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between central government and local authorities who would bear the brunt of post-attack planning. Regional seats of government would not now be hardened structures and would be established as soon as possible after attack, under prearranged plans at locations that would be selected in the light of circumstances.
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made these earlier arrangements anachronistic. Instead of a long war, planners now expected a short devastating attack on major cities. The war rooms were built too close to major population centres, and with a staff of only 45, were insufficient for the dispersed network that civil defence planners
1023:
The situation in
Scotland remained the same. By the 1970s, the risk of war had receded dramatically, and Britain had been forced to devalue the pound, so this network was reduced to a care-and-maintenance basis only. There was no new construction and no renovation of surplus military accommodation.
655:
The RSGs entered public consciousness: evidently, the government was spending large amounts of taxpayers' money to protect itself while doing nothing for the mass of the population who faced annihilation in a nuclear war. Investigations by other journalists uncovered and published the sites of most
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in 1979 led to the last hurrah of UK civil defence. A review in 1980 called for the network to be recast as
Regional Government Headquarters (RGHQ), which would be equipped with up-to-date communications and either based on the existing SRCs or housed in completely new accommodation. The programme
1238:
By 1992, the end of the Cold War, brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union, meant this network was now a luxury. Faced with – again – the need for economy, the UK government began to run down the network. The bunkers were closed one by one and sold off to the private sector where buyers
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Plan, only to find that the pace of military development – in particular the development of new radar technologies and replacement of crewed aircraft by guided missiles – was faster than construction, so making this type of bunker redundant. Bolt Head was considered to be too remote to serve its
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Some, such as Warren Row, became protected storage facilities operated by security companies. Others – many of them contaminated by asbestos – were simply abandoned. Those at Hexham, Loughborough and
Kirknewton were demolished. The Tunbridge Wells war room has also been demolished (taking three
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More ex-ROTOR stations were pressed into service, and existing RSGs and SRCs were combined to form a new network. A handful of reinforced basements were built under government office blocks to serve as SRCs. However, financial constraints meant that this plan was never fully carried out and the
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vetoed the building the new RSGs which the Home Office wanted and for which detailed estimates existed. By this time, the structure of civil defence was changing again, as the government realised that a more flexible system of protected sub-regional controls was needed in order to revive a link
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However, in the following year
Britain was hit by one of the recurrent economic crises which marked the 1950s and 1960s, and the plans had to be scaled back. In particular, the new RSGs were, wherever possible, to use existing facilities, with none in the end being purpose-built. This spirit of
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It was then expected that central government might itself cease to exist, and control would pass entirely into the hands of a regional commissioner, of cabinet rank, who would wield absolute power in his region. His staff would replicate all parts of central government.
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Below the RSGs would be another series of bunkers called Sub-Regional
Controls, with several per civil defence region. By 1962 the Home Office wanted 29 of these, a costly increase from the 19 originally planned. Use of the following extant buildings was proposed:
510:, an underground aircraft components factory which dated from the Second World War and provided limited accommodation. Conditions here were primitive and unsatisfactory, and the Home Office proposed to build a new RSG in the Oxford/Reading area, with a site at
399:
economy was to mark all UK preparations for nuclear war. They were completed between 1958 and 1961, and the construction was done in complete secrecy, with
Parliament, as well as the public and the press, unaware of the work being carried out.
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survives to this day, having been Grade II listed in 2009. It is currently under the administration of the
University of Reading, which utilises the building as a secure storage facility for the university library.
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for training, whilst
Cultybraggan first returned to army use and is now owned by the local community in Comrie. A handful – Drakelow Tunnels, Kelvedon Hatch, Hack Green, Dover and Anstruther – became museums. The
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were abandoned, as new assumptions about Soviet targeting strategy assumed that
Nottingham would avoid heavy fallout, and so to save money the old War Room there was expanded to serve as the RSG.
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In 1956 the Home Office issued a specification for a vastly expanded network of bunkers with space for 300 staff, capable of resisting a near miss, linked into communications systems such as the
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722:(Southern) – the Warren Row bunker would have become an SRC if the new RSG had been built as planned. The other SRC was in the basement of the civil service commission headquarters at
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Plans on this scale proved over-ambitious, and some of these SRCs (Devizes, Elvaston, Worcester) never had protected accommodation built. Soon after becoming prime minister in 1964,
193:, and the next year it was decided to construct a network of two-storey, hardened war rooms built on government sites and with concrete walls ranging from five to seven feet thick.
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was slow to start however, and three new sites, carried on again in complete secrecy, were not completed until the 1980s with only a few years to go before the end of the
745:. Home Office planners wanted three civil defence regions in Wales rather than the original two, so 8.3 was planned to be at St Twynnels, another former ROTOR bunker.
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in the Border
Country, using a former hardened cold store from the Second World War rather than the purpose-built structure the Home Office originally wanted
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of nuclear weapons, it was clear that London could not survive a nuclear bombardment. Although considerable effort still went into secret construction of
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150:, the solution was to disperse the machinery of government into small pieces in the provinces, where there would be a greater chance of survival.
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In tune with this philosophy of dispersal, work continued to refurbish and expand a former underground aircraft factory and ammunition store at
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Investment in communications was almost negligible, and in the event of a nuclear war, the infrastructure would have been largely useless.
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By the time that the Civil Defence Corps was run down in 1968, following another economic crisis, the network was as follows:
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1128:, Sussex (the Basingstoke site suffered from leaks). A bunker had been built here during the Second World War to house the
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There was little existing protected accommodation in the northwest and so a new SRC was built under a technical college at
421:. This did not provide protected accommodation, and the Home Office intention was to build a new protected headquarters at
56:
443:. As with Catterick, this was a temporary expedient, and the intention was to move into an expanded ex-ROTOR bunker at
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in the western outskirts of Edinburgh, became the Scottish National HQ, with three subsidiary bunkers: North Zone at
648:, acting on a tip-off, broke into RSG6 at Warren Row and – anonymously – produced a pamphlet exposing the network,
600:. As at Catterick, there was no protected accommodation here and so the Home Office proposed to build a new RSG at
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preparations against nuclear war. In fact, however, naming conventions changed over the years as strategies in
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of the other bunkers in the network, and despite this being technically illegal, none were prosecuted.
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in south Devon. This was a former protected radar station, one of dozens built by the RAF under the
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The Bolt Head/Hope Cove RSG/SRC and a new bunker to replace Ullenwood (which was too small) at
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near Preston, a former Royal Observer Corps bunker dating back to the Second World War.
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The existence of the entire network was blown open in 1963, when a small group called
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months to accomplish rather than the planned-for two weeks). Crowborough is used by
696:(Eastern) – 4.2 a new SRC built under Sovereign House, a government office block in
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555:. This was also a temporary expedient and the proposal was to build a new RSG at
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652:. The Spies For Peace were never caught and the result was a political scandal.
23:
169:, among others. However, the idea of a regional commissioner dated back to the
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in Fife, another former ROTOR station; East Zone using the former war room at
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Construction started in 1953 and was completed by 1965. The sites chosen were
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which had become redundant in September 1991 with the disbanding of the ROC.
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732:(South West) – SRC 7.1 was planned to use the former Wiltshire Police HQ at
714:
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672:(North East) – SRC 2.2 would be a former anti-aircraft control bunker at
578:. Another underground factory from the World War II era, built to handle
529:
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741:(Wales) – SRC 8.1 was in a former ammunition store at Brackla Hill near
1044:
The final shape of secret dispersed regional government in the UK was:
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in Essex, a deeply buried former ROTOR bunker, 5.2 at Fort Bridgewood,
682:(North Midlands) – 3.1 would be another former anti-aircraft bunker at
616:
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quarries near Bath, as a final emergency national seat of government.
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The Southport SRC had to be abandoned as it suffered from flooding.
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1375:
After the Bomb: Civil Defence and Nuclear War in Britain, 1945–68
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Brackla Hill, Bridgend and Wrexham, the latter being the former
751:(West Midlands) – 9.1 was in another former ammunition store at
705:(London) – the London region had several SRCs, including 5.2 at
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as well as a protected basement under Government buildings at
392:
263:
Five sub-controls in the outer suburbs were established – see
17:
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region adequately, and so the plan was to build a new RSG at
368:
The development of the increased destructive power of the
1054:
A purpose-built HQ was constructed on a military base at
153:
Experiments along these lines had taken place during the
1430:
Cold War: Building for Nuclear Confrontation 1946–1989,
945:, a former anti-aircraft control on a hilltop site near
765:– 10.1 was in the basement of government buildings at
1270:
Surface building accessing the subsidiary bunker at
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
686:near Derby. 3.2 would be a former ROTOR bunker at
1151:was used by the RAF to store nuclear warheads).
969:Sites for a North Wales SRC were considered at
395:, and capable of operating for several months.
210:, a former RAF operations room dating from 1940
821:, a former ROTOR bunker on the Yorkshire coast
1132:transmitter, broadcasting to occupied Europe.
891:in Essex, a deeply buried former ROTOR bunker
8:
1355:The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War
1017:Regional War Room, Mount Eden Park, Belfast
911:(protected accommodation dated back to the
1500:United Kingdom nuclear command and control
1495:Emergency management in the United Kingdom
831:, a former anti-aircraft operations bunker
786:complete network of SRCs was never built.
138:In the aftermath of the nuclear attack on
127:s were the best known aspect of Britain's
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1425:. (First published 1970, Penguin Books.)
690:, in a remote area of rural Lincolnshire
488:The five London War Rooms were retained.
1471:– documents underground sites in the UK
1346:
1260:
1036:made civil defence entirely redundant.
988:The Drakelow RSG and the former SRC at
959:A former ammunitions storage bunker at
407:The regional seats of government were;
181:From the Second World War to the H-bomb
1490:Cold War history of the United Kingdom
1392:
1390:
7:
1505:Cold War sites in the United Kingdom
1287:Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker
615:Regional War Room, Mount Eden Park,
580:dispersed aircraft engine production
384:, built in a vast complex of former
46:adding citations to reliable sources
1164:No 17 Group HQ Royal Observer Corps
1147:near Salisbury (another bunker at
713:, and 5.5, at Stoughton Barracks,
14:
1485:Subterranea of the United Kingdom
935:The Bolt Head/Hope Cove RSG near
477:was expanded to serve as the RSG.
1417:, Granada Publishing Ltd, 1979,
1302:Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker
1293:
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1263:
447:, a few miles north of the city.
373:then thought would be required.
22:
1448:Cold War Secret Nuclear Bunkers
1398:"Half-way through term already"
1300:Surface building accessing the
1285:Surface building accessing the
265:Civil defence centres in London
33:needs additional citations for
1377:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
977:, but neither came to fruition
850:, a former hardened cold store
625:Another former ROTOR station,
148:military citadels under London
1:
1428:Wayne Cocroft, Roger Thomas,
1198:, a former ROTOR bunker near
790:After the Civil Defence Corps
57:"Regional seat of government"
1223:Woodside Industrial Estate,
121:Regional seats of government
514:finally being decided upon.
1521:
1357:. London: Penguin Global.
1450:, Pen & Sword, 2002,
473:The existing War Room at
1415:Beneath the City Streets
1353:Hennessy, Peter (2004),
541:army camp, near Taunton.
458:Plans for a new site at
1373:Grant, Matthew (2010),
1027:The coming to power of
868:, a former ROTOR bunker
650:Danger! Official Secret
189:was revived in 1948 by
142:and the Soviet Union's
1469:Subterranea Britannica
1040:Last phase of Cold War
1402:University of Reading
582:by the Rover company.
280:University of Reading
1330:Royal Observer Corps
1062:in central Scotland.
553:The Barracks, Brecon
42:improve this article
1220:(Northern Ireland)
1014:(Northern Ireland)
612:(Northern Ireland)
382:Hawthorn, Wiltshire
283:Whiteknights Campus
249:Brooklands Avenue,
208:Newcastle upon Tyne
187:Civil Defence Corps
175:1926 general strike
1234:After the Cold War
971:Llandudno Junction
919:Stoughton Barracks
1440:978-1-873592-81-6
1383:978-0-230-20542-0
1320:Region 6 War Room
1250:Region 6 War Room
1081:(North Midlands)
1056:Cultybraggan Camp
1029:Margaret Thatcher
839:(North Midlands)
557:Llandrindod Wells
455:(North Midlands)
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59: –
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31:This article
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961:Brackla Hill
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848:Loughborough
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98:January 2017
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64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
1315:Python plan
1202:, Cheshire.
1126:Crowborough
1122:(Southern)
1051:(Scotland)
903:Basingstoke
899:(Southern)
825:Conisbrough
801:(Northern)
759:, Worcester
724:Basingstoke
660:Sub-regions
512:Wallingford
496:(Southern)
414:(Northern)
338:(Scotland)
276:(Southern)
221:Lawnswood,
203:(Northern)
144:development
1479:Categories
1341:References
1272:Anstruther
1196:Hack Green
1184:Swynnerton
1130:Aspidistra
1095:(Eastern)
990:Swynnerton
858:(Eastern)
753:Swynnerton
635:Kirknewton
631:Anstruther
508:Maidenhead
502:, between
500:Warren Row
470:(Eastern)
386:Bath stone
329:Birmingham
246:(Eastern)
237:Nottingham
167:Cheltenham
68:newspapers
1225:Ballymena
1218:Region 11
1207:Goosnargh
1190:Region 10
1109:(London)
1084:Skendleby
1012:Region 11
1005:Southport
998:Region 10
943:Ullenwood
923:Guildford
889:Brentwood
881:(London)
843:Skendleby
829:Doncaster
767:Southport
763:Region 10
715:Guildford
688:Skendleby
610:Region 11
602:Lancaster
588:Region 10
526:Bolt Head
485:(London)
475:Cambridge
350:Region 11
343:Edinburgh
336:Region 10
327:Shirley,
313:Coryton,
260:(London)
251:Cambridge
163:Harrogate
140:Hiroshima
135:changed.
133:Whitehall
1434:, 2003,
1309:See also
1200:Nantwich
1181:Drakelow
1176:Region 9
1159:(Wales)
1157:Region 8
1149:Chilmark
1145:Chilmark
1138:Region 7
1120:Region 6
1107:Region 5
1101:Hertford
1098:Bawburgh
1093:Region 4
1079:Region 3
1068:Region 2
1049:Region 1
1034:Cold War
983:Region 9
965:Bridgend
956:(Wales)
954:Region 8
937:Salcombe
930:Region 7
897:Region 6
879:Region 5
872:Hertford
864:outside
862:Bawburgh
856:Region 4
837:Region 3
813:Region 2
799:Region 1
749:Region 9
743:Bridgend
739:Region 8
730:Region 7
720:Region 6
703:Region 5
698:Hertford
694:Region 4
684:Elvaston
680:Region 3
670:Region 2
565:Region 9
549:(Wales)
547:Region 8
530:Salcombe
520:Region 7
494:Region 6
483:Region 5
468:Region 4
460:Grantham
453:Region 3
431:Region 2
412:Region 1
322:Region 9
310:(Wales)
308:Region 8
294:Region 7
273:Region 6
258:Region 5
244:Region 4
230:Region 3
216:Region 2
201:Region 1
173:and the
1257:Gallery
939:, Devon
887:, near
866:Norwich
819:Bempton
773:Outcome
734:Devizes
711:Chatham
617:Belfast
598:Preston
574:, near
528:, near
445:Shipton
315:Cardiff
301:Bristol
287:Reading
82:scholar
1454:
1438:
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1381:
1361:
1073:Hexham
1060:Comrie
975:Ruthin
805:Hexham
423:Hexham
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
1058:near
827:near
534:ROTOR
223:Leeds
89:JSTOR
75:books
1452:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1359:ISBN
570:The
506:and
441:York
403:RSGs
185:The
165:and
159:Bath
61:news
1166:at
393:BBC
125:RSG
123:or
44:by
1481::
1400:.
1389:^
963:,
921:,
641:.
596:,
439:,
285:,
177:.
161:,
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105:(
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96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
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