Dialect - Knowledge (XXG)

2184: 854:, are considered siblings. Dutch and German are siblings in the West-Germanic language group. Some language siblings are closer to each other in terms of linguistic distance than to other linguistic siblings. French and Spanish, siblings in the Romance Branch of the Indo-European group, are closer to each other than they are to any of the languages of the West-Germanic group. When languages are close in terms of linguistic distance, they resemble one another, hence why dialects are not considered linguistically distant to their parent language. 842:. For a variety to be considered a dialect, the linguistic distance between the two varieties must be low. Linguistic distance between spoken or written forms of language increases as the differences between the forms are characterized. For example, two languages with completely different syntactical structures would have a high linguistic distance, while a language with very few differences from another may be considered a dialect or a sibling of that language. Linguistic distance may be used to determine 1293:) status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. The term "dialect" used this way implies a political connotation, being mostly used to refer to low-prestige languages (regardless of their actual degree of distance from the national language), languages lacking institutional support, or those perceived as "unsuitable for writing". The designation "dialect" is also used popularly to refer to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas, where the term " 918: 302: 252: 2040:, or French speaker than with an Italian or Sicilian speaker. Meanwhile, a Sicilian-speaking person would have a greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language, but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic, a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language. 312: 693: 50: 2819:«Parlata propria di un ambiente geografico e culturale ristretto (come la regione, la provincia, la città o anche il paese): contrapposta a un sistema linguistico affine per origine e sviluppo, ma che, per diverse ragioni (politiche, letterarie, geografiche, ecc.), si è imposto come lingua letteraria e ufficiale». Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). 2229:. According to these claims, the differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, in reality the dialects in Ukraine were developing independently from the dialects in the modern Russia for several centuries, and as a result they differed substantially. 933:. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of 866:: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety has sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other dialect; otherwise, they are said to be different languages. However, this definition has often been criticized, especially in the case of a 2175:. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. 4267:

Similarly, Bulgarian politicians often argue that Macedonian is simply a dialect of Bulgarian – which is really a way of saying, of course, that they feel Macedonia ought to be part of Bulgaria. From a purely linguistic point of view, however, such arguments are not resolvable, since dialect continua

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Though mostly mutually unintelligible, the exact degree to which all the Italian languages are mutually unintelligible varies, often correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers between the languages; some regional Italian languages that are closer in geographical proximity to each

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25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question "what is a language?" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which

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used this way implies a political connotation, often being used to refer to non-standardized "low-prestige" languages (regardless of their actual degree of distance from the national language) of limited geographic distribution, languages lacking institutional support, or even those considered to be

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There are three geographical zones in which Arabic is spoken (Jastrow 2002). Zone I is categorized as the area in which Arabic was spoken before the rise of Islam. It is the Arabian Peninsula, excluding the areas where southern Arabian was spoken. Zone II is categorized as the areas to which Arabic

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is defined as a central variety together with a collection of varieties whose speakers can understand the central variety at a specified threshold level (usually between 70% and 85%) or higher. It is not required that peripheral varieties be understood by speakers of the central variety or of other

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National boundaries sometimes make the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" may be seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group

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is credited with having facilitated the diffusion of Italian among the less educated conscripted soldiers, as these men, who had been speaking various regional languages up until then, found themselves forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military.

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Others have argued that mutual intelligibility occurs in varying degrees, and the potential difficulty in distinguishing between intelligibility and prior familiarity with the other variety. However, recent research suggests that there is some empirical evidence in favor of using some form of the

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Sociolinguists agree that in such situations the decision as to whether a particular variety of speech constitutes a language or a dialect is always based on political, rather than linguistic criteria (Trudgill 1974:15). A language, in other words, can be defined "as a dialect with an army and a

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There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction between dialect and language is therefore subjective and

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The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than in the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment.

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and based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations or prevalence and prominence. In a similar way, the definitions of the terms "language" and "dialect" may overlap and are often subject to debate, with the differentiation between the two classifications often grounded in

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should be considered "a kind" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendants of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends upon which university they represent. Another example is

2106:, which regards it as a language in its own right. Before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the South Slavic dialect continuum covering the area of today's North Macedonia were referred to as 2183: 1435:

dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is only spoken in education, partially in media, and with foreigners not possessing knowledge of Swiss German. Most Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language.

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also known as a "standardized language" is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include any or all of the following: government recognition or designation; formal presentation in schooling as the "correct" form of a language; informal monitoring of everyday

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Today, the majority of Italian nationals are able to speak Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region.

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status of a non-national language to the country's single official language. In other words, these "dialects" are not actual dialects in the same sense as in the first usage, as they do not derive from the politically dominant language and are therefore not one of its

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class, comes to be identified as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts, the term "dialect" refers specifically to varieties with low

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has increased the number of Italian speakers and decreased the number of speakers of other languages native to Italy, Italians in different regions have developed variations of standard Italian specific to their region. These variations of standard Italian, known as

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with the latter, "dialects" under this second definition are separate languages from the standard or national language. Under this definition, the standard or national language would not itself be considered a dialect, as it is the dominant language in terms of

3662: 1666:", would thus more appropriately be called dialects in accordance with the first linguistic definition of the term, as they are in fact derived from Italian, with some degree of influence from the local or regional native languages and accents. 1407:

is only used for the traditional regional varieties. That allows them to be distinguished from the regional varieties of modern standard German. The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Some of them are not mutually intelligible.

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that do not always give hints to their pronunciation. Although the written characters have remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions have developed to an extent that the

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A geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect (alternative terms include 'regionalect', 'geolect', and 'topolect'). According to this definition, any variety of a given language can be classified as "a dialect", including any

651:; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a normative spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature (be it prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.) that uses it. An example of a standardized language is the 1378:. The Egyptian, Sudanese, and Levantine dialects (including the Syrian dialect) are well documented, and widely spoken and studied. Zone III comprises the areas in which Arabic is spoken outside of the continuous Arabic Language area. 904:

as a central variety together with all those varieties whose speakers understand the central variety at a specified threshold level or higher. If the threshold level is high, usually between 70% and 85%, the cluster is designated as a

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in the 1860s, Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the other ones came to be institutionally regarded as "dialects" subordinate to Italian, and negatively associated with a lack of education.

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will operate at different degrees of distance from the standardized written form. Some dialects of a language are not mutually intelligible in spoken form, leading to debate as to whether they are regiolects or separate languages.

2805:«The often used term "Italian dialects" may create the false impression that the dialects are varieties of the standard Italian language.» Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p. 2. 2158:

translated as literally meaning Dialect in Arabic (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the

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group of languages and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with German, a Yiddish speaker would consult a Yiddish dictionary rather than a German dictionary in such a case, and is classified as its own language.

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There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is

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arbitrary or sociopolitical motives. The term "dialect" is however sometimes restricted to mean "non-standard variety", particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic traditions. Conversely, some

459:, and a geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect (alternative terms include 'regionalect', 'geolect', and 'topolect'). Any variety of a given language can be classified as a "dialect", including any 1841:

further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people.

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In other situations, a closely related group of varieties possess considerable (though incomplete) mutual intelligibility, but none dominates the others. To describe this situation, the editors of the

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that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The dialects or varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely

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to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.

2088:), however, are not mutually intelligible even though they are usually subsumed under Serbo-Croatian. How these dialects should be classified in relation to Shtokavian remains a matter of dispute. 1285:

with the latter. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the national language would not itself be considered a "dialect", as it is the dominant language in a particular state, be it in terms of

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arbitrary or sociopolitical motives, and the term "dialect" is sometimes restricted to mean "non-standard variety", particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic traditions.

3393:"Tomasz Kamusella. 2016. The History of the Normative Opposition of 'Language versus Dialect:' From Its Graeco-Latin Origin to Central Europe's Ethnolinguistic Nation-States (pp 189-198). 786:

have reserved the term "dialect" for forms that they believed (sometimes wrongly) to be purer forms of the older languages, as in how early dialectologists of English did not consider the

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Muljačić, Ž. (1997). The relationships between the dialect and the standard language. In M. Maiden, M. Maiden, & M. Parry (Eds.), The Dialects of Italy (1st ed.). essay, Routledge.

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intelligibility criterion to distinguish between languages and dialects, though mutuality may not be as relevant as initially thought. The requirement for mutuality is abandoned by the

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came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects and classical Latin. An opposite example is

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dialect and therefore mutually intelligible with differences found mostly in their respective local vocabularies and minor grammatical differences. Certain dialects of Serbia (

2110:. Sociolinguists agree that the question of whether Macedonian is a dialect of Bulgarian or a language is a political one and cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis. 1193:

The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive, although they are often perceived to be. Thus there is nothing contradictory in the statement "the

2036:-speaking individual. Due to Eastern Lombard's status as a Gallo-Italic language, an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with an Occitan, 921:

Local varieties in the West Germanic dialect continuum are oriented towards either Standard Dutch or Standard German depending on which side of the border they are spoken.

870:(or dialect chain), which contains a sequence of varieties, where each mutually intelligible with the next, but may not be mutually intelligible with distant varieties. 2052:

The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent.

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as an autonomous variety in addition to all the varieties that are heteronomous with respect to it, noting that an essentially equivalent definition had been stated by

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Acculturation in the Philippines: Essays on Changing Societies. A Selection of Papers Presented at the Baguio Religious Acculturation Conferences from 1958 to 1968

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language—"everybody speaks a dialect". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the

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peripheral varieties. A minimal set of central varieties providing coverage of a dialect continuum may be selected algorithmically from intelligibility data.

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onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the

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non-national language to the country's official language(s). Dialects in this sense do not derive from a dominant language, are therefore not one of its

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as a classificatory unit at the same level as a language. A similar situation, but with a greater degree of mutual unintelligibility, has been termed a

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The most widely spoken languages of Italy, which are not to be confused with regional Italian, fall within a family of which even Italian is part, the

4185:), wherein the Italian people are portrayed by Manzoni as "one by military prowess, by language, by religion, by history, by blood, and by sentiment". 2237: 2739: 2318:

are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including

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The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development.

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is occasionally used popularly to refer to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas, where the term "

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might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. Thus these varieties are said to be dependent on, or

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of Liverpool to be real dialects, as they had arisen fairly recently in time and partly as a result of influences from Irish migrants.

703: 4289: 3134: 2770: 2032:, would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a 1274: 519: 2362:

was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as

1266:, but instead they evolved in a separate and parallel way and may thus better fit various parties' criteria for a separate language. 3334: 3307: 3263: 3236: 3101: 3063: 2952: 2904: 728: 90: 2280: 2676: 1787:. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 4634: 4365: 600:. When lexical differences are mostly concentrated in the specialized vocabulary of a profession or other organization, they are 2355: 773:. In this case, the distinction between the "standard language" (i.e. the "standard" dialect of a particular language) and the " 4141: 3053: 1620:, Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak Italian. Proponents of 4568: 4538: 4523: 4237: 3124: 2288: 2249: 334: 1140:

speaking a "dialect" may be seen as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.

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varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are

1221:", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not. 586:). In instances where the salient distinctions are only or mostly to be observed in pronunciation, the more specific term 435:. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as 2268:

There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is

4483: 3663:"Taking taxonomy seriously in linguistics: Intelligibility as a criterion of demarcation between languages and dialects" 2167:), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the 1909: 1596: 1525: 1006: 805: 741:

The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as

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With the popular spread of Italian out of the intellectual circles, because of the mass-media and the establishment of

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depends upon the user's preferred frame of reference. For example, there has been discussion about whether or not the

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Christopher D. Land (21 February 2013), "Varieties of the Greek language", in Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts (ed.),

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Handbook Sub-committee Committee of the International African Institute. (1946). "A Handbook of African Languages".

4558: 1882: 1096: 4323: 4478: 3743: 2557: 2198: 1862: 1846: 1670: 1310: 973: 327: 305: 284: 166: 2241: 2017: 1913: 1444: 571: 31: 3392: 658: 3368:

Cysouw, Michael; Good, Jeff. (2013). "Languoid, Doculect, and Glossonym: Formalizing the Notion 'Language'."

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reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the

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class as well as Italian travelling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of

816: 279: 255: 196: 150: 3746:(1968). "A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism". In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). 1178:

By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a "dialect" of

4498: 2160: 1878: 1850: 1557: 1493: 1386: 1335: 1282: 938: 889: 863: 527: 428: 274: 216: 186: 4227: 2894: 1000:, though mutually intelligible to a large degree, are considered separate languages. In the framework of 667:

also has a complete grammar and vocabulary, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support.

60: 4381: 2730: 2537: 2001: 1977: 1905: 1305: 1263: 1258: 1210: 583: 511: 503: 420: 289: 211: 2252:

back in 15th century. Around that time in Ukraine becoming popular political movements Narodnichestvo (

2128:, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from 4315:– Listen to regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website 2272:. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from 1308:

writes that "Many linguists subsume differences of accent under differences of dialect." In general,

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was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the

2273: 2245: 2240:, across the so called "Southwestern Krai" of Russian Empire started to spread cultural societies of 2226: 1959: 1858: 1637: 934: 3888:

Hansford, Keir; Bendor-Samuel, John; Stanford, Ron (1976). "A provisional language map of Nigeria".

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spoken across the peninsula are often colloquially referred to in non-linguistic circles as Italian

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Finally, other languages from a number of different families follow the last two major groups: the

1772: 1760:, is considered significantly influenced by the Neapolitan and the below-mentioned language groups; 1713: 1621: 1607:

in parallel with Italian, long prior to the popular diffusion of the latter throughout what is now

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Schilling-Estes, Natalies (2006). "Dialect variation". In Fasold, R.W.; Connor-Linton, J. (eds.).

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Italy is an often quoted example of a country where the second definition of the word "dialect" (

1475: 1198: 997: 604:. Differences in vocabulary that are deliberately cultivated to exclude outsiders or to serve as 315: 206: 191: 3791:. Indiana University, Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics. pp. 1–18. 2102:), is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the view in 917: 3093: 1791:, and it first spread outside the Tuscan linguistic borders through the works of the so-called 390: 4619: 4614: 4548: 4503: 4488: 4468: 4408: 4393: 4285: 4262: 4233: 4081: 3972: 3913: 3759: 3705: 3641: 3603: 3330: 3303: 3259: 3232: 3130: 3097: 3059: 2984: 2948: 2900: 2850: 2840: 2766: 2651: 2641: 2631: 2596: 2576: 2527: 2497: 2474: 2459: 2383: 2359: 2269: 2233: 2202: 2191: 2099: 2061: 2033: 2013: 1963: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1917: 1874: 1768: 1764: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1658: 1633: 1629: 1585: 1581: 1569: 1529: 1517: 1497: 1463: 1290: 1202: 1136:

are often called dialects and not languages in China, despite their mutual unintelligibility.

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has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the

4593: 4588: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4508: 4438: 4428: 4254: 4073: 4024: 3854: 3751: 3674: 3593: 3585: 3536: 3469: 3430: 3373: 3021: 2972: 2562: 2552: 2547: 2532: 2492: 2449: 2444: 2414: 2409: 2284: 2218: 2057: 2037: 1997: 1981: 1901: 1870: 1834: 1749: 1725: 1663: 1654: 1537: 1513: 1501: 1479: 1413: 1144: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1092: 648: 642: 588: 106: 4543: 4518: 4493: 4473: 4448: 4423: 3784: 3535:(2). The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States: 7–12. 2646: 2591: 2512: 2502: 2464: 2434: 2429: 2149: 2129: 2119: 2103: 1989: 1970: 1897: 1796: 1682: 1521: 1505: 1456: 1404: 1398: 1382: 1358:

speaking peoples moved as a result of the conquests of Islam. Included in Zone II are the

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Linguistic Diversity in South Asia: Studies in Regional, Social, and Functional Variation

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Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States

616:. The particular speech patterns used by an individual are referred to as that person's 4453: 4336: 4155: 3086: 2732:

Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed

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of its own, separate from the other Neo-Latin groups; it is often subdivided into the

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Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is the

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and language siblings. For example, languages with little linguistic distance, like

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This article is about dialects of spoken and written languages. For other uses, see

4156:"Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition" 3491:"National Languages and Languages of Wider Communication in the Developing Nations" 2601: 2487: 2351: 2137: 1788: 1745: 1645: 1616: 1604: 1432: 1367: 783: 758: 750: 742: 452: 444: 436: 72: 4029: 4008: 3573: 3474: 3457: 3434: 3026: 3005: 514:, but they evolved in a separate and parallel way. While they may be historically 3678: 3589: 3324: 3297: 3253: 3226: 2924: 2872: 2760: 3991: 3815: 2616: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2319: 2291:, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". 1838: 1816: 1649: 1600: 1452: 1448: 1424: 1281:

as the dominant national language and may even, to a varying degree, share some

1250: 1133: 1001: 965: 495: 413: 17: 4065: 4077: 3755: 2656: 2581: 2327: 2136:, Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the 2066: 1716:(also known as "Intermediate Meridional Italian"), which encompasses not only 1589: 1440: 1323: 1294: 1254: 1053: 960:, and hence is categorized as a dialect of Dutch instead. Similarly, although 884: 605: 563: 552: 499: 226: 3607: 2854: 1466:

spoken in Germany and the Netherlands are excluded from the German dialects.

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In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the

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One criterion, which is often considered to be purely linguistic, is that of

596:. Differences that are largely concentrated in lexicon may be classified as 3522:"Towards a National Indian Literature: Cultural Authenticity in Nationalism" 2611: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2310: 2253: 2084: 2078: 2072: 1079:. In this secondary sense of "dialect", language varieties are often called 893: 778: 762: 754: 746: 675: 579: 471: 456: 448: 440: 181: 2172: 2163:

and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to

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as the dominant national language and may, to a varying degree, share some

3787:(1960). "Introduction". In Ferguson, Charles A.; Gumperz, John J. (eds.). 2834: 2221:(or Polonized dialect) and not a language on its own (same concept as for 2016:

are more or less mutually intelligible. For instance, a speaker of purely

1568:), in light of their distinctive historical development. Yet, most of the 4350: 3126:

How Myths about Language Affect Education: What Every Teacher Should Know

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Filipino is Not Our Language: Learn why it is Not and Find Out what it is

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and their Sunday schools. Themselves "hromadas" acted in same manner as

1657:, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to Italian. While 1229:

The colloquial meaning of dialect can be understood by example, e.g. in

3866: 3490: 3419:"Ethnic Protest and Social Planning: A Look at Basque Language Revival" 2839:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan. p. 10. 2125: 1830: 1753: 1737: 1729: 1724:'s speech but also a variety of related neighboring varieties like the 1319: 1270: 961: 956:

varieties similar to Westphalian would instead consult a dictionary of

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illustrates this point. Serbo-Croatian has two major formal variants (

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if they are rarely or never used in writing (outside reported speech),

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Unlike languages that use alphabets to indicate their pronunciation,

2155: 1733: 1717: 1496:

with one another and have their own local varieties; twelve of them (

1359: 1346: 1245: 1240: 791: 601: 575: 491: 486: 407: 395: 383: 231: 4282:

The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world

3858: 2762:

The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development

3540: 1819:

in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula and Sicily as the

558:

Features that distinguish dialects from each other can be found in

4312: 4175:

An often quoted paradigm of Italian nationalism is the ode on the

3574:"Mutual intelligibility of Chinese dialects experimentally tested" 3280: 3177: 2379: 2182: 2164: 1608: 1363: 1230: 1071: 916: 702:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s

609: 475: 358: 3971:(5th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 348. 3723: 3721: 2923:

Defenders of the Indigenous Languages of the Archipelago (2007).

1431:

is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The

838:

An important criterion for categorizing varieties of language is

2206: 1690: 1451:

by standard German. This is different from the situation in the

1375: 1371: 1214: 4354: 2836:

Creating languages in Central Europe during the last millennium

2217:(or Little Russian, per official name) was merely a dialect of 4335: 2279:

to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a

686: 43: 3326:

Analiza dyrektywalna przepisów części ogólnej kodeksu karnego

3255:

Analiza dyrektywalna przepisów części ogólnej kodeksu karnego

3299:

Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii

3279:

Perak, Benedikt; Trask, Robert; Mihaljević, Milica (2005).

3228:

Teoretyczne, badawcze i dydaktyczne założenia dialektologii

539:) status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. 4318: 3214:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–341. 2171:

of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the

1269:

Despite this, these "dialects" may often be historically

431:, especially if geographically close to one another in a 419:

The more common usage of the term in English refers to a

4330:

A site for announcements and downloading the SEAL System

4180: 3176:

Benedikt Perak, Robert Trask, Milica Mihaljević (2005).

2792:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. 2790:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1767:(also known as "Extreme Meridional Italian"), including 1116:

with respect to some other, often standardised, variety.

670:

The distinction between the "standard" dialect and the "

1996:, while being Romance in nature, is considered to be a 710: 412:'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of 4346:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 155–156. 3818:(1967). "'Abstand languages' and 'ausbau languages'". 3302:(in Polish). Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 24. 3231:(in Polish). Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 24. 1807:. Florentine thus gradually rose to prominence as the 777:" (vernacular) dialects of the same language is often 674:" (vernacular) dialects of the same language is often 4261:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2382:

and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas

1158:"אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט" 4319:

International Dialects of English Archive Since 1997

1849:, the second most widespread family in Italy is the 1628:, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform 1105:

if the speakers of the given language do not have a

988:

in 1960. A heteronomous variety may be considered a

4268:

admit of more-or-less but not either-or judgements.

1412:traditionally names the major dialect groups after 992:of a language defined in this way. In these terms, 3205: 3203: 3085: 1389:as their common prestige dialect used in writing. 3572:Tang, Chaoju; van Heuven, Vincent J. (May 2009). 1455:when Low German had strong tendencies towards an 1403:When talking about the German language, the term 757:. A dialect that is associated with a particular 749:. A dialect that is associated with a particular 451:, a dialect that is associated with a particular 443:. A dialect that is associated with a particular 3802: 3727: 1648:of Italian men from all throughout Italy during 1576:, since most of them, including the prestigious 1548:to a varying degree (ranging from the currently 1488:) is most prevalent. Italy is in fact home to a 1416:from which they were assumed to have descended. 964:is classified by linguists as a language in the 824:, which even, for a time, had its own ISO code. 4326:– Compilation of Dialects from around the globe 3567: 3565: 2225:). That concepted was enrooted soon after the 2094:, although largely mutually intelligible with 713:to make improvements to the overall structure. 623:Languages are classified as dialects based on 608:are known as cryptolects or cant, and include 4366: 4229:Phonological Theory and the Dialects of Italy 3627: 3625: 3352:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 2871:Peter G. Gowing, William Henry Scott (1971). 2132:and not merely a dialect thereof. During the 1336:Mesoamerican languages § Language vs. dialect 1314:refers to variations in pronunciation, while 1257:undertone and underlines the politically and 1163:A language is a dialect with an army and navy 1156: 810:A language is a dialect with an army and navy 502:undertone and underlines the politically and 335: 8: 3350:Aveyard, Edward (2022). "What is Dialect?". 3192:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3148: 3146: 3129:. University of Michigan Press. p. 75. 2979:(6 ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 2712:Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. 2370:is still the most commonly-used language in 2188:The Books of Genesis of the Ukrainian Nation 1603:. However, all these languages evolved from 1556:Greek to the vigorous promotion of Germanic 952:In contrast, speakers in the Netherlands of 656: 71:. There might be a discussion about this on 3212:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics 2815: 2813: 2811: 2716:West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, p. 184. 1153:A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot 683:Dialect as linguistic variety of a language 4373: 4359: 4351: 4284:. Princeton University Press. p. 67. 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 3738: 3736: 3118: 3116: 2301:Varieties of Chinese § Classification 1560:), but have been officially recognized as 342: 328: 102: 4197:Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani 4028: 3597: 3473: 3329:(in Polish). Wolters Kluwer. p. 32. 3258:(in Polish). Wolters Kluwer. p. 32. 3025: 2975:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 2888: 2886: 2884: 2714:American English: Dialects and Variation. 2390:as an important local language alongside 2238:Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius 798:Difference between dialects and languages 729:Learn how and when to remove this message 91:Learn how and when to remove this message 4253:Chambers, Jack; Trudgill, Peter (1998). 4215:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3079: 3077: 3075: 2966: 2964: 2938: 2936: 2918: 2916: 2783: 2781: 2098:and certain dialects of Serbo-Croatian ( 1385:share the same writing system and share 1318:also encompasses specific variations in 4072:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 851–896, 4066:"50. Arabic Dialects (general article)" 3944:"There's No Such Thing as a 'Language'" 3370:Language Documentation and Conservation 3047: 3045: 2866: 2864: 2821:Grande dizionario della lingua italiana 2801: 2799: 2754: 2752: 2724: 2722: 2708: 2706: 2687: 2685: 2669: 1779:Modern Italian is heavily based on the 1217:" is another. A more general term is " 494:, much of East Central Europe, and the 261: 244: 158: 112: 105: 3912:. SIL International. pp. 17, 22. 3185: 3092:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2154:In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the 1693:, with the addition of some distantly 1004:, these are described as languages by 4051: 3748:Readings in the Sociology of Language 3323:Dąbrowska-Kardas, Małgorzata (2012). 2677:Oxford Living Dictionaries – English. 2398:Selected list of articles on dialects 2012:other or closer to each other on the 1632:in order to better create an Italian 7: 3252:Małgorzata Dąbrowska-Kardas (2012). 2893:Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (1997). 627:. The dialects of a language with a 1857:'s languages and dialects (such as 1297:" would be preferred by linguists. 1157: 555:" would be preferred by linguists. 2877:. New Day Publishers. p. 157. 2823:, UTET, Torino, V. IV, pp.321–322. 949:, which is said to be autonomous. 25: 4207:(in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino. 4108:"From dialect to variation space" 4064:Watson, Janet C.E. (2011-12-21), 3704:. SIL International. p. 17. 3456:Haugen, Einar (August 28, 1966). 1170:the army-navy aphorism is cited. 636:Standard and nonstandard dialects 466:The other usage, which refers to 3750:. De Gruyter. pp. 531–545. 3285:(in Serbo-Croatian). p. 81. 3182:(in Serbo-Croatian). p. 81. 3153:McWhorter, John (Jan 19, 2016). 2316:varieties of the spoken language 1490:vast array of separate languages 691: 310: 301: 300: 251: 250: 48: 4142:"Che lingua parla un italiano?" 3969:Language: Its Structure and Use 3910:Language Survey Reference Guide 3702:Language Survey Reference Guide 2745:from the original on 2010-06-12 1994:language indigenous to Sardinia 1742:Northern Calabrian or Cosentino 1673:. This wide category includes: 1644:In the early 20th century, the 1566:minoranze linguistiche storiche 1045:Language Survey Reference Guide 876:Language Survey Reference Guide 578:) as well as in pronunciation ( 4177:Piedmontese revolution of 1821 3942:McWhorter, John (2016-01-19). 3803:Chambers & Trudgill (1998) 3728:Chambers & Trudgill (1998) 3123:Johnson, David (27 May 2008). 2943:Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002). 2289:Academy of Sciences of Moldova 2250:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1853:, spanning throughout much of 1: 4625:Language varieties and styles 4232:. John Benjamins Publishing. 4205:Dialetto, dialetti e italiano 4030:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 3908:Grimes, Joseph Evans (1995). 3700:Grimes, Joseph Evans (1995). 3475:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 3435:10.1525/can.1988.3.4.02a00030 3282:Temeljni lingvistički pojmovi 3179:Temeljni lingvistički pojmovi 3055:Language and Symbolic Systems 3027:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 2236:in Europe and efforts of the 1225:Colloquial meaning of dialect 1030:Handbook of African Languages 1018:Dialect and language clusters 1010:(development) rather than by 4280:Danforth, Loring M. (1997). 4199:(in Italian). Bari: Laterza. 4019:New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4. 3679:10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103068 3590:10.1016/j.lingua.2008.10.001 3155:"What's a Language, Anyway?" 3058:. CUP archive. p. 130. 3016:New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4. 2947:. FrancoAngeli. p. 35. 2281:Moldovan–Romanian dictionary 1289:, social or political (e.g. 806:Abstand and ausbau languages 535:, social or political (e.g. 4195:Loporcaro, Michele (2009). 4009:"Dialect, Language, Nation" 3820:Anthropological Linguistics 3640:. Routledge. pp. 2–3. 3638:The World's Major Languages 3636:. In Bernard Comrie (ed.). 3495:Anthropological Linguistics 3489:Fishman, Joshua A. (1969). 3458:"Dialect, Language, Nation" 3006:"Dialect, Language, Nation" 2637:Register (sociolinguistics) 2205:. In the 19th century, the 1552:displayed by Sardinian and 1128:, whose variations such as 913:Sociolinguistic definitions 544:"unsuitable for writing". 4651: 3661:Tamburelli, Marco (2021). 3108:language standard dialect. 2833:Kamusella, Tomasz (2015). 2679:Retrieved 18 January 2019. 2298: 2147: 2117: 1998:specific linguistic family 1473: 1396: 1350: 1344: 1333: 1151:published the expression, 1021: 831: 803: 655:which is supported by the 474:, in a few countries like 401: 389: 377: 36: 29: 4389: 4078:10.1515/9783110251586.851 3756:10.1515/9783110805376.531 3417:Urla, Jacqueline (1988). 2558:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects 2199:Modern Ukrainian language 2064:). Both are based on the 1847:Italo-Dalmatian languages 657: 285:Sociocultural linguistics 4324:thedialectdictionary.com 4211:Posner, Rebecca (1996). 3967:Finegan, Edward (2007). 3632:Comrie, Bernard (2018). 3088:Language and Linguistics 2899:. Routledge. p. 2. 1914:Rhaeto-Romance languages 1683:Central Italian dialects 1186:language or dialects of 37:Not to be confused with 32:Dialect (disambiguation) 4635:Linguistics terminology 4343:Encyclopædia Britannica 4203:Marcato, Carla (2007). 4106:Danvas, Kegesa (2016). 4017:American Anthropologist 4013:American Anthropologist 3520:Simon J. Ortiz (1981). 3462:American Anthropologist 3296:Gala, Sławomir (1998). 3052:Chao, Yuen Ren (1968). 3014:American Anthropologist 3010:American Anthropologist 2971:Crystal, David (2008). 2693:"Definition of DIALECT" 1926:Ibero-Romance languages 1894:Gallo-Romance languages 1381:Spoken dialects of the 972:Within this framework, 592:may be used instead of 280:Linguistic anthropology 197:Phono-semantic matching 4226:Repetti, Lori (2000). 4007:Haugen, Einar (1966). 3225:Sławomir Gala (1998). 3004:Haugen, Einar (1966). 2765:, BRILL, p. 250, 2194: 1494:mutual intelligibility 1387:Modern Standard Arabic 1283:mutual intelligibility 939:East Franconian German 922: 890:registration authority 864:mutual intelligibility 858:Mutual intelligibility 771:standardized varieties 528:mutual intelligibility 461:standardized varieties 367: 361: 275:Historical linguistics 217:Linguistic description 187:Homophonic translation 4213:The Romance languages 4070:The Semitic Languages 3423:Cultural Anthropology 3395:Colloquia Humanistica 2896:The Dialects of Italy 2538:Slavic microlanguages 2386:has been accepted in 2342:often show traces of 2246:Orthodox fraternities 2186: 1978:Slavomolisano dialect 1906:Vivaro-Alpine dialect 1705:) spoken in Northern 1671:Italo-Dalmatian group 1492:, most of which lack 1259:socially subordinated 920: 790:of Birmingham or the 504:socially subordinated 429:mutually intelligible 290:Sociology of language 27:Variant of a language 4297:navy" (Nash 1989:6). 3781:Ferguson, Charles A. 3084:Lyons, John (1981). 2420:Varieties of Chinese 2309:have developed from 2227:partitions of Poland 1771:and centro-southern 1697:-derived varieties ( 1638:unification of Italy 1374:, and some parts of 1032:introduced the term 931:linguistic authority 882:, publishers of the 817:Limón Creole English 547:A third designation 470:settings, typically 61:confusing or unclear 3744:Stewart, William A. 2697:Merriam-webster.com 2523:Portuguese dialects 2470:Malayalam languages 2455:Varieties of French 2405:Varieties of Arabic 2366:(regional speech). 2223:Belarusian language 2169:liturgical language 2030:Bergamasque dialect 1986:Gail Valley dialect 1677:the complex of the 1624:, like the Lombard 1622:Italian nationalism 1410:German dialectology 1353:Varieties of Arabic 1295:vernacular language 1287:linguistic prestige 982:Charles A. Ferguson 840:linguistic distance 834:Linguistic distance 828:Linguistic distance 711:editing the article 665:nonstandard dialect 625:linguistic distance 553:vernacular language 533:linguistic prestige 270:Applied linguistics 69:clarify the article 4140:Domenico Cerrato. 3509:– via JSTOR. 3445:– via JSTOR. 2729:Daniel. W. Bruhn, 2543:Slovenian dialects 2518:Dialects of Polish 2508:Norwegian dialects 2475:Varieties of Malay 2307:Chinese characters 2209:Government of the 2195: 2108:Bulgarian dialects 2028:that includes the 1980:; and the various 1851:Gallo-Italic group 1825:among the Italian 1805:Giovanni Boccaccio 1795:("three crowns"): 1781:Florentine dialect 1626:Alessandro Manzoni 1597:reference language 1570:regional languages 1562:minority languages 1476:Languages of Italy 1301:Dialect and accent 1199:Pennsylvania Dutch 923: 659:Académie Française 388:'discourse', from 316:Linguistics portal 212:Language varieties 207:Discourse analysis 192:Macaronic language 4602: 4601: 4114:. Cutewriters Inc 4087:978-3-11-025158-6 3978:978-1-4130-3055-6 3919:978-0-88312-609-7 3765:978-3-11-080537-6 3711:978-0-88312-609-7 3647:978-1-317-29049-0 2990:978-1-4051-5296-9 2846:978-1-137-50783-9 2652:Regional language 2642:Literary language 2597:Dialect levelling 2577:Accent perception 2528:Romanian dialects 2498:Japanese dialects 2460:Georgian dialects 2360:Standard Mandarin 2356:Republic of China 2234:Spring of Nations 2203:Cossack Hetmanate 2192:Mykola Kostomarov 2014:dialect continuum 1982:Slovene languages 1960:Arbëresh language 1945:Southern Bavarian 1659:dialect levelling 1634:national identity 1630:national language 1464:Frisian languages 1423:The situation in 1066:Political factors 1049:SIL International 1024:Dialect continuum 945:with respect to, 880:SIL International 868:dialect continuum 844:language families 761:can be termed an 739: 738: 731: 704:layout guidelines 455:can be termed an 433:dialect continuum 352: 351: 136:Language planning 131:Language ideology 101: 100: 93: 39:diaspora language 16:(Redirected from 4642: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4352: 4347: 4339: 4313:Sounds Familiar? 4300: 4299: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158:. Ethnologue.com 4152: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4032: 4004: 3998: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3785:Gumperz, John J. 3777: 3771: 3769: 3740: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3183: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3150: 3141: 3140: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3091: 3081: 3070: 3069: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3029: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2978: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2890: 2879: 2878: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2806: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2737: 2726: 2717: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2563:Yiddish dialects 2553:Swedish dialects 2548:Spanish dialects 2533:Russian dialects 2493:Italian dialects 2450:Finnish dialects 2445:English dialects 2415:Catalan dialects 2410:Bengali dialects 2285:Romanian Academy 2020:, a language in 1984:, including the 1953:Mòcheno language 1910:Franco-Provençal 1885:Gallo-Italic in 1863:Emilian-Romagnol 1835:Late Middle Ages 1750:Cilentan dialect 1726:Irpinian dialect 1714:Neapolitan group 1664:regional Italian 1655:public education 1554:southern Italian 1550:endangered state 1526:Franco-Provençal 1480:Regional Italian 1201:is a dialect of 1160: 1159: 1091:if they have no 1038:language cluster 900:. They define a 753:can be termed a 734: 727: 723: 720: 714: 695: 694: 687: 662: 661: 643:standard dialect 447:can be termed a 416:relationships. 411: 405: 399: 393: 387: 381: 344: 337: 330: 314: 304: 303: 254: 253: 107:Sociolinguistics 103: 96: 89: 85: 82: 76: 52: 51: 44: 21: 18:Regional dialect 4650: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4385: 4379: 4337:"Dialect" 4334: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4174: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4138: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3996:Glottopedia.com 3990: 3986: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3859:10.2307/1156320 3844: 3843: 3839: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3367: 3363: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3104: 3083: 3082: 3073: 3066: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2892: 2891: 2882: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2847: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2773: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2711: 2704: 2699:. 30 July 2023. 2691: 2690: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2647:Nation language 2592:Creole language 2572: 2567: 2513:Nguni languages 2503:Korean dialects 2465:German dialects 2435:Danish dialects 2430:Cypriot Turkish 2400: 2303: 2297: 2266: 2181: 2161:Literary Arabic 2152: 2150:Maghrebi Arabic 2146: 2122: 2120:Lebanese Arabic 2116: 2104:North Macedonia 2076:) and Croatia ( 2050: 2026:Lombardy region 2018:Eastern Lombard 2006:Centro-Northern 2002:Centro-Southern 1990:Istrian dialect 1971:Calabrian Greek 1845:Aside from the 1797:Dante Alighieri 1588:, have adopted 1482: 1474:Main articles: 1472: 1457:ausbau language 1414:Germanic tribes 1405:German dialects 1401: 1399:German dialects 1395: 1383:Arabic language 1355: 1349: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1303: 1227: 1176: 1068: 1059:dialect cluster 1034:dialect cluster 1026: 1020: 986:John J. Gumperz 947:Standard German 927:sociolinguistic 915: 902:dialect cluster 860: 836: 830: 812: 800: 784:dialectologists 735: 724: 718: 715: 709:Please help by 708: 696: 692: 685: 663:institution. A 653:French language 638: 518:with and share 348: 141:Multilingualism 126:Language change 97: 86: 80: 77: 66: 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4559:Serbo-Croatian 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4307:External links 4305: 4302: 4301: 4291:978-0691043562 4290: 4272: 4245: 4238: 4218: 4187: 4168: 4147: 4144:. Treccani.it. 4125: 4098: 4086: 4056: 4054:, p. 268. 4044: 3999: 3984: 3977: 3959: 3934: 3925: 3918: 3900: 3880: 3853:(3): 156–159. 3837: 3807: 3795: 3772: 3764: 3732: 3717: 3710: 3692: 3653: 3646: 3634:"Introduction" 3621: 3584:(5): 709–732. 3561: 3541:10.2307/467143 3512: 3501:(4): 111–135. 3481: 3468:(4): 922–935. 3448: 3429:(4): 379–394. 3409: 3384: 3372:. 7. 331–359. 3361: 3342: 3335: 3315: 3308: 3288: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3237: 3217: 3199: 3168: 3157:. 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2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2607:Dialectometry 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2587:Colloquialism 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2484:Munster Irish 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2425:Cypriot Greek 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2295:Greater China 2294: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Mircea Snegur 2275: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2258:Khlopomanstvo 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2213:claimed that 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 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A. Stewart 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 919: 912: 910: 908: 903: 899: 896:standard for 895: 891: 887: 886: 881: 877: 871: 869: 865: 857: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 835: 827: 825: 823: 818: 811: 807: 802: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 780: 776: 772: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 733: 730: 722: 712: 706: 705: 700:This section 698: 689: 688: 682: 680: 677: 673: 668: 666: 660: 654: 650: 645: 644: 635: 633: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 545: 542: 538: 534: 529: 525: 521: 520:genetic roots 517: 513: 509: 508:autochthonous 506:status of an 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 483: 482: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 410: 404: 398: 392: 386: 380: 375: 374:Ancient Greek 371: 370: 365: 364: 360: 356: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 325: 323: 322: 317: 313: 309: 307: 299: 298: 297: 296: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 257: 249: 248: 243: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 172:Bilingual pun 170: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 108: 104: 95: 92: 84: 74: 73:the talk page 70: 64: 62: 57:This article 55: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 4384:of languages 4341: 4295: 4281: 4275: 4266: 4257:Dialectology 4256: 4248: 4228: 4221: 4212: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4171: 4160:. Retrieved 4150: 4116:. Retrieved 4111: 4101: 4091:, retrieved 4069: 4059: 4052:Lyons (1981) 4047: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3968: 3962: 3951:. Retrieved 3948:The Atlantic 3947: 3937: 3928: 3909: 3903: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3826:(7): 29–41. 3823: 3819: 3816:Kloss, Heinz 3810: 3798: 3788: 3775: 3747: 3701: 3695: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3637: 3581: 3577: 3552:. Retrieved 3532: 3528: 3515: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3394: 3387: 3369: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3325: 3318: 3298: 3291: 3281: 3274: 3254: 3247: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3178: 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3125: 3107: 3087: 3054: 3017: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2974: 2944: 2925: 2895: 2873: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2789: 2788:"topolect". 2761: 2731: 2713: 2696: 2672: 2602:Dialectology 2488:Ulster Irish 2363: 2352:Ming dynasty 2304: 2267: 2231: 2196: 2153: 2144:North Africa 2138:Latin script 2123: 2090: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2051: 2042: 2010: 1891: 1883:Basilicata's 1844: 1820: 1808: 1792: 1789:12th century 1778: 1746:Bari dialect 1668: 1646:conscription 1643: 1617:Risorgimento 1615: 1613: 1605:Vulgar Latin 1573: 1565: 1544:) underwent 1485: 1483: 1461: 1438: 1433:Swiss German 1422: 1418: 1402: 1380: 1368:North Africa 1356: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1277:in the same 1268: 1253:, carries a 1244: 1234: 1228: 1218: 1207: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1166: 1152: 1142: 1138: 1119: 1084: 1083:rather than 1080: 1069: 1058: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1011: 1005: 989: 977: 971: 951: 943:heteronomous 924: 906: 901: 883: 875: 872: 861: 837: 813: 801: 767: 759:ethnic group 751:social class 743:social class 740: 725: 716: 701: 669: 641: 639: 622: 593: 587: 582:, including 557: 548: 546: 540: 522:in the same 485: 479: 465: 453:ethnic group 445:social class 437:social class 418: 408: 396: 384: 354: 353: 176: 113:Key concepts 87: 78: 67:Please help 58: 4419:Azerbaijani 4112:Cutewriters 2617:Eye dialect 2350:. From the 2344:Old Chinese 2048:The Balkans 1859:Piedmontese 1839:Renaissance 1817:upper class 1734:Marchegiano 1650:World War I 1636:. With the 1614:During the 1601:Middle Ages 1453:Middle Ages 1425:Switzerland 1251:Philippines 1190:languages. 1174:Terminology 1167:YIVO Bleter 1002:Heinz Kloss 966:High German 935:Westphalian 775:nonstandard 719:August 2023 672:nonstandard 606:shibboleths 496:Philippines 372:, from the 81:August 2023 4630:Lexicology 4609:Categories 4534:Portuguese 4499:Macedonian 4239:9027237190 4182:Marzo 1821 4162:2010-04-21 4093:2020-10-17 4023:(4): 927. 3992:"Languoid" 3953:2019-10-24 3673:: 103068. 3599:1887/14919 3379:10125/4606 3020:(4): 927. 2664:References 2657:Sprachbund 2582:Chronolect 2148:See also: 2118:See also: 2092:Macedonian 2067:Shtokavian 2008:dialects. 1793:tre corone 1744:, and the 1685:, such as 1599:since the 1578:Neapolitan 1441:Low German 1397:See also: 1351:See also: 1334:See also: 1324:vocabulary 1306:John Lyons 1273:and share 1255:pejorative 1249:) and the 1054:Ethnologue 1047:issued by 1022:See also: 976:defined a 929:notion of 885:Ethnologue 804:See also: 572:morphology 564:vocabulary 500:pejorative 478:, such as 468:colloquial 414:linguistic 227:Pragmatics 63:to readers 4584:Ukrainian 4514:Norwegian 4434:Bulgarian 4414:Aromanian 4404:Aragonese 4382:Varieties 3875:245909714 3687:233800051 3616:170208776 3608:0024-3841 3188:cite book 2855:896495625 2612:Ethnolect 2376:Hong Kong 2372:Guangzhou 2368:Cantonese 2311:logograms 2274:President 2254:Narodniks 2215:Ukrainian 2134:civil war 2100:Torlakian 2096:Bulgarian 2085:Chakavian 2079:Kajkavian 2073:Torlakian 1934:Algherese 1889:, etc.). 1773:Calabrian 1769:Salentino 1730:Abruzzese 1703:Sassarese 1699:Gallurese 1687:Romanesco 1595:as their 1542:Sardinian 1279:subfamily 1264:varieties 1188:different 1147:linguist 1134:Cantonese 1085:languages 998:Norwegian 954:Low Saxon 894:ISO 639-3 779:arbitrary 763:ethnolect 755:sociolect 747:ethnicity 676:arbitrary 580:phonology 524:subfamily 512:varieties 472:diglossic 457:ethnolect 449:sociolect 441:ethnicity 385:diálektos 379:διάλεκτος 369:dialectos 363:dialectus 182:Diglossia 151:Variation 4620:Language 4615:Dialects 4549:Romanian 4489:Japanese 4469:Georgian 4409:Armenian 4394:Albanian 4118:July 29, 3832:30029461 3507:30029217 3397:. Vol 5" 2740:archived 2627:Isogloss 2622:Idiolect 2570:See also 2392:Mandarin 2270:Moldovan 2062:Croatian 2034:Sicilian 1964:Hellenic 1957:Albanian 1951:and the 1941:Cimbrian 1938:Germanic 1930:Sardinia 1918:Friulian 1904:and its 1879:Sicily's 1875:Venetian 1867:Ligurian 1837:and the 1827:educated 1813:literate 1801:Petrarch 1758:Campania 1722:Campania 1707:Sardinia 1695:Corsican 1586:Venetian 1582:Sicilian 1574:dialetti 1558:Tyrolean 1530:Friulian 1518:Croatian 1498:Albanian 1486:dialetto 1330:Examples 1291:official 1236:dialetto 1219:languoid 1195:language 1130:Mandarin 1114:prestige 1097:codified 1093:standard 1081:dialects 978:language 907:language 892:for the 888:and the 618:idiolect 537:official 481:dialetto 425:language 306:Category 237:Soramimi 222:Loanword 202:Register 146:Prestige 4594:Yiddish 4579:Turkish 4574:Swedish 4569:Spanish 4564:Slovene 4554:Russian 4539:Punjabi 4524:Persian 4509:Maltese 4459:English 4444:Chinese 4439:Catalan 4429:Bengali 3898:p. 118. 3890:Savanna 3867:1156320 3770:p. 535. 3554:8 March 3402:8 March 3161:19 July 2384:Hokkien 2364:fangyan 2264:Moldova 2242:Hromada 2219:Russian 2207:Tsarist 2179:Ukraine 2156:Darijas 2126:Lebanon 2114:Lebanon 2058:Serbian 2038:Catalan 1936:); the 1924:); the 1912:); the 1902:Occitan 1871:Lombard 1833:in the 1831:Tuscany 1811:of the 1809:volgare 1754:Salerno 1738:Molisan 1538:Occitan 1514:Slovene 1502:Catalan 1320:grammar 1316:dialect 1271:cognate 1211:variety 1197:of the 1145:Yiddish 1126:Chinese 1122:Romansh 1043:In the 1012:abstand 990:dialect 962:Yiddish 822:Scanian 788:Brummie 602:jargons 598:creoles 594:dialect 584:prosody 568:grammar 560:lexicon 549:dialect 541:Dialect 516:cognate 421:variety 355:Dialect 177:Dialect 59:may be 4544:Romani 4529:Polish 4519:Pashto 4494:Korean 4474:German 4464:French 4449:Danish 4424:Basque 4399:Arabic 4288: 4236: 4084: 4039:670407 4037: 3975: 3916: 3873: 3865: 3847:Africa 3830: 3762: 3708: 3685: 3667:Lingua 3644: 3614: 3606: 3578:Lingua 3549:467143 3547: 3505: 3443:656484 3441: 3333: 3306: 3262: 3235: 3133: 3100: 3062: 3036:670407 3034: 2987: 2983:–144. 2951: 2903: 2853: 2843: 2769: 2388:Taiwan 2256:) and 2173:Qur'an 2130:Arabic 1992:. 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