Macedonia (region) - Knowledge (XXG)

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both. The severe pressure on the peaceful peasants of Macedonia worked against the plans of the Serbians and Bulgarians to make them adopt their ethnic idea and eventually a social divide became apparent. The British Ambassador in Belgrade in 1927 said: "At present the unfortunate Macedonian peasant is between the hammer and the anvil. One day 'comitadjis' come to his house and demand under threat lodging, food and money and the next day the gendarm hales him off to prison for having given them; the Macedonian is really a peaceable, fairly industrious agriculturist and if the (Serbian) government give him adequate protection, education, freedom from malaria and decent communications, there seems no reason why he should not become just as Serbian in sentiment as he was Bulgarian 10 years ago". As a result of this game of tug-of-war, the development of a distinct Macedonian national identity was impeded and delayed. Moreover, when the imperialistic plans of the surrounding states made possible the division of Macedonia, some Macedonian intellectuals such as Misirkov mentioned the necessity of creating a Macedonian national identity which would distinguish the Macedonian Slavs from Bulgarians, Serbians or Greeks.

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identify with Bulgaria. Greece, in addition, was in an advantageous position for protecting its interests through the influence of Patriarchate of Constantinople which traditionally sponsored Greek-language and Greek-culture schools also in villages with few Greeks. This put the Patriarchate in dispute with the Exarchate, which established schools with Bulgarian education. Indeed, belonging to one or another institution could define a person's national identity. Simply, if a person supported the Patriarchate they were regarded as Greek, whereas if they supported the Exarchate they were regarded as Bulgarian. Locally, however, villagers were not always able to express freely their association with one or the other institution as there were numerous armed groups trying to defend and/or expand the territory of each. Some were locally recruited and self-organized while others were sent and armed by the protecting states.

2225:. The territorial losses dissatisfied Bulgaria; this fuelled the ambitions of many Bulgarian politicians for the following seventy years, who wanted to review the treaty – by peaceful or military means and to reunite all lands which they claimed had a Bulgarian majority. Besides, Serbia was now interested in the Macedonian lands, until then only Greece was Bulgaria's main contender, which after the addition of Thessaly to Greece in (1881) was bordering Macedonia. Thus, the Berlin Congress renewed the struggle for Turkey in Europe, including the so-called Macedonia region, rather than setting up a permanent regime. In the following years, all of the neighboring states struggled over Turkey in Europe; they were only kept at bay by their own restraints, the Ottoman Army and the territorial ambitions of the Great Powers in the region. 1094: 1074: 1685:

Roman identity might have commenced in the 3rd century, especially among rural provincials who were crippled by harsh taxation and famines. Given this background, penetrations carried by successive waves of relatively small numbers of Slavic warriors and their families might have been capable of assimilating large numbers of indigenes into their cultural model, which was sometimes seen as a more attractive alternative. In this way and in the course of time, great parts of Macedonia came to be controlled by Slavic-speaking communities. Despite numerous attacks on Thessaloniki, the city held out, and Byzantine-Roman culture continued to flourish, although Slavic cultural influence steadily increased.

1110: 1126: 2530:' of the parts in Macedonia they already controlled, while Bulgarians faced some difficulties against the Jews and the Turkish populations. Moreover, the possession of Thessalonica was a living dream for the Bulgarians that were preparing for a new war. For this, the Bulgarian troops had a secret order in June 1913 to launch surprise attacks on the Serbs. Greece and Serbia signed a previous bilateral defensive agreement (May 1913). Consequently, Bulgaria decided to attack Greece and Serbia. After some initial gains the Bulgarians were forced to retreat back to Bulgaria proper and lose nearly all of the land they had conquered during the first war. 2172: 514: 1956: 846:, during which over 1.2 million Orthodox Christian refugees from Turkey were settled in Greece, 638,000 of whom were settled in the Greek province of Macedonia. Smaller Greek minorities exist in Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia, although their numbers are difficult to ascertain. In official census results, only 86 persons declared themselves Greeks in Bulgarian Macedonia (Blagoevgrad Province) in 2011, out of a total of 1,379 in all of Bulgaria; while only 294 persons described themselves as Greeks in the 2021 census in the Republic of North Macedonia. 2538:. Greece almost doubled its territory and population size and its northern frontiers remain today, more or less the same since the Balkan Wars. However, when Serbia acquired 'Vardarska Banovina' (the present-day Republic of North Macedonia), it launched having expansionist views aiming to descend to the Aegean, with Thessalonica as the highest ambition. However, Greece after the population exchange with Bulgaria, soon after its victory in the Balkan wars, managed to give national homogeneity in the Aegean and any remaining Slavic-speakers were absorbed. 2702:) along with many Greek-speaking natives, because of the hard economic conditions after the Second World War and the Greek Civil War. Although there was some liberalization between 1959 and 1967, the Greek military dictatorship re-imposed harsh restrictions. The situation gradually eased after Greece's return to democracy, although even as recently as the 1990s Greece has been criticised by international human rights activists for "harassing" Macedonian Slav political activists, who, nonetheless, are free to maintain their own political party ( 1454:

the same districts and it is presumed that differences in social organisation are reflected by these differences in settlement organisation. Some communities were clearly concerned to protect themselves with different kinds of defensive arrangements: ditches at Makryialos and concentric walls at Paliambela. The best preserved buildings were discovered at Dikili Tas, where long timber-framed structures had been organised in rows and some had been decorated with bulls' skulls fastened to the outside of the walls and plastered over with clay.

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the line of partition was contested by both Serbia and Bulgaria and was subject to the arbitration of the Russian Tsar after the war. Serbia formally renounced any claims to the part of Macedonia south and east of the line, which was declared to be within the Bulgarian sphere of interest. The pre-treaty between Greece and Bulgaria, however, did not include any agreement on the division of the conquered territories – evidently both countries hoped to occupy as much territory as possible having their sights primarily set on Thessaloniki.

2345:. The Second Balkan War, also known as Inter-Ally War, left Bulgaria only with the Struma valley and a small part of Thrace with minor ports at the Aegean sea. Vardar Macedonia was incorporated into Serbia and thereafter referred to as South Serbia. Southern (Aegean) Macedonia was incorporated into Greece and thereafter was referred to as northern Greece. The region suffered heavily during the Second Balkan War. During its advance at the end of June, the Greek army set fire to the Bulgarian quarter of the town of 214: 1146: 1445:

pottery showing trade with quite distant regions, indicate that society, economy and technology were all changing rapidly. Among the most important of these changes were the start of copper working, convincingly demonstrated by Renfrew to have been learnt from the cultural groups of Bulgaria and Roumania to the North. Principal excavated settlements of this period include Makryialos and Paliambela near the western shore of the Thermaic gulf, Thermi to the south of

45: 3217:"... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it." 2760: 244: 2298:, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro occupied almost all Ottoman-held territories in Europe. Bulgaria bore the brunt of the war fighting on the Thracian front against the main Ottoman forces. Both her war expenditures and casualties in the First Balkan War were higher than those of Serbia, Greece and Montenegro combined. Macedonia itself was occupied by Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian forces. The Ottoman Empire in the 2278: 1727:

the Sklaviniae were pacified, and those that were often rebelled. The emperors rather resorted to withdrawing their defensive line south along the Aegean coast, until the late 8th century. Although a new theme—that of "Macedonia"—was subsequently created, it did not correspond to today's geographic territory, but one farther east (centred on Adrianople), carved out of the already existing Thracian and Helladic themes.

2774: 256: 2314: 1493: 1397:, stone axes and adzes, chert blades, and ornaments of stone including curious 'nose plugs' of uncertain function. The assemblage of associated objects differs from one house to the next, suggesting some degree of craft specialisation had already been established from the beginning of the site's history. The farming economy was based on the cultivation of cereal crops such as wheat and barley and 506: 2310:, Serbia asked for the suspension of the pre-war division treaty and demanded from Bulgaria greater territorial concessions in Macedonia. Later in May the same year, Greece and Serbia signed a secret treaty in Thessaloniki stipulating the division of Macedonia according to the existing lines of control. Both Serbia and Greece, as well as Bulgaria, started to prepare for a final war of partition. 268: 2746: 2443: 2205: 2024: 292: 280: 232: 2237: 1945: 1591: 2515:

in August 1912, when Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire, whose forces ultimately engaged four different wars in Thrace, Macedonia, Northern and Southern Albania and Kosovo. The Macedonian campaign was fought in atrocious conditions. The retreat of the Ottoman army from Macedonia succeeded the desperate effort of the Greek and Bulgarian forces to reach the city of

665: 1157: 2614:. As German, Italian, and Hungarian troops crushed Yugoslavia and Greece, the Bulgarians remained on the sidelines. The Yugoslav government surrendered on 17 April. The Greek government was to hold out until 30 April. On 20 April, the period of Bulgarian passivity ended. The Bulgarian Army entered the Aegean region. The goal was to gain an 1577: 3395:"Northwestern Greece is home to an indeterminate number of citizens who speak a Slavic dialect at home, particularly in Florina province. Estimates ranged widely, from under 10,000 to 50,000. A small number identified themselves as belonging to a distinct ethnic group and asserted their right to "Macedonian" minority status" 2627:– through introducing measures such as allotment of arable lands to local landless peasantry and by establishing plenty of new elementary and secondary schools. Local population with Bulgarian ethnic origins was given full Bulgarian citizenship. In general, Bulgarians themselves regarded the incorporation of former Yugoslav 3205:" the KKE recognised that the Slavophone population was ethnic minority of Slavomacedonians. This was a term, which the inhabitants of the region accepted with relief. Slavomacedonians = Slavs+Macedonians. The first section of the term determined their origin and classified them in the great family of the Slav peoples." 2254:

up the Serbian propaganda attempted to inspire the Macedonians with a separate ethnic identity to diminish the Bulgarian influence. This choice was the 'Macedonian ethnicity'. The Bulgarians never accepted an ethnic diversity from the Slav Macedonians, giving geographic meaning to the term. In 1893 they established the

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identity. For the very same reason the Bulgarians, when preparing the Exarchate's government (1871) included Macedonians in the assembly as "brothers" to prevent any ethnic diversification. On the other hand, the Serbs, unable to establish Serbian-speaking schools, used propaganda. Their main concern was to prevent the

2329:. The Bulgarian army was in full retreat in all fronts. The Serbian army chose to stop its operations when achieved all its territorial goals and only then the Bulgarian army took a breath. During the last two days the Bulgarians managed to achieve a defensive victory against the advancing Greek army in the 2266:(1903) to release some Ottoman territory. Bulgaria used this to internationalize the Macedonian question. Ilinden changed Greece's stance which decided to take Para-military action. In order to protect the Greek Macedonians and Greek interests, Greece sent officers to train guerrillas and organize militias ( 3549:

Colin Renfrew, Marija Gimbutas and Ernestine S. Elster 1986. Excavations at Sitagroi, a prehistoric village in northeast Greece. Vol. 1. Los Angeles : Institute of Archaeology, University of California, 1986, Monumenta archaeologica 13; E. Elster and C. Renfrew, Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations

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In September 1915, the Greek government authorized the landing of the troops in Thessaloniki. In 1916 the pro-German King of Greece agreed with the Germans to allow military forces of the Central Powers to enter Greek Macedonia to attack Bulgarian forces in Thessaloniki. As a result, Bulgarian troops

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from acquiring Bulgarian identity through concentrating on the myth of the ancient origins of the Macedonians and simultaneously by the classification of Bulgarians as Tatars and not as Slavs, emphasizing their 'Macedonian' characteristics as an intermediate stage between Serbs and Bulgarians. To sum

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After the revival of Greek, Serbian, and Bulgarian statehood in the 19th century, the Ottoman lands in Europe that became identified as "Macedonia", were contested by all three governments, leading to the creation in the 1890s and 1900s of rival armed groups who divided their efforts between fighting

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which, in the course of centuries, eventually resulted in drastic demographic and cultural changes in the Empire's Balkan provinces. Although traditional scholarship attributes these changes to large-scale colonizations by Slavic-speaking groups, it has been proposed that a generalized dissipation of

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When the barbarian invasions started in the fourth through seventh centuries AD in the Balkans, the remnants of the Hellenes who lived in Macedonia were pushed to eastern Thrace, the area between Adrianople (presently the Turkish city of Edirne) and Constantinople. This area would be called theme of

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By the beginning of the 9th century, the theme of Macedonia, with its capital at Adrianople consisted not of Macedonian but of Thracian territories. During the Byzantine period the Macedonia proper corresponded to the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon. The Ottoman administration ignored the name of

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The migrations during the early Byzantine centuries also changed the meaning of the geographical term Macedonia, which seems to have moved to the east together with some of the non-Slavic population of the old Roman province. In the early 9th century an administrative unit (theme) of Makedonikon was

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The situation in Serbian Macedonia changed after the Communist Revolution in Russia (1918–1919). According to Sfetas, Comintern was handling Macedonia as a matter of tactics, depending on the political circumstances. In the early 1920s it supported the position for a single and independent Macedonia

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of 1908 proved a nationalistic movement thwarting the peoples' expectations of the empire's modernization and hastened the end of the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans. To this end, an alliance was struck among the Balkan states in Spring 1913. The First Balkan War, which lasted six weeks, commenced

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Macedonia was liberated in 1944, when the Red Army's advance in the Balkan Peninsula forced the German forces to retreat. The pre-war borders were restored under U.S. and British pressure because the Bulgarian government was insisting to keep its military units on Greek soil. The Bulgarian Macedonia

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with the cooperation of the Yugoslav leader Tito, who was ambitious enough to make plans for Greek Macedonia. For this he established the Anti-Fascistic Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) giving an actual liberating character to the whole region of Macedonia. Besides, KKE was

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was divided between Bulgaria and Italians which occupied West Macedonia. The Bulgarian occupation of Macedonia was technically viewed as interim administration in anticipation of a conclusive internationally recognized settlement of the legal status of the so-called "New Lands" after the end of the

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the boundaries of the region shifted yet again. When the German forces occupied the area, most of Yugoslav Macedonia and part of Aegean Macedonia were transferred for administration to Bulgaria. During the Bulgarian administration of Eastern Greek Macedonia, some 100,000 Bulgarian refugees from the

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in 1912. Disregarding public opinion in Bulgaria, which was in support of the establishment of an autonomous Macedonian province under a Christian governor, the Bulgarian government entered a pre-war treaty with Serbia which divided the region into two parts. The part of Macedonia west and north of

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in the hinterland of the Great City, and pushed on into Thessaloniki. However, on his return he was ambushed by the Slavo-Bulgars of Kuber, losing a great part of his army, booty, and subsequently his throne. Despite these temporary successes, rule in the region was far from stable since not all of

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and Dikili Tas in the Drama plain. Some of these sites were densely occupied and formed large mounds (known to the local inhabitants of the region today as 'toumbas'). Others were much less densely occupied and spread for as much as a kilometer (Makryialos). Both types are found at the same time in

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In the 2nd century, Macedonia covered approximately the area where it is considered to be today, but the northern regions of today Republic of North Macedonia were not identified as Macedonian lands. For reasons that are still unclear, over the next eleven centuries Macedonia's location was changed

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The Early Medieval Balkans. John Fine. Page 71: "In 688/89 the emperor Justinian II marched through Thrace where at least enough Byzantine rule had been restored for a theme administration to be established.... The purpose of the campaign was to punish the Bulgars and Slavs. Justinian successfully

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with the prospect that it would support the resistance against the Axis. In the meantime, the Bulgarians' violent repression led to loss of moral support from the civilian population. By the end of the war "a Macedonian national consciousness hardly existed beyond a general conviction, gained from

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The aim of the adversaries, however, was not primarily to extend their influence over Macedonia but merely to prevent Macedonia succumbing to the influence of the other. This often violent attempt to persuade the people that they belonged to one ethnic group or another pushed some people to reject

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changed the Balkan map again. The treaty restored Macedonia and Thrace to the Ottoman Empire. Serbia, Romania and Montenegro were granted full independence, and some territorial expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. Russia would maintain military advisors in Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia

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to 3500 BCE) is well represented by both excavated and unexcavated sites throughout the region (though in Eastern Macedonia levels of this period are still called Middle Neolithic according to the terminology used in the Balkans). Rapid changes in pottery styles, and the discovery of fragments of

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The end of the War did not bring peace to Greece and a strenuous civil war between the Government forces and EAM broke out with about 50,000 casualties for both sides. The defeat of the Communists in 1949 forced their Slav-speaking members to either leave Greece or fully adopt Greek language and

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In classical times, the region of Macedonia comprised parts of what at the time was known as Macedonia, Illyria and Thrace. Among others, in its lands were located the kingdoms of Paeonia, Dardania, Macedonia and Pelagonia, historical tribes like the Agrianes, and colonies of southern Greek city

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After this civil war, a large number of former ELAS fighters who took refuge in communist Bulgaria and Yugoslavia and described themselves as "ethnic Macedonians" were prohibited from reestablishing to their former estates by the Greek authorities. Most of them were accused in Greece for crimes

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Serbian policy had a distinct anti-Bulgarian flavor, attempting to prevent the Bulgarian influencing the inhabitants of Macedonia. On the other hand, Bulgaria was using the power of its religious institutions (Bulgarian Exarchate established in 1870) to promote its language and make more people

2519:, the "single prize of the first Balkan War" for whose status no prior agreements were done. In this case possession would be equal to acquisition. The Greek forces entered the city first liberating officially, a progress only positive for them. Glenny says: "for the Greeks it was a good war". 2248:

Baptizing Macedonian Slavs as Serbian or Bulgarian aimed therefore to justify these countries' territorial claims over Macedonia. The Greek side, with the assistance of the Patriarchate that was responsible for the schools, could more easily maintain control, because they were spreading Greek

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the status quo of Macedonia remained the same. The establishment of the 'Kingdom of Serbians, Croats and Slovenes' in 1918, which in 1929 was renamed 'Yugoslavia' (South Slavia) predicted no special regime for Skopje neither recognized any Macedonian national identity. In fact, the claims to

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with the exception of the later region where Macedonians are predominantly Muslim. In the 2011 Albanian census, 5,870 Albanian citizens declared themselves Macedonians. According to the latest Bulgarian census held in 2011, there are 561 people declaring themselves ethnic Macedonians in the

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During medieval and modern times, Macedonia has been known as a Balkan region inhabited by many ethnic groups. Today, as a frontier region where several very different cultures meet, Macedonia has an extremely diverse demographic profile. The current demographics of Macedonia include:

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it regained its independence. Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, the kingdom of Macedonia forcefully expanded, placing the whole of the region of Macedonia under their rule. Alexander's conquests produced a lasting extension of Hellenistic culture and thought across the ancient

1558:, who ruled it until his death in 297 BC. At the time, Macedonian control over the Thracoillyrian states of the region slowly waned, although the kingdom of Macedonia remained the most potent regional power. This period also saw several Celtic invasions into Macedonia. However, the 2184:

is not Greece; it is only a part, the smallest and poorest, of Greece. The Greek is not only he who inhabits the kingdom, but also he who lives in Ioannina, or Thessaloniki, or Serres, or Odrin" . He mentions cities and islands that were under Ottoman possession as composing the

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The restricted borders of the modern Greek state at its inception in 1830 disappointed the inhabitants of northern Greece (Epirus and Macedonia). Addressing these concerns in 1844, the Greek Prime Minister Kolettis addressed the constitutional assembly in Athens that "the

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very positive to the option of a greater Macedonia, including the Greek region, since it realized that a victory in the Greek Civil War was utopic. Later EAM and SNOF disagreed in issues of policy and they finally crashed and the latter was expelled from Greece (1944).

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in the late 14th century, the name of Macedonia disappeared as an administrative designation for several centuries and was rarely displayed on maps. The name was again revived to mean a distinct geographical region in the 19th century, defining the region bounded by

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The Slavic settlements organized themselves along tribal and territorially based lines which were referred to by Byzantine Greek historians as "Sklaviniai". The Sklaviniai continued to intermittently assault the Byzantine Empire, either independently, or aided by

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would join Yugoslav Macedonia and for this reason the population was forced to declare itself "Macedonian" in the 1946 census. This caused resentment and many people were imprisoned or interned in rural areas outside Pirin Macedonia. After Tito's split from the

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are another major ethnic group in the region. Ethnic Albanians make up the majority in certain northern and western parts of the Republic of North Macedonia, and account for 24.3% of the total population of the Republic of North Macedonia, according to the 2021

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The Treaty of Bucharest (August 1913) took off most of the Bulgarian conquests of the previous years. A large part of Macedonia became southern Serbia, including the territory of what today is the Republic of North Macedonia, and southern Macedonia became

1924:, which included all of Macedonia, northern and central Greece – excluding Thessaloniki, Athens and the Peloponnese. Dushan's empire however broke up shortly after his death in 1355. After his death local rulers in the regions of Macedonia were despot 1109: 644:

consisted of what is today Northern and Central Greece, much of the geographical area of the Republic of North Macedonia and southeast Albania. Simply put, the Romans created a much larger administrative area under that name than the original ancient

2221:, to return over half of its newly gained territory to the Ottoman Empire. This included Macedonia, a large part of which was given to Bulgaria, due to Russian pressure and the presence of significant numbers of Bulgarians and adherents to the 1864:

Intermittent Bulgarian uprisings continued to occur, often with the support of the Serbian princedoms to the north. Any temporary independence that might have been gained was usually crushed swiftly by the Byzantines. It was also marked by

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where they are mainly situated. There are small Bulgarian-identifying groups in Albania, Greece and the Republic of North Macedonia. In the Republic of North Macedonia, 3,504 people claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity in the 2021

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The farming economy of this period continued the practices established at the beginning of the Neolithic, although sheep and goats were less dominant among the animals than they had previously been, and the cultivation of vines

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and on the herding of sheep and goats, with some cattle and pigs. Hunting played a relatively minor role in the economy. Surviving from 7000 to 5500 BCE, this Early Neolithic settlement was occupied for over a thousand years.

1125: 1465:. Here a deep pit appeared to have been roofed to make a subterranean room; in it were successive layers of debris including large numbers of figurines, bulls' skulls, and pottery, including several rare and unusual shapes. 418:. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time; however, it came to be defined as the modern geographical region by the mid-19th century. Today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: all of 2668:

bitter experience, that rule from Sofia was as unpalatable as that from Belgrade. But if there were no Macedonian nation there was a Communist Party of Macedonia, around which the People's Republic of Macedonia was built".

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a significant number of the Slavs of Macedonia were captured and transferred to central Asia Minor where they were forced to recognize the authority of the Byzantine emperor and serve in his ranks. In the late 7th century,

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established in what is now Thrace (split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey) with Adrianopleas its capital. It was the birthplace of Emperor Basil I (867–886), the founder of the so-called Macedonian dynasty in Byzantinum.

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Engin Deniz Tanir, The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, pp. 99,

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R.J. Rodden and K.A. Wardle, Nea Nikomedia: The Excavation of an Early Neolithic Village in Northern Greece 1961–1964, Vol I, The Excavation and the Ceramic Assemblage, British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 25,

2572:(IMRO), under the protection of Comintern, promoted the idea of an independent Macedonia in a Federation of Balkan states, unifying all Macedonians. However, the possible participation of Bulgaria in a new war, on the 1981:

Since the middle of the 14th century, the Ottoman threat was looming in the Balkans, as the Ottomans defeated the various Christian principalities, whether Serb, Bulgarian or Greek. After the Ottoman victory in the

2706:). Elsewhere in Greek Macedonia, economic development after the war was brisk and the area rapidly became the most prosperous part of the region. The coast was heavily developed for tourism, particularly on the 2120:

Over the centuries Macedonia had become a multicultural region. The historical references mention Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Albanians, Gypsies, Jews, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians. It is often claimed that

1802:. The Bulgarian-Byzantine boundary in the beginning of 10th century passed approximately 20 km (12 mi) north of Thessaloniki according to the inscription of Narash. According to the Byzantine author 1777:

language was first transcribed, and are thus commonly referred to as the apostles of the Slavic world. Their cultural heritage was acquired and developed in medieval Bulgaria, where after 885 the region of

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they are also known as "Macedonian Slavs" and "Slav Macedonians" (Greek: Σλαβομακεδόνες, "Slavomakedones") in Greece, though this term can be viewed as derogatory by ethnic Macedonians, including those in

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The rise of the Albanian and the Turkish nationalism after 1908, however, prompted Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria to bury their differences with regard to Macedonia and to form a joint coalition against the

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in 1941, when German troops prepared to invade Greece from Romania reached the Bulgarian borders and demanded permission to pass through Bulgarian territory. Threatened by direct military confrontation,

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on a timber frame. The cultural assemblage includes well-made pottery in simple shapes with occasional decoration in white on a red background, clay female figurines of the 'rod-headed' type known from

2642:(National Liberation Front). Although many members of EAM were Slavic-speaking, they had either Bulgarian, Greek or distinct Macedonian conscience. To take advantage of the situation KKE established 2656:

surnames. The Slav minorities were discriminated against, and not even recognised as a minority. Since 1923 the only internationally recognized minority in Greece are the Muslims in Western Thrace.

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in a Balkan Soviet Democracy. Actually, the Soviets desired a common front of the Bulgarian communist agriculturists and the Bulgarian-Macedonian societies to destabilize the Balkan Peninsula. The

2878:(2010), "μακεδνός", in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 894 2421:

returned fairly rapidly to normality, but the Bulgarian patriots in Yugoslav Macedonia underwent a process of ethnic cleansing by the Belgrade authorities, and Greek Macedonia was ravaged by the

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style emphasises the settlement's southern orientation. Pottery of this date has been found at a number of sites in Central and Eastern Macedonia but so far none has been extensively excavated.

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Only a few burials have been discovered from the whole of the Neolithic period in northern Greece and no clear pattern can be deduced. Grave offerings, however, seem to have been very limited.

2377:, as a result of which Aegean Macedonia experienced a large addition to its population and became overwhelmingly Greek in ethnic composition. Serbian-ruled Macedonia was incorporated into the 2663:

had not developed a Partisan movement because of the Bulgarian occupation of a large part of that area. To improve the situation, in 1943 the Communist Party of Macedonia was established in

2125:, the fruit or vegetable salad, was named after the area's very mixed population, as it could be witnessed at the end of the 19th century. From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century the 3469: 2671:

Tito thus separated Yugoslav Macedonia from Serbia after the war. It became a republic of the new federal Yugoslavia (as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia) in 1946, with its capital at

2306:, without, specifying the division of the region, to promote problems between the allies. Dissatisfied with the creation of an autonomous Albanian state, which denied her access to the 2217:

until May 1879. Austria-Hungary was permitted to occupy Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. The Congress of Berlin also forced Bulgaria, newly given autonomy by the 1878

751:. Hence, Byzantine documents of this era that mention Macedonia are most probably referring to the Macedonian thema. The region of Macedonia, on the other hand, which was ruled by the 2698:" within the Greek state by both the US and Greece, and their existence as a minority was officially denied. Greeks were resettled in the region many of whom emigrated (especially to 2987: 2937: 956:), although there are small groups espousing ethnic Macedonian and Bulgarian national identities, however some groups reject all these ethnic designations and prefer terms such as 1713:, and launched campaigns to the region of Thessaloniki. When the Empire could spare imperial troops, it attempted to regain control of its lost Balkan territories. By the time of 1680:

became important trade and cultural centres. Despite the empire's power, from the beginning of the 6th century the Byzantine dominions were subject to frequent raids by various

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in 1918. After the destruction of the Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1922 Greece and Turkey exchanged most of Macedonia's Turkish minority and the Greek inhabitants of Thrace and

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Macedonia by the Byzantines... whereas the modern territory of R. of Macedonia was included in the theme of Bulgaria after the destruction of Samuels Bulgarian Empire in 1018.

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in 1371, most of Macedonia accepted vassalage to the Ottomans and by the end of the 14th century the Ottoman Empire gradually annexed the region. The final Ottoman capture of

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subdued many Slavs (taking many captives) and reached Thessaloniki. On his return toward Constantinople in 689 he was ambushed by the Bulgars who wiped out most of his army"

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in (171–168 BC), he lost his kingdom when he was defeated. Macedonia was initially divided into four republics subject to Rome before finally being annexed in 146 BC as a

873: 1513:. Whilst numerous wars are later recorded between the Illyrian and Macedonian Kingdoms, the Bryges might have co-existed peacefully with the Macedonians. In the time of 3756:

From a letter of Georgi Gogov, Voden, to G.S. Rakovski, Belgrade, regarding the abuses perpetrated by the Greek bishop Nikodim and his persecution of Bulgarian patriots

2401:, with the western parts of Yugoslav Macedonia being annexed to Italian-occupied Albania. The remainder of Greek Macedonia (including all of the coast) was occupied by 2606:

On 6 April 1941, despite having officially joined the Axis Powers, the Bulgarian government maintained a course of military passivity during the initial stages of the

1722:

again organized a massive expedition against the Sklaviniai and Bulgars of Macedonia. Launching from Constantinople, he subdued many Slavic tribes and established the

1384:(today's Greek Macedonia), date back 9,000 years. The houses at Nea Nikomedeia were constructed—as were most structures throughout the Neolithic in northern Greece—of 2325:, without consulting the government, and without any declaration of war, ordered Bulgarian troops to attack the Greek and Serbian troops in Macedonia, initiating the 3067:

Neuerdings hat man sich wiederum gewöhnt, den Namen M. im Sinne der Alten, d. h. für das jetzige Wilajet Saloniki und den Süden des Wilajets Monastir, zu gebrauchen.

3725:

Kaloudova, Yordanka. Documents on the situation of the population in the southwestern Bulgarian lands under Turkish rule, Военно-исторически сборник, 4, 1970, p. 72

3683:

From E. Livieratos & Chrys. Paliadeli, "European chartography and politics ..." (Ευρωπαϊκή χαρτογραφία και πολιτική. ...",) Thessaloniki, 2013, p. 141. In Greek

1873:

and Byzantium. The Normans launched offensives from their lands acquired in southern Italy, and temporarily gained rule over small areas in the northwestern coast.

2631:

as a way to achieve national unity. Two new oblasts (provinces) were formed and most public vacancies were filled up with representatives of the local population.

1554:, but his empire broke up on his death. His generals divided the empire between them, founding their own states and dynasties. The kingdom of Macedon was taken by 2569: 2255: 2244:, Paris 1890–1894. Henry Robert Wilkinson stated that this ethnic map, as most ethnic maps of that time, contained a pro-Bulgarian ethnographic view of Macedonia. 2157: 1537:

was centered somewhere between the southern slopes of Lower Olympus and the lowest reach of the Haliakmon River. Since 512/511 BCE, the kingdom of Macedonia was

2349:

and over 160 villages around Kilkis and Serres driving some 50,000 refugees into Bulgaria proper. The Bulgarian army retaliated by burning the Greek quarter of

1761:. Slavic influence in the region strengthened along with the rise of this state, which incorporated parts of the region to its domain in 837. In the early 860s 843: 3682: 3566:

Stella G. Souvatzi, A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An Anthropological Approach Series: Cambridge Studies in Archaeology, 2008, 217–220

3540:

Stella G. Souvatzi, A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An Anthropological Approach Series: Cambridge Studies in Archaeology, 2008, 166–178

3114:

Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002,

1697:

contingents. Around 680 AD a "Bulgar" group (which was largely composed of the descendants of former Roman Christians taken captive by the Avars), led by Khan

213: 2522:

The first Balkan War managed to liberate Balkans from Turks and settled the major issues except Macedonia. In the spring 1913 the Serbs and Greeks begun the '

3327: 3231: 2999:

The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term.

2691: 953: 3580: 3229:

Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Greece) – GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR (GHM)

1358: 2542: 2274:(Macedonian fighters), essentially to fight the Bulgarians. After that it was obvious that the Macedonian question could be answered only with a war. 1972: 2953:

Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD, Robin J. Fox, Robin Lane Fox, BRILL, 2011,

2639: 2603:, which officially happened on 1 March 1941. There was little popular opposition, since the Soviet Union was in a non-aggression pact with Germany. 2541:

Many volunteers from Macedonia joined Bulgarian army and participated in the battles against Bulgarian enemies in these wars—on the strength of the

1976: 1968: 1826: 3550:

in Northeast Greece, 1968–1970, vol. 2: The Final Report, Monumenta Archaeologica 20 (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, 2003),

2140:. Eventually, in the 20th century, 'Bulgarians' came to be understood as synonymous with 'Macedonian Slavs' and, eventually, 'ethnic Macedonians'. 4160: 4022:

The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence

3466: 3112:

The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism.

3010: 2397:

region were resettled there and perhaps as many Greeks were deported or fled to other parts of Greece. Western Aegean Macedonia was occupied by

1786:

for "first archbishop in Bulgarian language" with residence in this region. In conjunction with another disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius,

4155: 3061: 2201:. The important idea here is that for Greece, Macedonia was a region with large Greek populations expecting annexation to the new Greek state. 2136:

many Bulgarians from these regions supported the struggle for creation of Bulgarian cultural educational and religious institutions, including

1350: 1326: 1303: 1280: 1251:

was also introduced. Many ancient religious monuments, dedicated to Greek and Roman deities are preserved in this region. During the period of

495: 1912:, while the north was ruled by Bulgaria. After 1261 however, all of Macedonia returned to Byzantine rule, where it largely remained until the 4170: 4165: 3805: 2857: 2378: 3328:"Greek Helsinki Monitor – Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities" 1913: 1676:

c. 300 – 5th century AD. Despite this, other parts of the Byzantine empire continued to flourish, in particular some coastal cities such as

3894:

Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 1: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea

2832: 2250: 2126: 1354: 2634:

During the German occupation of Greece (1941–1944), the Greek Communist Party-KKE was the main resistance factor with its military branch

826:). They form the majority of the region's population (~51%). They number approximately 2,500,000 and, today, they live almost entirely in 2460: 2041: 3123: 2263: 3096: 877: 3145: 2951:

Macedonia. It was only revived during the Renaissance, when western scholars rediscovered the ancient Greek geographical terminology.

4083: 4062: 4030: 4006: 3985: 3950: 3926: 3902: 3877: 3853: 3829: 3661: 3601: 3555: 3258: 2507: 2482: 2107: 1806:, at that time the neighbouring settlements around Thessaloniki were inhabited by "Scythians" (Bulgarians) and the Slavic tribes of 387: 3190:

Although acceptable in the past, current use of this name in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered

830:. The Greek Macedonian population is mixed, with other indigenous groups and with a large influx of Greek refugees descending from 2171: 1853:

in 1018. The western part of Bulgaria including Macedonia was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire as the province of Bulgaria (

2962: 2792: 2623:

Second World War. Bulgarian administration greatly contributed to economic rebirth of the region – the poorest one in the former

1858: 809: 2896: 2181: 2088: 1817:

At the end of the 10th century, what is now the Republic of North Macedonia became the political and cultural heartland of the

529:, to which the modern region owes its name, lay entirely within the central and western parts of the current Greek province of 4101: 3198:. Pavlos Koufis, a native of Greek Macedonia, pioneer of ethnic Macedonian schools in the region and local historian, says in 3119: 3037: 3006: 2983: 2958: 2933: 2912: 2892: 2635: 2560: 2464: 2161: 2060: 2045: 1850: 1559: 1172: 986: 2564:

Macedonian identity remained silent at a propaganda level because, eventually, North Macedonia had been a Serbian conquest.

1299: 513: 3248: 1837:, Bulgaria was officially annexed to Byzantium. A new capital was established at Ohrid, which also became the seat of the 1321:

During the 19th century, religious life in the region was strongly influenced by rising national movements. Several major

1315: 442:. It covers approximately 67,000 square kilometres (25,869 sq mi) and has a population of around five million. 4150: 3531:

A.C. Renfrew, The autonomy of the south-east European Copper Age, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 35 1969: 12–47.

2165: 2067: 1955: 1881: 1562:

were each time successfully repelled by Cassander, and later Antigonus, leaving little overall influence on the region.

709: 3194:

and offensive by ethnic Macedonians. In the past, the Macedonian Slavs in Greece seemed relieved to be acknowledged as

1929: 856:) in an ethnic sense as well as in the regional sense. They are the second largest ethnic group in the region. Being a 4145: 4140: 2573: 1782:(present-day Republic of North Macedonia) became a significant ecclesiastical center with the nomination of the Saint 1487: 1180: 1176: 526: 880:. There has not been a census in Greece on the question of mother tongue since 1951, when the census recorded 41,017 3365:– Shkifov, Blagoy and Ekaterina Shklifova. Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia, Sofia 2003, pp. 28–36, 172 3363:Шклифов, Благой and Екатерина Шклифова, Български диалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, с. 28–36, 172 3044:

However, in the nineteenth century the term Macedonian was used almost exclusively to refer to the geographic region

2978:

Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010,

1286:

During the Middle Ages and up to 1767, western and northern regions of Macedonia were under the jurisdiction of the

872:

where according to the 2021 census, approximately 1,100,000 people declared themselves as Macedonians. In 1999, the

2837: 2680: 2149: 2133: 1762: 1657:. Around this time, vulgar Latin was introduced in the Balkans by Latin-speaking colonists and military personnel. 1338: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1201: 973: 849: 739: 668:

The maximum range of modern geographical region of Macedonia shown in blue (not generally accepted). The region is

641: 31: 3228: 2453: 2074: 2034: 3839: 3815: 2703: 2164:

in 1903, fighting for an autonomous or independent Macedonian state, and the Greek efforts from 1904 until 1908 (

2145: 889: 199: 2333:. However at the same time the Romanian army crossed the undefended northern border and easily advanced towards 1633:

sovereignty in the region was brought to an end at the hands of the rising power of Rome in the 2nd century BC.

2168:). Diplomatic intervention by the European powers led to plans for an autonomous Macedonia under Ottoman rule. 881: 224: 1790:, Clement created a flourishing Slavic cultural center around Ohrid, where pupils were taught theology in the 2056: 449:

Its oldest known settlements date back approximately to 7,000 BC. From the middle of the 4th century BC, the

3604:, p. 65. "There is no record of conflict between the Bryges and the local population; they are described as 2787: 2684: 2322: 2299: 1933: 1901: 1897: 1619: 1334: 1186: 669: 483: 1668:

successors. The population of the entire region was, however, depleted by destructive invasions of various

3210: 2847: 2817: 2765: 2725:, Bulgaria initially accepted the existence of a distinctive Macedonian identity. It had been agreed that 2607: 2213: 1838: 1818: 1758: 1287: 1248: 1244: 961: 876:

estimated a significant minority of ethnic Macedonians ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 that exist among the

752: 576: 553: 2675:. Tito also promoted the concept of a separate Macedonian nation, as a means of severing the ties of the 2624: 2511: 2382: 2370: 2218: 1866: 1799: 1642: 992: 1833:

and the Bulgarian Tsar Boris II were captured, and with the deposition of the Bulgarian regalia in the

1145: 521:

The definition of Macedonia has changed several times throughout history. Prior to its expansion under

1849:

and his successors, continued resistance against the Byzantines for several more decades, before also

1757:

There are no Byzantine records of "Sklaviniai" after 836/837 as they were absorbed into the expanding

3171:"Total resident population, households and dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, census 2021" 2807: 2208:

Map of the region contested by Serbia and Bulgaria and subject to the arbitration of the Russian Tsar

1752: 1650: 1638: 1595: 1571: 1538: 1302:. Both the Archbishopric of Ohrid and the Patriarchate of Peć became abolished and absorbed into the 1276: 1260: 1008: 978: 689: 658: 650: 603: 3888: 2875: 2822: 2410: 2267: 2259: 2222: 2137: 1905: 1791: 1774: 1770: 1634: 1603: 1330: 1240: 1047: 1000: 893: 819: 755:

throughout the 9th and the 10th century, was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire in 1018 as the

522: 462: 453:

became the dominant power on the Balkan Peninsula; since then Macedonia has had a diverse history.

148: 4075:

The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453

3845:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

2337:. Romania interfered in the war, in order to satisfy its territorial claims against Bulgaria. The 3960: 3001:

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013,

2812: 2797: 2535: 1846: 1646: 1641:(215–205 BC) was fairly successful for the Macedonians but Philip was decisively defeated in the 1526: 1252: 1221: 1193: 1165: 897: 865: 827: 748: 730: 677: 530: 450: 443: 184: 118: 3135:"Macedonia Redux", Eugene N. Borza, The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity 2907:

Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One, Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, BRILL, 2013,

2734:

this position was abandoned and the existence of a Macedonian ethnicity or language was denied.

1525:

River valley and the surrounding areas, in what is now the northern part of the Greek region of

3170: 3088: 3029: 3023: 1876:

At the end of the 12th century, some northern parts of Macedonia were temporarily conquered by

4079: 4058: 4026: 4002: 3981: 3946: 3936: 3922: 3898: 3873: 3849: 3825: 3801: 3657: 3597: 3551: 3435:"Minorités en Albanie : les Macédoniens craignent la réorganisation territoriale du pays" 3362: 3343: 3254: 3115: 3092: 3033: 3002: 2979: 2954: 2929: 2908: 2888: 2842: 2827: 2326: 2258:(VMRO) aiming to confront the Serbian and Greek action in Macedonia. VMRO hoped to answer the 2081: 1983: 1854: 1744: 1546: 1542: 1501:

states. Prior to the Macedonian ascendancy, parts of southern Macedonia were populated by the

1272: 1213: 1099:

Ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900 (

1043: 789: 611: 103: 4054:

The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors

3762:, Vacalopulos, Konstandinos A. Modern history of Macedonia, Thessaloniki 1988, pp. 52, 57, 64 3411: 3397: 3303: 517:

Borders of Macedonia, based on the Roman province, according to different authors (1843–1927)

3080: 2687:. The Communist Party sought to deter pro-Bulgarian sentiment, which was punished severely. 2611: 2501: 2295: 2198: 2122: 1949: 1925: 1909: 1889: 1822: 1783: 1740: 1736: 1665: 1623: 1514: 1307: 1205: 1197: 781: 756: 592: 415: 411: 337: 163: 2928:

Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,

2510:

was welcomed by the Balkan states, as it promised to restore their European territory. The

995:

are ethnic Bulgarians who self-identify regionally as "Macedonians" (Bulgarian: Mакедонци,

964:

are an officially recognised minority in Albania and are primarily concentrated around the

4016: 3863: 3473: 3235: 2802: 2779: 2726: 2714: 2676: 2660: 2628: 2619: 2600: 2422: 1803: 1795: 1766: 1748: 1694: 1637:

took his kingdom to war against the Romans in two wars during his reign (221–179 BC). The

1599: 1530: 1506: 1385: 1004: 982: 900:, although the people themselves call their native language a variety of terms, including 869: 734: 681: 623: 419: 249: 3821:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

3618: 58:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3794: 3712: 2596: 2523: 2386: 2350: 2338: 2287: 2277: 2194: 2141: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1921: 1885: 1877: 1654: 1471: 1418: 1398: 1377: 1373: 1322: 1233: 1023: 929: 913: 885: 839: 793: 133: 4134: 3081: 2751: 2527: 2406: 2303: 1917: 1394: 1059: 1031: 969: 773: 768: 717: 534: 3455: 3912: 3789: 3755: 3384: 3290: 2718: 2695: 2585: 2516: 2402: 2393: 2385:) in 1918. Yugoslav Macedonia was subsequently subjected to an intense process of " 2330: 1987: 1893: 1834: 1719: 1677: 1661: 1611: 1446: 1311: 1150: 860: 400: 17: 3751:

Journal Bulgarski knizhitsi, Constantinople, No. 10 May 1858, p. 19, in English –

3631:

N.G.L. Hammond, "Connotations of 'Macedonia' and of 'Macedones' Until 323 B. C.",

3434: 2313: 2175:

Evolution of the territory of Greece. The 'Macedonia' shown is the Greek province.

1492: 1325:

disputes arose in the region of Macedonia, main of them being schisms between the

653:, consisting of most of modern mainland Greece right across the Aegean to include 505: 4073: 4052: 4041: 4020: 3996: 3975: 3964: 3940: 3916: 3892: 3867: 3843: 3819: 3467:

Only 0.2 % Macedonians live in Albania according to the Albanian authorities

3380: 3286: 3247:

Cowan, Jane K.; Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte; Wilson, Richard A. (29 November 2001).

2618:

outlet in Thrace and Eastern Macedonia and much of eastern Serbia. The so-called

1275:, and in 535 his jurisdiction was reduced to the administrative territory of the 3977:

Le Christianisme sur le sol de l'Illyricum oriental jusqu'à l'arrivée des Slaves

3695: 2852: 2731: 2591: 2554: 2442: 2204: 2023: 1714: 1681: 1615: 1458: 1369: 1161: 857: 697: 664: 545: 468: 2281:

Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912–1913)

2236: 1255:, ecclesiastical structure was established in the region of Macedonia, and the 3740: 3191: 2741: 2615: 2186: 1944: 1842: 1807: 1787: 1590: 1189: 1131:

Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1918 (

1115:

Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1910 (

1063: 1039: 896:, with the exception of some eastern dialects which can also be classified as 831: 797: 701: 649:. In late Roman times, the provincial boundaries were reorganized to form the 627: 404: 4116: 4103: 3759: 3752: 3724: 2887:

The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives, Stephanie Lynn Budin, ABC-CLIO, 2004,

2722: 2707: 2699: 1811: 1710: 1702: 1555: 1551: 1510: 1422: 1376:

with the oldest European humanoid), the earliest known settlements, such as

1051: 1015: 822:

self-identify culturally and regionally as "Macedonians" (Greek: Μακεδόνες,

619: 607: 596: 588: 580: 2369:. The region was, however, restored to Greece following the victory of the 1576: 1533:, and a small part of western Bulgaria. By 500 BCE, the ancient kingdom of 1425:

Valley in western Macedonia, where the typical red-on-cream pottery in the

1225: 2374: 2358: 2307: 2003: 1963:

of Macedonia (Carte d'une partie de la Macedoine) by Piere Lapie (1826).

1706: 1607: 1450: 1390: 1027: 835: 685: 584: 561: 557: 427: 261: 3773:

Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia

1156: 2659:

Yugoslav Macedonia was the only region where Yugoslav communist leader

2467: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2425:, which broke out in December 1944 and did not end until October 1949. 2048: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1870: 1830: 1690: 1630: 1534: 1518: 1461:-Topolnica, which straddles the Greek Bulgarian border to the north of 1381: 1229: 785: 693: 646: 615: 569: 565: 549: 431: 273: 3056: 1664:

into west and east in 298 AD, Macedonia came under the rule of Rome's

2672: 2664: 2414: 2366: 2346: 2342: 1522: 1502: 1462: 1426: 1295: 1291: 1217: 1209: 965: 777: 744: 713: 705: 673: 439: 435: 423: 407: 297: 285: 237: 30:

This article is about the supra-national region. For other uses, see

3305:

The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World

2365:

occupied the eastern part of Greek Macedonia, including the port of

1521:, whose exact boundaries are obscure, originally included the whole 1645:

in (200–197 BC). Although he survived war with Rome, his successor

952:("old"). Most Slavic-speakers declare themselves as ethnic Greeks ( 3897:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 2409:

happened here when 60,000 Jews from Thessaloniki were deported to

2398: 2354: 2341:

also interfered, easily reassuming control of Eastern Thrace with

2334: 2312: 2276: 2235: 2203: 2170: 2007: 1954: 1943: 1779: 1698: 1669: 1589: 1575: 1491: 1155: 1144: 1035: 663: 654: 512: 504: 2643: 1998:

for nearly 500 years, during which time it gained a substantial

1673: 1055: 3869:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

2156:

the Turks and one another. The most important of these was the

3398:"2002 U.S. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Greece" 2436: 2017: 1368:

While Macedonia shows signs of human habitation as old as the

218:

2009 topographical map of the geographical region of Macedonia

38: 2262:

through a revolutionary movement, and so they instigated the

1825:

conquered the eastern part of the Bulgarian state during the

478:

are morphologically derived from the Ancient Greek adjective

2006:

population following the expulsions of Jews after 1492 from

1649:(reigned 179–168 BC) did not; having taken Macedon into the 1271:

also became the senior ecclesiastical primate of the entire

892:

spoken by these people are nowadays typically classified as

548:: Macedonian Kingdom of Emathia consisting of six provinces 3760:

Newspaper Makedonia, Constantinople, No. 26, May 27th, 1867

3596:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, 3178:

State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia

1857:) and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was reduced in rank to an 370: 367: 361: 3737:

Recueil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux

888:

periphery of Greece. The linguistic classification of the

4043:

The Macedonian Question: The Struggle for Southern Serbia

800:, developing roughly the same borders that it has today. 446:

comprises about half of Macedonia's area and population.

352: 346: 3775:. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 1951, pp. 73–74. 3065:(in German). Leipzig: Zeno.org. 1905. pp. 488–491. 2002:

minority. Thessaloniki later become the home of a large

1457:

Remarkable evidence for cult activity has been found at

1306:

in the middle of the 18th century. During the period of

767:

With the gradual conquest of southeastern Europe by the

3608:("fellow inhabitant" or neighbors) of the Macedonians." 852:

self-identify as "Macedonians" (Macedonian: Македонци,

579:: All the above provinces plus the eastern annexations 4025:(1. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3656:

The Celts. A history. Daithi O Hogain. Boydell Press.

2429:

committed during the period of the German occupation.

533:

and consisted of 17 provinces/districts or eparchies (

191: 4057:. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection. 4046:. Chicago: The American Institute for Balkan Affairs. 3848:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1769:

brothers from Thessaloniki, created the first Slavic

388: 364: 349: 340: 3942:

The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453

1916:. Taking advantage of this conflict, the Serb ruler 1580:

Roman provinces in the Balkans including Macedonia,

1318:

remained the dominant religion of local population.

1290:. Northern fringes of the region (areas surrounding 1079:

Distribution of ethnic groups in Macedonia in 1892 (

358: 2302:in May 1913 assigned the whole of Macedonia to the 1243:, main religion in the region of Macedonia was the 355: 343: 321: 316: 308: 303: 223: 80: 3921:(Second ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd. 3793: 3644: 3594:In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon 3485: 3376:Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece 3282:Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece 868:. They form the majority of the population in the 482:meaning "tall, slim", and are related to the term 3202:(Folklore of Florina and Kastoria), Athens 1996: 3025:History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century 2576:side, ended the Soviet support some years later. 2152:as one of the founders of the Macedonian nation. 2014:Birth of nationalism and of Macedonian identities 606:: All the above provinces plus the appendages of 3796:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 3348:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2433:Macedonia in the Balkan Wars, World War I and II 1904:. Most of southern Macedonia was secured by the 999:). They represent the bulk of the population of 737:, which was well east of the Struma River. This 140: 3146:"Διδακτικά Βιβλία του Παιδαγωγικού Ινστιτούτου" 2240:Ethnic composition of the Balkans according to 2144:, a philologist and publicist, wrote his work " 1417:to 4500 BCE) is at present best represented at 1185:Most present-day inhabitants of the region are 1081:Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik 176: 110: 3980:. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. 3872:Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 3414:. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 3083:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 2570:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 2256:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 2158:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 1990:(1430) was seen as the prelude to the fall of 1279:. Later it came under the jurisdiction of the 842:in the early 20th century. This is due to the 95: 1509:) Macedonia, was inhabited by Macedonian and 1247:. After the Roman conquest of Macedonia, the 1007:"). They number approximately 250,000 in the 844:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 792:, the lower course of the river Mesta (Greek 169: 155: 8: 3635:, New Series, Vol. 45, No. 1, (1995), p. 122 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 27:Geographical and historical region in Europe 3824:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 3696:"J. Fraser – Pictures from the Balkans – 1" 3330:. Archived from the original on 23 May 2003 3079:Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah, eds. (2008). 1212:minorities are present among the Albanian, 661:, and most of Republic of North Macedonia. 125: 3995:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). 3918:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 3497: 2838:History of the Republic of North Macedonia 1359:History of the Republic of North Macedonia 1085:German Bevieiofor Geography and Statistics 77: 3800:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3741:http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4 2543:Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps 2483:Learn how and when to remove this message 2353:and by arming Muslims from the region of 2108:Learn how and when to remove this message 1994:itself. Macedonia remained a part of the 1973:Vardar Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire 1314:was also recorded. In spite of that, the 509:The kingdom of Macedon with its provinces 3509: 2683:was established, splitting off from the 2193:) which meant the reconstruction of the 1977:Demographic history of Ottoman Macedonia 1969:Greek Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire 1701:(theorized to have belonged to the same 1101:Institute and Museum of Military History 3739:. III, p. 331 – a passage in English – 2868: 2127:Slavic-speaking population in Macedonia 1298:) had temporary jurisdiction under the 1069: 315: 312:67,000 km (26,000 sq mi) 302: 222: 210: 93: 3433:Naumovski, Jaklina (25 January 2014). 3341: 3028:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2148:" (1903), for which he is heralded by 1351:History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) 1327:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1304:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1281:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 496:History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) 4078:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 2858:List of homonymous states and regions 2694:were seen as a potentially disloyal " 2677:Slav population of Yugoslav Macedonia 2379:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1884:. In the 13th century, following the 320: 307: 7: 2465:adding citations to reliable sources 2129:was identified mostly as Bulgarian. 2046:adding citations to reliable sources 1355:History of modern Macedonia (Greece) 731:province under the name of Macedonia 463:Makedon (mythology) § Etymology 3378:Helsinki Human Rights Watch. p. 37 3284:Helsinki Human Rights Watch. p. 39 3062:Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon 1920:expanded his realm and founded the 1496:Expansion of Macedon into a kingdom 1149:Saint Gregory Palamas Cathedral in 1482:Ancient Macedonia (500 to 146 BCE) 878:Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia 25: 3200:Laografika Florinas kai Kastorias 1936:in western regions of Macedonia. 1119:by William R. Shepherd, New York) 1066:) can also be found in Macedonia. 540:Expansion of Kingdom of Macedon: 4051:Soulis, George Christos (1984). 3998:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 2793:Demographic history of Macedonia 2772: 2758: 2744: 2441: 2417:. Only a few thousand survived. 2160:, which organized the so-called 2022: 1948:Contemporary Ottoman map or the 1928:in eastern Macedonia, and kings 1914:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 1794:language and the Glagolitic and 1124: 1108: 1092: 1072: 810:Demographic history of Macedonia 336: 290: 278: 266: 254: 242: 230: 212: 43: 4001:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2452:needs additional citations for 2405:. One of the worst episodes of 2033:needs additional citations for 1888:, Macedonia was disputed among 1705:as the Danubian Bulgarian khan 733:was carved out of the original 4161:Historical regions in Bulgaria 4072:Stanković, Vlada, ed. (2016). 3966:History of the Byzantine State 3645:Roisman & Worthington 2010 3486:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1991 3253:. Cambridge University Press. 2599:had no choice but to join the 2508:collapse of the Ottoman Empire 2389:" during the 1920s and 1930s. 2162:Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising 1604:Macedonia Secunda or Salutaris 1505:, while western, (i. e., 1333:(1872), and later between the 1173:Religion in Macedonia (Greece) 987:ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria 962:Macedonian minority in Albania 672:by the national boundaries of 1: 4156:Historical regions in Albania 4040:Slijepčević, Đoko M. (1958). 3619:"Paeonia – historical region" 2690:Across the border in Greece, 2321:In June 1913, Bulgarian Tsar 2242:Atlas Général Vidal-Lablanche 1896:crusaders of the short-lived 1841:. A new dynasty, that of the 1827:Rus'–Byzantine War of 970–971 1598:, including the provinces of 1581: 1438: 1411: 1410:The Middle Neolithic period ( 1316:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 4171:Historical regions in Serbia 4166:Historical regions in Greece 3974:Popović, Radomir V. (1996). 3647:, pp. 135–138, 342–345. 3087:. Elsevier Science. p. 2317:Macedonia's division in 1913 2166:Greek Struggle for Macedonia 743:variously included parts of 587:and the western annexations 2803:Republic of North Macedonia 2251:Slavic-speaking Macedonians 1821:, after Byzantine emperors 1531:Republic of North Macedonia 1488:Macedonia (ancient kingdom) 1437:The Late Neolithic period ( 1372:period (among which is the 1300:Serbian Patriarchate of Peć 1181:Religion in Pirin Macedonia 1177:Religion in North Macedonia 870:Republic of North Macedonia 729:In the Byzantine Empire, a 682:Republic of North Macedonia 642:Roman province of Macedonia 170: 4187: 3969:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 3022:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 2833:History of Greek Macedonia 2681:Macedonian Orthodox Church 2679:with Bulgaria. A separate 2583: 2552: 2499: 2134:Bulgarian National Revival 1966: 1763:Saints Cyril and Methodius 1734: 1606:(periodically abolished), 1569: 1485: 1348: 1339:Macedonian Orthodox Church 1269:archbishop of Thessaloniki 1170: 985:). The official number of 974:Eastern Orthodox Christian 807: 493: 490:Boundaries and definitions 460: 29: 2721:loyalist and head of the 2146:On the Macedonian Matters 1814:, in addition to Greeks. 1660:With the division of the 1263:of the Roman province of 944:("Bulgarian") along with 933: 917: 747:and gave its name to the 525:, the ancient kingdom of 211: 156: 141: 126: 111: 52:This article needs to be 3771:Henry Robert Wilkinson: 1829:. The Bulgarian capital 936:, "local/indigenous "), 3633:The Classical Quarterly 2788:Macedonia (terminology) 2685:Serbian Orthodox Church 2057:"Macedonia" region 1902:revived Bulgarian state 1898:Kingdom of Thessalonica 1335:Serbian Orthodox Church 430:, and smaller parts of 192: 177: 3694:Karloukovski, Vassil. 3219: 3211:Greek Helsinki Monitor 3207: 2848:Macedonian nationalism 2818:History of the Balkans 2766:North Macedonia portal 2608:invasion of Yugoslavia 2318: 2282: 2245: 2209: 2197:or the revival of the 2176: 1964: 1952: 1839:Bulgarian Patriarchate 1819:First Bulgarian Empire 1798:at what is now called 1759:First Bulgarian Empire 1627: 1587: 1497: 1337:and the newly created 1329:and the newly created 1288:Archbishopric of Ohrid 1249:Ancient Roman religion 1245:Ancient Greek religion 1168: 1153: 874:Greek Helsinki Monitor 753:First Bulgarian Empire 721: 518: 510: 96: 89:Expand for local names 3577:The Peloponnesian War 3374:Lois Whitman (1994): 3280:Lois Whitman (1994): 3215: 3203: 3150:www.greek-language.gr 3059:[Macedonia]. 2625:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 2512:Young Turk Revolution 2383:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 2316: 2280: 2239: 2219:Treaty of San Stefano 2207: 2195:classical Greek world 2189:(Greek: Μεγάλη Ιδέα, 2174: 2132:During the period of 1967:Further information: 1958: 1947: 1800:Ohrid Literary School 1735:Further information: 1643:Second Macedonian War 1593: 1579: 1495: 1239:During the period of 1192:, principally of the 1159: 1148: 993:Macedonian Bulgarians 667: 516: 508: 494:Further information: 322: • Estimate 3945:. London: Cardinal. 3889:Oikonomides, Nicolas 3840:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 3816:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 3302:Danforth, Loring M. 2876:Beekes, Robert S. P. 2808:Blagoevgrad Province 2590:Bulgaria joined the 2461:improve this article 2361:of Greek civilians. 2042:improve this article 1753:Thessalonica (theme) 1651:Third Macedonian War 1639:First Macedonian War 1596:Diocese of Macedonia 1572:Macedonia (province) 1475:) is well attested. 1277:Diocese of Macedonia 1261:metropolitan diocese 1009:Blagoevgrad Province 979:Blagoevgrad Province 840:East Thracian Greeks 690:Blagoevgrad Province 657:, southern Albania, 651:Diocese of Macedonia 626:to the east and the 4151:Geography of Europe 4113: / 3961:Ostrogorsky, George 3472:18 May 2014 at the 3234:23 May 2003 at the 2823:History of Bulgaria 2561:Macedonian Campaign 2411:extermination camps 2268:Macedonian Struggle 2260:Macedonian question 2223:Bulgarian Exarchate 2138:Bulgarian Exarchate 1930:Vukašin Mrnjavčević 1906:Despotate of Epirus 1792:Old Church Slavonic 1775:Old Church Slavonic 1771:Glagolitic alphabet 1635:Philip V of Macedon 1331:Bulgarian Exarchate 1257:see of Thessaloniki 1241:classical antiquity 1202:Macedonian Orthodox 1160:Monasteries of the 1133:National Geographic 1022:Smaller numbers of 1001:Bulgarian Macedonia 640:significantly. The 523:Alexander the Great 18:Region of Macedonia 4146:Historical regions 4141:Macedonia (region) 3937:Obolensky, Dimitri 3456:minorityrights.org 3437:. Balkan Courriers 3250:Culture and Rights 2813:History of Albania 2798:Macedonia (Greece) 2559:After World War I 2319: 2283: 2246: 2214:Congress of Berlin 2210: 2177: 1965: 1953: 1731:Medieval Macedonia 1709:), settled in the 1647:Perseus of Macedon 1628: 1588: 1498: 1253:Early Christianity 1208:Churches. Notable 1194:Bulgarian Orthodox 1169: 1166:Macedonia (Greece) 1154: 972:and are primarily 850:Ethnic Macedonians 749:Macedonian dynasty 722: 659:southwest Bulgaria 612:Macedonian Paeonia 519: 511: 451:Kingdom of Macedon 309: • Total 3807:978-0-521-81539-0 3592:Borza, Eugene N. 3180:. pp. 32–33. 2843:History of Serbia 2828:History of Greece 2651:Post–World War II 2545:and other units. 2493: 2492: 2485: 2327:Second Balkan War 2182:Kingdom of Greece 2118: 2117: 2110: 2092: 1984:Battle of Maritsa 1940:Ottoman Macedonia 1934:Marko Mrnjavčević 1855:Theme of Bulgaria 1745:Macedonia (theme) 1547:battle of Plataia 1273:Eastern Illyricum 1044:Megleno-Romanians 954:Slavophone Greeks 820:Macedonian Greeks 757:Themе of Bulgaria 422:, large parts of 329: 328: 73: 72: 16:(Redirected from 4178: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4089: 4068: 4047: 4036: 4017:Runciman, Steven 4012: 3991: 3970: 3956: 3932: 3913:Nicol, Donald M. 3908: 3883: 3864:Meyendorff, John 3859: 3835: 3811: 3799: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3749: 3743: 3733: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3700:www.kroraina.com 3691: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3590: 3584: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3464: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3400:. 31 March 2003. 3393: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3299: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3244: 3238: 3226: 3220: 3196:Slavomacedonians 3188: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3167: 3154: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3086: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3019: 3013: 2996: 2990: 2972: 2966: 2947: 2941: 2922: 2916: 2905: 2899: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2612:Battle of Greece 2502:First Balkan War 2488: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2445: 2437: 2300:Treaty of London 2296:First Balkan War 2264:Ilinden Uprising 2199:Byzantine Empire 2113: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2050: 2026: 2018: 1950:Salonica Vilayet 1910:Empire of Nicaea 1908:and then by the 1890:Byzantine Greeks 1823:John I Tzimiskes 1784:Clement of Ohrid 1741:Bulgaria (theme) 1737:Byzantine Empire 1711:Pelagonian plain 1586: 1583: 1545:, but after the 1515:Classical Greece 1443: 1440: 1416: 1413: 1406:Middle Neolithic 1310:rule, a partial 1206:Serbian Orthodox 1187:Eastern Orthodox 1128: 1117:Historical Atlas 1112: 1096: 1076: 1003:(also known as " 948:("our own") and 935: 919: 908:("Macedonian"), 884:, mostly in the 416:Southeast Europe 412:Balkan Peninsula 395: 391: 386: 385: 384: 383: 376: 373: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 296: 294: 293: 284: 282: 281: 272: 270: 269: 260: 258: 257: 248: 246: 245: 236: 234: 233: 216: 203: 200:Megleno Romanian 195: 188: 180: 173: 167: 159: 158: 152: 144: 143: 137: 129: 128: 122: 114: 113: 107: 99: 90: 78: 68: 65: 59: 47: 46: 39: 21: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4131: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4015: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3973: 3959: 3953: 3935: 3929: 3911: 3905: 3891:, eds. (1991). 3887:Nesbitt, John; 3886: 3880: 3862: 3856: 3838: 3832: 3814: 3808: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3750: 3746: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3591: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3498:Meyendorff 1989 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3474:Wayback Machine 3465: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3236:Wayback Machine 3227: 3223: 3189: 3185: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3157: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3021: 3020: 3016: 2997: 2993: 2973: 2969: 2948: 2944: 2923: 2919: 2906: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2780:Bulgaria portal 2778: 2773: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2727:Pirin Macedonia 2715:Georgi Dimitrov 2661:Josip Broz Tito 2653: 2629:Vardar Banovina 2620:Vardar Banovina 2601:Tripartite pact 2588: 2582: 2557: 2551: 2536:northern Greece 2504: 2498: 2489: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2458: 2446: 2435: 2423:Greek Civil War 2357:which led to a 2114: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2051: 2049: 2039: 2027: 2016: 2004:Sephardi Jewish 1979: 1942: 1804:John Kaminiates 1796:Cyrillic script 1767:Byzantine Greek 1755: 1749:Strymon (theme) 1733: 1724:Theme of Thrace 1600:Macedonia Prima 1594:The late Roman 1584: 1574: 1568: 1566:Roman Macedonia 1511:Illyrian tribes 1490: 1484: 1441: 1435: 1414: 1408: 1386:wattle and daub 1366: 1364:Early Neolithic 1361: 1347: 1183: 1143: 1136: 1129: 1120: 1113: 1104: 1097: 1088: 1077: 1005:Pirin Macedonia 983:Pirin Macedonia 890:Slavic dialects 882:Slavic-speakers 866:Greek Macedonia 828:Greek Macedonia 812: 806: 765: 735:Theme of Thrace 727: 710:Prohor Pčinjski 678:Greek Macedonia 637: 503: 498: 492: 465: 459: 444:Greek Macedonia 420:North Macedonia 393: 389: 380: 379: 378: 339: 335: 291: 289: 288: 279: 277: 276: 267: 265: 264: 255: 253: 252: 250:North Macedonia 243: 241: 240: 231: 229: 219: 207: 206: 197: 182: 161: 146: 131: 116: 101: 92: 91: 88: 83: 76: 69: 63: 60: 57: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4133: 4132: 4096: 4095:External links 4093: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4048: 4037: 4031: 4013: 4007: 3992: 3986: 3971: 3957: 3951: 3933: 3927: 3909: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3860: 3854: 3836: 3830: 3812: 3806: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3764: 3744: 3728: 3717: 3705: 3686: 3675: 3665: 3649: 3637: 3624: 3610: 3585: 3568: 3559: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3459: 3448: 3425: 3403: 3388: 3367: 3355: 3319: 3294: 3273: 3259: 3239: 3221: 3183: 3155: 3137: 3128: 3104: 3098:978-0080877747 3097: 3071: 3048: 3038: 3014: 2991: 2967: 2942: 2917: 2915:, pp. 278–279. 2900: 2880: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 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