:Supreme Court
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2497:The Maritimes
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2348:New Brunswick
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2252:First Nations
2250:
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2100:
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2029:
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2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Richmond Hill
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Charlottetown
1936:
1934:
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1930:
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1915:
1911:
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1868:New Brunswick
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1598:
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1588:0-8020-0913-1
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:0-8020-6930-4
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:(2): 413–430.
1514:
1510:
1503:
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1397:
1394:
1382:on 2 May 2008
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1021:
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923:
919:
915:
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904:
902:
897:
893:
889:
886:
885:Chief Justice
880:
878:
877:Joseph Sheard
874:
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1801:Peacekeeping
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364:Baker's Farm
233:Allan MacNab
229:Henry Dundas
181:Upper Canada
139:Lower Canada
125:Belligerents
90:
29:
3070:Individuals
2878:2021 Census
2863:Immigration
2745:Agriculture
2706:Transgender
2546:Great Lakes
2526:Earthquakes
2480:Great Lakes
2387:Territories
2358:Nova Scotia
2277:Monarchical
2262:Immigration
1993:Quebec City
1948:Fredericton
1883:Nova Scotia
1808:Monarchical
1779:Immigration
1155:(1): 9–43.
938:Lord Durham
848:the Canadas
811:Differences
738:Patriot War
710:Navy Island
700:Patriot War
644:Patriot War
590:and to the
584:Lord Durham
516:Short Hills
490:Patriot War
471:Jesse Lloyd
423:Patriot War
374:Beauharnois
339:Saint-Denis
3257:Categories
3198:Historians
3055:Literature
2968:Corruption
2951:Euthanasia
2941:Healthcare
2883:Population
2605:Parliament
2575:Government
2212:since 1982
2061:Historians
1998:Saint John
1963:Lethbridge
1796:Operations
1386:8 February
1078:(1): 1–3.
1006:References
942:his report
790:William IV
686:Rebellions
105:Defeat of
92:Government
2973:Terrorism
2929:Education
2868:Languages
2856:Ethnicity
2851:Canadians
2799:Petroleum
2779:Companies
2681:Elections
2561:Volcanism
2536:Mountains
2418:Geography
2326:Provinces
2316:Provinces
2247:Etymology
2207:1960–1981
2202:1945–1960
2160:Year list
2023:Vancouver
2013:Saskatoon
1838:Provinces
1752:Etymology
1722:Canadians
1699:1960–1981
1694:1945–1960
1689:1914–1945
1684:1867–1914
1679:1763–1867
1674:1534–1763
1655:Year list
1457:155365033
1255:(1): 11.
1228:(1): 10.
1177:142863197
830:Aftermath
734:Locofocos
640:Chartists
568:uprisings
369:Odelltown
155:Patriotes
3241:Category
3181:Research
3155:Contents
3137:Heraldic
3045:Identity
3040:Holidays
3035:Folklore
2946:Abortion
2873:Religion
2811:Taxation
2718:Cannabis
2696:Intersex
2672:Politics
2644:Military
2556:Wildlife
2343:Manitoba
2272:Military
2242:Economic
2167:timeline
2085:Category
2044:Research
2028:Winnipeg
1978:Montreal
1958:Hamilton
1943:Edmonton
1933:Brampton
1858:Manitoba
1791:Military
1747:Economic
1742:Cultural
1660:Timeline
1309:(1): 9.
1169:25149383
984:See also
669:Chartist
521:Windmill
499:Caroline
77:Location
40:Part of
3208:Surveys
3203:Studies
3167:Outline
3142:Tartans
3096:Symbols
3085:Theatre
3030:Cuisine
3007:Culture
2980:Poverty
2922:Society
2816:Tourism
2789:Fishing
2762:Banking
2737:Economy
2593:Monarch
2531:Islands
2428:Regions
2399:Nunavut
2363:Ontario
2333:Alberta
2150:History
2066:Surveys
2018:Toronto
1973:Moncton
1968:Markham
1953:Halifax
1888:Nunavut
1863:Ontario
1848:Alberta
1612:, 1985.
1558:(2003)
1486:(2012)
901:treason
896:Burkean
892:Lockean
838:Map of
506:Windsor
359:Lacolle
94:victory
3105:Anthem
3080:Sports
3025:Cinema
2997:Values
2844:Topics
2784:Energy
2767:Dollar
2632:Courts
2609:Senate
2551:Rivers
2521:Cities
2512:Topics
2373:Quebec
2292:Racism
2223:Topics
2142:Canada
2003:Regina
1988:Ottawa
1925:Cities
1893:Quebec
1818:Sports
1714:Topics
1586:
1568:(1996)
1554:
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1167:
1060:(2009)
968:Legacy
698:, and
618:. The
560:French
501:affair
178:
136:
87:Result
81:Canada
3162:Index
3132:Royal
3065:Media
3060:Music
2963:Crime
2892:Lists
2404:Yukon
2302:Women
1908:Yukon
1828:Women
1505:(PDF)
1453:S2CID
1173:S2CID
1165:JSTOR
1036:(PDF)
913:Punch
708:" on
572:Lower
3120:List
3115:Flag
2701:LGBT
2625:list
1584:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1388:2009
932:and
890:, a
784:and
766:Tory
716:and
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574:and
554:The
421:and
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3020:Art
2794:Oil
2583:Law
1724:- (
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