376:
361:
515:, was expected to have a capacity of 110,000 cubic meters. However, it was never operational due to the looting of equipment and materials in 1991. Although REGIDESO funded the project itself, it lacked the financial resources to complete it, and promised state subsidies never materialized. A second station was planned for
519:
with French financing, but it was also abandoned when France suspended development aid to Mobutu in
October 1991 after years of lucrative contracts for French companies. Similarly, a third station, also planned for Ndjili with Japanese funding, was never realized due to the September 1991 lootings,
278:
were instrumental in supplying water to the growing population of LĂ©opoldville. However, initially designed with a projected operational lifespan of approximately thirty years, these facilities soon revealed the first signs of infrastructural deficiencies, foreshadowing the challenges that would
467:
provided assistance to replace the two original stations and to supply large-diameter pipes for distribution, but work was halted in 1997 when the Bank severed its relations with the post-Mobutu government. REGIDESO's production/distribution capacity remains inadequate to meet the city's needs.
193:
and delivery of water, establishment of new distribution networks or extensions, and the facilitation of any auxiliary operations directly or indirectly linked to its primary mandate. To fulfill these objectives, REGIDESO adheres to a defined protocol that includes the expansion of distribution
173:. Although subject to common law in fiscal matters, REGIDESO is exempt from certain tax obligations, including actual and schedular contributions on income. Moreover, its billing rates are subject to the approval of the Ministry of Economy, which issues these rates through a ministerial decree.
322:
to operate its textile mill in Léopoldville. The Sanga power plant supplied electricity to the Société Coloniale d'Electricite, which facilitated energy distribution throughout Léopoldville. However, the escalating demand for power in Léopoldville soon outstripped the capacity of the existing
506:
of water per day. However, daily water demand far exceeded production capacity, with estimated requirements reaching 1.2 million cubic meters by 1990 and projected to rise to 2.4 million cubic meters by the year 2000. To address this shortfall, REGIDESO planned to construct three new pumping
501:
to transport water to city areas not served by the conduit system. However, during this period, it was estimated that only one-third of
Kinshasa's population had access to water at home, a decrease from an estimated 50 percent in 1986. REGIDESO's six water treatment facilities were producing
981:
1075:
1040:
742:
137 million, including equipment for distribution networks. REGIDESO launched an ambitious project to increase the capacity of its N'djili unit in
Kinshasa, with an anticipated output of 110,000 cubic meters of water. By December 2007, new water pipes had been installed in the
1091:
422:" for five years, but the contract was abrogated after two years due to legal disputes involving Lorhon. However, in 1978, the government decided to transfer all operations related to the production and distribution of electrical energy to the national electricity company
314:), the M'Pozo hydroelectric plant was integrated into REGIDESO's operations in 1948 to fulfill the energy requirements of Matadi, the principal maritime gateway of the Belgian Congo. Additionally, the Sanga hydroelectric power plant near LĂ©opoldville, constructed by the
194:
networks, customer and subscriber identification, and metering services. Importantly, it holds a near-complete monopoly on the exploitation and distribution of drinking water, except in regions where it lacks a presence or through special agreements with the State.
443:), was conceived to augment the aging first two, but financial constraints necessitated the project's phased completion, resulting in significant delays. Recourse to financial assistance from various Western nations was adroitly maneuvered by
258:(REGIDESO). The newly formed entity was conferred with legal personality, which allowed it greater autonomy in its management and expanding its operational remit to include both water and electricity distribution across the Belgian Congo and
684:, pervasive water shortages persisted, as REGIDESO's antiquated systems struggled to meet demand. That same year, efforts were made to rehabilitate the N'djili treatment plant, replacing a corroded 32-year-old collector. Additionally, the
31:
347:, operated by REGIDESO, included a hydroelectric plant with three units totaling 285 kilowatts and a diesel-electric plant with five units with an aggregate capacity of 1,575 kilowatts, of which a 400-kilowatt unit was held in reserve.
702:, the national deputy Minister of Energy oversaw the reactivation of REGIDESO's services after a decade of dysfunction, during which time the populace had relied on artesian wells. However, challenges persisted in locales like
476:
As a state-run monopoly, REGIDESO relied on government funding for maintenance and new investments. Despite rhetorical commitments from Mobutu regarding the importance of water infrastructure—particularly after the 1980
254:) on 28 March 1933, which formally authorized the establishment of a water distribution company devoted to the colony. This foundational decree was further augmented in 1939 by another royal edict, which instituted the
713:
The issue of inadequate drinking water resurfaced in several neighborhoods in Goma, affecting over 80% of REGIDESO subscribers, following a fallen tree that disrupted SNEL's medium-voltage line, which powered the
1023:
1149:
402:. The scope of operation and registered office were revised, while the corporate mandate remained broadly consistent. The new company continued to manage water distribution services, ancillary facilities for
1842:
2018:
282:
By the mid-20th century, the
Belgian Congo's electricity and water distribution infrastructure was developing rapidly, though geographically uneven, development across its provinces. Reports from the
169:, a management board, and a board of auditors. Additionally, Law No. 78-197 of 5 May 1978, enforced under the auspices of Law No. 78-002 of 6 January 1978, prescribes general provisions applicable to
1368:
485:
designated the 1980s as the Decade of Water—the sector received no substantial government investment. International donors financed many significant water development projects, such as those in
418:. The management of REGIDESO was privatized two years after its creation through Ordinance-Law n° 68 - 116 of 29 March 1968. The management was entrusted to the Belgian public limited company "
146:
throughout the national territory, encompassing both urban and rural areas. Established in 1929, REGIDESO operates autonomously under the oversight of the
Ministry of Energy and the Portfolio.
1192:
881:[Organization and operation of an accounting department within a public company] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Commerce de Kinshasa
1506:
951:
2023:
394:, the newly established entity underwent significant changes. The decree of 25 August 1966 nullified the decree of 30 December 1939 and established a new public institution named
1004:
931:
587:
shortage, despite repeated distress signals from the local station to REGIDESO's headquarters in
Kinshasa. Additional looting of REGIDESO facilities occurred in Kisangani's
1901:
1312:
878:
1396:
318:, emerged as a significant energy provider to the region. The plant housed six generators with a combined capacity of 10,500 kilowatts, part of which was supplied to the
690:(MIBA) acquired a 9-ton rotor to boost electrical production in Mbuji-Mayi, supplying REGIDESO with more consistent electricity for its water treatment operations. In
652:
563:'s presidency, approximately 80 percent of the national budget was allocated to the war effort, severely limiting investment in public services, including REGIDESO.
339:
and hydroelectric power plants to service the region's principal urban centers. For instance, REGIDESO has operated a diesel-electric power plant in
Luluabourg (now
1060:
165:
The legal framework guiding REGIDESO is outlined in Law No. 073-026 of 30 July 1973, which delineates the establishment of various governing bodies, including a
1422:
834:
424:
1870:
1814:
1702:
676:, arguing that the burden of fuel costs for generator-powered standpipes disproportionately fell on the population. In May 2007, over 30,000 inhabitants in
327:, which commenced in 1951 and was completed in 1955, featuring three units each with a capacity of 10,500 kilowatts. Meanwhile, in other provinces, such as
1562:
459:, another at Kinkole, and a third at Midendi. The latter was intended to supply the agro-pastoral farms near Kimbondo, as well as the areas of Mitende and
343:) since 1950, comprising three units with a combined capacity of 860 kilowatts, one of which served as a reserve unit. In Kivu Province, the facilities at
1929:
262:, with its headquarters located at Rue Marie de Bourgogne 30, Brussels. During these early years, REGIDESO laid down critical infrastructure, including
1534:
528:
158:, while its technical operations are governed by the Ministry of Energy. It retains an institutional monopoly on the production and distribution of
1284:
428:(SNEL), effective from 1 January 1979. Consequently, REGIDESO refocused its efforts on the operation and expansion of the potable water sector.
1590:
216:
611:
originally installed in 1954, with the total project cost amounting to $ 13,780. Additionally, in July 2005, REGIDESO installed new meters in
1159:
1758:
1730:
2013:
1198:
324:
283:
1957:
1674:
1340:
751:. REGIDESO's acquisition of 40 cubic meters of diesel-powered generator in February 2008 supplied drinking water to the inhabitants of
1845:[Goma: Chlorination of water at the people's beach and other sites installed on the shores of Lake Kivu for domestic needs].
1450:
900:
806:
686:
139:
1786:
478:
303:
298:
and distribution, especially in urban centers such as
Coquilhatville. REGIDESO's portfolio included the management of several
1618:
1478:
1843:"Goma: Chloration de l'eau à la plage du peuple et autres sites installés au bord du lac-kivu pour des besoin domestiques"
391:
291:
1646:
287:
560:
294:
being notably under-served. During this period, REGIDESO's mandate extended beyond water distribution, encompassing
375:
328:
731:
706:, where SNEL severed the electricity supply to REGIDESO's water pumping station over a payment dispute for a new
236:
182:
143:
952:"Water services and the private sector in developing countries: Comparative perceptions and discussion dynamics"
936:(in French). Brussels, Belgium: Association pour le Perfectionnement du Material Colonial. 1938. pp. 10–12.
455:
of large construction and public works companies. Three additional stations were eventually constructed: one at
155:
650:, REGIDESO successfully operationalized the Lukaya power station, restoring water supplies to the underserved
646:
to ensure energy autonomy for water pumping stations. In
December of the same year, after years of systemic
608:
494:
295:
170:
723:
448:
360:
336:
1249:
983:
Grandes lignes du régime des terres du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi et leurs applications, 1940-1946
1009:(in French). Brussels, Belgium: Office international pour la protection de la nature. 1936. p. 7.
988:
Main lines of the land regime of the
Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi and their applications, 1940-1946
127:
81:
447:
to diversify his external support base. It also served as a mechanism for the West to recycle its
1054:
735:
719:
695:
638:
By 2006, REGIDESO had embarked on further modernization efforts, including the construction of a
628:
620:
552:
548:
411:
166:
835:"Regideso: tous les comptes bancaires de la société bloqués sur décision du TGI Kinshasa Gombe"
1993:
1155:
837:[Regideso: all company bank accounts blocked by decision of the Kinshasa Gombe TGI].
414:, operation of power stations, and electricity distribution networks solely on behalf of the
1565:[Ten years later, water is gushing again in the Mont Ngafula district of Kinshasa].
576:
544:
516:
486:
456:
444:
307:
17:
1077:
Codes et lois du Congo belge: Police et sûreté. Législation sociale. Législation économique
722:
from the shores of Lake Kivu to meet local demands. The same month, REGIDESO inaugurated a
555:
territories, while REGIDESO worked to restore potable water services in urban centers like
933:
Congo: Revue Générale de la Colonie Belge; Algemeen Tijdschrift van de, Volume 19, Issue 1
756:
707:
540:
432:
407:
399:
263:
190:
131:
120:
85:
879:"Organisation et fonctionnement d'un service comptable au sein d'une entreprise publique"
1399:[It has been raining heavily recently in Bukavu and other towns in South Kivu].
1705:[Mbuji Mayi: Miba, strengthening the capacity of the Lubulanji power station].
1507:"La Regideso/Kikwit instaure un nouveau système de fourniture d'eau et de recouvrement"
748:
647:
600:
536:
186:
159:
123:
52:
1397:"Il pleut abondamment ces derniers temps Ă Bukavu et dans d'autres villes du Sud-Kivu"
1096:. Washington, D.C., United States: Bureau of International Commerce. 1959. p. 28.
2007:
1270:. United States: United States Joint Publications Research Service. 1968. p. 59.
727:
669:
482:
332:
311:
299:
267:
259:
243:
1932:[Kinshasa: rehabilitation of the water distribution network in Bandalugwa].
1817:[80 percent of Regideso subscribers goma without water for several months].
635:, enabled residents to purchase fuel for generators and access water independently.
1425:[The European Union finances the installation of REGIDESO pipes in Bunia].
1315:[Water is flowing again from the tap in Isiro, in the Orientale Province].
673:
657:
623:. Likewise, in Kinshasa, new pipelines were laid to meet increasing demand, and in
596:
512:
508:
460:
436:
403:
271:
154:
REGIDESO enjoys corporate legal status and is subjected to fiscal oversight by the
1224:
1369:"Kisangani: pillage des installations de l'usine de captage d'eau de la Regideso"
1265:
1962:
1934:
1906:
1875:
1847:
1819:
1791:
1763:
1735:
1707:
1679:
1651:
1623:
1595:
1567:
1539:
1511:
1483:
1455:
1427:
1373:
1345:
1317:
1289:
1006:
Revue internationale de législation pour la protection de la nature: Congo Belge
905:
839:
811:
744:
520:
which caused a shipment of equipment en route to Matadi to be diverted at sea.
503:
275:
247:
1563:"Dix ans après, de l'eau jaillit à nouveau au quartier Mont Ngafula à Kinshasa"
1371:[Kisangani: Looting of the Regideso water catchment plant facilities].
1151:
Reinventing Order in the Congo: How People Respond to State Failure in Kinshasa
1703:"Mbuji Mayi: Miba, renforcement de la capacité de la centrale de la Lubulanji"
752:
643:
612:
524:
498:
464:
1509:[Regideso/Kikwit introduces new water supply and collection system].
472:
Water shortages, plans for pumping stations and international aid disruptions
435:
facilities, had become severely dilapidated. A third station, erected on the
431:
By 1985, the water infrastructure in Kinshasa, particularly the original two
1537:[Drinking water: a Chinese delegation on inspection in Mbuji-Mayi].
739:
715:
616:
580:
256:
Régie de Distribution d'Eau et d'Electricité du Congo Belge et Ruanda-Urundi
242:
Recognizing the exigency for a structured water distribution framework, the
232:
1815:"80 pour cent d'abonnés de la Regideso goma sans eau depuis plusieurs mois"
1423:"L'Union Européenne finance le placement des tuyaux de la REGIDESO à Bunia"
351:
Post-colonial Congo, expansion of operations and water treatment facilities
215:, to provide drinking water to the colonial settlers. Urban authorities in
1879:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 23 September 2007
1851:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 21 September 2007
1377:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 16 September 2004
1349:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 September 2004
30:
1966:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 28 February 2008
1904:[Kinshasa: Regideso equipped with water purification chemicals].
1902:"Kinshasa: la Regideso dotée de produits chimiques de purification d'eau"
1873:[Mbuji-Mayi: Regideso, inauguration of a thermal power station].
665:
661:
584:
367:
228:
224:
212:
135:
1938:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 4 December 2007
1910:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 21 October 2007
1593:[Regideso/Kikwit: Civil society disapproves of the new tariff].
1571:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 8 December 2006
1543:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 11 January 2006
843:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 3 February 2023
1930:"Kinshasa: réhabilitation du réseau de distribution d'eau à Bandalugwa"
1823:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 31 August 2007
1515:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 4 October 2005
1403:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 5 January 2005
1313:"L'eau coule de nouveau au robinet Ă Isiro, dans la Province Orientale"
1074:
Belgian Congo; Piron, Pierre; Louwers, Octave; Strouvens, LĂ©on (1954).
718:
water catchment plant. In September 2007, REGIDESO in Goma resorted to
691:
681:
639:
632:
592:
588:
490:
340:
1733:[Evaluation of the developed sources of the city of Kananga].
1431:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 23 March 2005
1293:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 24 March 2006
1287:[Drinking water, a difficulty in the province of North Kivu].
627:, a new pumping system was installed. This system, which provided 109
1795:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 21 July 2007
1767:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 18 July 2007
1739:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 12 June 2007
1711:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 11 June 2007
1599:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 9 April 2007
1487:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 22 July 2005
1459:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 22 July 2005
909:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 June 2008
815:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 10 June 2008
703:
699:
677:
624:
452:
440:
344:
220:
1683:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1 June 2007
1655:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 12 May 2007
1627:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 21 May 2007
1321:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 11 May 2004
672:
groups in Kikwit vehemently opposed REGIDESO's decision to increase
604:
572:
415:
319:
310:
installations. For instance, in the Bas-Congo region (present-day
1591:"Regideso/Kikwit: la société civile désapprouve le nouveau tarif"
1535:"Eau potable: une délégation chinoise en inspection à Mbuji-Mayi"
694:, REGIDESO's inadequacy forced 80% of the population to rely on
556:
382:
335:, REGIDESO continued to expand its operations, establishing new
266:
facilities in LĂ©opoldville. The facilities at Kinsuka along the
211:, was established on 18 November 1929, with its headquarters in
1988:
1871:"Mbuji-Mayi: Regideso, inauguration d'une centrale thermique"
1285:"L'eau potable, une difficulté dans la province du nord kivu"
680:
had been deprived of potable water for nearly a year, and in
583:. However, by September of that year, Kisangani was facing a
235:) were entrusted with operating, developing, and modernizing
1343:[Soon Regideso Kisangani will run out of chlorine].
1028:(in French). Paris, France: Jeune Afrique. 1991. p. 76.
181:
REGIDESO's central mandate involves the administration of
1731:"Evaluation des sources aménagées de la ville de Kananga"
1960:[Regideso improves water supply in Mwene Ditu].
668:. However, financial challenges persisted, and in 2007,
1958:"La Regideso améliore la fourniture d'eau à Mwene Ditu"
1254:. London, United Kingdom: Euromoney. 1989. p. 182.
777:
547:. SNHR's efforts primarily focused on rural areas like
101:
2019:
Infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1341:"BientĂ´t la Regideso Kisangani sera Ă cours de chlore"
323:
infrastructure, necessitating the construction of the
1677:[Regideso rehabilitates the Ndjili factory].
1649:[Butembo: drinking water, a rare commodity].
1231:(in French). San Francisco, California, United States
1047:
Report on the Belgian administration of Ruanda-Urundi
903:[What is Regideso and what is its mission?].
809:[What is Regideso and what is its mission?].
1042:
Rapport sur l'administration belge du Ruanda-Urundi
603:financed the installation of REGIDESO pipelines in
97:
76:
58:
48:
40:
1267:Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, Issues 717-722
901:"C'est quoi la Regideso et quelle est sa mission?"
807:"C'est quoi la Regideso et quelle est sa mission?"
497:provinces. During the 1990s, the company operated
1789:[Kamina: SNEL and Regideso in conflict].
1049:] (in French). Brussels, Belgium. p. 72.
162:throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
1451:"De nouveaux compteurs pour la Regideso/Katanga"
579:was rehabilitated by a team of technicians from
366:Fountain in front of REGIDESO's headquarters in
990:] (in French). Van Campenhout. p. 184.
1154:. London, England, United Kingdom: Zed Books.
2024:Water in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
961:. Washington, D.C., United States. p. 45
316:Société des Forces Hydro-Electriques de Sanga
209:Société de Distribution d'Eau de Léopoldville
44:Société de Distribution d'Eau de Léopoldville
8:
507:stations. The first station, located on the
23:
1787:"Kamina: la SNEL et la Regideso en conflit"
1761:[Gemena: water, soon in the taps].
1619:"Interruption de fourniture d'eau Ă Kiliba"
1453:[New meters for Regideso/Katanga].
142:(DRC). It is responsible for producing and
1759:"Gemena: l'eau, bientĂ´t dans les robinets"
1675:"La Regideso réhabilite l'usine de Ndjili"
1059:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1039:Ministère des affaires africaines (1957).
22:
1647:"Butembo: l'eau potable, une denrée rare"
1225:"Histoire et localisation de la REGIDESO"
279:beset the company in subsequent decades.
571:In May 2004, a water treatment plant in
529:International Committee of the Red Cross
16:For the utility company in Burundi, see
1481:[Regideso replaces its pipes].
1251:Africa and the African Development Bank
768:
246:colonial administration promulgated a
1896:
1894:
1621:[Water supply cut in Kiliba].
1479:"La Regideso remplace ses tuyauteries"
1279:
1277:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1080:(in French). F. Larcier. p. 1306.
1052:
950:Blanc, Aymeric; Botton, Sarah (2010).
1223:Nzasi, Jeff Akawako (July 25, 2023).
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1018:
1016:
533:Service National d'Hydraulique Rurale
527:, REGIDESO received support from the
286:in 1955 highlighted the disparity in
7:
1199:United States Department of Commerce
999:
997:
945:
943:
926:
924:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
801:
799:
738:chemicals, in a donation worth over
392:Following the country's independence
284:United States Department of Commerce
1197:. Washington, D.C., United States:
575:that had been destroyed during the
1093:Foreign Commerce Weekly, Volume 62
599:from REGIDESO. In March 2005, the
88:, Democratic Republic of the Congo
14:
1148:Trefon, Theodore (4 April 2013).
877:Cisuaka, Blaise Nkashama (2013).
1994:Regideso at DRCongo Yellow Pages
374:
359:
140:Democratic Republic of the Congo
29:
1194:World Trade Information Service
479:United Nations Water Conference
425:Société Nationale d'Électricité
290:across the Belgian Congo, with
177:Responsibilities and objectives
1025:Afrique magazine, Issues 77-87
730:at MIBA. In October 2007, the
1:
398:(REGIDESO), headquartered in
302:across the colony, including
1989:Regideso.com - official site
778:"Site Web de la Regideso SA"
734:(EDF) provided the DRC with
150:Organization and supervision
2014:Companies based in Kinshasa
687:Societé Minière de Bakwanga
595:experienced a cessation of
396:RĂ©gie de Distribution d'Eau
381:View of REGIDESO office in
288:electric power distribution
112:RĂ©gie de Distribution d'Eau
2040:
207:REGIDESO, formerly called
183:water distribution systems
15:
732:European Development Fund
535:(SNHR) to address severe
320:Societe Textile Africaine
231:), and Stanleyville (now
28:
980:Heyse, Théodore (1947).
203:Colonial era (1929–1959)
451:while replenishing the
227:), Coquilhatville (now
502:approximately 400,000
296:electricity generation
64:; 94 years ago
62:November 18, 1929
35:REGIDESO, January 2006
1201:. 1955. pp. 4–6.
724:thermal power station
561:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
156:Ministry of Portfolio
759:three times a week.
619:billing and prevent
607:to replace outdated
513:Mont Ngafula commune
223:, LĂ©opoldville (now
128:Boulevard Du 30 Juin
102:https://regideso.cd/
82:Boulevard du 30 Juin
745:Bandalungwa commune
567:Recent developments
539:exacerbated by the
412:water sterilization
25:
747:, financed by the
736:water purification
720:chlorinating water
237:water distribution
171:public enterprises
167:board of directors
144:distributing water
1161:978-1-84813-767-7
545:Second Congo Wars
416:Republic of Zaire
325:Zongo power plant
292:Équateur Province
115:, abbreviated as
107:
106:
2031:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1783:
1777:
1776:
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1755:
1749:
1748:
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1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
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