1513:
Folcare, Follixil, Guayaten, Hair Grow, Hair-Treat, Hairgain, Hairgaine, Hairgrow, Hairway, Headway, Inoxi, Ivix, Keranique, Lacovin, Locemix, Loniten, Lonnoten, Lonolox, Lonoten, Loxon, M E Medic, Maev-Medic, Mandi, Manoxidil, Mantai, Men's
Rogaine, Minodil, Minodril, Minostyl, Minovital, Minox, Minoxi, Minoxidil, Minoxidilum, Minoximen, Minoxiten, Minscalp, Mintop, Modil, Morr, Moxidil, Neo-Pruristam, Neocapil, Neoxidil, Nherea, Nioxin, Noxidil, Oxofenil, Pilfud, Pilogro, Pilomin, Piloxidil,Re-Stim, Re-Stim+, Recrea, Regain, Regain, Regaxidil, Regro, Regroe, Regrou, Regrowth, Relive, Renobell Locion, Reten, Rexidil, Rogaine, Rogan, Scalpmed, Si Bi Shen, Splendora, Superminox, Trefostil, Tricolocion, Tricoplus, Tricovivax, Tricoxane, Trugain, Tugain, Unipexil, Vaxdil, Vius, Women's Regaine, Xenogrow, Xtreme Boost, Xtreme Boost+, Xue Rui, Ylox, and Zeldilon. It is also sold as a
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experimenting with a 1% solution of minoxidil mixed with several alcohol-based liquids. Both parties filed patents to use minoxidil for hair loss prevention, which resulted in a decade-long trial between Kahn and Upjohn, which ended with Kahn's name included in a consolidated patent (U.S. #4,596,812 Charles A Chidsey, III and
Guinter Kahn) in 1986 and royalties from the company to both Kahn and Grant.
1452:. He conducted two studies, the second study showing unexpected hair growth. Puzzled by this side-effect, Chidsey consulted Guinter Kahn (who while a dermatology resident at the University of Miami had been the first to observe and report hair development on patients using the minoxidil patch) and discussed the possibility of using minoxidil for treating
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1470:
In August 1988, the FDA approved minoxidil for treating baldness in men under the brand name "Rogaine" (FDA rejected Upjohn's first choice, Regain, as misleading). The agency concluded that although "the product will not work for everyone", 39% of the men studied had "moderate to dense hair growth on
1381:
gives 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine. Upon reaction with ammonium, this turns into 2,4-diamino-6-chloropyrimidine. Next, the resulting 2,4-diamino-6-chloropyrimidine undergoes reaction with 2,4-dichlorophenol in the presence of potassium hydroxide, giving 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-pyrimidine.
1499:
In 2017, a study of pharmacy prices in four states for 41 over-the-counter minoxidil products which were "gender-specified" found that the mean price for minoxidil solutions was the same for women and men even though the women's formulations were 2% and the men's were 5%, while the mean price for
1495:
of minoxidil. Upjohn replied to that by lowering prices to half the price of the prescription drug and by releasing a prescription 5% formula of
Rogaine in 1997. In 1998, a 5% formulation of minoxidil was approved for nonprescription sale by the FDA. The 5% aerosol foam formula was approved for
1512:
As of June 2017, Minoxidil is sold under many brand names worldwide: Alomax, Alopek, Alopexy, Alorexyl, Alostil, Aloxid, Aloxidil, Anagen, Apo-Gain, Axelan, Belohair, Boots Hair Loss
Treatment, Botafex, Capillus, Carexidil, Coverit, Da Fei Xin, Dilaine, Dinaxcinco, Dinaxil, Ebersedin, Eminox,
1459:
Kahn, along with his colleague Paul J. Grant, had obtained a certain amount of minoxidil and conducted their own research, since they were first to make the side effect observation. Neither Upjohn or
Chidsey at the time were aware of the side effect of hair growth. The two doctors had been
2730:
1210:; whereas plasma and urinary aldosterone levels are increased early in the course of treatment with minoxidil, over time these values tend to normalize presumably because of accelerated metabolic clearance of aldosterone in association with hepatic vasodilation.
1424:. In trials using dogs, the compound did not cure ulcers, but proved to be a powerful vasodilator. Upjohn synthesized over 200 variations of the compound, including the one it developed in 1963 and named minoxidil. These studies resulted in the U.S.
3125:
Ohko K, Nakajima K, Nakajima H, Hiraki Y, Kubota K, Fukao T, et al. (March 2020). "Skin and hair abnormalities of Cantu syndrome: A congenital hypertrichosis due to a genetic alteration mimicking the pharmacological effect of minoxidil".
1258:
Minoxidil is less effective when the area of hair loss is large. In addition, its effectiveness has largely been demonstrated in younger men who have experienced hair loss for less than 5 years. Minoxidil use is indicated for central
1382:
Oxidation of this product with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid gives 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)pyrimidine-3-oxide, the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyl group of which is replaced with a piperidine group at high temperature, giving minoxidil.
1176:)-activator protein 1 signaling pathway. ERK 1/2 increases, through elastin gene transcription, adequately cross-linked elastic fiber content synthesized by smooth muscle cells, and decreases the number of cells in the aorta.
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2979:
Gu YT, Xue YX, Wang YF, Wang JH, Chen X, ShangGuan QR, et al. (December 2013). "Minoxidil sulfate induced the increase in blood-brain tumor barrier permeability through ROS/RhoA/PI3K/PKB signaling pathway".
2648:
Chung LY, Andrews AM, Schmidt RJ, Turner TD (1992). "Effects of minoxidil on cell proliferation and intracellular glutathione status of murine (L929) fibroblasts". In
Harding KG, Leaper DL, Turner TD (eds.).
1278:
Minoxidil is an odorless, white to off-white, crystalline powder (crystals from methanol-acetonitrile). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides. It decomposes at 259-261 °C.
874:
Topically applied minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include itching of the eyes, general itching, irritation at the treated area, and unwanted hair growth elsewhere on the body.
1024:
in dermal papilla cells might play a role in the production of adenosine. Minoxidil induces cell growth factors such as VEGF, HGF, IGF-1 and potentiates HGF and IGF-1 actions by the activation of uncoupled
1163:
in aortic smooth muscle cells, and in skin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. In hypertensive rats, minoxidil increases elastin level in the mesenteric, abdominal, and renal arteries by a decrease in
1061:
production would ensue, but hydroxyl would be immediately trapped and scavenged by the minoxidil to generate a nitroxyl radical. It is presumed that this nitroxyl radical will be capable of reduction by
1106:
binding to iron. The structural feature of positioning amines adjacent to nitric oxide may confer the ability of millimolar minoxidil to chelate iron, thereby inhibiting PHD. Minoxidil is capable of
923:
for 40 hours. The authors of the report on the incident stressed that the product should be kept out of reach of children, and urged manufacturers to consider more secure child-resistant packaging.
4059:
2501:
The expression of sulfonylurea receptor 2B and of the adenosine A1, A2A, and A2B receptors was detected in dermal papilla cells by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis.
858:
against hair loss and to promote hair regrowth. Oral minoxidil has been found to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment alternative for patients having difficulty with topical formulations.
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1255:(p < 0.0001). This antiandrogenic effect of minoxidil, shown by significant downregulation of 5α-R2 gene expression in HaCaT cells, may be one of its mechanisms of action in alopecia.
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1501:
1263:) hair loss only. Two clinical studies are being conducted in the US for a medical device that may allow patients to determine if they are likely to benefit from minoxidil therapy.
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187:
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Sharma AN, Michelle L, Juhasz M, Muller Ramos P, Atanaskova
Mesinkovska N (August 2020). "Low-dose oral minoxidil as treatment for non-scarring alopecia: a systematic review".
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1102:. In an in vivo angiogenesis assay, millimolar minoxidil increased blood vessel formation in a VEGF-dependent manner. Minoxidil inhibition of PHD occurs via interrupting
4988:
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2401:
3625:
4251:
2471:"Minoxidil-induced hair growth is mediated by adenosine in cultured dermal papilla cells: possible involvement of sulfonylurea receptor 2B as a target of minoxidil"
1057:
Minoxidil causes a redistribution of cellular iron through its apparent capacity to bind this metal ion. By binding iron in a Fenton-reactive form, intracellular
81:
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regardless of sex. Minoxidil must be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and the maintenance of any experienced hair regrowth.
915:
in France after accidentally ingesting a teaspoon of
Alopexy (a brand name for minoxidil in France). The child vomited constantly after ingestion and showed
704:
3586:
1557:, even in doses as small as a drop or lick. There are reported cases of cats dying shortly after coming in contact with minimal amounts of the substance.
4244:
3959:
Johnson TE, Fick ME, Haraschak JL, Vernier ME, Kadotani S (2023). "Successful management of minoxidil 5% toxicosis in 2 cats from the same household".
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3345:
Gilmore E, Weil J, Chidsey C (March 1970). "Treatment of essential hypertension with a new vasodilator in combination with beta-adrenergic blockade".
2063:
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896:
Side effects of oral minoxidil may include swelling of the face and extremities, rapid heartbeat, or lightheadedness. Cardiac lesions, such as focal
815:
Minoxidil, when used for hypertension, is generally reserved for use in severe hypertension patients who do not respond to at least two agents and a
1683:
2854:"Minoxidil versus placebo in the treatment of arterial wall hypertrophy in children with Williams Beuren Syndrome: a randomized controlled trial"
1168:" enzyme activity in these tissues. In rats, potassium channel openers decrease calcium influx which inhibits elastin gene transcription through
2952:
Wasiński R, Godlewski G, Wróbel B, Buckzko W (May 1995). "Interactions of minoxidil with vasoconstrictive agents in isolated rat tail artery".
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of cell membranes. Theoretically, by widening blood vessels and opening potassium channels, it allows more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the
1474:
In 1991, Upjohn made the product available for women. "Women's
Rogaine", marketed by Johnson & Johnson, went off-patent in February 2014.
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4202:
3619:
3517:
3321:
2658:
1125:
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DeClementi C, Bailey KL, Goldstein SC, Orser MS (November 2004). "Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2 cats".
3897:
Tater KC, Gwaltney-Brant S, Wismer T (September 2021). "Topical
Minoxidil Exposures and Toxicoses in Dogs and Cats: 211 Cases (2001-2019)".
2128:
Jimenez-Cauhe J, Saceda-Corralo D, Rodrigues-Barata R, Moreno-Arrones OM, Ortega-Quijano D, Fernandez-Nieto D, et al. (November 2020).
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4981:
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3716:
3382:"Combined therapy with vasodilator drugs and beta-adrenergic blockade in hypertension. A comparative study of minoxidil and hydralazine"
2728:, Gross SS, "Blocking utilization of tetrahydrobiopterin to block induction of nitric oxide synthesis", published 1999-02-23
3473:
3243:
8107:
7709:
5014:
3207:
2423:
Wang T (February 2003). "The effects of the potassium channel opener minoxidil on renal electrolytes transport in the loop of henle".
1043:
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3265:
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pathway of DP cells, was enhanced by minoxidil, which may enable hair follicles to grow continuously and maintain the anagen phase.
1038:
effects of minoxidil have been described in monocultures of various skin and hair follicle cell types including stimulation of cell
847:
Minoxidil, applied topically, is used for the treatment of hair loss. It is effective in helping promote hair growth in people with
724:
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3169:
2130:"Safety of low-dose oral minoxidil treatment for hair loss. A systematic review and pooled-analysis of individual patient data"
330:
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Meanwhile, the effect of minoxidil on hair loss prevention was so clear that in the 1980s physicians were prescribing Loniten
8097:
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3047:
2393:
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Claudet I, Cortey C, Honorat R, Franchitto N (January 2015). "Minoxidil topical solution: an unsafe product for children".
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3093:
2222:"Differences in reproductive toxicology between alopecia drugs: an analysis on adverse events among female and male cases"
3994:
Jordan TJ, Yaxley PE, Culler CA, Balakrishnan A (January 2018). "Successful management of minoxidil toxicosis in a dog".
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to reform minoxidil. Such a process would cycle until the minoxidil is otherwise metabolized and would result in rapid
8016:
4219:
1180:
949:
560:
3025:"Minoxidil Acts as an Antiandrogen: A Study of 5α-reductase Type 2 Gene Expression in a Human Keratinocyte Cell Line"
132:
8052:
1736:"Regaine for Men Extra Strength Scalp Foam 5% w/w Cutaneous Foam (GSL) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1199:
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904:
and subendocardial areas of the left ventricle, have been observed in laboratory animals treated with minoxidil.
1471:
the crown of the head". "Men's Rogaine", marketed by Johnson & Johnson went off-patent on January 20, 2006.
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4152:
3574:
1335:
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401:
2085:
Randolph M, Tosti A (March 2021). "Oral minoxidil treatment for hair loss: A review of efficacy and safety".
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1225:
1091:
866:
169:
2071:
1771:"Regaine for Women Once a Day Scalp Foam 5% w/w Cutaneous Foam - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
599:
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medical use in the US in 2006. The generic versions of the 5% aerosol foam formula were approved in 2017.
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180:
1622:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
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1500:
minoxidil foams, which were all 5%, was 40% higher for women. The authors noted this was the first time
1488:
1433:
1224:
Minoxidil might increase blood-tumor barrier permeability in a time-dependent manner by down-regulating
1026:
1021:
995:
800:
392:
7097:
5552:
2651:
Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Advances in Wound Management, Cardiff, 4-6 September 1991
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1448:(FDA) to test the new drug as medicine for hypertension they approached Charles A. Chidsey, at the
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2019:
Varothai S, Bergfeld WF (July 2014). "Androgenetic alopecia: an evidence-based treatment update".
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The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders
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1998:
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Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) / Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
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Fukushiro-Lopes D, Hegel AD, Russo A, Senyuk V, Liotta M, Beeson GC, et al. (May 8, 2020).
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Kassai B, Bouyé P, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Godart F, Thambo JB, Rossi M, et al. (May 2019).
2322:
Nguyen KH, Marks JG (June 2003). "Pseudoacromegaly induced by the long-term use of minoxidil".
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Messenger AG, Rundegren J (February 2004). "Minoxidil: mechanisms of action on hair growth".
1373:
Minoxidil, 6-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine, is synthesized from
501:
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5758:
5512:
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4003:
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3868:"Oral Minoxidil for the Treatment of Recurrent Platinum Resistant Epithelial Ovarian Cancer"
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2515:"Repurposing Kir6/SUR2 Channel Activator Minoxidil to Arrests Growth of Gynecologic Cancers"
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3200:"Antihypertensive Drugs, R.S. Vardanyan, V.J. Hruby, in Synthesis of Essential Drugs, 2006"
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1252:
3545:"Generic MINOXIDIL INN equivalents, pharmaceutical patent expiry and freedom to operate"
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2221:
1985:
1218:
1051:
2269:
1537:
Minoxidil is being investigated as a potential treatment for treating ovarian cancer.
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2002:
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732:
InChI=1S/C9H15N5O/c10-7-6-8(12-9(11)14(7)15)13-4-2-1-3-5-13/h6H,1-5,10H2,(H2,11,12)
210:
205:
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41:
3108:
2676:"Minoxidil Induction of VEGF Is Mediated by Inhibition of HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase"
2370:
940:
by which minoxidil promotes hair growth is not fully understood. Minoxidil is an
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In 2013 or 2014, a seven-year-old girl was admitted to a children's hospital in
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7840:
7835:
7771:
7766:
7756:
7751:
7731:
7552:
7541:
7537:
7504:
7389:
7384:
7359:
7349:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7255:
7245:
7227:
7222:
7192:
7182:
7142:
7107:
7062:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7027:
6992:
6917:
6861:
6838:
6806:
6733:
6693:
6651:
6641:
6616:
6588:
6548:
6533:
6453:
6448:
6388:
6368:
6353:
6343:
6208:
6198:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6066:
6021:
6016:
5928:
5908:
5848:
5838:
5768:
5748:
5733:
5723:
5713:
5698:
5683:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5577:
5557:
5537:
5463:
5453:
5438:
5428:
5380:
5328:
5263:
5188:
5178:
5168:
5148:
5123:
5118:
5098:
5078:
5048:
4950:
4895:
4885:
4845:
4691:
4577:
4435:
4411:
4360:
4345:
4325:
4319:
2870:
2853:
2237:
2032:
1526:
1428:(FDA) approving minoxidil (with the brand name 'Loniten') in the form of oral
1306:
1298:
1282:
1152:
960:
moiety and may act as a nitric oxide agonist. This may cause follicles in the
908:
is an extremely rare side effect reported with large doses of oral minoxidil.
769:
646:
432:
2531:
2514:
2296:
7932:
7878:
7794:
7677:
7667:
7598:
7527:
7489:
7464:
7454:
7379:
7329:
7274:
7250:
7177:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7037:
7032:
7022:
7007:
6866:
6738:
6698:
6688:
6646:
6626:
6543:
6338:
6253:
6243:
6223:
6161:
6146:
6136:
6096:
6081:
6051:
6036:
6031:
6026:
5952:
5893:
5843:
5833:
5828:
5813:
5803:
5783:
5773:
5753:
5728:
5358:
5323:
5303:
5268:
5258:
5223:
5208:
4859:
4850:
4752:
4655:
4567:
4334:
4306:
4166:
4007:
3398:
3381:
3139:
2436:
1522:
1453:
1103:
1087:
991:
973:
312:
85:
7809:
4015:
3980:
3918:
3819:
3549:
Deep knowledge on small-molecule drugs and the global patents covering them
3147:
3089:
3043:
3001:
2889:
2838:
2787:
2746:"HMGB1 promotes hair growth via the modulation of prostaglandin metabolism"
2711:
2626:
2591:
2550:
2496:
2444:
2378:
2343:
2255:
2198:
2155:
2106:
2040:
1994:
3910:
3407:
3366:
2965:
2930:
2674:
Yum S, Jeong S, Kim D, Lee S, Kim W, Yoo JW, et al. (December 2017).
1959:"Minoxidil: an underused vasodilator for resistant or severe hypertension"
33:
7603:
7409:
7404:
7364:
7279:
7127:
7002:
6940:
6323:
6288:
6193:
5808:
5738:
5708:
5668:
5562:
5353:
5313:
5293:
4966:
4855:
4820:
4810:
4790:
4511:
4430:
3786:"Association Between Gender and Drug Cost for Over-the-Counter Minoxidil"
2819:
2802:
2692:
2675:
2335:
1561:
1546:
1290:
1165:
1034:
912:
897:
886:
816:
412:
127:
3112:
for "Minoxidil Response Testing in Males With Androgenetic Alopecia" at
2582:
2565:
1521:
under the brand names Gainehair and Hair 4 U; and as a combination with
421:
7672:
7494:
7294:
6819:
6218:
6156:
5818:
5798:
5494:
5365:
1322:
1310:
1294:
1183:
983:
969:
367:
17:
3972:
2190:
2146:
2129:
1651:"59445 WOMEN'S REGAINE EXTRA STRENGTH Minoxidil 5% application bottle"
1270:
have been shown to mimic the pharmacological properties of minoxidil.
7498:
6611:
6283:
6203:
6086:
6076:
5858:
5627:
4445:
1417:
1413:
980:
885:
present in some topical preparations may dry the scalp, resulting in
512:
1074:
disulphide formation and therefore with concomitant consumption of
481:
6238:
6091:
1387:
1195:
1121:
1099:
1095:
1075:
669:
660:
548:
492:
3649:"Drug Approval Package: Men's Rogaine (5% Minoxidil) NDA #021812"
2905:"Evidence for alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist activity of minoxidil"
2469:
Li M, Marubayashi A, Nakaya Y, Fukui K, Arase S (December 2001).
1701:"Loniten Tablets 5mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
7736:
6439:
6401:
6184:
4450:
1251:
In vitro Minoxidil treatment resulted in a 0.22 fold change for
1237:
1233:
1173:
1147:
Due to anti-fibrotic activity of minoxidil inhibition of enzyme
1079:
1017:
472:
249:
6762:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
6607:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4970:
4240:
4048:
2064:"An Old Medicine Grows New Hair for Pennies a Day, Doctors Say"
262:
122:
1629:
1554:
1550:
1198:
activity, largely due to the aforementioned activation of the
1159:-deficient collagen. Minoxidil can also potentially stimulate
7978:
6468:
1833:
1831:
1194:. Minoxidil administration also brings an increase in plasma
6886:
1800:
1798:
1796:
994:, which triggers intracellular signal transduction via both
565:
7814:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
6781:
3474:"Hair-raising tale: no fame for men who discovered Rogaine"
2903:
Sharma N, Mehta AA, Santani DD, Goyal RK (September 1997).
1891:"Mens Rogaine Extra Strength Unscented- minoxidil solution"
964:
to shed, which are then replaced by thicker hairs in a new
236:
154:
7710:
5015:
1020:
channel upon selective binding to SUR2. The expression of
2425:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5980:
1765:
1763:
1761:
6671:
6491:
3234:"Guinter Kahn, Inventor of Baldness Remedy, Dies at 80"
3174:
PubChem - National Center for Biotechnology Information
1042:, inhibition of collagen synthesis, and stimulation of
755:
3426:"When Patents Became Interesting in Clinical Research"
2570:
Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica
1730:
1728:
1726:
8050:
6968:
1338:
2801:
Suchonwanit P, Thammarucha S, Leerunyakul K (2019).
2744:
Hwang JH, Chu H, Ahn Y, Kim J, Kim DY (April 2019).
1110:
inhibition as a cofactor for nitric oxide synthase.
1082:
and other reducing equivalents. Minoxidil inhibited
8001:
7976:
7969:
7903:
7896:
7849:
7821:
7807:
7785:
7722:
7708:
7699:
7653:
7639:
7617:
7589:
7575:
7518:
6980:
6966:
6957:
6931:
6898:
6884:
6828:
6796:
6779:
6660:
6480:
6466:
6429:
5992:
5978:
5969:
5937:
5027:
5013:
5004:
4773:
4707:
4600:
4548:
4525:
4497:
4280:
4175:
4151:
4111:
4091:
2803:"Minoxidil and its use in hair disorders: a review"
690:
680:
658:
645:
615:
610:
591:
559:
531:
511:
491:
471:
451:
431:
411:
400:
391:
366:
346:
338:
3-hydroxy-2-imino-6-piperidin-1-ylpyrimidin-4-amine
321:
311:
298:
288:
280:
226:
221:
186:
168:
142:
112:
98:
80:
72:
62:
57:
3614:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 663.
1361:
1244:signal pathway. Minoxidil significantly increases
1140:receptor, the most upregulated target gene in the
1012:receptors). Minoxidil acts as an activator of the
819:. Minoxidil is also generally administered with a
8003:
7577:
3934:Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care
1412:Minoxidil was developed in the late 1950s by the
7641:
3072:Scow DT, Nolte RS, Shaughnessy AF (April 1999).
1248:concentration when compared to untreated cells.
1029:on the plasma membrane of dermal papilla cells.
380:
8041:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
3509:Hair!: Mankind's Historic Quest to End Baldness
3433:The Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices
3380:Gottlieb TB, Katz FH, Chidsey CA (March 1972).
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1583:
1581:
1228:expression and this effect could be related to
1213:Minoxidil may be involved in the inhibition of
1206:axis further prompts increased biosynthesis of
355:
3512:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 172.
2394:"Hair loss treatment may be dangerous to kids"
2324:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2087:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1921:"Womens Rogaine Unscented- minoxidil solution"
1695:
1693:
1444:When Upjohn received permission from the U.S.
7983:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
6473:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4982:
4252:
4060:
3784:Wehner MR, Nead KT, Lipoff JB (August 2017).
1385:Another synthesis approach is depicted here:
1094:of the enzyme, leading to a stabilization of
998:and two sub-types of adenosine A2 receptors (
8:
6891:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
3575:"Drug Approval Package: Rogaine NDA# 020834"
2464:
2462:
1487:In February 1996, the FDA approved both the
1132:production. Additionally, expression of the
131:
32:
6789:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
2680:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2566:"[Hair growth effect of minoxidil]"
1086:by interfering with the normal function of
7973:
7900:
7818:
7719:
7715:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
7705:
7650:
7586:
6977:
6963:
6895:
6793:
6477:
6007:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
5989:
5975:
5024:
5020:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
5010:
4989:
4975:
4967:
4259:
4245:
4237:
4067:
4053:
4045:
3831:
3829:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3419:
3417:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
2014:
2012:
1362:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}=}
602:
579:
440:
76:2,4-Diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-oxide
3837:"International brand names for minoxidil"
3809:
3397:
2920:
2879:
2869:
2828:
2818:
2777:
2701:
2691:
2653:. Macmillan Magazines. pp. 122–128.
2581:
2540:
2530:
2486:
2245:
2145:
1984:
1974:
1450:University of Colorado School of Medicine
1349:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1170:extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
990:. The effect of minoxidil is mediated by
460:
5985:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
3751:"CDER 2017 First Generic Drug Approvals"
3096:from the original on September 28, 2012.
3023:Pekmezci E, Türkoğlu M (December 2017).
2909:The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
2475:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2021:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
865:
8057:
6679:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
6499:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
3589:from the original on September 27, 2021
3501:
3499:
3227:
3225:
3074:"Medical treatments for balding in men"
2276:from the original on September 22, 2017
1577:
854:Low-dose oral minoxidil (LDOM) is used
729:
709:
575:
420:
335:
104:
3555:from the original on February 23, 2023
3280:from the original on December 28, 2021
3210:from the original on September 1, 2022
3180:from the original on September 1, 2022
3053:from the original on September 3, 2021
2311:from the original on October 28, 2010.
593:
31:
6973:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
4371:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
3539:
3537:
1126:prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1
541:
520:
500:
90:
7:
6908:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
3878:from the original on January 1, 2024
3731:from the original on August 16, 2021
3697:from the original on August 16, 2021
3628:from the original on August 29, 2024
3611:Nonprescription Product Therapeutics
2807:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
2297:"Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis"
2179:International Journal of Dermatology
1931:from the original on August 16, 2021
1901:from the original on August 16, 2021
1849:from the original on August 16, 2021
1816:from the original on August 16, 2021
1781:from the original on August 16, 2021
1746:from the original on August 16, 2021
1711:from the original on August 16, 2021
1602:from the original on August 16, 2021
1186:activity, stimulates the peripheral
547:
209:
199:
6002:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
3961:J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)
3765:from the original on April 26, 2020
3663:from the original on August 6, 2021
3347:The New England Journal of Medicine
1879:from the original on March 9, 2011.
1190:(SNS) by way of carotid and aortic
480:
371:
2922:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06139.x
2607:The British Journal of Dermatology
2220:Wu M, Yu Q, Li Q (December 2016).
1340:
1044:vascular endothelial growth factor
245:(Prescription only) / S2
27:Medication used to treat hair loss
25:
8008:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
7582:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
4381:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
3484:from the original on July 4, 2022
3032:Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica
2404:from the original on May 17, 2021
1680:Tga-search.clients.funnelback.com
1529:under the brand name Sistema GB.
1504:had been shown for a medication.
956:. Moreover, minoxidil contains a
870:Top 10 most common side effects.
8060:
7646:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
3946:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x
2994:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.004
2619:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05785.x
2488:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01570.x
1976:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03585.x
1963:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
1594:Therapeutic Goods Administration
633:
627:
49:
40:
4341:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
3717:"Minoxidil: FDA-Approved Drugs"
3232:Martin D (September 19, 2014).
2392:Neumann J (December 10, 2014).
1098:and a subsequent activation of
737:Key:ZFMITUMMTDLWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
5464:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
3802:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.1394
835:and thus is prescribed with a
639:
621:
1:
8037:Receptor/signaling modulators
5439:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
3683:"Rogaine: FDA-Approved Drugs"
3266:"Loniten: FDA-Approved Drugs"
1589:"Loniten Product Information"
1377:, the reaction of which with
1155:may result in synthesis of a
3866:Liotta M (October 3, 2023).
3757:Food and Drug Administration
3723:Food and Drug Administration
3689:Food and Drug Administration
3655:Food and Drug Administration
3581:Food and Drug Administration
3272:Food and Drug Administration
3204:Elsevier B.V., ScienceDirect
3170:"COMPOUND SUMMARY Minoxidil"
2371:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000301
2062:Kolata G (August 18, 2022).
1568:has been used successfully.
1446:Food and Drug Administration
1426:Food and Drug Administration
3359:10.1056/NEJM197003052821001
2954:Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
2099:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.1009
1491:sale and the production of
1467:to their balding patients.
8139:
7000:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
3424:Goldfarb NM (March 2006).
3128:The Journal of Dermatology
2770:10.1038/s41598-019-43242-2
1188:sympathetic nervous system
772:used for the treatment of
611:Chemical and physical data
258:(GSL, OTC) / POM
8108:Potassium channel openers
8030:
7510:Tricyclic antidepressants
6519:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
4674:Potassium channel openers
4197:
4153:Potassium channel openers
3472:Lester W (May 13, 1996).
3316:. JHU Press. p. 37.
3078:American Family Physician
2871:10.1186/s12887-019-1544-1
2519:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2238:10.18632/oncotarget.12617
2033:10.1007/s40257-014-0077-5
1839:"Minoxidil aerosol, foam"
1392:Minoxidil synthesis from
1202:. This activation of the
1120:production by activating
942:adenosine 5'-triphosphate
745:
720:
700:
686:248 °C (478 °F)
326:
48:
39:
4177:Calcium channel blockers
4095:(arterioles and venules)
2532:10.3389/fphar.2020.00577
2359:Pediatric Emergency Care
1676:"Search the TGA website"
946:potassium channel opener
68:Loniten, Rogaine, others
8103:1-Piperidinyl compounds
8093:Antihypertensive agents
7123:Eslicarbazepine acetate
4871:Glycopyrronium tosylate
4786:Aminobenzoate potassium
4718:5α-Reductase inhibitors
4666:Topilutamide (fluridil)
4611:5α-Reductase inhibitors
4586:Topical corticosteroids
4483:Topical corticosteroids
4008:10.2460/javma.252.2.222
3399:10.1161/01.CIR.45.3.571
3140:10.1111/1346-8138.15216
2437:10.1124/jpet.102.043380
1397:1975, 40, 22, 3304–3306
788:. It is available as a
273:OTC / Rx-only
6867:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
4998:Ion channel modulators
4866:Glycopyrronium bromide
4709:Hair growth inhibitors
4396:Calcineurin inhibitors
3106:Clinical trial number
2564:Otomo S (March 2002).
2270:"Rogaine Side Effects"
1515:combination medication
1416:(later became part of
1399:
1379:phosphorus oxychloride
1363:
1226:tight junction protein
996:adenosine A1 receptors
871:
831:. It may also cause a
8098:Hair loss medications
5224:Ryodipine (riodipine)
4455:urea-containing cream
4113:Hydrazinophthalazines
3911:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7154
3761:. February 20, 2018.
1707:. November 24, 2020.
1560:There is no specific
1391:
1364:
1192:baroreceptor reflexes
1113:Minoxidil stimulates
1027:sulfonylurea receptor
972:that is converted by
869:
712:Nc1cc(nc(N)1)N2CCCCC2
8123:Small-molecule drugs
7213:Valproate semisodium
5744:Carboxyamidotriazole
5679:Gabapentin enacarbil
5659:Arbaclofen placarbil
4931:Pregnenolone acetate
4632:Saw palmetto extract
3899:J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
3084:(8): 2189–94, 2196.
2820:10.2147/DDDT.S214907
2693:10.3390/ijms19010053
2336:10.1067/mjd.2003.325
2134:Dermatologic Therapy
1957:Sica DA (May 2004).
1777:. October 28, 2020.
1545:Minoxidil is highly
1502:gender-based pricing
1493:generic formulations
1336:
1181:alpha 2-adrenoceptor
1179:Minoxidil possesses
986:to its active form,
7864:1,10-Phenanthroline
6421:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
5406:Tetrahydropalmatine
4748:Cyproterone acetate
4651:Cyproterone acetate
4602:Alopecia treatments
4550:Anti-inflammatories
4331:Cetrimonium bromide
4302:Cyproterone acetate
4034:"Minoxidil Topical"
3506:Kuntzman G (2001).
3439:(3). Archived from
3246:on October 11, 2014
2762:2019NatSR...9.6660H
2583:10.1254/fpj.119.167
2232:(50): 82074–82084.
2074:on August 19, 2022.
1686:on August 16, 2021.
1541:Toxicity to animals
1478:Society and culture
1434:high blood pressure
1408:Initial application
1266:Conditions such as
1108:tetrahydrobiopterin
932:Mechanism of action
849:androgenic alopecia
829:potassium retention
792:by prescription in
774:high blood pressure
692:Solubility in water
36:
7874:7,8-Benzoquinoline
7869:4,7-Phenanthroline
7859:1,7-Phenanthroline
7235:Local anesthetics:
6767:ML-297 (VU0456810)
6274:Diallyl trisulfide
6269:Dextropropoxyphene
6172:Tetraethylammonium
5879:Pinaverium bromide
5649:4-Methylpregabalin
4224:Never to phase III
3996:J Am Vet Med Assoc
3872:clinicaltrials.gov
3585:. August 8, 2003.
3239:The New York Times
3114:ClinicalTrials.gov
2750:Scientific Reports
2068:The New York Times
1806:"Minoxidil tablet"
1742:. April 27, 2021.
1400:
1359:
891:contact dermatitis
872:
833:reflex tachycardia
790:generic medication
256:General sales list
8048:
8047:
8026:
8025:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7923:Meclofenamic acid
7892:
7891:
7803:
7802:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7635:
7634:
7571:
7570:
7445:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
7208:Valproate pivoxil
7098:Acetylpheneturide
6953:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6880:
6879:
6852:Meclofenamic acid
6815:Ethanol (alcohol)
6775:
6774:
6724:Minoxidil sulfate
6462:
6461:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5864:Otilonium bromide
5789:Ethanol (alcohol)
5553:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
5289:Phenylalkylamines
4964:
4963:
4901:Magnesium sulfate
4881:Hydrogen peroxide
4816:Calcium gluconate
4475:Lithium succinate
4470:Lithium gluconate
4366:Piroctone olamine
4234:
4233:
4080:antihypertensives
4075:Nonsympatholytic
3973:10.1111/vec.13296
3847:on August 8, 2017
3621:978-0-7817-3498-1
3519:978-0-679-64709-6
3478:The Daily Gazette
3323:978-0-8018-9234-9
3308:Conrad P (2008).
2982:Neuropharmacology
2660:978-0-333-58645-7
2191:10.1111/ijd.14933
2147:10.1111/dth.14106
1352:
1303:dimethylsulfoxide
1204:renin-angiotensin
1149:lysyl hydroxylase
988:minoxidil sulfate
968:. Minoxidil is a
950:hyperpolarization
778:pattern hair loss
763:
762:
671:Interactive image
561:CompTox Dashboard
266:
253:
240:
158:
125:
16:(Redirected from
8130:
8088:Aminopyrimidines
8065:
8064:
8063:
8056:
8009:
8005:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7901:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7198:Sodium valproate
7113:Chlorphenacemide
7095:Anticonvulsants:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6913:Arachidonic acid
6896:
6892:
6888:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6763:
6759:
6680:
6676:
6632:Dextromethorphan
6608:
6604:
6500:
6496:
6478:
6474:
6470:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5948:L-type-selective
5759:Dimeditiapramine
5721:Others/unsorted:
5503:T-type-selective
5490:R-type-selective
5472:P-type-selective
5424:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
5414:N-type-selective
5044:Dihydropyridines
5038:L-type-selective
5025:
5021:
5017:
5011:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4968:
4841:Deoxycholic acid
4831:Cromoglicic acid
4282:Anti-seborrheics
4261:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4093:Nitrovasodilator
4069:
4062:
4055:
4046:
4041:
4020:
4019:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3843:. Archived from
3833:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3790:JAMA Dermatology
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3608:Pray SW (2006).
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3305:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3242:. Archived from
3229:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3122:
3116:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2490:
2481:(6): 1594–1600.
2466:
2457:
2456:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2295:Pray WS (2001).
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2185:(8): 1013–1019.
2174:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
2052:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1978:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1775:Medicines.org.uk
1767:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1705:Medicines.org.uk
1697:
1688:
1687:
1682:. Archived from
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1626:nctr-crs.fda.gov
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1585:
1489:over-the-counter
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1305:6.5, water 2.2,
1287:propylene glycol
1059:hydroxyl radical
978:sulfotransferase
906:Pseudoacromegaly
902:papillary muscle
883:propylene glycol
807:liquid or foam.
801:over the counter
782:antihypertensive
759:
758:
751:
673:
653:
641:
635:
629:
623:
606:
595:
584:
583:
569:
567:
551:
545:
524:
504:
484:
464:
444:
424:
404:
384:
374:
373:
359:
303:
271:
264:
261:
251:
248:
238:
235:
213:
203:
156:
153:
135:
124:
121:
108:
94:
53:
44:
37:
35:
21:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8061:
8059:
8051:
8049:
8044:
8022:
8007:
7997:
7982:
7957:
7953:Trifluoperazine
7948:Tolfenamic acid
7918:Flufenamic acid
7888:
7845:
7813:
7799:
7781:
7747:Flufenamic acid
7742:Ethacrynic acid
7714:
7687:
7645:
7631:
7613:
7581:
7567:
7514:
7345:Metabutoxycaine
7310:Diphenhydramine
7300:Cyclomethycaine
7265:Levobupivacaine
6972:
6945:
6927:
6890:
6876:
6872:Tolfenamic acid
6847:Flufenamic acid
6842:
6824:
6810:
6788:
6785:
6771:
6761:
6678:
6675:
6656:
6606:
6498:
6495:
6472:
6458:
6443:
6425:
6405:
6314:Norpropoxyphene
6191:11.1)-specific:
6190:
5984:
5957:
5933:
5889:Rhynchophylline
5639:
5019:
5000:
4995:
4965:
4960:
4926:Povidone-iodine
4876:Hyaluronic acid
4801:Benzoylperoxide
4769:
4703:
4596:
4544:
4521:
4499:Skin lightening
4493:
4276:
4265:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4214:Clinical trials
4193:
4171:
4147:
4107:
4087:
4073:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4023:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3659:. May 6, 2008.
3647:
3646:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3622:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3446:on May 18, 2015
3443:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3353:(10): 521–527.
3344:
3343:
3339:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3105:
3101:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1543:
1535:
1510:
1485:
1480:
1442:
1410:
1405:
1375:barbituric acid
1344:
1334:
1333:
1276:
1139:
1118:
1115:prostaglandin E
1070:depletion with
1010:
1003:
934:
929:
864:
845:
813:
754:
752:
749:(what is this?)
746:
741:
738:
733:
728:
727:
716:
713:
708:
707:
676:
651:
638:
632:
626:
587:
563:
555:
527:
507:
487:
467:
447:
427:
407:
387:
370:
362:
342:
339:
334:
333:
301:
294:Primarily liver
282:Pharmacokinetic
276:
269:
217:
171:
164:
145:
138:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8136:
8134:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8046:
8045:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8012:
8010:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7987:
7985:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7928:Mefenamic acid
7925:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7884:Phenanthridine
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7827:
7825:
7816:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7726:
7717:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7648:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7623:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7584:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7532:Atracotoxins (
7530:
7524:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7492:
7487:
7478:
7477:
7475:Zetekitoxin AB
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7375:Proxymetacaine
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7285:Chloroprocaine
7282:
7277:
7272:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6996:
6995:
6986:
6984:
6975:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6893:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6791:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6673:
6666:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6559:Glyclopyramide
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6514:Chlorpropamide
6511:
6506:
6493:
6486:
6484:
6475:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6259:Clarithromycin
6256:
6251:
6249:Chlorpromazine
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5987:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5869:Paramethadione
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5644:gabapentinoids
5637:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:Non-selective:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5498:
5497:
5485:
5484:
5482:ω-Agatoxin IVB
5479:
5477:ω-Agatoxin IVA
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5434:Huwentoxin XVI
5431:
5426:
5421:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5386:Cyproheptadine
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Levniguldipine
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5084:Dexniguldipine
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5033:
5031:
5022:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4758:Spironolactone
4755:
4750:
4745:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4661:Spironolactone
4658:
4653:
4648:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4591:hydrocortisone
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Gamolenic acid
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4527:Skin darkening
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4488:hydrocortisone
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4443:
4441:Salicylic acid
4438:
4433:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4392:
4389:Antihistamines
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4328:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4312:Spironolactone
4309:
4304:
4299:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4271:preparations (
4269:dermatological
4266:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4182:
4180:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4089:
4088:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4028:
4027:External links
4025:
4022:
4021:
4002:(2): 222–226.
3986:
3967:(4): 454–459.
3951:
3940:(4): 287–292.
3924:
3905:(5): 225–231.
3889:
3858:
3825:
3796:(8): 825–826.
3776:
3742:
3708:
3674:
3640:
3638:(Google Books)
3620:
3600:
3566:
3533:
3531:(Google Books)
3518:
3495:
3457:
3413:
3392:(3): 571–582.
3372:
3337:
3335:(Google Books)
3322:
3291:
3257:
3221:
3191:
3161:
3134:(3): 306–310.
3117:
3099:
3064:
3038:(4): 271–275.
3015:
2971:
2960:(3): 253–256.
2944:
2915:(9): 935–937.
2895:
2858:BMC Pediatrics
2844:
2793:
2736:
2717:
2666:
2659:
2640:
2613:(2): 186–194.
2597:
2576:(3): 167–174.
2556:
2505:
2458:
2431:(2): 833–840.
2415:
2384:
2349:
2330:(6): 962–965.
2314:
2287:
2261:
2212:
2169:
2120:
2093:(3): 737–746.
2077:
2054:
2027:(3): 217–230.
2008:
1969:(5): 283–287.
1942:
1912:
1882:
1873:mayoclinic.com
1869:"Vasodilators"
1860:
1827:
1792:
1757:
1722:
1689:
1667:
1642:
1613:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1509:
1506:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1441:
1438:
1414:Upjohn Company
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1358:
1347:
1342:
1275:
1272:
1268:Cantú syndrome
1137:
1116:
1096:HIF-1α protein
1052:leukotriene B4
1050:synthesis and
1008:
1001:
933:
930:
928:
925:
863:
860:
844:
841:
812:
809:
761:
760:
743:
742:
740:
739:
736:
734:
731:
723:
722:
721:
718:
717:
715:
714:
711:
703:
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
678:
677:
675:
674:
666:
664:
656:
655:
649:
643:
642:
636:
630:
624:
619:
613:
612:
608:
607:
597:
589:
588:
586:
585:
572:
570:
557:
556:
554:
553:
537:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
517:
515:
509:
508:
506:
505:
497:
495:
489:
488:
486:
485:
477:
475:
469:
468:
466:
465:
457:
455:
449:
448:
446:
445:
437:
435:
429:
428:
426:
425:
417:
415:
409:
408:
406:
405:
397:
395:
389:
388:
386:
385:
377:
375:
364:
363:
361:
360:
352:
350:
344:
343:
341:
340:
337:
329:
328:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:
309:
308:
305:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
278:
277:
275:
274:
259:
246:
232:
230:
224:
223:
219:
218:
216:
215:
192:
190:
184:
183:
174:
172:administration
166:
165:
163:
162:
160:
150:
148:
140:
139:
137:
136:
118:
116:
110:
109:
102:
96:
95:
88:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8135:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8068:
8058:
8054:
8043:
8042:
8038:
8035:
8029:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8006:
8000:
7993:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7981:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7938:Niflumic acid
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7831:Glibenclamide
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7812:
7806:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7777:Niflumic acid
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7762:Glibenclamide
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7713:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7644:
7638:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7580:
7574:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7558:Grayanotoxins
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7548:Batrachotoxin
7546:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7534:ω-Atracotoxin
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7485:Buprenorphine
7483:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7218:Valproic acid
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7163:Oxitriptyline
7161:
7159:
7158:Oxcarbazepine
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Licarbazepine
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7103:Carbamazepine
7101:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6990:Antianginals:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6923:Norfluoxetine
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:Niflumic acid
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6787:
6778:
6768:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:Levcromakalim
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6504:Acetohexamide
6502:
6497:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6349:Roxithromycin
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:Charybdotoxin
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Trimethadione
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:Diproteverine
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Ruthenium red
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Levetiracetam
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:ω-Agatoxin TK
5546:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5518:Niflumic acid
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Levamlodipine
5137:
5135:
5134:Lercanidipine
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:Oxymetazoline
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4737:Antiandrogens
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4640:Antiandrogens
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Afamelanotide
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:Lithium salts
4461:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4291:Antiandrogens
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Dihydralazine
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4102:Nitroprusside
4100:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3601:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3184:September 25,
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2813:: 2777–2786.
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:US Pharmacist
2298:
2291:
2288:
2275:
2272:. Drugs.com.
2271:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2140:(6): e14106.
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:amifampridine
1516:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:J. Org. Chem.
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1345:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:diethyl ether
1316:
1315:ethyl acetate
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:) receptors.
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1161:elastogenesis
1158:
1157:hydroxylysine
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1134:prostaglandin
1131:
1128:but inhibits
1127:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:prostaglandin
1045:
1041:
1040:proliferation
1037:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:telogen phase
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
931:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
861:
859:
857:
852:
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:loop diuretic
818:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
757:
750:
744:
735:
730:
726:
719:
710:
706:
699:
695:
693:
689:
685:
683:
682:Melting point
679:
672:
668:
667:
665:
662:
657:
650:
648:
644:
620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
598:
596:
594:ECHA InfoCard
590:
582:
578:
577:DTXSID9040685
574:
573:
571:
562:
558:
550:
549:RCSB PDB
544:
539:
538:
536:
534:
530:
523:
519:
518:
516:
514:
510:
503:
499:
498:
496:
494:
490:
483:
479:
478:
476:
474:
470:
463:
459:
458:
456:
454:
450:
443:
439:
438:
436:
434:
430:
423:
419:
418:
416:
414:
410:
403:
399:
398:
396:
394:
390:
383:
379:
378:
376:
369:
365:
358:
354:
353:
351:
349:
345:
336:
332:
325:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
304:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
272:
260:
257:
247:
244:
234:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
212:
207:
202:
197:
194:
193:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
173:
167:
161:
152:
151:
149:
147:
141:
134:
129:
120:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
65:
61:
58:Clinical data
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
8118:Vasodilators
8083:Amine oxides
8033:
8032:
7943:Talniflumate
7481:
7470:Tetrodotoxin
7460:Neosaxitoxin
7451:
7396:
7370:Propoxycaine
7305:Dimethocaine
7238:
7234:
7203:Valnoctamide
7133:Fosphenytoin
7094:
7068:Procainamide
7058:Pilsicainide
7013:Disopyramide
6999:
6989:
6837:
6805:
6755:
6718:
6669:
6637:Ethosuximide
6622:Cloperastine
6600:
6569:Metahexamide
6564:Glycyclamide
6524:Glibornuride
6489:
6438:
6400:
6379:Thioridazine
6334:Promethazine
6319:Orphenadrine
6309:Ketoconazole
6294:Erythromycin
6183:
5946:
5874:Phensuximide
5854:Ochratoxin A
5794:Ethosuximide
5720:
5642:-selective (
5634:
5544:
5501:
5488:
5470:
5419:ω-Conotoxins
5412:
5362:
5344:Norverapamil
5309:Dexverapamil
5287:
5261:derivatives:
5257:
5254:Vatanidipine
5249:Trombodipine
5214:Palonidipine
5199:Nitrendipine
5154:Mepirodipine
5059:Azelnidipine
5042:
5036:
4956:Tralokinumab
4940:progesterone
4936:Progestogens
4906:Metandienone
4891:Lebrikizumab
4836:Delgocitinib
4795:testosterone
4765:Eflornithine
4743:Bicalutamide
4735:
4716:
4697:Ritlecitinib
4686:
4679:
4672:
4646:Bicalutamide
4638:
4609:
4584:
4573:Pimecrolimus
4558:Alitretinoin
4540:Melanotan II
4507:Hydroquinone
4481:
4462:
4425:Keratolytics
4423:
4419:Isotretinoin
4407:Pimecrolimus
4394:
4387:
4356:Ketoconazole
4351:Clotrimazole
4318:
4297:Bicalutamide
4289:
4185:
4179:(arterioles)
4161:
4155:(arterioles)
4143:Pildralazine
4115:(arterioles)
4077:vasodilatory
4037:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3871:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3845:the original
3840:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3767:. Retrieved
3754:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3720:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3686:
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3652:
3643:
3630:. Retrieved
3610:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3578:
3569:
3559:February 23,
3557:. Retrieved
3548:
3523:. Retrieved
3508:
3486:. Retrieved
3448:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3436:
3432:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3327:. Retrieved
3313:
3282:. Retrieved
3269:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3244:the original
3237:
3214:September 1,
3212:. Retrieved
3203:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3107:
3102:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3057:September 3,
3055:. Retrieved
3035:
3031:
3018:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2720:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2650:
2643:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2500:
2478:
2474:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2397:
2387:
2365:(1): 44–46.
2362:
2358:
2352:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2307:(4): 16–24.
2304:
2300:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2264:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2072:the original
2067:
2057:
2024:
2020:
1966:
1962:
1933:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1872:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1842:
1818:. Retrieved
1809:
1783:. Retrieved
1774:
1748:. Retrieved
1739:
1713:. Retrieved
1704:
1684:the original
1679:
1670:
1660:February 15,
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1592:
1566:lipid rescue
1559:
1544:
1536:
1511:
1498:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1443:
1411:
1394:
1384:
1372:
1331:
1327:acetonitrile
1281:
1277:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1223:
1215:serotonergic
1212:
1178:
1146:
1130:prostacyclin
1112:
1056:
1054:expression.
1033:
1032:A number of
1031:
966:anagen phase
958:nitric oxide
935:
927:Pharmacology
910:
895:
877:
873:
862:Side effects
853:
846:
837:beta blocker
814:
811:Medical uses
765:
764:
753:
747:
300:Elimination
228:Legal status
222:Legal status
114:License data
29:
7609:Triamterene
7563:Poneratoxin
7553:Ciguatoxins
7440:Raxatrigine
7435:Ralfinamide
7430:PF-05089771
7425:PF-04531083
7397:Analgesics:
7355:Piperocaine
7340:Meprylcaine
7335:Mepivacaine
7290:Cinchocaine
7269:Ropivacaine
7261:Bupivacaine
7188:Sipatrigine
7173:Pheneturide
7168:Phenacemide
7153:Mephenytoin
7138:Lamotrigine
7118:Elpetrigine
7073:Propafenone
7018:Dronedarone
6594:Tolbutamide
6584:Repaglinide
6579:Nateglinide
6574:Mitiglinide
6554:Glisoxepide
6539:Glimepiride
6529:Glicaramide
6509:Carbutamide
6411:Linopirdine
6394:Vernakalant
6384:Tolterodine
6374:Terfenadine
6364:Tamulotoxin
6359:Solifenacin
6329:PNU-282,987
6304:Haloperidol
6299:Gigactonine
6279:Domperidone
6264:Darifenacin
6229:Bedaquiline
6214:Azaspiracid
6177:Vernakalant
6112:Linopirdine
6072:Dronedarone
6062:Dendrotoxin
6047:Clamikalant
5919:Tolperisone
5914:Tetrandrine
5904:Sipatrigine
5899:Silperisone
5884:Prenylamine
5824:Lidoflazine
5779:Elpetrigine
5689:Mirogabalin
5593:Lamotrigine
5588:Flunarizine
5583:Efonidipine
5573:Cinnarizine
5568:Cilnidipine
5523:NNC 55-0396
5449:Ralfinamide
5396:Fantofarone
5391:Dronedarone
5376:Budiodarone
5371:Brinazarone
5334:Levemopamil
5234:Sornidipine
5229:Sagandipine
5219:Pranidipine
5194:Nisoldipine
5184:Nilvadipine
5174:Niguldipine
5164:Nicardipine
5129:Lemildipine
5114:Iganidipine
5109:Furnidipine
5074:Cronidipine
5069:Clevidipine
5064:Barnidipine
5054:Aranidipine
4946:Ruxolitinib
4916:Oclacitinib
4911:Nemolizumab
4826:Crisaborole
4806:Brimonidine
4781:Abrocitinib
4729:Finasteride
4724:Dutasteride
4627:Finasteride
4622:Dutasteride
4617:Alfatradiol
4517:Monobenzone
4402:Cyclosporin
4320:Antifungals
4210:from market
4138:Cadralazine
4133:Endralazine
4122:Hydralazine
4038:MedlinePlus
3386:Circulation
3310:"Extension"
3109:NCT02198261
2988:: 407–415.
2756:(1): 6660.
2280:December 8,
1635:October 22,
1508:Brand names
1440:Hair growth
1420:) to treat
1208:aldosterone
1151:present in
1072:glutathione
1068:glutathione
1064:glutathione
944:-sensitive
921:tachycardia
917:hypotension
823:to prevent
786:vasodilator
780:. It is an
654: g·mol
600:100.048.959
322:Identifiers
100:MedlinePlus
73:Other names
64:Trade names
8077:Categories
7913:Bumetanide
7851:Activators
7841:Piretanide
7836:Lonidamine
7787:Activators
7772:Mibefradil
7767:Mefloquine
7757:Furosemide
7752:Fluoxetine
7732:Crofelemer
7619:Activators
7542:Versutoxin
7538:Robustoxin
7520:Activators
7505:Safinamide
7455:Conotoxins
7390:Trimecaine
7385:Tetracaine
7360:Prilocaine
7350:Orthocaine
7325:Iontocaine
7320:Hexylcaine
7315:Etidocaine
7256:Benzocaine
7246:Amylocaine
7228:Zonisamide
7223:Valpromide
7193:Topiramate
7183:Rufinamide
7143:Lacosamide
7108:Cenobamate
7063:Prajmaline
7053:Moricizine
7048:Mexiletine
7043:Lorcainide
7028:Flecainide
6993:Ranolazine
6933:Activators
6918:Fluoxetine
6862:Nimesulide
6844:-specific:
6830:Activators
6812:-specific:
6764:-specific:
6744:Rilmakalim
6734:Nicorandil
6694:Cromakalim
6681:-specific:
6662:Activators
6652:Tipepidine
6642:Ifenprodil
6617:Caramiphen
6609:-specific:
6589:Tolazamide
6549:Gliquidone
6534:Gliclazide
6501:-specific:
6454:Retigabine
6449:Flupirtine
6446:-specific:
6431:Activators
6408:-specific:
6389:Vanoxerine
6369:Terodiline
6354:Sertindole
6344:Ranolazine
6209:Astemizole
6199:Amiodarone
6167:Terikalant
6142:Pinokalant
6127:Nifekalant
6122:Maurotoxin
6117:Lolitrem B
6107:Kaliotoxin
6067:Dofetilide
6057:Dalazatide
6052:Conotoxins
6022:Amiodarone
6017:Almokalant
5939:Activators
5929:Valperinol
5909:Terodiline
5849:Naftopidil
5839:Mesuximide
5769:Enpiperate
5749:Cycleanine
5734:Bevantolol
5724:Bencyclane
5714:Pregabalin
5704:PD-299,685
5699:PD-217,014
5694:PD-200,347
5684:Imagabalin
5674:Gabapentin
5664:Atagabalin
5654:Arbaclofen
5613:Mibefradil
5608:Loperamide
5603:Lomerizine
5578:Dotarizine
5558:Benidipine
5538:Zonisamide
5454:Safinamide
5429:Caroverine
5381:Celivarone
5329:Gallopamil
5284:Siratiazem
5274:Iprotiazem
5264:Clentiazem
5244:Tiamdipine
5239:Teludipine
5204:Olradipine
5189:Nimodipine
5179:Niludipine
5169:Nifedipine
5159:Mesudipine
5149:Manidipine
5124:Lacidipine
5119:Isradipine
5104:Flordipine
5099:Felodipine
5094:Elnadipine
5089:Elgodipine
5079:Darodipine
5049:Amlodipine
4951:Tiratricol
4896:Lokivetmab
4886:Ivermectin
4846:Diclofenac
4692:Nepidermin
4578:Tacrolimus
4436:Resorcinol
4412:Tacrolimus
4376:Xenysalate
4361:Miconazole
4346:Climbazole
4326:Bifonazole
3882:January 1,
3769:August 15,
3735:August 15,
3701:August 15,
3667:August 15,
3593:August 15,
3284:August 15,
2864:(1): 170.
2726:US 5874433
2226:Oncotarget
1935:August 15,
1905:August 15,
1853:August 15,
1820:August 15,
1785:August 15,
1750:August 15,
1715:August 15,
1606:August 15,
1572:References
1527:clobetasol
1307:chloroform
1299:2-propanol
1283:Solubility
1153:fibroblast
948:, causing
770:medication
659:3D model (
647:Molar mass
533:PDB ligand
502:CHEBI:6942
462:5965120SH1
433:ChemSpider
393:IUPHAR/BPS
357:38304-91-5
348:CAS Number
331:IUPAC name
290:Metabolism
8034:See also:
7933:Mepacrine
7879:Ivacaftor
7795:Carbachol
7678:Ibuprofen
7668:Amiloride
7627:Solnatide
7599:Amiloride
7528:Aconitine
7490:Evenamide
7465:Saxitoxin
7380:Risocaine
7330:Lidocaine
7275:Butacaine
7251:Articaine
7178:Phenytoin
7088:Tocainide
7083:Sparteine
7078:Quinidine
7038:Lorajmine
7033:Lidocaine
7023:Encainide
7008:Aprindine
6749:Sarakalim
6739:Pinacidil
6729:Naminidil
6719:Minoxidil
6714:Mazokalim
6699:Diazoxide
6689:Bimakalim
6684:Aprikalim
6647:Tertiapin
6627:Clozapine
6544:Glipizide
6339:Quinidine
6289:Ergtoxins
6254:Cisapride
6244:BRL-32872
6224:Azimilide
6187:(KCNH2, K
6162:Tedisamil
6147:Quinidine
6137:Paxilline
6102:Inakalant
6097:Ibutilide
6082:Hanatoxin
6037:Bunaftine
6032:Bretylium
6027:Azimilide
6012:Adekalant
5971:Potassium
5953:Bay K8644
5894:Sesamodil
5844:Monatepil
5834:Manoalide
5829:Magnesium
5814:Imepitoin
5804:Fendiline
5784:Ethadione
5774:Eperisone
5754:Dauricine
5729:Berbamine
5640:δ subunit
5444:PD-173212
5359:Verapamil
5349:Ronipamil
5339:Nexopamil
5324:Falipamil
5319:Etripamil
5304:Devapamil
5299:Dagapamil
5279:Nictiazem
5269:Diltiazem
5259:Diltiazem
5209:Oxodipine
4860:estradiol
4856:Estrogens
4851:Dupilumab
4791:Androgens
4753:Flutamide
4680:Minoxidil
4656:Flutamide
4568:Oxaceprol
4335:cetrimide
4307:Flutamide
4220:Phase III
4208:Withdrawn
4167:Diazoxide
4162:Minoxidil
3841:Drugs.com
3156:210042523
2686:(1): 53.
2408:March 23,
2207:219561573
2164:221017080
2115:220348503
1523:tretinoin
1483:Economics
1465:off-label
1454:hair loss
1436:in 1979.
1432:to treat
1329:<0.5.
1325:<0.5,
1321:<0.5,
1317:<0.5,
1313:<0.5,
1285:(mg/ml):
1274:Chemistry
1142:β-catenin
1104:ascorbate
1088:ascorbate
992:adenosine
974:sulfation
954:follicles
938:mechanism
856:off-label
843:Hair loss
799:form and
766:Minoxidil
522:ChEMBL802
313:Excretion
302:half-life
170:Routes of
144:Pregnancy
133:Minoxidil
92:Monograph
86:Drugs.com
34:Minoxidil
8113:Prodrugs
8067:Medicine
8019:instead.
7994:instead.
7905:Blockers
7897:Unsorted
7823:Blockers
7724:Blockers
7701:Chloride
7663:A-317567
7655:Blockers
7604:Benzamil
7591:Blockers
7420:NKTR-171
7415:GDC-0276
7410:Funapide
7405:DSP-2230
7400:AZD-3161
7365:Procaine
7280:Butamben
7128:Ethotoin
7003:Ajmaline
6982:Blockers
6941:Riluzole
6900:Blockers
6798:Blockers
6704:Emakalim
6482:Blockers
6324:Pimozide
6194:Ajmaline
5994:Blockers
5809:Fostedil
5739:Canadine
5709:Phenibut
5669:Baclofen
5618:NP078585
5563:Bepridil
5401:SR-33805
5354:Tiapamil
5314:Emopamil
5294:Anipamil
5029:Blockers
4821:Collagen
4811:Caffeine
4512:Mequinol
4431:Coal tar
4016:29319439
3981:37222073
3919:34370845
3876:Archived
3851:June 26,
3820:28593214
3763:Archived
3729:Archived
3695:Archived
3661:Archived
3626:Archived
3587:Archived
3553:Archived
3482:Archived
3278:Archived
3208:Archived
3178:Archived
3148:31907964
3094:Archived
3090:10221304
3048:Archived
3044:30064598
3010:20676988
3002:23973310
2939:84233773
2890:31138170
2839:31496654
2788:31040377
2712:29295567
2635:19308112
2627:14996087
2592:11915519
2551:32457608
2497:11886528
2445:12538840
2402:Archived
2379:25426682
2344:12789195
2309:Archived
2274:Archived
2256:27738338
2199:32516434
2156:32757405
2107:32622136
2049:31245042
2041:24848508
2003:21366804
1995:15133413
1929:Archived
1925:DailyMed
1899:Archived
1895:DailyMed
1877:Archived
1847:Archived
1843:DailyMed
1814:Archived
1810:DailyMed
1779:Archived
1744:Archived
1709:Archived
1600:Archived
1562:antidote
1533:Research
1291:methanol
1166:elastase
1092:cofactor
1035:in vitro
976:via the
913:Toulouse
898:necrosis
887:dandruff
817:diuretic
756:(verify)
442:10438564
413:DrugBank
188:ATC code
177:By mouth
146:category
128:DailyMed
7673:Aspirin
7495:Menthol
7482:Others:
7452:Toxins:
7295:Cocaine
6820:GAL-021
6440:KCNQ (K
6402:KCNQ (K
6219:AZD1305
6157:Sotalol
6152:ShK-186
6132:Notoxin
5819:JTV-519
5799:Fasudil
5528:ProTx I
5508:ABT-639
5495:SNX-482
5366:AH-1058
5363:Others:
5006:Calcium
4938:(e.g.,
4858:(e.g.,
4793:(e.g.,
4589:(e.g.,
4486:(e.g.,
3811:5817599
3632:May 11,
3525:May 11,
3488:May 11,
3450:May 11,
3408:4401051
3367:4391708
3329:May 11,
3250:May 11,
2966:8960256
2931:9306265
2881:6537216
2830:6691938
2779:6491442
2758:Bibcode
2703:5796003
2542:7227431
2525:: 577.
2453:6948410
2398:Reuters
2247:5347675
1986:8109604
1430:tablets
1403:History
1323:benzene
1311:acetone
1295:ethanol
1184:agonist
1174:ERK 1/2
984:SULT1A1
970:prodrug
900:of the
879:Alcohol
805:topical
652:209.253
617:Formula
422:DB00350
368:PubChem
270:WARNING
208: (
206:D11AX01
204:)
198: (
196:C02DC01
181:topical
159: C
130::
106:a682608
18:Regaine
8053:Portal
7970:Others
6959:Sodium
6612:Barium
6416:XE-991
6284:E-4031
6234:BeKm-1
6204:AmmTX3
6087:HgeTx1
6077:E-4031
5859:Osthol
5628:TROX-1
5513:ML-218
4774:Others
4687:Others
4446:Sulfur
4267:Other
4203:WHO-EM
4014:
3979:
3917:
3818:
3808:
3618:
3516:
3406:
3365:
3320:
3154:
3146:
3088:
3042:
3008:
3000:
2964:
2937:
2929:
2888:
2878:
2837:
2827:
2786:
2776:
2732:
2710:
2700:
2657:
2633:
2625:
2590:
2549:
2539:
2495:
2451:
2443:
2377:
2342:
2254:
2244:
2205:
2197:
2162:
2154:
2113:
2105:
2047:
2039:
2001:
1993:
1983:
1564:, but
1422:ulcers
1418:Pfizer
1261:vertex
981:enzyme
825:sodium
797:tablet
784:and a
705:SMILES
513:ChEMBL
482:D00418
317:Kidney
267:
254:
241:
126:
8004:LGICs
7711:CaCCs
7683:PcTX1
7642:ASICs
6969:VGSCs
6239:BmTx3
6092:HsTx1
5981:VGKCs
5016:VDCCs
3759:(FDA)
3755:U.S.
3725:(FDA)
3721:U.S.
3691:(FDA)
3687:U.S.
3657:(FDA)
3653:U.S.
3583:(FDA)
3579:U.S.
3444:(PDF)
3429:(PDF)
3274:(FDA)
3270:U.S.
3152:S2CID
3051:(PDF)
3028:(PDF)
3006:S2CID
2935:S2CID
2631:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2203:S2CID
2160:S2CID
2111:S2CID
2045:S2CID
1999:S2CID
1740:(emc)
1596:(TGA)
1547:toxic
1517:with
1370:4.61
1309:0.5,
1301:6.7,
1253:5α-R2
1219:5-HT2
1196:renin
1122:COX-1
1100:HIF-1
1076:NADPH
1022:SUR2B
803:as a
768:is a
725:InChI
696:<1
661:JSmol
540:MXD (
493:ChEBI
307:4.2 h
8017:here
8015:See
7992:here
7990:See
7979:TRPs
7810:CFTR
7737:DIDS
7578:ENaC
7499:mint
6887:K2Ps
6758:GIRK
6603:GIRK
6469:IRKs
6185:hERG
5533:Z944
5459:Z160
4451:Urea
4188:list
4186:see
4012:PMID
3977:PMID
3915:PMID
3884:2024
3853:2017
3816:PMID
3771:2021
3737:2021
3703:2021
3669:2021
3634:2015
3616:ISBN
3595:2021
3561:2023
3527:2015
3514:ISBN
3490:2015
3452:2015
3404:PMID
3363:PMID
3331:2015
3318:ISBN
3286:2021
3252:2015
3216:2022
3186:2022
3144:PMID
3086:PMID
3059:2021
3040:PMID
2998:PMID
2962:PMID
2927:PMID
2886:PMID
2835:PMID
2784:PMID
2708:PMID
2655:ISBN
2623:PMID
2588:PMID
2547:PMID
2493:PMID
2441:PMID
2410:2021
2375:PMID
2340:PMID
2282:2020
2252:PMID
2195:PMID
2152:PMID
2103:PMID
2037:PMID
1991:PMID
1937:2021
1907:2021
1855:2021
1822:2021
1787:2021
1752:2021
1717:2021
1662:2022
1637:2023
1608:2021
1555:cats
1553:and
1551:dogs
1525:and
1297:29,
1293:44,
1289:75,
1238:PI3K
1234:RhoA
1124:and
1090:, a
1080:NADH
1018:SUR2
1014:Kir6
1005:and
936:The
919:and
889:and
881:and
827:and
794:oral
776:and
543:PDBe
473:KEGG
453:UNII
402:4254
382:4201
284:data
82:AHFS
7241:FBT
6674:ATP
6494:ATP
4273:D11
4084:C02
4004:doi
4000:252
3969:doi
3942:doi
3907:doi
3806:PMC
3798:doi
3794:153
3394:doi
3355:doi
3351:282
3136:doi
2990:doi
2917:doi
2876:PMC
2866:doi
2825:PMC
2815:doi
2774:PMC
2766:doi
2698:PMC
2688:doi
2615:doi
2611:150
2578:doi
2574:119
2537:PMC
2527:doi
2483:doi
2479:117
2433:doi
2429:304
2367:doi
2332:doi
2242:PMC
2234:doi
2187:doi
2142:doi
2095:doi
2029:doi
1981:PMC
1971:doi
1630:FDA
1549:to
1246:ROS
1242:PKB
1230:ROS
1200:SNS
1084:PHD
566:EPA
372:CID
211:WHO
201:WHO
8079::
8039:•
7540:,
7536:,
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