1502:
Folcare, Follixil, Guayaten, Hair Grow, Hair-Treat, Hairgain, Hairgaine, Hairgrow, Hairway, Headway, Inoxi, Ivix, Keranique, Lacovin, Locemix, Loniten, Lonnoten, Lonolox, Lonoten, Loxon, M E Medic, Maev-Medic, Mandi, Manoxidil, Mantai, Men's
Rogaine, Minodil, Minodril, Minostyl, Minovital, Minox, Minoxi, Minoxidil, Minoxidilum, Minoximen, Minoxiten, Minscalp, Mintop, Modil, Morr, Moxidil, Neo-Pruristam, Neocapil, Neoxidil, Nherea, Nioxin, Noxidil, Oxofenil, Pilfud, Pilogro, Pilomin, Piloxidil,Re-Stim, Re-Stim+, Recrea, Regain, Regain, Regaxidil, Regro, Regroe, Regrou, Regrowth, Relive, Renobell Locion, Reten, Rexidil, Rogaine, Rogan, Scalpmed, Si Bi Shen, Splendora, Superminox, Trefostil, Tricolocion, Tricoplus, Tricovivax, Tricoxane, Trugain, Tugain, Unipexil, Vaxdil, Vius, Women's Regaine, Xenogrow, Xtreme Boost, Xtreme Boost+, Xue Rui, Ylox, and Zeldilon. It is also sold as a
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experimenting with a 1% solution of minoxidil mixed with several alcohol-based liquids. Both parties filed patents to use minoxidil for hair loss prevention, which resulted in a decade-long trial between Kahn and Upjohn, which ended with Kahn's name included in a consolidated patent (U.S. #4,596,812 Charles A Chidsey, III and
Guinter Kahn) in 1986 and royalties from the company to both Kahn and Grant.
1441:. He conducted two studies, the second study showing unexpected hair growth. Puzzled by this side-effect, Chidsey consulted Guinter Kahn (who while a dermatology resident at the University of Miami had been the first to observe and report hair development on patients using the minoxidil patch) and discussed the possibility of using minoxidil for treating
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1459:
In August 1988, the FDA approved minoxidil for treating baldness in men under the brand name "Rogaine" (FDA rejected Upjohn's first choice, Regain, as misleading). The agency concluded that although "the product will not work for everyone", 39% of the men studied had "moderate to dense hair growth on
1370:
gives 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine. Upon reaction with ammonium, this turns into 2,4-diamino-6-chloropyrimidine. Next, the resulting 2,4-diamino-6-chloropyrimidine undergoes reaction with 2,4-dichlorophenol in the presence of potassium hydroxide, giving 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-pyrimidine.
1488:
In 2017, a study of pharmacy prices in four states for 41 over-the-counter minoxidil products which were "gender-specified" found that the mean price for minoxidil solutions was the same for women and men even though the women's formulations were 2% and the men's were 5%, while the mean price for
1484:
of minoxidil. Upjohn replied to that by lowering prices to half the price of the prescription drug and by releasing a prescription 5% formula of
Rogaine in 1997. In 1998, a 5% formulation of minoxidil was approved for nonprescription sale by the FDA. The 5% aerosol foam formula was approved for
1501:
As of June 2017, Minoxidil is sold under many brand names worldwide: Alomax, Alopek, Alopexy, Alorexyl, Alostil, Aloxid, Aloxidil, Anagen, Apo-Gain, Axelan, Belohair, Boots Hair Loss
Treatment, Botafex, Capillus, Carexidil, Coverit, Da Fei Xin, Dilaine, Dinaxcinco, Dinaxil, Ebersedin, Eminox,
1448:
Kahn, along with his colleague Paul J. Grant, had obtained a certain amount of minoxidil and conducted their own research, since they were first to make the side effect observation. Neither Upjohn or
Chidsey at the time were aware of the side effect of hair growth. The two doctors had been
2719:
1199:; whereas plasma and urinary aldosterone levels are increased early in the course of treatment with minoxidil, over time these values tend to normalize presumably because of accelerated metabolic clearance of aldosterone in association with hepatic vasodilation.
1413:. In trials using dogs, the compound did not cure ulcers, but proved to be a powerful vasodilator. Upjohn synthesized over 200 variations of the compound, including the one it developed in 1963 and named minoxidil. These studies resulted in the U.S.
3114:
Ohko K, Nakajima K, Nakajima H, Hiraki Y, Kubota K, Fukao T, et al. (March 2020). "Skin and hair abnormalities of Cantu syndrome: A congenital hypertrichosis due to a genetic alteration mimicking the pharmacological effect of minoxidil".
1247:
Minoxidil is less effective when the area of hair loss is large. In addition, its effectiveness has largely been demonstrated in younger men who have experienced hair loss for less than 5 years. Minoxidil use is indicated for central
1371:
Oxidation of this product with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid gives 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)pyrimidine-3-oxide, the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyl group of which is replaced with a piperidine group at high temperature, giving minoxidil.
1165:)-activator protein 1 signaling pathway. ERK 1/2 increases, through elastin gene transcription, adequately cross-linked elastic fiber content synthesized by smooth muscle cells, and decreases the number of cells in the aorta.
4055:
2968:
Gu YT, Xue YX, Wang YF, Wang JH, Chen X, ShangGuan QR, et al. (December 2013). "Minoxidil sulfate induced the increase in blood-brain tumor barrier permeability through ROS/RhoA/PI3K/PKB signaling pathway".
2637:
Chung LY, Andrews AM, Schmidt RJ, Turner TD (1992). "Effects of minoxidil on cell proliferation and intracellular glutathione status of murine (L929) fibroblasts". In
Harding KG, Leaper DL, Turner TD (eds.).
1267:
Minoxidil is an odorless, white to off-white, crystalline powder (crystals from methanol-acetonitrile). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides. It decomposes at 259-261 °C.
863:
Topically applied minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include itching of the eyes, general itching, irritation at the treated area, and unwanted hair growth elsewhere on the body.
1013:
in dermal papilla cells might play a role in the production of adenosine. Minoxidil induces cell growth factors such as VEGF, HGF, IGF-1 and potentiates HGF and IGF-1 actions by the activation of uncoupled
1152:
in aortic smooth muscle cells, and in skin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. In hypertensive rats, minoxidil increases elastin level in the mesenteric, abdominal, and renal arteries by a decrease in
1050:
production would ensue, but hydroxyl would be immediately trapped and scavenged by the minoxidil to generate a nitroxyl radical. It is presumed that this nitroxyl radical will be capable of reduction by
1095:
binding to iron. The structural feature of positioning amines adjacent to nitric oxide may confer the ability of millimolar minoxidil to chelate iron, thereby inhibiting PHD. Minoxidil is capable of
912:
for 40 hours. The authors of the report on the incident stressed that the product should be kept out of reach of children, and urged manufacturers to consider more secure child-resistant packaging.
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The expression of sulfonylurea receptor 2B and of the adenosine A1, A2A, and A2B receptors was detected in dermal papilla cells by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis.
847:
against hair loss and to promote hair regrowth. Oral minoxidil has been found to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment alternative for patients having difficulty with topical formulations.
231:
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1244:(p < 0.0001). This antiandrogenic effect of minoxidil, shown by significant downregulation of 5α-R2 gene expression in HaCaT cells, may be one of its mechanisms of action in alopecia.
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1252:) hair loss only. Two clinical studies are being conducted in the US for a medical device that may allow patients to determine if they are likely to benefit from minoxidil therapy.
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176:
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Sharma AN, Michelle L, Juhasz M, Muller Ramos P, Atanaskova
Mesinkovska N (August 2020). "Low-dose oral minoxidil as treatment for non-scarring alopecia: a systematic review".
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1091:. In an in vivo angiogenesis assay, millimolar minoxidil increased blood vessel formation in a VEGF-dependent manner. Minoxidil inhibition of PHD occurs via interrupting
4977:
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2390:
3614:
4240:
2460:"Minoxidil-induced hair growth is mediated by adenosine in cultured dermal papilla cells: possible involvement of sulfonylurea receptor 2B as a target of minoxidil"
1046:
Minoxidil causes a redistribution of cellular iron through its apparent capacity to bind this metal ion. By binding iron in a Fenton-reactive form, intracellular
70:
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regardless of sex. Minoxidil must be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and the maintenance of any experienced hair regrowth.
904:
in France after accidentally ingesting a teaspoon of
Alopexy (a brand name for minoxidil in France). The child vomited constantly after ingestion and showed
693:
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1546:, even in doses as small as a drop or lick. There are reported cases of cats dying shortly after coming in contact with minimal amounts of the substance.
4233:
3948:
Johnson TE, Fick ME, Haraschak JL, Vernier ME, Kadotani S (2023). "Successful management of minoxidil 5% toxicosis in 2 cats from the same household".
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Gilmore E, Weil J, Chidsey C (March 1970). "Treatment of essential hypertension with a new vasodilator in combination with beta-adrenergic blockade".
2052:
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1865:
885:
Side effects of oral minoxidil may include swelling of the face and extremities, rapid heartbeat, or lightheadedness. Cardiac lesions, such as focal
804:
Minoxidil, when used for hypertension, is generally reserved for use in severe hypertension patients who do not respond to at least two agents and a
1672:
2843:"Minoxidil versus placebo in the treatment of arterial wall hypertrophy in children with Williams Beuren Syndrome: a randomized controlled trial"
1157:" enzyme activity in these tissues. In rats, potassium channel openers decrease calcium influx which inhibits elastin gene transcription through
2941:
Wasiński R, Godlewski G, Wróbel B, Buckzko W (May 1995). "Interactions of minoxidil with vasoconstrictive agents in isolated rat tail artery".
1158:
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of cell membranes. Theoretically, by widening blood vessels and opening potassium channels, it allows more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the
1463:
In 1991, Upjohn made the product available for women. "Women's
Rogaine", marketed by Johnson & Johnson, went off-patent in February 2014.
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2647:
1114:
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DeClementi C, Bailey KL, Goldstein SC, Orser MS (November 2004). "Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2 cats".
3886:
Tater KC, Gwaltney-Brant S, Wismer T (September 2021). "Topical
Minoxidil Exposures and Toxicoses in Dogs and Cats: 211 Cases (2001-2019)".
2117:
Jimenez-Cauhe J, Saceda-Corralo D, Rodrigues-Barata R, Moreno-Arrones OM, Ortega-Quijano D, Fernandez-Nieto D, et al. (November 2020).
6896:
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3705:
3371:"Combined therapy with vasodilator drugs and beta-adrenergic blockade in hypertension. A comparative study of minoxidil and hydralazine"
2717:, Gross SS, "Blocking utilization of tetrahydrobiopterin to block induction of nitric oxide synthesis", published 1999-02-23
3462:
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8096:
7698:
5003:
3196:
2412:
Wang T (February 2003). "The effects of the potassium channel opener minoxidil on renal electrolytes transport in the loop of henle".
1032:
1002:
3671:
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3414:
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pathway of DP cells, was enhanced by minoxidil, which may enable hair follicles to grow continuously and maintain the anagen phase.
1027:
effects of minoxidil have been described in monocultures of various skin and hair follicle cell types including stimulation of cell
836:
Minoxidil, applied topically, is used for the treatment of hair loss. It is effective in helping promote hair growth in people with
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2119:"Safety of low-dose oral minoxidil treatment for hair loss. A systematic review and pooled-analysis of individual patient data"
319:
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Meanwhile, the effect of minoxidil on hair loss prevention was so clear that in the 1980s physicians were prescribing Loniten
8086:
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3036:
2382:
2346:
Claudet I, Cortey C, Honorat R, Franchitto N (January 2015). "Minoxidil topical solution: an unsafe product for children".
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2211:"Differences in reproductive toxicology between alopecia drugs: an analysis on adverse events among female and male cases"
3983:
Jordan TJ, Yaxley PE, Culler CA, Balakrishnan A (January 2018). "Successful management of minoxidil toxicosis in a dog".
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3711:
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to reform minoxidil. Such a process would cycle until the minoxidil is otherwise metabolized and would result in rapid
8005:
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1169:
938:
549:
3014:"Minoxidil Acts as an Antiandrogen: A Study of 5α-reductase Type 2 Gene Expression in a Human Keratinocyte Cell Line"
121:
8041:
1725:"Regaine for Men Extra Strength Scalp Foam 5% w/w Cutaneous Foam (GSL) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
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893:
and subendocardial areas of the left ventricle, have been observed in laboratory animals treated with minoxidil.
1460:
the crown of the head". "Men's Rogaine", marketed by Johnson & Johnson went off-patent on January 20, 2006.
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4662:
4141:
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1324:
934:
390:
2074:
Randolph M, Tosti A (March 2021). "Oral minoxidil treatment for hair loss: A review of efficacy and safety".
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4165:
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1234:
1218:
1214:
1080:
855:
158:
2060:
1760:"Regaine for Women Once a Day Scalp Foam 5% w/w Cutaneous Foam - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
588:
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medical use in the US in 2006. The generic versions of the 5% aerosol foam formula were approved in 2017.
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988:
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169:
1611:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
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1489:
minoxidil foams, which were all 5%, was 40% higher for women. The authors noted this was the first time
1477:
1422:
1213:
Minoxidil might increase blood-tumor barrier permeability in a time-dependent manner by down-regulating
1015:
1010:
984:
789:
381:
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5541:
2640:
Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Advances in Wound Management, Cardiff, 4-6 September 1991
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1437:(FDA) to test the new drug as medicine for hypertension they approached Charles A. Chidsey, at the
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2008:
Varothai S, Bergfeld WF (July 2014). "Androgenetic alopecia: an evidence-based treatment update".
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The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders
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Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) / Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care
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Fukushiro-Lopes D, Hegel AD, Russo A, Senyuk V, Liotta M, Beeson GC, et al. (May 8, 2020).
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Kassai B, Bouyé P, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Godart F, Thambo JB, Rossi M, et al. (May 2019).
2311:
Nguyen KH, Marks JG (June 2003). "Pseudoacromegaly induced by the long-term use of minoxidil".
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Messenger AG, Rundegren J (February 2004). "Minoxidil: mechanisms of action on hair growth".
1362:
Minoxidil, 6-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine, is synthesized from
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5747:
5501:
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3992:
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3857:"Oral Minoxidil for the Treatment of Recurrent Platinum Resistant Epithelial Ovarian Cancer"
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2515:
2504:"Repurposing Kir6/SUR2 Channel Activator Minoxidil to Arrests Growth of Gynecologic Cancers"
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2017:
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3189:"Antihypertensive Drugs, R.S. Vardanyan, V.J. Hruby, in Synthesis of Essential Drugs, 2006"
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278:
1241:
3534:"Generic MINOXIDIL INN equivalents, pharmaceutical patent expiry and freedom to operate"
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2235:
2210:
1974:
1207:
1040:
2258:
1526:
Minoxidil is being investigated as a potential treatment for treating ovarian cancer.
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1991:
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InChI=1S/C9H15N5O/c10-7-6-8(12-9(11)14(7)15)13-4-2-1-3-5-13/h6H,1-5,10H2,(H2,11,12)
199:
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189:
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30:
3097:
2665:"Minoxidil Induction of VEGF Is Mediated by Inhibition of HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase"
2359:
929:
by which minoxidil promotes hair growth is not fully understood. Minoxidil is an
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In 2013 or 2014, a seven-year-old girl was admitted to a children's hospital in
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7829:
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7760:
7755:
7745:
7740:
7720:
7541:
7530:
7526:
7493:
7378:
7373:
7348:
7338:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7244:
7234:
7216:
7211:
7181:
7171:
7131:
7096:
7051:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7016:
6981:
6906:
6850:
6827:
6795:
6722:
6682:
6640:
6630:
6605:
6577:
6537:
6522:
6442:
6437:
6377:
6357:
6342:
6332:
6197:
6187:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6095:
6055:
6010:
6005:
5917:
5897:
5837:
5827:
5757:
5737:
5722:
5712:
5702:
5687:
5672:
5662:
5652:
5642:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5566:
5546:
5526:
5452:
5442:
5427:
5417:
5369:
5317:
5252:
5177:
5167:
5157:
5137:
5112:
5107:
5087:
5067:
5037:
4939:
4884:
4874:
4834:
4680:
4566:
4424:
4400:
4349:
4334:
4314:
4308:
2859:
2842:
2226:
2021:
1515:
1417:(FDA) approving minoxidil (with the brand name 'Loniten') in the form of oral
1295:
1287:
1271:
1141:
949:
moiety and may act as a nitric oxide agonist. This may cause follicles in the
897:
is an extremely rare side effect reported with large doses of oral minoxidil.
758:
635:
421:
2520:
2503:
2285:
7921:
7867:
7783:
7666:
7656:
7587:
7516:
7478:
7453:
7443:
7368:
7318:
7263:
7239:
7166:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7026:
7021:
7011:
6996:
6855:
6727:
6687:
6677:
6635:
6615:
6532:
6327:
6242:
6232:
6212:
6150:
6135:
6125:
6085:
6070:
6040:
6025:
6020:
6015:
5941:
5882:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5802:
5792:
5772:
5762:
5742:
5717:
5347:
5312:
5292:
5257:
5247:
5212:
5197:
4848:
4839:
4741:
4644:
4556:
4323:
4295:
4155:
3996:
3387:
3370:
3128:
2425:
1511:
1442:
1092:
1076:
980:
962:
301:
74:
7798:
4004:
3969:
3907:
3808:
3538:
Deep knowledge on small-molecule drugs and the global patents covering them
3136:
3078:
3032:
2990:
2878:
2827:
2776:
2735:"HMGB1 promotes hair growth via the modulation of prostaglandin metabolism"
2700:
2615:
2580:
2539:
2485:
2433:
2367:
2332:
2244:
2187:
2144:
2095:
2029:
1983:
3899:
3396:
3355:
2954:
2919:
2663:
Yum S, Jeong S, Kim D, Lee S, Kim W, Yoo JW, et al. (December 2017).
1948:"Minoxidil: an underused vasodilator for resistant or severe hypertension"
22:
7592:
7398:
7393:
7353:
7268:
7116:
6991:
6929:
6312:
6277:
6182:
5797:
5727:
5697:
5657:
5551:
5342:
5302:
5282:
4955:
4844:
4809:
4799:
4779:
4500:
4419:
3775:"Association Between Gender and Drug Cost for Over-the-Counter Minoxidil"
2808:
2791:
2681:
2664:
2324:
1550:
1535:
1279:
1154:
1023:
901:
886:
875:
805:
401:
116:
3101:
for "Minoxidil Response Testing in Males With Androgenetic Alopecia" at
2571:
2554:
1510:
under the brand names Gainehair and Hair 4 U; and as a combination with
410:
7661:
7483:
7283:
6808:
6207:
6145:
5807:
5787:
5483:
5354:
1311:
1299:
1283:
1172:
972:
958:
356:
3961:
2179:
2135:
2118:
1640:"59445 WOMEN'S REGAINE EXTRA STRENGTH Minoxidil 5% application bottle"
1259:
have been shown to mimic the pharmacological properties of minoxidil.
7487:
6600:
6272:
6192:
6075:
6065:
5847:
5616:
4434:
1406:
1402:
969:
874:
present in some topical preparations may dry the scalp, resulting in
501:
1063:
disulphide formation and therefore with concomitant consumption of
470:
6227:
6080:
1376:
1184:
1110:
1088:
1084:
1064:
658:
649:
537:
481:
3638:"Drug Approval Package: Men's Rogaine (5% Minoxidil) NDA #021812"
2894:"Evidence for alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist activity of minoxidil"
2458:
Li M, Marubayashi A, Nakaya Y, Fukui K, Arase S (December 2001).
1690:"Loniten Tablets 5mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
7725:
6428:
6390:
6173:
4439:
1240:
In vitro Minoxidil treatment resulted in a 0.22 fold change for
1226:
1222:
1162:
1136:
Due to anti-fibrotic activity of minoxidil inhibition of enzyme
1068:
1006:
461:
238:
6751:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
6596:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4959:
4229:
4037:
2053:"An Old Medicine Grows New Hair for Pennies a Day, Doctors Say"
251:
111:
1618:
1543:
1539:
1187:
activity, largely due to the aforementioned activation of the
1148:-deficient collagen. Minoxidil can also potentially stimulate
7967:
6457:
1822:
1820:
1183:. Minoxidil administration also brings an increase in plasma
6875:
1789:
1787:
1785:
983:, which triggers intracellular signal transduction via both
554:
7803:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
6770:
3463:"Hair-raising tale: no fame for men who discovered Rogaine"
2892:
Sharma N, Mehta AA, Santani DD, Goyal RK (September 1997).
1880:"Mens Rogaine Extra Strength Unscented- minoxidil solution"
953:
to shed, which are then replaced by thicker hairs in a new
225:
143:
7699:
5004:
1009:
channel upon selective binding to SUR2. The expression of
2414:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5969:
1754:
1752:
1750:
6660:
6480:
3223:"Guinter Kahn, Inventor of Baldness Remedy, Dies at 80"
3163:
PubChem - National Center for Biotechnology Information
1031:, inhibition of collagen synthesis, and stimulation of
744:
3415:"When Patents Became Interesting in Clinical Research"
2559:
Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica
1719:
1717:
1715:
8039:
6957:
1327:
2790:
Suchonwanit P, Thammarucha S, Leerunyakul K (2019).
2733:
Hwang JH, Chu H, Ahn Y, Kim J, Kim DY (April 2019).
1099:
inhibition as a cofactor for nitric oxide synthase.
1071:
and other reducing equivalents. Minoxidil inhibited
7990:
7965:
7958:
7892:
7885:
7838:
7810:
7796:
7774:
7711:
7697:
7688:
7642:
7628:
7606:
7578:
7564:
7507:
6969:
6955:
6946:
6920:
6887:
6873:
6817:
6785:
6768:
6649:
6469:
6455:
6418:
5981:
5967:
5958:
5926:
5016:
5002:
4993:
4762:
4696:
4589:
4537:
4514:
4486:
4269:
4164:
4140:
4100:
4080:
2792:"Minoxidil and its use in hair disorders: a review"
679:
669:
647:
634:
604:
599:
580:
548:
520:
500:
480:
460:
440:
420:
400:
389:
380:
355:
335:
327:
3-hydroxy-2-imino-6-piperidin-1-ylpyrimidin-4-amine
310:
300:
287:
277:
269:
215:
210:
175:
157:
131:
101:
87:
69:
61:
51:
46:
3603:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 663.
1350:
1233:signal pathway. Minoxidil significantly increases
1129:receptor, the most upregulated target gene in the
1001:receptors). Minoxidil acts as an activator of the
808:. Minoxidil is also generally administered with a
7992:
7566:
3923:Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care
1401:Minoxidil was developed in the late 1950s by the
7630:
3061:Scow DT, Nolte RS, Shaughnessy AF (April 1999).
1237:concentration when compared to untreated cells.
1018:on the plasma membrane of dermal papilla cells.
369:
8030:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
3498:Hair!: Mankind's Historic Quest to End Baldness
3422:The Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices
3369:Gottlieb TB, Katz FH, Chidsey CA (March 1972).
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1572:
1570:
1217:expression and this effect could be related to
1202:Minoxidil may be involved in the inhibition of
1195:axis further prompts increased biosynthesis of
344:
3501:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 172.
2383:"Hair loss treatment may be dangerous to kids"
2313:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2076:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1910:"Womens Rogaine Unscented- minoxidil solution"
1684:
1682:
1433:When Upjohn received permission from the U.S.
7972:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
6462:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
4971:
4241:
4049:
3773:Wehner MR, Nead KT, Lipoff JB (August 2017).
1374:Another synthesis approach is depicted here:
1083:of the enzyme, leading to a stabilization of
987:and two sub-types of adenosine A2 receptors (
8:
6880:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
3564:"Drug Approval Package: Rogaine NDA# 020834"
2453:
2451:
1476:In February 1996, the FDA approved both the
1121:production. Additionally, expression of the
120:
21:
6778:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
2669:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2555:"[Hair growth effect of minoxidil]"
1075:by interfering with the normal function of
7962:
7889:
7807:
7708:
7704:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
7694:
7639:
7575:
6966:
6952:
6884:
6782:
6466:
5996:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
5978:
5964:
5013:
5009:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
4999:
4978:
4964:
4956:
4248:
4234:
4226:
4056:
4042:
4034:
3820:
3818:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3408:
3406:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
2003:
2001:
1351:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}=}
591:
568:
429:
65:2,4-Diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine 3-oxide
3826:"International brand names for minoxidil"
3798:
3386:
2909:
2868:
2858:
2817:
2807:
2766:
2690:
2680:
2642:. Macmillan Magazines. pp. 122–128.
2570:
2529:
2519:
2475:
2234:
2134:
1973:
1963:
1439:University of Colorado School of Medicine
1338:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1159:extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
979:. The effect of minoxidil is mediated by
449:
5974:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
3740:"CDER 2017 First Generic Drug Approvals"
3085:from the original on September 28, 2012.
3012:Pekmezci E, Türkoğlu M (December 2017).
2898:The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
2464:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2010:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
854:
8046:
6668:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
6488:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
3578:from the original on September 27, 2021
3490:
3488:
3216:
3214:
3063:"Medical treatments for balding in men"
2265:from the original on September 22, 2017
1566:
843:Low-dose oral minoxidil (LDOM) is used
718:
698:
564:
409:
324:
93:
3544:from the original on February 23, 2023
3269:from the original on December 28, 2021
3199:from the original on September 1, 2022
3169:from the original on September 1, 2022
3042:from the original on September 3, 2021
2300:from the original on October 28, 2010.
582:
20:
6962:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
4360:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
3528:
3526:
1115:prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1
530:
509:
489:
79:
7:
6897:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
3867:from the original on January 1, 2024
3720:from the original on August 16, 2021
3686:from the original on August 16, 2021
3617:from the original on August 29, 2024
3600:Nonprescription Product Therapeutics
2796:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
2286:"Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis"
2168:International Journal of Dermatology
1920:from the original on August 16, 2021
1890:from the original on August 16, 2021
1838:from the original on August 16, 2021
1805:from the original on August 16, 2021
1770:from the original on August 16, 2021
1735:from the original on August 16, 2021
1700:from the original on August 16, 2021
1591:from the original on August 16, 2021
1175:activity, stimulates the peripheral
536:
198:
188:
5991:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
3950:J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)
3754:from the original on April 26, 2020
3652:from the original on August 6, 2021
3336:The New England Journal of Medicine
1868:from the original on March 9, 2011.
1179:(SNS) by way of carotid and aortic
469:
360:
2911:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06139.x
2596:The British Journal of Dermatology
2209:Wu M, Yu Q, Li Q (December 2016).
1329:
1033:vascular endothelial growth factor
234:(Prescription only) / S2
16:Medication used to treat hair loss
14:
7997:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
7571:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
4370:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
3473:from the original on July 4, 2022
3021:Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica
2393:from the original on May 17, 2021
1669:Tga-search.clients.funnelback.com
1518:under the brand name Sistema GB.
1493:had been shown for a medication.
945:. Moreover, minoxidil contains a
859:Top 10 most common side effects.
8049:
7635:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
3935:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x
2983:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.004
2608:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05785.x
2477:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01570.x
1965:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03585.x
1952:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
1583:Therapeutic Goods Administration
622:
616:
38:
29:
4330:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
3706:"Minoxidil: FDA-Approved Drugs"
3221:Martin D (September 19, 2014).
2381:Neumann J (December 10, 2014).
1087:and a subsequent activation of
726:Key:ZFMITUMMTDLWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
5453:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
3791:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.1394
824:and thus is prescribed with a
628:
610:
1:
8026:Receptor/signaling modulators
5428:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
3672:"Rogaine: FDA-Approved Drugs"
3255:"Loniten: FDA-Approved Drugs"
1578:"Loniten Product Information"
1366:, the reaction of which with
1144:may result in synthesis of a
3855:Liotta M (October 3, 2023).
3746:Food and Drug Administration
3712:Food and Drug Administration
3678:Food and Drug Administration
3644:Food and Drug Administration
3570:Food and Drug Administration
3261:Food and Drug Administration
3193:Elsevier B.V., ScienceDirect
3159:"COMPOUND SUMMARY Minoxidil"
2360:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000301
2051:Kolata G (August 18, 2022).
1557:has been used successfully.
1435:Food and Drug Administration
1415:Food and Drug Administration
3348:10.1056/NEJM197003052821001
2943:Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica
2088:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.1009
1480:sale and the production of
1456:to their balding patients.
8128:
6989:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
3413:Goldfarb NM (March 2006).
3117:The Journal of Dermatology
2759:10.1038/s41598-019-43242-2
1177:sympathetic nervous system
761:used for the treatment of
600:Chemical and physical data
247:(GSL, OTC) / POM
8097:Potassium channel openers
8019:
7499:Tricyclic antidepressants
6508:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
4663:Potassium channel openers
4186:
4142:Potassium channel openers
3461:Lester W (May 13, 1996).
3305:. JHU Press. p. 37.
3067:American Family Physician
2860:10.1186/s12887-019-1544-1
2508:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2227:10.18632/oncotarget.12617
2022:10.1007/s40257-014-0077-5
1828:"Minoxidil aerosol, foam"
1381:Minoxidil synthesis from
1191:. This activation of the
1109:production by activating
931:adenosine 5'-triphosphate
734:
709:
689:
675:248 °C (478 °F)
315:
37:
28:
4166:Calcium channel blockers
4084:(arterioles and venules)
2521:10.3389/fphar.2020.00577
2348:Pediatric Emergency Care
1665:"Search the TGA website"
935:potassium channel opener
57:Loniten, Rogaine, others
8092:1-Piperidinyl compounds
8082:Antihypertensive agents
7112:Eslicarbazepine acetate
4860:Glycopyrronium tosylate
4775:Aminobenzoate potassium
4707:5α-Reductase inhibitors
4655:Topilutamide (fluridil)
4600:5α-Reductase inhibitors
4575:Topical corticosteroids
4472:Topical corticosteroids
3997:10.2460/javma.252.2.222
3388:10.1161/01.CIR.45.3.571
3129:10.1111/1346-8138.15216
2426:10.1124/jpet.102.043380
1386:1975, 40, 22, 3304–3306
777:. It is available as a
262:OTC / Rx-only
6856:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
4987:Ion channel modulators
4855:Glycopyrronium bromide
4698:Hair growth inhibitors
4385:Calcineurin inhibitors
3095:Clinical trial number
2553:Otomo S (March 2002).
2259:"Rogaine Side Effects"
1504:combination medication
1405:(later became part of
1388:
1368:phosphorus oxychloride
1352:
1215:tight junction protein
985:adenosine A1 receptors
860:
820:. It may also cause a
8087:Hair loss medications
5213:Ryodipine (riodipine)
4444:urea-containing cream
4102:Hydrazinophthalazines
3900:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7154
3750:. February 20, 2018.
1696:. November 24, 2020.
1549:There is no specific
1380:
1353:
1181:baroreceptor reflexes
1102:Minoxidil stimulates
1016:sulfonylurea receptor
961:that is converted by
858:
701:Nc1cc(nc(N)1)N2CCCCC2
8112:Small-molecule drugs
7202:Valproate semisodium
5733:Carboxyamidotriazole
5668:Gabapentin enacarbil
5648:Arbaclofen placarbil
4920:Pregnenolone acetate
4621:Saw palmetto extract
3888:J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
3073:(8): 2189–94, 2196.
2809:10.2147/DDDT.S214907
2682:10.3390/ijms19010053
2325:10.1067/mjd.2003.325
2123:Dermatologic Therapy
1946:Sica DA (May 2004).
1766:. October 28, 2020.
1534:Minoxidil is highly
1491:gender-based pricing
1482:generic formulations
1325:
1170:alpha 2-adrenoceptor
1168:Minoxidil possesses
975:to its active form,
7853:1,10-Phenanthroline
6410:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
5395:Tetrahydropalmatine
4737:Cyproterone acetate
4640:Cyproterone acetate
4591:Alopecia treatments
4539:Anti-inflammatories
4320:Cetrimonium bromide
4291:Cyproterone acetate
4023:"Minoxidil Topical"
3495:Kuntzman G (2001).
3428:(3). Archived from
3235:on October 11, 2014
2751:2019NatSR...9.6660H
2572:10.1254/fpj.119.167
2221:(50): 82074–82084.
2063:on August 19, 2022.
1675:on August 16, 2021.
1530:Toxicity to animals
1467:Society and culture
1423:high blood pressure
1397:Initial application
1255:Conditions such as
1097:tetrahydrobiopterin
921:Mechanism of action
838:androgenic alopecia
818:potassium retention
781:by prescription in
763:high blood pressure
681:Solubility in water
25:
7863:7,8-Benzoquinoline
7858:4,7-Phenanthroline
7848:1,7-Phenanthroline
7224:Local anesthetics:
6756:ML-297 (VU0456810)
6263:Diallyl trisulfide
6258:Dextropropoxyphene
6161:Tetraethylammonium
5868:Pinaverium bromide
5638:4-Methylpregabalin
4213:Never to phase III
3985:J Am Vet Med Assoc
3861:clinicaltrials.gov
3574:. August 8, 2003.
3228:The New York Times
3103:ClinicalTrials.gov
2739:Scientific Reports
2057:The New York Times
1795:"Minoxidil tablet"
1731:. April 27, 2021.
1389:
1348:
880:contact dermatitis
861:
822:reflex tachycardia
779:generic medication
245:General sales list
8037:
8036:
8015:
8014:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7912:Meclofenamic acid
7881:
7880:
7792:
7791:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7624:
7623:
7560:
7559:
7434:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
7197:Valproate pivoxil
7087:Acetylpheneturide
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6869:
6868:
6841:Meclofenamic acid
6804:Ethanol (alcohol)
6764:
6763:
6713:Minoxidil sulfate
6451:
6450:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5853:Otilonium bromide
5778:Ethanol (alcohol)
5542:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
5278:Phenylalkylamines
4953:
4952:
4890:Magnesium sulfate
4870:Hydrogen peroxide
4805:Calcium gluconate
4464:Lithium succinate
4459:Lithium gluconate
4355:Piroctone olamine
4223:
4222:
4069:antihypertensives
4064:Nonsympatholytic
3962:10.1111/vec.13296
3836:on August 8, 2017
3610:978-0-7817-3498-1
3508:978-0-679-64709-6
3467:The Daily Gazette
3312:978-0-8018-9234-9
3297:Conrad P (2008).
2971:Neuropharmacology
2649:978-0-333-58645-7
2180:10.1111/ijd.14933
2136:10.1111/dth.14106
1341:
1292:dimethylsulfoxide
1193:renin-angiotensin
1138:lysyl hydroxylase
977:minoxidil sulfate
957:. Minoxidil is a
939:hyperpolarization
767:pattern hair loss
752:
751:
660:Interactive image
550:CompTox Dashboard
255:
242:
229:
147:
114:
8119:
8077:Aminopyrimidines
8054:
8053:
8052:
8045:
7998:
7994:
7973:
7969:
7963:
7890:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7187:Sodium valproate
7102:Chlorphenacemide
7084:Anticonvulsants:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6902:Arachidonic acid
6885:
6881:
6877:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6752:
6748:
6669:
6665:
6621:Dextromethorphan
6597:
6593:
6489:
6485:
6467:
6463:
6459:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5937:L-type-selective
5748:Dimeditiapramine
5710:Others/unsorted:
5492:T-type-selective
5479:R-type-selective
5461:P-type-selective
5413:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
5403:N-type-selective
5033:Dihydropyridines
5027:L-type-selective
5014:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4957:
4830:Deoxycholic acid
4820:Cromoglicic acid
4271:Anti-seborrheics
4250:
4243:
4236:
4227:
4082:Nitrovasodilator
4058:
4051:
4044:
4035:
4030:
4009:
4008:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3832:. Archived from
3822:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3779:JAMA Dermatology
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3597:Pray SW (2006).
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:. Archived from
3218:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3111:
3105:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3018:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2913:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2479:
2470:(6): 1594–1600.
2455:
2446:
2445:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2284:Pray WS (2001).
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2174:(8): 1013–1019.
2163:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2059:. Archived from
2048:
2042:
2041:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1967:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1764:Medicines.org.uk
1756:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1694:Medicines.org.uk
1686:
1677:
1676:
1671:. Archived from
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1615:nctr-crs.fda.gov
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1574:
1478:over-the-counter
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1294:6.5, water 2.2,
1276:propylene glycol
1048:hydroxyl radical
967:sulfotransferase
895:Pseudoacromegaly
891:papillary muscle
872:propylene glycol
796:liquid or foam.
790:over the counter
771:antihypertensive
748:
747:
740:
662:
642:
630:
624:
618:
612:
595:
584:
573:
572:
558:
556:
540:
534:
513:
493:
473:
453:
433:
413:
393:
373:
363:
362:
348:
292:
260:
253:
250:
240:
237:
227:
224:
202:
192:
145:
142:
124:
113:
110:
97:
83:
42:
33:
26:
24:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8050:
8048:
8040:
8038:
8033:
8011:
7996:
7986:
7971:
7946:
7942:Trifluoperazine
7937:Tolfenamic acid
7907:Flufenamic acid
7877:
7834:
7802:
7788:
7770:
7736:Flufenamic acid
7731:Ethacrynic acid
7703:
7676:
7634:
7620:
7602:
7570:
7556:
7503:
7334:Metabutoxycaine
7299:Diphenhydramine
7289:Cyclomethycaine
7254:Levobupivacaine
6961:
6934:
6916:
6879:
6865:
6861:Tolfenamic acid
6836:Flufenamic acid
6831:
6813:
6799:
6777:
6774:
6760:
6750:
6667:
6664:
6645:
6595:
6487:
6484:
6461:
6447:
6432:
6414:
6394:
6303:Norpropoxyphene
6180:11.1)-specific:
6179:
5973:
5946:
5922:
5878:Rhynchophylline
5628:
5008:
4989:
4984:
4954:
4949:
4915:Povidone-iodine
4865:Hyaluronic acid
4790:Benzoylperoxide
4758:
4692:
4585:
4533:
4510:
4488:Skin lightening
4482:
4265:
4254:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4203:Clinical trials
4182:
4160:
4136:
4096:
4076:
4062:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4012:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3648:. May 6, 2008.
3636:
3635:
3631:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3460:
3459:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3435:on May 18, 2015
3432:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3342:(10): 521–527.
3333:
3332:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3296:
3295:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3094:
3090:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1532:
1524:
1499:
1474:
1469:
1431:
1399:
1394:
1364:barbituric acid
1333:
1323:
1322:
1265:
1128:
1107:
1104:prostaglandin E
1059:depletion with
999:
992:
923:
918:
853:
834:
802:
743:
741:
738:(what is this?)
735:
730:
727:
722:
717:
716:
705:
702:
697:
696:
665:
640:
627:
621:
615:
576:
552:
544:
516:
496:
476:
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
359:
351:
331:
328:
323:
322:
290:
283:Primarily liver
271:Pharmacokinetic
265:
258:
206:
160:
153:
134:
127:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8125:
8123:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8058:
8035:
8034:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8001:
7999:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7976:
7974:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7917:Mefenamic acid
7914:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7896:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7873:Phenanthridine
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7844:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7805:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7780:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7706:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7648:
7646:
7637:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7612:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7573:
7562:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7521:Atracotoxins (
7519:
7513:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7481:
7476:
7467:
7466:
7464:Zetekitoxin AB
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7364:Proxymetacaine
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7274:Chloroprocaine
7271:
7266:
7261:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6985:
6984:
6975:
6973:
6964:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6926:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6882:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6829:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6780:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6662:
6655:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6548:Glyclopyramide
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6503:Chlorpropamide
6500:
6495:
6482:
6475:
6473:
6464:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6248:Clarithromycin
6245:
6240:
6238:Chlorpromazine
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5858:Paramethadione
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5633:gabapentinoids
5626:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:Non-selective:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5487:
5486:
5474:
5473:
5471:ω-Agatoxin IVB
5468:
5466:ω-Agatoxin IVA
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5423:Huwentoxin XVI
5420:
5415:
5410:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5375:Cyproheptadine
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5133:Levniguldipine
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Dexniguldipine
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5022:
5020:
5011:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4747:Spironolactone
4744:
4739:
4734:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4650:Spironolactone
4647:
4642:
4637:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4580:hydrocortisone
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:Gamolenic acid
4549:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4516:Skin darkening
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4477:hydrocortisone
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4432:
4430:Salicylic acid
4427:
4422:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4381:
4378:Antihistamines
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:Spironolactone
4298:
4293:
4288:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4260:preparations (
4258:dermatological
4255:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4171:
4169:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4085:
4078:
4077:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4017:
4016:External links
4014:
4011:
4010:
3991:(2): 222–226.
3975:
3956:(4): 454–459.
3940:
3929:(4): 287–292.
3913:
3894:(5): 225–231.
3878:
3847:
3814:
3785:(8): 825–826.
3765:
3731:
3697:
3663:
3629:
3627:(Google Books)
3609:
3589:
3555:
3522:
3520:(Google Books)
3507:
3484:
3446:
3402:
3381:(3): 571–582.
3361:
3326:
3324:(Google Books)
3311:
3280:
3246:
3210:
3180:
3150:
3123:(3): 306–310.
3106:
3088:
3053:
3027:(4): 271–275.
3004:
2960:
2949:(3): 253–256.
2933:
2904:(9): 935–937.
2884:
2847:BMC Pediatrics
2833:
2782:
2725:
2706:
2655:
2648:
2629:
2602:(2): 186–194.
2586:
2565:(3): 167–174.
2545:
2494:
2447:
2420:(2): 833–840.
2404:
2373:
2338:
2319:(6): 962–965.
2303:
2276:
2250:
2201:
2158:
2109:
2082:(3): 737–746.
2066:
2043:
2016:(3): 217–230.
1997:
1958:(5): 283–287.
1931:
1901:
1871:
1862:mayoclinic.com
1858:"Vasodilators"
1849:
1816:
1781:
1746:
1711:
1678:
1656:
1631:
1602:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1498:
1495:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1430:
1427:
1403:Upjohn Company
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1347:
1336:
1331:
1264:
1261:
1257:Cantú syndrome
1126:
1105:
1085:HIF-1α protein
1041:leukotriene B4
1039:synthesis and
997:
990:
922:
919:
917:
914:
852:
849:
833:
830:
801:
798:
750:
749:
732:
731:
729:
728:
725:
723:
720:
712:
711:
710:
707:
706:
704:
703:
700:
692:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:
664:
663:
655:
653:
645:
644:
638:
632:
631:
625:
619:
613:
608:
602:
601:
597:
596:
586:
578:
577:
575:
574:
561:
559:
546:
545:
543:
542:
526:
524:
518:
517:
515:
514:
506:
504:
498:
497:
495:
494:
486:
484:
478:
477:
475:
474:
466:
464:
458:
457:
455:
454:
446:
444:
438:
437:
435:
434:
426:
424:
418:
417:
415:
414:
406:
404:
398:
397:
395:
394:
386:
384:
378:
377:
375:
374:
366:
364:
353:
352:
350:
349:
341:
339:
333:
332:
330:
329:
326:
318:
317:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
294:
285:
284:
281:
275:
274:
267:
266:
264:
263:
248:
235:
221:
219:
213:
212:
208:
207:
205:
204:
181:
179:
173:
172:
163:
161:administration
155:
154:
152:
151:
149:
139:
137:
129:
128:
126:
125:
107:
105:
99:
98:
91:
85:
84:
77:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8124:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8057:
8047:
8043:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8018:
8007:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7995:
7989:
7982:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7957:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7927:Niflumic acid
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7820:Glibenclamide
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7766:Niflumic acid
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:Glibenclamide
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7633:
7627:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7547:Grayanotoxins
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7537:Batrachotoxin
7535:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7523:ω-Atracotoxin
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7474:Buprenorphine
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:Valproic acid
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7152:Oxitriptyline
7150:
7148:
7147:Oxcarbazepine
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7137:Licarbazepine
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7092:Carbamazepine
7090:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6979:Antianginals:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6912:Norfluoxetine
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6846:Niflumic acid
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6776:
6767:
6757:
6754:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6698:Levcromakalim
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6493:Acetohexamide
6491:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:Roxithromycin
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:Charybdotoxin
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5913:Trimethadione
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Diproteverine
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:Ruthenium red
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:Levetiracetam
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:ω-Agatoxin TK
5535:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Niflumic acid
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Levamlodipine
5126:
5124:
5123:Lercanidipine
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Oxymetazoline
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:Antiandrogens
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:Antiandrogens
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Afamelanotide
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:Lithium salts
4450:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:Antiandrogens
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Dihydralazine
4115:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4091:Nitroprusside
4089:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3590:
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3571:
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3539:
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3527:
3523:
3510:
3504:
3500:
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3491:
3489:
3485:
3472:
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3464:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3398:
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3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3173:September 25,
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3107:
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3076:
3072:
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3038:
3034:
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3022:
3015:
3008:
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3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
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2976:
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2956:
2952:
2948:
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2937:
2934:
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2925:
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2888:
2885:
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2876:
2871:
2866:
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2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2802:: 2777–2786.
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:US Pharmacist
2287:
2280:
2277:
2264:
2261:. Drugs.com.
2260:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2129:(6): e14106.
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1786:
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1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1699:
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1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
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1590:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:amifampridine
1505:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:J. Org. Chem.
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1334:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:diethyl ether
1305:
1304:ethyl acetate
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:) receptors.
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1150:elastogenesis
1147:
1146:hydroxylysine
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:prostaglandin
1120:
1117:but inhibits
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:prostaglandin
1034:
1030:
1029:proliferation
1026:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:telogen phase
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
850:
848:
846:
841:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:loop diuretic
807:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
739:
733:
724:
719:
715:
708:
699:
695:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
672:
671:Melting point
668:
661:
657:
656:
654:
651:
646:
639:
637:
633:
609:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
587:
585:
583:ECHA InfoCard
579:
571:
567:
566:DTXSID9040685
563:
562:
560:
551:
547:
539:
538:RCSB PDB
533:
528:
527:
525:
523:
519:
512:
508:
507:
505:
503:
499:
492:
488:
487:
485:
483:
479:
472:
468:
467:
465:
463:
459:
452:
448:
447:
445:
443:
439:
432:
428:
427:
425:
423:
419:
412:
408:
407:
405:
403:
399:
392:
388:
387:
385:
383:
379:
372:
368:
367:
365:
358:
354:
347:
343:
342:
340:
338:
334:
325:
321:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
293:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
261:
249:
246:
236:
233:
223:
222:
220:
218:
214:
209:
201:
196:
191:
186:
183:
182:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
162:
156:
150:
141:
140:
138:
136:
130:
123:
118:
109:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
8107:Vasodilators
8072:Amine oxides
8022:
8021:
7932:Talniflumate
7470:
7459:Tetrodotoxin
7449:Neosaxitoxin
7440:
7385:
7359:Propoxycaine
7294:Dimethocaine
7227:
7223:
7192:Valnoctamide
7122:Fosphenytoin
7083:
7057:Procainamide
7047:Pilsicainide
7002:Disopyramide
6988:
6978:
6826:
6794:
6744:
6707:
6658:
6626:Ethosuximide
6611:Cloperastine
6589:
6558:Metahexamide
6553:Glycyclamide
6513:Glibornuride
6478:
6427:
6389:
6368:Thioridazine
6323:Promethazine
6308:Orphenadrine
6298:Ketoconazole
6283:Erythromycin
6172:
5935:
5863:Phensuximide
5843:Ochratoxin A
5783:Ethosuximide
5709:
5631:-selective (
5623:
5533:
5490:
5477:
5459:
5408:ω-Conotoxins
5401:
5351:
5333:Norverapamil
5298:Dexverapamil
5276:
5250:derivatives:
5246:
5243:Vatanidipine
5238:Trombodipine
5203:Palonidipine
5188:Nitrendipine
5143:Mepirodipine
5048:Azelnidipine
5031:
5025:
4945:Tralokinumab
4929:progesterone
4925:Progestogens
4895:Metandienone
4880:Lebrikizumab
4825:Delgocitinib
4784:testosterone
4754:Eflornithine
4732:Bicalutamide
4724:
4705:
4686:Ritlecitinib
4675:
4668:
4661:
4635:Bicalutamide
4627:
4598:
4573:
4562:Pimecrolimus
4547:Alitretinoin
4529:Melanotan II
4496:Hydroquinone
4470:
4451:
4414:Keratolytics
4412:
4408:Isotretinoin
4396:Pimecrolimus
4383:
4376:
4345:Ketoconazole
4340:Clotrimazole
4307:
4286:Bicalutamide
4278:
4174:
4168:(arterioles)
4150:
4144:(arterioles)
4132:Pildralazine
4104:(arterioles)
4066:vasodilatory
4026:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3860:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3834:the original
3829:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3743:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3709:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3675:
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3641:
3632:
3619:. Retrieved
3599:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3567:
3558:
3548:February 23,
3546:. Retrieved
3537:
3512:. Retrieved
3497:
3475:. Retrieved
3437:. Retrieved
3430:the original
3425:
3421:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3316:. Retrieved
3302:
3271:. Retrieved
3258:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3226:
3203:September 1,
3201:. Retrieved
3192:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3162:
3153:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3096:
3091:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3046:September 3,
3044:. Retrieved
3024:
3020:
3007:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2709:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2639:
2632:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2467:
2463:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2386:
2376:
2354:(1): 44–46.
2351:
2347:
2341:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2296:(4): 16–24.
2293:
2289:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2253:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:the original
2056:
2046:
2013:
2009:
1955:
1951:
1922:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1883:
1874:
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1831:
1807:. Retrieved
1798:
1772:. Retrieved
1763:
1737:. Retrieved
1728:
1702:. Retrieved
1693:
1673:the original
1668:
1659:
1649:February 15,
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1581:
1555:lipid rescue
1548:
1533:
1525:
1500:
1487:
1475:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1432:
1400:
1383:
1373:
1361:
1320:
1316:acetonitrile
1270:
1266:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1212:
1204:serotonergic
1201:
1167:
1135:
1119:prostacyclin
1101:
1045:
1043:expression.
1022:
1021:A number of
1020:
955:anagen phase
947:nitric oxide
924:
916:Pharmacology
899:
884:
866:
862:
851:Side effects
842:
835:
826:beta blocker
803:
800:Medical uses
754:
753:
742:
736:
289:Elimination
217:Legal status
211:Legal status
103:License data
18:
7598:Triamterene
7552:Poneratoxin
7542:Ciguatoxins
7429:Raxatrigine
7424:Ralfinamide
7419:PF-05089771
7414:PF-04531083
7386:Analgesics:
7344:Piperocaine
7329:Meprylcaine
7324:Mepivacaine
7279:Cinchocaine
7258:Ropivacaine
7250:Bupivacaine
7177:Sipatrigine
7162:Pheneturide
7157:Phenacemide
7142:Mephenytoin
7127:Lamotrigine
7107:Elpetrigine
7062:Propafenone
7007:Dronedarone
6583:Tolbutamide
6573:Repaglinide
6568:Nateglinide
6563:Mitiglinide
6543:Glisoxepide
6528:Glimepiride
6518:Glicaramide
6498:Carbutamide
6400:Linopirdine
6383:Vernakalant
6373:Tolterodine
6363:Terfenadine
6353:Tamulotoxin
6348:Solifenacin
6318:PNU-282,987
6293:Haloperidol
6288:Gigactonine
6268:Domperidone
6253:Darifenacin
6218:Bedaquiline
6203:Azaspiracid
6166:Vernakalant
6101:Linopirdine
6061:Dronedarone
6051:Dendrotoxin
6036:Clamikalant
5908:Tolperisone
5903:Tetrandrine
5893:Sipatrigine
5888:Silperisone
5873:Prenylamine
5813:Lidoflazine
5768:Elpetrigine
5678:Mirogabalin
5582:Lamotrigine
5577:Flunarizine
5572:Efonidipine
5562:Cinnarizine
5557:Cilnidipine
5512:NNC 55-0396
5438:Ralfinamide
5385:Fantofarone
5380:Dronedarone
5365:Budiodarone
5360:Brinazarone
5323:Levemopamil
5223:Sornidipine
5218:Sagandipine
5208:Pranidipine
5183:Nisoldipine
5173:Nilvadipine
5163:Niguldipine
5153:Nicardipine
5118:Lemildipine
5103:Iganidipine
5098:Furnidipine
5063:Cronidipine
5058:Clevidipine
5053:Barnidipine
5043:Aranidipine
4935:Ruxolitinib
4905:Oclacitinib
4900:Nemolizumab
4815:Crisaborole
4795:Brimonidine
4770:Abrocitinib
4718:Finasteride
4713:Dutasteride
4616:Finasteride
4611:Dutasteride
4606:Alfatradiol
4506:Monobenzone
4391:Cyclosporin
4309:Antifungals
4199:from market
4127:Cadralazine
4122:Endralazine
4111:Hydralazine
4027:MedlinePlus
3375:Circulation
3299:"Extension"
3098:NCT02198261
2977:: 407–415.
2745:(1): 6660.
2269:December 8,
1624:October 22,
1497:Brand names
1429:Hair growth
1409:) to treat
1197:aldosterone
1140:present in
1061:glutathione
1057:glutathione
1053:glutathione
933:-sensitive
910:tachycardia
906:hypotension
812:to prevent
775:vasodilator
769:. It is an
643: g·mol
589:100.048.959
311:Identifiers
89:MedlinePlus
62:Other names
53:Trade names
8066:Categories
7902:Bumetanide
7840:Activators
7830:Piretanide
7825:Lonidamine
7776:Activators
7761:Mibefradil
7756:Mefloquine
7746:Furosemide
7741:Fluoxetine
7721:Crofelemer
7608:Activators
7531:Versutoxin
7527:Robustoxin
7509:Activators
7494:Safinamide
7444:Conotoxins
7379:Trimecaine
7374:Tetracaine
7349:Prilocaine
7339:Orthocaine
7314:Iontocaine
7309:Hexylcaine
7304:Etidocaine
7245:Benzocaine
7235:Amylocaine
7217:Zonisamide
7212:Valpromide
7182:Topiramate
7172:Rufinamide
7132:Lacosamide
7097:Cenobamate
7052:Prajmaline
7042:Moricizine
7037:Mexiletine
7032:Lorcainide
7017:Flecainide
6982:Ranolazine
6922:Activators
6907:Fluoxetine
6851:Nimesulide
6833:-specific:
6819:Activators
6801:-specific:
6753:-specific:
6733:Rilmakalim
6723:Nicorandil
6683:Cromakalim
6670:-specific:
6651:Activators
6641:Tipepidine
6631:Ifenprodil
6606:Caramiphen
6598:-specific:
6578:Tolazamide
6538:Gliquidone
6523:Gliclazide
6490:-specific:
6443:Retigabine
6438:Flupirtine
6435:-specific:
6420:Activators
6397:-specific:
6378:Vanoxerine
6358:Terodiline
6343:Sertindole
6333:Ranolazine
6198:Astemizole
6188:Amiodarone
6156:Terikalant
6131:Pinokalant
6116:Nifekalant
6111:Maurotoxin
6106:Lolitrem B
6096:Kaliotoxin
6056:Dofetilide
6046:Dalazatide
6041:Conotoxins
6011:Amiodarone
6006:Almokalant
5928:Activators
5918:Valperinol
5898:Terodiline
5838:Naftopidil
5828:Mesuximide
5758:Enpiperate
5738:Cycleanine
5723:Bevantolol
5713:Bencyclane
5703:Pregabalin
5693:PD-299,685
5688:PD-217,014
5683:PD-200,347
5673:Imagabalin
5663:Gabapentin
5653:Atagabalin
5643:Arbaclofen
5602:Mibefradil
5597:Loperamide
5592:Lomerizine
5567:Dotarizine
5547:Benidipine
5527:Zonisamide
5443:Safinamide
5418:Caroverine
5370:Celivarone
5318:Gallopamil
5273:Siratiazem
5263:Iprotiazem
5253:Clentiazem
5233:Tiamdipine
5228:Teludipine
5193:Olradipine
5178:Nimodipine
5168:Niludipine
5158:Nifedipine
5148:Mesudipine
5138:Manidipine
5113:Lacidipine
5108:Isradipine
5093:Flordipine
5088:Felodipine
5083:Elnadipine
5078:Elgodipine
5068:Darodipine
5038:Amlodipine
4940:Tiratricol
4885:Lokivetmab
4875:Ivermectin
4835:Diclofenac
4681:Nepidermin
4567:Tacrolimus
4425:Resorcinol
4401:Tacrolimus
4365:Xenysalate
4350:Miconazole
4335:Climbazole
4315:Bifonazole
3871:January 1,
3758:August 15,
3724:August 15,
3690:August 15,
3656:August 15,
3582:August 15,
3273:August 15,
2853:(1): 170.
2715:US 5874433
2215:Oncotarget
1924:August 15,
1894:August 15,
1842:August 15,
1809:August 15,
1774:August 15,
1739:August 15,
1704:August 15,
1595:August 15,
1561:References
1516:clobetasol
1296:chloroform
1288:2-propanol
1272:Solubility
1142:fibroblast
937:, causing
759:medication
648:3D model (
636:Molar mass
522:PDB ligand
491:CHEBI:6942
451:5965120SH1
422:ChemSpider
382:IUPHAR/BPS
346:38304-91-5
337:CAS Number
320:IUPAC name
279:Metabolism
8023:See also:
7922:Mepacrine
7868:Ivacaftor
7784:Carbachol
7667:Ibuprofen
7657:Amiloride
7616:Solnatide
7588:Amiloride
7517:Aconitine
7479:Evenamide
7454:Saxitoxin
7369:Risocaine
7319:Lidocaine
7264:Butacaine
7240:Articaine
7167:Phenytoin
7077:Tocainide
7072:Sparteine
7067:Quinidine
7027:Lorajmine
7022:Lidocaine
7012:Encainide
6997:Aprindine
6738:Sarakalim
6728:Pinacidil
6718:Naminidil
6708:Minoxidil
6703:Mazokalim
6688:Diazoxide
6678:Bimakalim
6673:Aprikalim
6636:Tertiapin
6616:Clozapine
6533:Glipizide
6328:Quinidine
6278:Ergtoxins
6243:Cisapride
6233:BRL-32872
6213:Azimilide
6176:(KCNH2, K
6151:Tedisamil
6136:Quinidine
6126:Paxilline
6091:Inakalant
6086:Ibutilide
6071:Hanatoxin
6026:Bunaftine
6021:Bretylium
6016:Azimilide
6001:Adekalant
5960:Potassium
5942:Bay K8644
5883:Sesamodil
5833:Monatepil
5823:Manoalide
5818:Magnesium
5803:Imepitoin
5793:Fendiline
5773:Ethadione
5763:Eperisone
5743:Dauricine
5718:Berbamine
5629:δ subunit
5433:PD-173212
5348:Verapamil
5338:Ronipamil
5328:Nexopamil
5313:Falipamil
5308:Etripamil
5293:Devapamil
5288:Dagapamil
5268:Nictiazem
5258:Diltiazem
5248:Diltiazem
5198:Oxodipine
4849:estradiol
4845:Estrogens
4840:Dupilumab
4780:Androgens
4742:Flutamide
4669:Minoxidil
4645:Flutamide
4557:Oxaceprol
4324:cetrimide
4296:Flutamide
4209:Phase III
4197:Withdrawn
4156:Diazoxide
4151:Minoxidil
3830:Drugs.com
3145:210042523
2675:(1): 53.
2397:March 23,
2196:219561573
2153:221017080
2104:220348503
1512:tretinoin
1472:Economics
1454:off-label
1443:hair loss
1425:in 1979.
1421:to treat
1318:<0.5.
1314:<0.5,
1310:<0.5,
1306:<0.5,
1302:<0.5,
1274:(mg/ml):
1263:Chemistry
1131:β-catenin
1093:ascorbate
1077:ascorbate
981:adenosine
963:sulfation
943:follicles
927:mechanism
845:off-label
832:Hair loss
788:form and
755:Minoxidil
511:ChEMBL802
302:Excretion
291:half-life
159:Routes of
133:Pregnancy
122:Minoxidil
81:Monograph
75:Drugs.com
23:Minoxidil
8102:Prodrugs
8056:Medicine
8008:instead.
7983:instead.
7894:Blockers
7886:Unsorted
7812:Blockers
7713:Blockers
7690:Chloride
7652:A-317567
7644:Blockers
7593:Benzamil
7580:Blockers
7409:NKTR-171
7404:GDC-0276
7399:Funapide
7394:DSP-2230
7389:AZD-3161
7354:Procaine
7269:Butamben
7117:Ethotoin
6992:Ajmaline
6971:Blockers
6930:Riluzole
6889:Blockers
6787:Blockers
6693:Emakalim
6471:Blockers
6313:Pimozide
6183:Ajmaline
5983:Blockers
5798:Fostedil
5728:Canadine
5698:Phenibut
5658:Baclofen
5607:NP078585
5552:Bepridil
5390:SR-33805
5343:Tiapamil
5303:Emopamil
5283:Anipamil
5018:Blockers
4810:Collagen
4800:Caffeine
4501:Mequinol
4420:Coal tar
4005:29319439
3970:37222073
3908:34370845
3865:Archived
3840:June 26,
3809:28593214
3752:Archived
3718:Archived
3684:Archived
3650:Archived
3615:Archived
3576:Archived
3542:Archived
3471:Archived
3267:Archived
3197:Archived
3167:Archived
3137:31907964
3083:Archived
3079:10221304
3037:Archived
3033:30064598
2999:20676988
2991:23973310
2928:84233773
2879:31138170
2828:31496654
2777:31040377
2701:29295567
2624:19308112
2616:14996087
2581:11915519
2540:32457608
2486:11886528
2434:12538840
2391:Archived
2368:25426682
2333:12789195
2298:Archived
2263:Archived
2245:27738338
2188:32516434
2145:32757405
2096:32622136
2038:31245042
2030:24848508
1992:21366804
1984:15133413
1918:Archived
1914:DailyMed
1888:Archived
1884:DailyMed
1866:Archived
1836:Archived
1832:DailyMed
1803:Archived
1799:DailyMed
1768:Archived
1733:Archived
1698:Archived
1589:Archived
1551:antidote
1522:Research
1280:methanol
1155:elastase
1081:cofactor
1024:in vitro
965:via the
902:Toulouse
887:necrosis
876:dandruff
806:diuretic
745:(verify)
431:10438564
402:DrugBank
177:ATC code
166:By mouth
135:category
117:DailyMed
7662:Aspirin
7484:Menthol
7471:Others:
7441:Toxins:
7284:Cocaine
6809:GAL-021
6429:KCNQ (K
6391:KCNQ (K
6208:AZD1305
6146:Sotalol
6141:ShK-186
6121:Notoxin
5808:JTV-519
5788:Fasudil
5517:ProTx I
5497:ABT-639
5484:SNX-482
5355:AH-1058
5352:Others:
4995:Calcium
4927:(e.g.,
4847:(e.g.,
4782:(e.g.,
4578:(e.g.,
4475:(e.g.,
3800:5817599
3621:May 11,
3514:May 11,
3477:May 11,
3439:May 11,
3397:4401051
3356:4391708
3318:May 11,
3239:May 11,
2955:8960256
2920:9306265
2870:6537216
2819:6691938
2768:6491442
2747:Bibcode
2692:5796003
2531:7227431
2514:: 577.
2442:6948410
2387:Reuters
2236:5347675
1975:8109604
1419:tablets
1392:History
1312:benzene
1300:acetone
1284:ethanol
1173:agonist
1163:ERK 1/2
973:SULT1A1
959:prodrug
889:of the
868:Alcohol
794:topical
641:209.253
606:Formula
411:DB00350
357:PubChem
259:WARNING
197: (
195:D11AX01
193:)
187: (
185:C02DC01
170:topical
148: C
119::
95:a682608
8042:Portal
7959:Others
6948:Sodium
6601:Barium
6405:XE-991
6273:E-4031
6223:BeKm-1
6193:AmmTX3
6076:HgeTx1
6066:E-4031
5848:Osthol
5617:TROX-1
5502:ML-218
4763:Others
4676:Others
4435:Sulfur
4256:Other
4192:WHO-EM
4003:
3968:
3906:
3807:
3797:
3607:
3505:
3395:
3354:
3309:
3143:
3135:
3077:
3031:
2997:
2989:
2953:
2926:
2918:
2877:
2867:
2826:
2816:
2775:
2765:
2721:
2699:
2689:
2646:
2622:
2614:
2579:
2538:
2528:
2484:
2440:
2432:
2366:
2331:
2243:
2233:
2194:
2186:
2151:
2143:
2102:
2094:
2036:
2028:
1990:
1982:
1972:
1553:, but
1411:ulcers
1407:Pfizer
1250:vertex
970:enzyme
814:sodium
786:tablet
773:and a
694:SMILES
502:ChEMBL
471:D00418
306:Kidney
256:
243:
230:
115:
7993:LGICs
7700:CaCCs
7672:PcTX1
7631:ASICs
6958:VGSCs
6228:BmTx3
6081:HsTx1
5970:VGKCs
5005:VDCCs
3748:(FDA)
3744:U.S.
3714:(FDA)
3710:U.S.
3680:(FDA)
3676:U.S.
3646:(FDA)
3642:U.S.
3572:(FDA)
3568:U.S.
3433:(PDF)
3418:(PDF)
3263:(FDA)
3259:U.S.
3141:S2CID
3040:(PDF)
3017:(PDF)
2995:S2CID
2924:S2CID
2620:S2CID
2438:S2CID
2192:S2CID
2149:S2CID
2100:S2CID
2034:S2CID
1988:S2CID
1729:(emc)
1585:(TGA)
1536:toxic
1506:with
1359:4.61
1298:0.5,
1290:6.7,
1242:5α-R2
1208:5-HT2
1185:renin
1111:COX-1
1089:HIF-1
1065:NADPH
1011:SUR2B
792:as a
757:is a
714:InChI
685:<1
650:JSmol
529:MXD (
482:ChEBI
296:4.2 h
8006:here
8004:See
7981:here
7979:See
7968:TRPs
7799:CFTR
7726:DIDS
7567:ENaC
7488:mint
6876:K2Ps
6747:GIRK
6592:GIRK
6458:IRKs
6174:hERG
5522:Z944
5448:Z160
4440:Urea
4177:list
4175:see
4001:PMID
3966:PMID
3904:PMID
3873:2024
3842:2017
3805:PMID
3760:2021
3726:2021
3692:2021
3658:2021
3623:2015
3605:ISBN
3584:2021
3550:2023
3516:2015
3503:ISBN
3479:2015
3441:2015
3393:PMID
3352:PMID
3320:2015
3307:ISBN
3275:2021
3241:2015
3205:2022
3175:2022
3133:PMID
3075:PMID
3048:2021
3029:PMID
2987:PMID
2951:PMID
2916:PMID
2875:PMID
2824:PMID
2773:PMID
2697:PMID
2644:ISBN
2612:PMID
2577:PMID
2536:PMID
2482:PMID
2430:PMID
2399:2021
2364:PMID
2329:PMID
2271:2020
2241:PMID
2184:PMID
2141:PMID
2092:PMID
2026:PMID
1980:PMID
1926:2021
1896:2021
1844:2021
1811:2021
1776:2021
1741:2021
1706:2021
1651:2022
1626:2023
1597:2021
1544:cats
1542:and
1540:dogs
1514:and
1286:29,
1282:44,
1278:75,
1227:PI3K
1223:RhoA
1113:and
1079:, a
1069:NADH
1007:SUR2
1003:Kir6
994:and
925:The
908:and
878:and
870:and
816:and
783:oral
765:and
532:PDBe
462:KEGG
442:UNII
391:4254
371:4201
273:data
71:AHFS
7230:FBT
6663:ATP
6483:ATP
4262:D11
4073:C02
3993:doi
3989:252
3958:doi
3931:doi
3896:doi
3795:PMC
3787:doi
3783:153
3383:doi
3344:doi
3340:282
3125:doi
2979:doi
2906:doi
2865:PMC
2855:doi
2814:PMC
2804:doi
2763:PMC
2755:doi
2687:PMC
2677:doi
2604:doi
2600:150
2567:doi
2563:119
2526:PMC
2516:doi
2472:doi
2468:117
2422:doi
2418:304
2356:doi
2321:doi
2231:PMC
2223:doi
2176:doi
2131:doi
2084:doi
2018:doi
1970:PMC
1960:doi
1619:FDA
1538:to
1235:ROS
1231:PKB
1219:ROS
1189:SNS
1073:PHD
555:EPA
361:CID
200:WHO
190:WHO
8068::
8028:•
7529:,
7525:,
7256:,
6830:Ca
6828:BK
6798:Ca
6796:BK
6773:Ca
6433:7)
6395:7)
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