Red-footed tortoise - Knowledge (XXG)

1256:. When two tortoises meet about a meter apart, they engage in some specific behaviors to identify the other. The first trigger is head and limb color; the bright red, orange, yellow, or white colors on the dark skin identify the other animal as the proper species. Next, the larger tortoise makes jerky side-to-side head movements for two to four seconds. If both tortoises are males, one will either withdraw and retreat, or they may try to ram each other, trying to get their gular scutes under the other one, then pushing them several meters away as quickly as possible. The defeated tortoise is sometimes flipped onto his back in the process. The defeated tortoise will leave the area afterwards. Neither head bobbing nor ritual combat have been observed in tortoises south of the Amazon Basin, possibly due to the lack of yellow-footed tortoises in the area. Males mounting other males, and even females mounting either sex have been witnessed and are thought to show dominance. 1260: 845: 645: 779: 704: 660: 1288:

dig several partial nests, and even experienced females may abandon a nest they are working on and start another. When the nest is ready, she lowers her tail as deep into the nest as she can and deposits an egg every 30 to 120 seconds. She recovers the nest and tamps the soil down. Females get better at digging, covering, and camouflaging nests over time. After it is covered and hidden, she often gets a long drink of water, then finds a shelter and rest. Very rarely, a red-footed tortoise lays eggs on the surface, or within a patch of cacti.

1268: 994: 1148: 1279:

mounts the female, his feet planted on the costals of her carapace, rams his anal scutes against her supracaudal, and makes a loud raspy 'bark'. If the female resumes walking, he may fall off and resume trailing. Females sometimes seem to intentionally use low limbs to knock males off. A receptive female extends her hind legs and lifts her plastron as the male plants himself on his own extended hind legs as he works to align their cloacae for insertion. The tail, scutes, and

38: 51: 875:

species in many localities. When a dam was being built in the Edo region of Venezuela, several hundreds of the red- and yellow-footed tortoises were captured for relocation. Large numbers are also found in markets, confiscated at airports, etc. However, very few records exist from Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, and central Brazil. In the Guiana Shield region, islands of higher populations and stretches where few have been located are seen.

1242: 725: 2210: 790:

rainfall, although some of the areas can get quite dry. Most of the range experiences cooler wet seasons (April to August) and warmer dry seasons (September to March), but some parts of the southern range have occasional cold snaps. Red-footed tortoises are often found in or near transitional areas between forest and savannah, such as forest clearings, wood edges, or along waterways.

1325:, served in a tortoise shell) is a favorite food for those times, and large numbers of tortoises are exported just for that purpose. Even people living in countries with an abundance of available livestock enjoy wild game, such as tortoises, when possible. Hunting for food is so extensive that Colombia and some other countries import tortoises from neighbors. 764:. They are not evenly distributed within their range. For example, they are not often found in central Brazil or in heavily forested areas in general, and have only documented in Peru since 1985. Accurate range information is complicated by the sheer size of the range, political and geographic barriers, and confusion about where many specimens were collected. 636:

with a rather flat back (although the scutes may be raised or 'pyramided' in some individuals, especially captive specimens). Often, a high point over the hips is seen, with a small sloped section over the neck. The vertebral and costal scutes (the scutes along the center and sides of the carapace) are black or dark brown with a pale yellow

1198:, and more. Up to five different kinds of fruits are often found in fecal pellets. The entire fruit is eaten, and the seeds are passed and can germinate, giving red- and yellow-footed tortoises a significant role in seed dispersal. Red-footed tortoises have been observed at the base of fruit trees, apparently waiting for fruit to fall. 1305:

still exported in large numbers (35,565 from 2000 to 2005), mostly as pets and food. The recorded exports do not include smuggling or other losses, which some estimate to be well over twice that number. They are considered especially at risk in Argentina and Colombia, and are considered more at risk than yellow-footed and

1496:: Griffith E. and Pidgeon, E. The Class Reptilia arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with specific descriptions. In: Griffith, E. (Ed.). The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization, by the Baron Cuvier, with Additional Descriptions of all the Species Hitherto Named, and of many not before Noticed. Vol. 9. 656:(bottom shell) is large and thick along the edges. The gulars (frontmost pair of plastron scutes) do not protrude much past the front of the carapace. The plastron of a male is deeply indented, and the anal scutes (rearmost pair of plastron scutes) may be used to sex the animal while the color pattern varies by region. 399: 1021:

species)), hollow logs, holes, and heavy vegetation cover. They generally try to find tight-fitting resting places, and will occasionally 'wedge' themselves between roots and trunks but remain otherwise exposed. Burrows and holes are often flooded and the tortoises will rest in the water and mud with

981:

and can often forage all day long. The tortoises in Moskovitz's study area were most active after 3:00pm while many species from warmer climes would be most active in the morning and evening. Tortoises from the southern parts of the range experience much hotter, colder, and drier conditions than most

265:(underbelly). They also have dark limbs dotted with brightly-colored scales, from which they get their name, that range from pale yellow to vivid or dark red. Visible differences are noted between red-footed tortoises from varying eco-regions. They are closely related to the more easterly-distributed 1339:

Red-footed tortoises are popular pet tortoises around the world. They are relatively inexpensive, are a manageable size, have interesting personalities, and are colorful. Pet tortoises should be purchased as captive-bred from a reliable breeder when possible to both help protect wild populations and

1304:

Appendix II, restricting international trade- although this does not offer protection within a country and smuggling still occurs in large numbers. Conservation parks and refuges, captive-breeding farms in natural conditions, and increased captive breeding in other countries has helped, but they are

1278:

If the other tortoise is a female, she will move away and the male will follow, touching her carapace and occasionally sniffing at her cloaca. If the female stops, the male may either wait for her to resume moving or leave. Males make loud 'clucking' sounds during the chase. After trailing, the male

1233:

All turtles and tortoises start as eggs. Red-footed tortoise eggs are roughly spherical and average around 5.0 by 4.2 cm (2.0 by 1.7 in) and weigh 50 g (1.8 oz) with two to seven eggs in a clutch, although the same females may lay multiple clutches near each other. The incubation

985:

Most species of tortoise spend much of their day inactive, and red-footed tortoises generally spend over 50% of the daylight hours at rest. They may rest for even longer after a large meal, with five- to ten-day stretches being common. One large specimen seems to have stayed in the same position for

635:

Red-footed tortoises show sex, regional, and individual variations in color, shell shape, and minor anatomical characteristics. Adult carapaces are generally an elongated oval with sides that are nearly parallel, although the sides of males may curve inwards. They are fairly highly domed and smooth

1287:

The female begins nesting five to six weeks after mating. Digging the nests is often difficult in hard soil. The female may urinate to soften the soil before using her hind legs to dig a chamber about 10 by 20 cm (3.9 by 7.9 in) in about three and a half hours. Inexperienced females often

1224:

Red-foot tortoises forage over areas ranging from 0.63 to 117.5 hectares (1.6 to 290.3 acres) usually making a 'spiderweb' pattern centered on a good hide or a recent fruit fall. They generally move methodically around 5 to 20 m/hr (5.5-22 yd/hr), but can raise up on their long legs and move up to

1116:

Discussing the diet of the red-footed tortoise is difficult due to the wide variety of foods it eats, the variety and seasonal availability of plants available across the extensive range, interpreting what field reports are trying to describe, and because studying fecal pellets gives very different

1029:

Besides communal shelters and scent marking, red-footed tortoises also show other signs of semisocial behavior such as lack of aggression at feeding sites, not protecting territory, and group feeding at fruit falls and carrion (although it is not unusual for one tortoise to block access or even try

1025:

Shelters are often communal with as many tortoises as can fit in the space. Good shelters are so important, and visibility is so poor that the tortoises will leave scent trails that they or others can follow. Some shelters are so heavily used by tortoises that clear trails in the dirt lead to them,

826:

They are similar to the northeastern variant, but their carapace base color is grey, dark brown, or coffee rather than black. Their pale plastrons have central dark areas resembling an exclamation point. Their heads and limbs are generally pale yellow to orange. The average size is slightly smaller

805:

The most obvious differences are between the groups found north or south of the Amazon basin. The 'northern' variants all look very much like the holotype and are distinguished primarily by shell, head, and limb coloration. The variants south of the Amazon are generally both larger and smaller than

583:

by their South American location, as well as the absence of the nuchal scute (the marginal centered over the neck) and the presence of a large, undivided supracaudal (the scute or scutes directly over the tail), as well as differences in the skull. Many of these generic names are still debated; for

1291:

As with other tortoises, red-footed tortoises can reproduce most of their lives, although the number of eggs laid and the ratio of successful hatchlings improves as the tortoise matures, then drops off again as the tortoise ages. Because of the difficulty in determining the age of a wild tortoise,

930:

Several theories are offered to explain the relatively small number of tortoise species in South America and the relationship between them, but the fossil record is not very complete. One long-held theory is that they came from Asia using the land bridge, then spread down through North America and

711:

Males are slightly larger and more colorful overall. The carapace of a male from north of the Amazon basin shows a 'wasp waist', or constrictions along the sides. The male's plastron is deeply indented to help with positioning during mating. The male's tail is long and muscular, generally carried

699:

Hatchling and young red-footed tortoises have much rounder and flatter carapaces that start off as mostly pale yellow to brown. New growth adds dark rings around the pale center of each scute. The marginals of very young tortoises are serrated, especially over the hind limbs. This probably aids in

695:

Average adult sizes vary by region and sex, and 'giants' are often encountered. Red-footed tortoises average 30–35 cm (12–14 in) with males slightly larger overall. Tortoises up to 45 cm (18 in) are fairly common and over 50 cm (20 in) are occasionally discovered. The

683:

The limbs are generally cylindrical with five claws on the fore limbs and four on the hind, but no visible toes. The fore limbs are slightly flattened and the front surface is covered with large scales, mostly with the same color as the head. They are not as large or protrusive as they are in more

679:

is located behind and below the eye and is covered with a dark scale. The scales of the head are generally smallish and irregular, becoming small and pebbly on the neck. Many of the scales are colored pale yellow to brick red, especially those on the top of the head, above the tympanum, around the

327:

and the availability of captive-bred tortoises. Additionally, many remote tribal groups living in South America still consider the tortoises a basic source of meat, and many are unaware of the species’ overall plight; many travelers and activists report seeing live red-footed tortoises for sale in

1362:

Indoor housing is generally scaled to the size of the tortoise and must be secure and waterproof for this high-humidity species, as well as offering adequate space. Aquaria and plastic tubs are often used for younger tortoises, while a "tortoise table" (similar to shelf-less bookcase lying on its

1237:

Hatchlings use an egg tooth to open the egg. They stay in the egg or nest for several days. Hatchling shells are bent almost in half in the egg and take some time to straighten out. The 3.6 by 6.3 cm (1.4 by 2.5 in) hatchling's carapace is flat, somewhat creased from being folded in the

1030:

to make off with some of the food). Red-footed tortoises often follow each other, usually a smaller one following a larger and quite often males following males, but all combinations are seen. They have also been observed following apparent scent trails laid by an individual a day or two earlier.

852:

The southern variants' carapaces are often not quite black to dark brown, sometimes with light grey or whitish between the scutes. Their plastrons are mostly dark in a symmetrical mottled pattern. Size tends to be larger on average then northeastern variants, with the largest individuals found in

640:

in the center. The marginals (scutes along the edge of the carapace) 'tuck under' along the sides and flare slightly over the limbs. They are dark with the pale aureole along the middle of the lower edge. The nuchal scute (the marginal over the neck) is absent, and the marginals over the tail are

1375:

Heat, light, and humidity must be kept within proper guidelines for healthy tortoises. Red-footed tortoises are most active at temperatures from 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). A warmer area of 30 to 31 °C (86 to 88 °F) is recommended, and night temperatures can drop a few degrees

874:

Little information is available about population density or sex ratios. Many specimens are recorded from near research stations and cities, but that is almost certainly more due to the ease of finding them there than higher localized populations. They are considered one of the most common turtle

835:

These also are similar to the northeastern variant, with head and limb colors generally pale yellow to light orange, rarely red, and their heads and limbs are often slightly different colors. The average size is slightly smaller than usual- 30–35 cm. They are found in Colombia, Ecuador, and

1403:

Vegetables and fruits offer variety and other nutrients, but are a smaller part of the captive diet. Good choices would include: cactus pads and fruits, papaya, figs, mango, mushrooms, pumpkin, squash, melon, pineapple, strawberry, cucumber, hays and grasses (such as wheatgrass), corn, peas and

1395:

Pet tortoises should be allowed to forage in a well-planted outdoor pen whenever possible. The basic diet should consist of a variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits with occasional meat, and be high in calcium and fiber, and low in sugars and fats. Fruits should be kept as whole as possible.

1209:(such as ants, termites, beetles, butterflies, snails, and worms), carrion, and feces (especially from foxes). Tortoises are often found at carcasses feeding until gorged, and occasionally eat small live animals such as snakes and rodents. Pebbles and sand are also often found in fecal pellets. 865:

Carapaces of the eastern variants are often light grey or whitish between the scutes. Their plastrons are mostly dark in a symmetrical mottled pattern. Size tends to be smaller on average than northeastern variants, also reaching sexual maturity at a smaller size. Fore limbs feature a slightly

789:

The preferred habitat of the red-footed tortoise varies somewhat by region, but generally includes fairly consistent seasonal temperatures near 30 °C (86 °F) that rarely get lower than 20 °C (68 °F) or over 35 °C (95 °F), generally with high humidity and plenty of

715:

The anal scutes vary to allow the male's tail more mobility and allows more protection for the female's hind end. The gap between the points of the anal scales and the marginals is wider and the anal scutes form a broader angle- almost a straight line across- in males to allow the tail to move

1283:

of the tortoise are designed to work around the awkwardness of the shell. The male often leans his head over her head and holds his jaws wide open making calls that get louder. He may bite her, as well, sometimes quite aggressively. The shells can make loud clacking noises during the forceful

1212:

The diet changes based on season and availability. In the wet season it may be roughly 70% fruit, 25% fresh leaves and shoots, and the rest being fungi and animal food. The dry season sees 40% fruits, 23% flowers, 16% fresh leaves and shoots, and the rest fungi, moss, and animal food.

1225:

100 m/hr (109 yd/hr) when they want. While they generally forage in zig-zag or looping patterns, they sometimes move 100 m (110 yd) or more in fairly straight lines, often at a rapid pace. They show a marked preference for moving under medium to dense vegetation cover.

1358:

All tortoises should be housed outdoors when conditions allow. Outdoor pens should allow space for exercise, secure walls that are at least 1.5 times taller than the tortoise is long, and security from both predators and escape. Shelter and water should always be provided.

1238:

egg, and has serrated sides. Little is known of the daily activities or diet of hatchling wild tortoises. Subadult tortoises grow quickly to reach breeding sizes- roughly 20 to 25 cm (7.9 to 9.8 in), depending on the average adult size of the regional variant.

968:

with the yellow-footed tortoises remaining in the deep forest and the red-footeds colonizing the edges of the forests and the emerging savannahs. As the climate and topography changed, groups of red-footed tortoises became physically separated and genetically isolated.

866:

enlarged scale on the side of the 'elbow'. Their heads and limbs are either yellowish or red, ranging to brilliant cherry-red. They are located in east to southeast Brazil. The red-headed type of this variant is often called a 'cherry-head' in the pet trade.

1107:

in Peru. Jaguars bite at the carapace and work at cracking or prying it apart to extract the soft tissues. Many tortoises show toothmarks from attacks that they survived, often on the hind end when they were otherwise protected in a burrow or shelter.

878:

Counting tortoises that are often well-hidden, dug in, deep in burrows, etc. is difficult. Trained dogs discover many that otherwise might not be found. One study showed a nearly balanced mix of 1.32 males per female, and 1.05 red-footed tortoises per

1249:

The peak time for courtship and reproduction is the early wet season in April and May, although it can happen at any time. Courtship noises and possibly scent cues seem to attract other tortoises to 'courting sites' under fruiting trees such as

1399:

The bulk of the diet should be leafy greens such as turnip or collard greens, dandelion, leafy or curly lettuces, endive, kale, cabbage, edible tree or plant leaves such as mulberry or hibiscus, lettuce mixes, parsley, grape leaves, etc.

1349:

species, so keepers should practice proper hygiene, such as washing their hands after handling the animals or their wastes. Dogs, even well-behaved dogs, often attack or chew on tortoises, so great care must be taken if they are around.

406: 404: 401: 400: 1022:

just their nostrils and eyes exposed. In warmer weather, they press up against moister, cooler surfaces in shelter areas. The tortoises show personal preferences with many individuals always seeking out a specific type of shelter.

405: 696:

largest known specimen, from Paraguay, was 60 cm (24 in) long, and weighed over 28 kg (62 lb). It is unknown if the 'giants' represent diet availability, genetic issues, longevity, or other possibilities.

1366:

An indoor habitat should be lined with a substrate such as hardwood mulches (like cypress), coconut coir, soil and sand mixes, or some combination. A hide and water dish are necessary, and live or silk plants also help.

1407:

Meats form a very small part of the captive diet, and can include live bugs or invertebrates (especially slugs), baby mice or rats, chicken, egg, organ meat, lean beef, tuna or other 'oily' fish, or cat or dog food.

1312:

They are widely used as food throughout their ranges, especially where other meats are limited. Their ability to go a long time without eating makes it easy to catch and keeps them fresh for extended periods. The

403: 1052:), and introduced rats and mongooses attack nests and eggs. Many predators take the young tortoises, including large lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and even large turtles; predatory birds such as the curassow ( 1750:"Red- and yellow-footed tortoises, Chelonoidis carbonaria and C. denticulata (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae), in South American savannahs and forests: do their phylogeographies reflect distinct habitats?" 771:, although it is not always clear if they are native or brought by humans. Many of the colonies seem to have been established in the 17th century as food supplies or as pets. They are found on the former 853:

this area. Fore limbs feature a slightly enlarged scale on the side of the 'elbow'. Adult males do not have the constricted waist, and females average a bit larger than the males. They are seen in the

675:

visible around it. The upper jaw is slightly hooked, and the upper jaw is notched in the front middle. About 15 to 20 'teeth' or fine grooves occur on each side of each jaw. A nearly circular

5570: 977:

The red-footed tortoise's climate in the northern part of the range changes little day to day and rarely gets too hot for them, so the tortoises do not need to practice any form of

1411:

Calcium should be supplemented frequently in very small amounts. Other vitamins can be offered in very small amounts as well, but are best provided through a balanced, varied diet.

1216:

Omnivorous tortoises seek out foods high in calcium even if other foods are more readily available, and even eat mineral-rich soil if they cannot get adequate calcium in the diet.

253:. These medium-sized tortoises generally average 30 cm (12 in) as adults, but can reach over 40 cm (16 in). They have dark-colored (nearly black), “loaf”-shaped 323:. Over-collection of eggs, and the capturing of mature animals, from their native habitat has caused them to be listed as “vulnerable” to extinction, despite the relative ease of 1802:

Redfoots and Yellowfoots; The Natural History, Captive Care, and Breeding of 'Chelonoidis carbonaria' and 'Chelonoidis denticulata' (Turtles of the World, Testudinidae, Number 3)

1144:

have longer large intestines to digest fibrous grasses. Most omnivorous tortoises have no other specialized digestive structures, reflecting their generalized, flexible diet.

1455:

Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs

775:, Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, Barbados, St. Vincent, the Grenadines, Santa Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Guadalupe, the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. 418:

Red-footed tortoises have many common names: red-leg, red-legged, or red-foot tortoise (often without the hyphen) and the savanna tortoise, as well as local names, such as

1331:

is another significant threat to the red-footed tortoise, and so many other species. They are also widely collected as local pets and their shells are sold as souvenirs.

516:

in 1758) for a short time, but it soon became the term for turtles with high-domed shells, elephantine legs, and completely terrestrial habits—the tortoises. In 1835,

526:

to differentiate some non-Mediterranean tortoises, apparently based on size and lack of specific identifying characteristics such as the hinged shell in the African

402: 5500: 627:. No subspecies of red-footed tortoise are recognized, although many believe the species has five or more variants that may be subspecies or even separate species. 5526: 534:

as a subgenus for the species from South America. Few people used these terms until they were resurrected by Hewitt in 1933 and Loveridge and Williams in 1957.

5646: 5631: 927:), which share similar habitats and a basic appearance, but otherwise do not seem to be closely related. The relationship between the groups is unclear. 1749: 941:

ancestors floated over from central Africa, taking advantage of their ability to float, resist salt water, and go without food for extended periods.

5626: 5474: 5513: 2455: 814:

This is the holotype of the species. Head and limb colors are generally light orange to red. Plastrons are mostly pale yellow. They range in the

541:

into different genera based on anatomic differences, especially in the skulls. That resulted in the formation or restoration of several genera:

2644: 2638: 2111: 1837: 1683: 1470: 1103:). Red-footed and yellow-footed tortoises seem to be a significant food source for jaguars in some parts of their respective ranges, such as 667:

The head is relatively small with a squared-off profile and flat on top, longer than it is wide. The eye is large with a brown, almost black

608: 700:

both camouflage against the leaf litter and in making the small animals harder to eat. Young tortoises are generally more colorful overall.

680:

nostrils, on the lower jaw, and on the sides of the neck. Males are usually slightly more colorful than females, and colors vary by region.

3215: 1573: 5651: 5621: 2027: 1809: 5611: 2078: 2266: 1509:

Wagler, Johann Georg. 1833. Descriptiones et Icones Amphibiorum. Tres partes cum XXXVI tabulis. Monachii: J.G. Cottae, 30 plates.

806:

the holotype, have a very different plastral pattern, and have an enlarged scale or 'spur' on the inside of the fore limb elbow.

1453:. In Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). 1259: 2497: 5248: 4331: 2626: 2620: 2492: 2251: 5518: 5375:

Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

3184:

turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status

2880: 2695: 982:

of the range and aestivate when food becomes scarce. They may aestivate or brumate when the temperatures are low enough.

5448: 2865: 2855: 2517: 1443: 5225: 641:

joined as one large supracaudal. Growth rings are clearly evident in most individuals, but become worn smooth with age.

5373: 3183: 1447: 5641: 5636: 5384: 3907: 3291: 3005: 2870: 2522: 1201:

The rest of the diet includes grasses, leaves, flowers, roots, and shoots from a wide assortment of plants as well as

5439: 2259: 1980:

Merchan, Manuel; Ana M. Fidalgo; Cesar Perez (1998). "Biology, Distribution and Conservation of the Redfoot Tortoise

332:

and live animals are sold. Eggs, hatchlings, and even mature tortoises are food for many animal predators, including

50: 1280: 5616: 3640: 2860: 2466: 2104: 1005:

and protection from predators. Treefalls are a favored site, as are debris piles, burrows (especially those of the

960:

before it separated into Africa and South America some 130 million years ago. One ancestral form from about 5mya,

5531: 1448:"Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status" 844: 716:

laterally. The angle is more closed (to about a 90° angle) and the points are closer to the marginals in females.

2875: 2632: 2283: 1880:

Bjorndal, Karen A. (March 1989). "Flexibility of digestive responses in two generalist herbivores, the tortoises

4286: 3208: 2786: 2507: 2476: 2445: 2333: 1673: 685: 2542: 2415: 1136:

genera are omnivores with upper and lower intestines about the same length, while herbivorous genera such as

5142: 3155: 2705: 2554: 2548: 600: 182: 3102: 3096: 3054: 1780: 1363:

back), indoor minigreenhouse, or large indoor pen can be used for larger tortoises or groups of tortoises.

692:). The tail is muscular, varies in length and overall shape by sex, and lacks any sort of claw on the tip. 5401: 5114: 3914: 3872: 3512: 3114: 3060: 2754: 2736: 2512: 2450: 2409: 2385: 2379: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2314: 2244: 1267: 473: 266: 3090: 2760: 2742: 1446:; Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R.; Fritz, U.; Georges, A.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P. (2017). 907:

group has the closely related red- and yellow-footed tortoises that clearly share a common ancestor. The

883:(2.4 acres) on the island, which may be an underestimate due to the difficulty in finding the tortoises. 5552: 3858: 3360: 3171: 3165: 3126: 3108: 3072: 2959: 2947: 2916: 2748: 2662: 2595: 2502: 2482: 2397: 2275: 2097: 165: 3150: 3132: 2832: 2766: 2730: 2430: 2425: 2073: 1104: 920: 778: 3084: 5606: 5461: 5100: 3766: 3390: 3120: 2667: 2403: 2391: 1897: 798:

Various authors have divided the red-footed tortoise into different groups by anatomy and geography.

772: 3078: 3066: 3048: 1426:

Spix, Johann Babtist. 1824. Animalia Nova sive Species Novae Testudinum et Ranarum. Monachii: 53 pp.

1383:

wavelengths are recommended to help the tortoise metabolize calcium correctly and help regulate the

5085: 3444: 3201: 3160: 2953: 2837: 2600: 1328: 644: 381: 223: 2533: 37: 4492: 4457: 4324: 4122: 4063: 4033: 2977: 2941: 2921: 2827: 2721: 2440: 1921: 1772: 1645: 1272: 676: 624: 599:

means 'coal-like' referring to a dark coal with glowing patches. It was originally identified by

395:

was elevated to genus and mistakenly treated as feminine, an error recognized and fixed in 2017.

337: 191: 45: 5557: 4041: 3795: 5505: 5539: 5035: 4018: 3970: 3961: 3844: 3421: 2982: 2809: 2804: 2572: 2461: 2307: 2302: 2023: 1913: 1833: 1805: 1679: 1610: 1569: 1466: 768: 517: 492: 365: 1854:

Vinke, Thomas; Sabine Vinke (2003). "An Unusual Survival Strategy of the Red-footed Tortoise

986:

over a month. Resting tortoises barely move, allowing leaf litter to accumulate on them, and

964:(Auffenberg 1971), is thought to have lived in wet forests and split into two species in the 5565: 5544: 4827: 4215: 4190: 4151: 4099: 3830: 3375: 3028: 2898: 2590: 2470: 2226: 1960: 1905: 1764: 1637: 1458: 1060: 1002: 703: 484: 324: 212: 760:; east to Brazil, and along the southern range in Bolivia, Paraguay, and possibly northern 5275: 4923: 4652: 4620: 4257: 4166: 3942: 3528: 3273: 3142: 3010: 2700: 2690: 2685: 2486: 1462: 1379:

Lighting should be low and diffuse or plenty of shade should be offered. Lights that emit

1314: 1241: 799: 659: 616: 508: 20: 1901: 724: 292:

tortoises, consuming a wide assortment of plants, grasses, flowers, fruit and (notably)

5170: 5160: 5057: 4907: 4747: 4449: 4394: 4136: 4071: 3611: 3602: 3571: 3479: 3368: 3282: 2997: 2777: 2710: 2369: 1306: 1158:

The bulk of the diet is some sort of fruit or seed pod. Common fruits come from cacti (

1147: 912: 668: 373: 2084: 1721:

Moskovits, Debra K. (1985). "The Behavior and Ecology of the Two Amazonian Tortoises,

1606:

Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro

1284:

thrusts. The female walks away after copulation, sometimes knocking the male off her.

5600: 5350: 5233: 5133: 5122: 5093: 5007: 4891: 4875: 4835: 4769: 4679: 4644: 4588: 4572: 4556: 4530: 4518: 4502: 4480: 4472: 4279: 3990: 3823: 3684: 3631: 3579: 2987: 2890: 2236: 2169: 1965: 1940: 1604: 1206: 815: 543: 513: 345: 250: 122: 1776: 5285: 5210: 5186: 4703: 4580: 4564: 4540: 4441: 4386: 4310: 4226: 4200: 4114: 4025: 4004: 3928: 3893: 3703: 3669: 3536: 3452: 3398: 3020: 2932: 2611: 2325: 2175: 1925: 1384: 1317:

allows tortoises to be eaten on fasting days when most meats are forbidden such as

1292:

few data on longevity exist, although many live for 30 years or more in captivity.

1190: 1172: 555: 301: 274: 1678:. Contributions to Herpetology. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 993: 848:

Plastron view of a young red-footed tortoise from Brazil, also called 'cherryhead'

5583: 5487: 5433: 5263: 5218: 5064: 5049: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4931: 4811: 4795: 4779: 4695: 4687: 4636: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4464: 4416: 4339: 4264: 4129: 4085: 4011: 3997: 3949: 3806: 3724: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3563: 3505: 3497: 3414: 3406: 3353: 3343: 2969: 2819: 2361: 2294: 2068: 1376:

lower. High levels of humidity should be available in some part of the habitat.

741: 561: 549: 380:. Population density ranges from locally common to very scarce due, in-part, to 341: 285: 142: 5453: 5342: 5255: 5241: 5202: 4979: 4899: 4867: 4851: 4819: 4757: 4730: 4711: 4628: 4433: 4353: 4346: 4294: 4271: 4181: 4048: 3780: 3587: 3520: 3437: 3429: 3332: 3323: 2654: 2582: 2218: 2163: 2157: 2063: 1768: 1345: 1040: 854: 522: 357: 289: 112: 5424: 592:

is primarily used for geography rather than unique anatomic characteristics.

5334: 5194: 5178: 5107: 5071: 5021: 5014: 4939: 4915: 4859: 4803: 4510: 4302: 4250: 4208: 3921: 3879: 3787: 3773: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3710: 3555: 3383: 1827: 1195: 1089: 1006: 827:

than usual- 30–35 cm. They are found in southeast Panama and Colombia.

761: 459: 439: 313: 304:. When presented with the opportunity, many tortoises will also scavenge on 297: 62: 1917: 1038:

Hatchling and young tortoises are at high risk of predation. Tegu lizards (

1492:

Gray, John Edward. 1830. A Synopsis of the Species of the Class Reptilia.

5418: 5149: 5078: 4998: 4987: 4883: 4548: 4425: 4317: 4159: 4144: 4106: 4055: 3981: 3886: 3865: 3851: 3837: 3693: 3620: 3489: 3468: 3460: 3242: 3039: 2908: 2677: 2564: 2195: 2139: 2120: 1178: 1065: 1026:

though individual tortoises may not return to a given shelter regularly.

987: 978: 957: 933: 783: 737: 653: 604: 567: 443: 427: 329: 281: 262: 254: 246: 132: 82: 802:

recognized seven types, but DNA research has identified five genotypes.

5479: 5293: 5042: 4947: 4843: 4787: 4367: 4360: 4242: 4092: 4078: 3935: 3900: 3815: 3717: 3257: 3248: 2847: 2796: 2151: 2145: 1909: 1649: 1591:

Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos

1160: 1096: 1081: 1077: 965: 949: 880: 757: 749: 527: 349: 309: 305: 92: 5492: 5028: 4671: 3263: 3236: 3224: 2133: 1252: 1184: 1073: 1069: 1045: 1014: 990:

have built tunnels on the carapaces of resting red-footed tortoises.

733: 672: 637: 620: 612: 464: 369: 361: 353: 333: 102: 72: 5395: 1641: 1564:

Vinke, Sabine; Holger Vetter; Thomas Vinke; Susanne Vetter (2008).

1396:

Commercial tortoise pellets can be offered along with fresh foods.

384:

and the aforementioned over-collection for food and the pet trade.

5578: 4235: 3302: 2089: 1301: 1258: 1240: 1202: 1166: 1146: 992: 843: 777: 745: 732:

Red-footed tortoises range from southeastern Panama to Venezuela,

723: 702: 658: 643: 504: 397: 377: 293: 258: 1095:

Other than humans, the main predators of the adult tortoises are

3731: 1318: 1300:

The red-foot tortoise is considered vulnerable and is listed in

1054: 895:

has two main subcategories based on appearance and habitat- the

753: 320: 5466: 5399: 3197: 2093: 319:

Red-footed (and yellow-footed) tortoises are popularly kept as

1380: 1085: 3193: 2020:

The Redfoot Manual; A Beginners Guide to the Redfoot Tortoise

1500:. Supplement. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Co., 110 pp. . 1245:

Illustration of red-footed tortoise combat by Albert Eckhout

818:- Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Guiana, and northern Brazil. 712:

along a side while the female's tail is short and conical.

1829:

The Great Red-foot Tortoise, Tortoises of the World Vol. 4

1263:

Red-footed tortoises mating in Barbados Wildlife Reserve

1748:

Vargas-Ramirez, Mario; Jerome Maran; Uwe Fritz (2010).

956:

species). This suggests that they might have come from

257:(top shell) with a lighter patch in the middle of each 1387:

if the tortoise will be indoors for extended periods.

537:

In 1982, Roger Bour and Charles Crumly each separated

503:

Red footed tortoises were originally assigned to the

1593:. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19. 707:

Differentiating female and male red-footed tortoises

5408: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5273: 5159: 5132: 4997: 4767: 4745: 4738: 4729: 4662: 4528: 4490: 4415: 4408: 4377: 4225: 4189: 4180: 3980: 3959: 3805: 3692: 3683: 3630: 3610: 3601: 3546: 3478: 3342: 3331: 3322: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3141: 3037: 3019: 2996: 2968: 2930: 2907: 2889: 2846: 2818: 2795: 2775: 2719: 2676: 2653: 2609: 2581: 2563: 2531: 2424: 2360: 2324: 2293: 2235: 2217: 2184: 2064:

See video of red-footed tortoises at the Naples Zoo

1566:

South American Tortoises (Chelonian Library Vol. 3)

1117:results than what the animals are observed eating. 648:Plastron view of an adult male red-footed tortoise 1743: 1741: 1624:Crumly, Charles (1982). "A cladistic analysis of 472:) refers to both the red-footed tortoise and the 1234:period is 105–202 days, with 150 being typical. 619:believes it may have come from near the city of 261:(shell segment), and a somewhat lighter-colored 1672:Pritchard, Peter C. H.; Trebbau, Pedro (1984). 19:"Jabuti" redirects here. For the language, see 2085:Red Foot Tortoise AVPH - Turtles and Tortoises 387:The species name has often been misspelled as 312:, due to their equatorial home range, but may 5372:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 3209: 3182:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 2105: 1404:beans, carrot, apple, pear, plums, and okra. 857:- Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. 609:Zoologischen Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates 8: 1939:Strong, Joel N.; Jose M. V. Fragoso (2006). 931:shared ancestors with the gopher tortoises ( 1875: 1873: 5396: 5322: 5315: 4742: 4735: 4412: 4186: 3689: 3607: 3339: 3328: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3216: 3202: 3194: 2188: 2112: 2098: 2090: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 36: 27: 1964: 1716: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1266: 391:, an error introduced in the 1980s when 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1795: 1793: 1419: 1001:They seek shelter in places that offer 2645:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise 2639:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1296:Conservation and relations with humans 887:Evolutionary history and fossil record 1463:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017 426:, which means 'slow moving' (Brazil, 7: 1457:. 7 (8th ed.). pp. 1–292. 948:group may be related to the African 1757:Organisms Diversity & Evolution 584:example, no specific definition of 1858:in the Chaco Boreal of Paraguay". 1832:. Green Nature Books. p. 82. 288:around the Amazon Basin. They are 280:Their natural habitat ranges from 14: 5647:Vulnerable biota of South America 5632:Reptiles of Saint Martin (island) 1120:Forest-dwelling tortoises in the 997:Unused armadillo burrow in Brazil 2208: 1966:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00185.x 49: 1589:Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. 767:They are also found on several 2627:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise 2621:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise 2493:Santiago Island giant tortoise 744:in the north; south along the 684:primitive species such as the 1: 2446:Chatham Island giant tortoise 2079:Animals of the Virgin Islands 1444:Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 1340:to avoid internal parasites. 944:DNA studies suggest that the 579:was distinguished from other 316:in the hotter, drier months. 5627:Reptiles of Saint Barthélemy 2513:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise 2508:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise 2498:Pinzón Island giant tortoise 1568:. Germany: Edition Chimera. 1076:; and mammals such as cats ( 344:(if near water), as well as 296:, as well as the occasional 5385:List of Testudines families 3006:Flat-backed spider tortoise 2881:Speke's hinge-back tortoise 2871:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise 2696:Goode's thornscrub tortoise 2523:Western Santa Cruz tortoise 2503:Sierra Negra giant tortoise 2451:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise 2074:About.com-Red Foot Tortoise 1729:, in Northwestern Brazil". 1609:(in Portuguese). Brasilia: 663:Red-footed tortoise profile 5670: 5652:Reptiles described in 1824 2866:Home's hinge-back tortoise 2861:Forest hinge-back tortoise 2856:Bell's hinge-back tortoise 2518:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise 2467:Hood Island giant tortoise 2456:Fernandina Island tortoise 2206: 1826:Paull, Richard C. (1997). 1628:using cranial osteology". 1603:Meader, Robert E. (1978). 18: 5622:Reptiles of the Caribbean 5368: 3299: 3231: 3180: 2876:Natal hinge-back tortoise 2441:Cerro Azul giant tortoise 2284:Aldabrachelys grandidieri 2191: 2128: 1860:Radiata (English Edition) 1804:. Living Art Publishing. 1800:Ebenhack, Amanda (2009). 1769:10.1007/s13127-010-0016-0 748:to the west in Colombia, 615:, Germany, but was lost. 209:Testudo hercules truncata 197: 190: 171: 164: 46:Scientific classification 44: 35: 30: 5612:Turtles of South America 2787:Hesperotestudo percrassa 2543:Cheirogaster bacharidisi 2477:Santa Fe Island tortoise 2462:Floreana Island tortoise 2416:Chelonoidis sombrerensis 2334:African spurred tortoise 2018:Pingleton, Mike (2009). 1675:The Turtles of Venezuela 937:species). Another holds 728:Geochelone carbonarius 1 720:Distribution and habitat 686:African spurred tortoise 5440:Chelonoidis carbonarius 2706:Sonoran Desert tortoise 1949:in Northwestern Brazil" 782:Red-footed tortoise in 601:Johann Baptist von Spix 242:Chelonoidis carbonarius 175:Chelonoidis carbonarius 5410:Chelonoidis carbonaria 2633:Réunion giant tortoise 2555:Cheirogaster schafferi 2549:Cheirogaster gymnesica 2386:Chelonoidis alburyorum 2380:Yellow-footed tortoise 2352:Centrochelys vulcanica 2346:Centrochelys burchardi 2340:Centrochelys atlantica 2315:Astrochelys rogerbouri 2245:Aldabra giant tortoise 1886:Geochelone denticulata 1727:Geochelone denticulata 1630:Journal of Herpetology 1343:Any reptile can carry 1275: 1264: 1246: 1155: 1044:species), ring-tailed 998: 849: 786: 729: 708: 664: 649: 474:yellow-footed tortoise 446:), and variations of 410: 267:yellow-footed tortoise 5553:Paleobiology Database 3166:Spur-thighed tortoise 3103:Stylemys nebrascensis 3097:Stylemys karakolensis 3055:Stylemys calaverensis 2960:Megalochelys sondaari 2948:Megalochelys cautleyi 2917:Asian forest tortoise 2663:Burmese star tortoise 2483:Pinta Island tortoise 2276:Aldabrachelys abrupta 1982:Geochelone carbonaria 1943:Geochelone carbonaria 1882:Geochelone carbonaria 1856:Geochelone carbonaria 1731:University of Chicago 1723:Geochelone carbonaria 1270: 1262: 1244: 1150: 996: 847: 781: 727: 706: 662: 647: 409: 3156:Kleinmann's tortoise 3115:Stylemys oregonensis 3061:Stylemys canetotiana 2755:Hadrianus schucherti 2737:Hadrianus majusculus 2668:Indian star tortoise 2410:Chelonoidis sellovii 2404:Chelonoidis monensis 2392:Chelonoidis cubensis 2051:Pingleton, p. 77-80. 973:Ecology and behavior 962:Chelonoidis hesterna 822:Northwestern variant 810:Northeastern variant 773:Netherlands Antilles 31:Red-footed tortoise 3161:Marginated tortoise 3091:Stylemys frizaciana 2954:Megalochelys margae 2838:Travancore tortoise 2761:Hadrianus utahensis 2743:Hadrianus octonaria 2431:Chelonoidis complex 2375:Red-footed tortoise 2042:Ebenhack, p. 57-61. 2022:. Art Gecko Press. 1941:"Seed Dispersal by 1902:1989Oecol..78..317B 1733:. PhD Dissertation. 1329:Habitat destruction 950:hingeback tortoises 911:group features the 870:Population features 794:Regional variations 530:. He used the term 528:hingeback tortoises 382:habitat destruction 237:red-footed tortoise 157:C. carbonarius 16:Species of tortoise 5642:Vulnerable animals 5637:Reptiles of Guyana 4493:Nanhsiungchelyidae 4458:Macrocephalochelys 3172:Testudo brevitesta 3151:Hermann's tortoise 3127:Stylemys uintensis 3109:Stylemys neglectus 3073:Stylemys conspecta 2978:Geometric tortoise 2942:Megalochelys atlas 2922:Impressed tortoise 2833:Forsten's tortoise 2828:Elongated tortoise 2749:Hadrianus robustus 2426:Galápagos tortoise 2398:Chelonoidis lutzae 1910:10.1007/bf00379104 1323:pastel de morrocoy 1276: 1273:Vancouver Aquarium 1265: 1247: 1156: 1105:Manú National Park 1092:, and feral dogs. 999: 921:Galápagos tortoise 850: 787: 730: 709: 690:Geochelone sulcata 665: 650: 479:It is also called 462:). In Portuguese, 411: 245:) is a species of 201:Testudo carbonaria 5617:Turtles of Brazil 5594: 5593: 5540:Open Tree of Life 5402:Taxon identifiers 5393: 5392: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4404: 4403: 4176: 4175: 3679: 3678: 3597: 3596: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3191: 3190: 3186:. Key: †=extinct. 3133:Stylemys undabuna 2983:Serrated tortoise 2767:Hadrianus vialovi 2731:Hadrianus corsoni 2601:Speckled padloper 2573:Angulate tortoise 2308:Radiated tortoise 2303:Angonoka tortoise 2204: 2203: 2069:Red Foot Tortoise 1839:978-1-888089-33-2 1685:978-0-916984-11-3 1611:SIL International 1472:978-1-5323-5026-9 769:Caribbean Islands 671:, and rarely any 623:, Brazil, on the 595:The species name 518:Leopold Fitzinger 407: 233: 232: 227: 216: 205: 5659: 5587: 5586: 5574: 5573: 5561: 5560: 5548: 5547: 5535: 5534: 5522: 5521: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5495: 5483: 5482: 5470: 5469: 5457: 5456: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5397: 5323: 5316: 4828:Chupacabrachelys 4743: 4736: 4413: 4191:Carettochelyidae 4187: 3690: 3608: 3340: 3329: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3195: 3085:Stylemys emiliae 3029:Leopard tortoise 2899:Pancake tortoise 2810:Greater padloper 2227:Russian tortoise 2212: 2211: 2189: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2091: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2015: 1994: 1993: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1797: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1779:. Archived from 1754: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1718: 1691: 1689: 1669: 1654: 1653: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1600: 1594: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1575:978-389973-603-8 1561: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1452: 1440: 1427: 1424: 1321:. Tortoise pie ( 1058:species), guan ( 1003:thermoregulation 840:Southern variant 831:Northern variant 607:was kept in the 408: 325:captive breeding 222: 211: 203: 177: 54: 53: 40: 28: 5669: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5582: 5577: 5569: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5517: 5512: 5504: 5499: 5491: 5486: 5478: 5473: 5465: 5460: 5452: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5356: 5299: 5276:Sahonachelyidae 5269: 5155: 5128: 4993: 4924:Phosphatochelys 4763: 4717: 4658: 4653:Terlinguachelys 4621:Pneumatoarthrus 4524: 4486: 4400: 4373: 4221: 4172: 3976: 3955: 3943:Siebenrockiella 3801: 3675: 3626: 3593: 3542: 3529:Mesodermochelys 3474: 3335: 3306: 3268: 3227: 3222: 3192: 3187: 3176: 3137: 3121:Stylemys pygmea 3033: 3015: 3011:Spider tortoise 2992: 2964: 2926: 2903: 2885: 2842: 2814: 2805:Common padloper 2791: 2771: 2715: 2701:Gopher tortoise 2691:Desert tortoise 2686:Bolson tortoise 2672: 2649: 2605: 2577: 2559: 2527: 2487:Lonesome George 2420: 2356: 2320: 2289: 2267:A. g. hololissa 2231: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2193:Species of the 2180: 2124: 2118: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2017: 2016: 1997: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1783: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1720: 1719: 1694: 1686: 1671: 1670: 1657: 1642:10.2307/1563715 1623: 1622: 1618: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1563: 1562: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1450: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1393: 1373: 1356: 1337: 1315:Catholic Church 1307:Chaco tortoises 1298: 1271:Mating, at the 1231: 1222: 1152:Spondias mombin 1114: 1036: 975: 889: 872: 863: 861:Eastern variant 842: 833: 824: 812: 800:Peter Pritchard 796: 722: 633: 617:Paulo Vanzolini 501: 416: 398: 271:C. denticulatus 186: 179: 173: 160: 48: 24: 21:Jabuti language 17: 12: 11: 5: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5575: 5562: 5549: 5536: 5523: 5510: 5497: 5484: 5471: 5458: 5445: 5430: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5379: 5378:. † = extinct. 5369: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5329: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5206: 5198: 5190: 5182: 5174: 5171:Albertwoodemys 5165: 5163: 5161:Podocnemididae 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5058:Lomalatachelys 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4975: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4908:Labrostochelys 4903: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4774: 4772: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4752: 4750: 4748:Araripemydidae 4740: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4514: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4450:Emarginachelys 4445: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4395:Sinaspideretes 4390: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4072:Hesperotestudo 4067: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3964: 3962:Platysternidae 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3614: 3612:Dermatemydidae 3605: 3603:Kinosternoidea 3599: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3575: 3572:Procolpochelys 3567: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3484: 3482: 3480:Dermochelyidae 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3456: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3402: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3369:Carolinochelys 3364: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3079:Stylemys copei 3075: 3069: 3067:Stylemys capax 3063: 3057: 3051: 3049:Stylemys botti 3044: 3042: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2778:Hesperotestudo 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2711:Texas tortoise 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2596:Karoo padloper 2593: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2479: 2474: 2464: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2370:Chaco tortoise 2366: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2271: 2263: 2260:A. g. daudinii 2255: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2059: 2058:External links 2056: 2054: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2029:978-1441494030 2028: 1995: 1972: 1959:(5): 683–686. 1947:G. denticulata 1931: 1896:(3): 317–321. 1869: 1846: 1838: 1818: 1811:978-0978755638 1810: 1789: 1786:on 2013-10-04. 1763:(2): 161–172. 1737: 1692: 1684: 1655: 1636:(3): 215–234. 1616: 1595: 1582: 1574: 1511: 1502: 1485: 1471: 1428: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1392: 1389: 1372: 1369: 1355: 1352: 1336: 1333: 1297: 1294: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1113: 1110: 1035: 1032: 974: 971: 913:Chaco tortoise 905:C. carbonarius 897:C. carbonarius 888: 885: 871: 868: 862: 859: 841: 838: 832: 829: 823: 820: 811: 808: 795: 792: 721: 718: 632: 629: 588:is given, and 500: 497: 456:jabuti-piranga 415: 412: 328:markets where 308:. They do not 249:from northern 231: 230: 229: 228: 217: 206: 195: 194: 188: 187: 180: 169: 168: 162: 161: 154: 152: 148: 147: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5665: 5664: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5353: 5352: 5351:Tacuarembemys 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5286:Sahonachelys 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5249:Peltocephalus 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5234:Lapparentemys 5230: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5134:Pelomedusidae 5131: 5125: 5124: 5123:Yaminuechelys 5119: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5094:Prochelidella 5090: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5008:Acanthochelys 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4892:Kinkonychelys 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4876:Itapecuruemys 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4836:Eotaphrosphys 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4770:Bothremydidae 4766: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4680:Argillochelys 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4645:Santanachelys 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4589:Desmatochelys 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4573:Calcarichelys 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4557:Atlantochelys 4553: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4531:Protostegidae 4527: 4521: 4520: 4519:Jiangxichelys 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4503:Anomalochelys 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4481:Protochelydra 4477: 4475: 4474: 4473:Planiplastron 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4280:Drazinderetes 4276: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4216:Carettochelys 4213: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4100:Malacochersus 4097: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3991:Aldabrachelys 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3873:Leucocephalon 3870: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3824:Banhxeochelys 3820: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3685:Testudinoidea 3682: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3632:Kinosternidae 3629: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3580:Protosphargis 3576: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3336:(Sea turtles) 3334: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2988:Tent tortoise 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2891:Malacochersus 2888: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2591:Nama padloper 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2252:A. g. arnoldi 2249: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2237:Aldabrachelys 2234: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2170:Testudinoidea 2168:Superfamily: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1986:Reptilia (GB) 1983: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1274: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1207:invertebrates 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101:Panthera onca 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 995: 991: 989: 983: 980: 972: 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 935: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 886: 884: 882: 876: 869: 867: 860: 858: 856: 846: 839: 837: 830: 828: 821: 819: 817: 816:Guiana Shield 809: 807: 803: 801: 793: 791: 785: 780: 776: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 726: 719: 717: 713: 705: 701: 697: 693: 691: 687: 681: 678: 674: 670: 661: 657: 655: 646: 642: 639: 630: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603:in 1824. The 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 569: 564: 563: 558: 557: 552: 551: 546: 545: 544:Aldabrachelys 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 524: 519: 515: 514:Carl Linnaeus 511: 510: 506: 498: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 413: 396: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346:birds of prey 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:South America 248: 244: 243: 238: 225: 221: 220:Testudo boiei 218: 214: 210: 207: 204:Spix, 1824:22 202: 199: 198: 196: 193: 189: 184: 178: 176: 170: 167: 166:Binomial name 163: 159: 158: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123:Testudinoidea 121: 119:Superfamily: 118: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 88: 87: 84: 81: 78: 77: 74: 71: 68: 67: 64: 61: 58: 57: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5409: 5374: 5349: 5341: 5333: 5292: 5284: 5262: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5226:Erymnochelys 5224: 5217: 5211:Cerrejonemys 5209: 5201: 5193: 5187:Brontochelys 5185: 5177: 5169: 5148: 5141: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5101:Pseudemydura 5099: 5092: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4826: 4818: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4756: 4710: 4704:Prionochelys 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4619: 4611: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4581:Cratochelone 4579: 4571: 4565:Bouliachelys 4563: 4555: 4547: 4541:Alienochelys 4539: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4442:Chelydropsis 4440: 4432: 4424: 4393: 4387:Basilochelys 4385: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4311:Khunnuchelys 4309: 4301: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4234: 4227:Trionychidae 4214: 4207: 4201:Allaeochelys 4199: 4165: 4158: 4152:Stigmochelys 4150: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4115:Megalochelys 4113: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4026:Cylindraspis 4024: 4017: 4010: 4005:Centrochelys 4003: 3996: 3989: 3982:Testudinidae 3971:Platysternon 3969: 3950:Vijayachelys 3948: 3941: 3934: 3929:Rhinoclemmys 3927: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3894:Melanochelys 3892: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3794: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3704:Acherontemys 3702: 3670:Sternotherus 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3619: 3586: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3554: 3537:Psephophorus 3535: 3527: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3488: 3467: 3459: 3453:Pacifichelys 3451: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3422:Lepidochelys 3420: 3413: 3405: 3399:Gigantatypus 3397: 3391:Eretmochelys 3389: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3352: 3333:Chelonioidea 3301: 3253: 3021:Stigmochelys 2933:Megalochelys 2612:Cylindraspis 2534:Cheirogaster 2374: 2326:Centrochelys 2313: 2282: 2274: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2247:(subspecies: 2194: 2176:Testudinidae 2047: 2038: 2019: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1828: 1821: 1801: 1781:the original 1760: 1756: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1674: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1565: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1476:. Retrieved 1454: 1422: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391:Captive diet 1385:pineal gland 1378: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1335:Captive care 1327: 1322: 1311: 1299: 1290: 1286: 1277: 1251: 1248: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1200: 1191:Philodendron 1189: 1183: 1177: 1173:Acacia aroma 1171: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1151: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1100: 1094: 1059: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1013:family) and 1010: 1000: 984: 976: 961: 953: 945: 943: 938: 932: 929: 924: 917:C. chilensis 916: 909:C. chilensis 908: 904: 903:groups. The 901:C. chilensis 900: 896: 892: 890: 877: 873: 864: 851: 834: 825: 813: 804: 797: 788: 766: 731: 714: 710: 698: 694: 689: 682: 666: 651: 634: 596: 594: 589: 585: 580: 576: 572: 566: 560: 556:Cylindraspis 554: 548: 542: 538: 536: 531: 521: 507: 502: 488: 480: 478: 469: 463: 455: 451: 447: 435: 431: 423: 419: 417: 392: 388: 386: 342:giant otters 318: 302:invertebrate 286:forest edges 279: 275:Amazon Basin 270: 241: 240: 236: 234: 226:, 1833:pl.13 219: 208: 200: 174: 172: 156: 155: 143: 133:Testudinidae 25: 5607:Chelonoidis 5571:carbonarius 5488:iNaturalist 5434:Wikispecies 5264:Stupendemys 5219:Cordichelys 5065:Mesoclemmys 5050:Hydromedusa 4972:Taphrosphys 4964:Sankuchemys 4956:Rhothonemys 4932:Polysternon 4812:Cearachelys 4796:Azabbaremys 4780:Araiochelys 4696:Ctenochelys 4688:Bashuchelys 4637:Rhinochelys 4613:Ocepechelon 4605:Notochelone 4597:Iserosaurus 4465:Macrochelys 4417:Chelydridae 4340:Palaeoamyda 4265:Cyclanorbis 4130:Psammobates 4123:Oligopherus 4086:Indotestudo 4034:Cymatholcus 4012:Chelonoidis 3998:Astrochelys 3807:Geoemydidae 3725:Deirochelys 3663:Staurotypus 3656:Kinosternon 3649:Hoplochelys 3564:Peritresius 3513:Dermochelys 3506:Cosmochelys 3498:Corsochelys 3415:Itilochelys 3407:Glarichelys 3354:Allopleuron 3344:Cheloniidae 3283:Superfamily 2970:Psammobates 2820:Indotestudo 2362:Chelonoidis 2295:Astrochelys 1866:(3): 21–31. 1371:Environment 1126:Indotestudo 1122:Chelonoidis 1050:Nasua nasua 1011:Dasypodidae 946:carbonarius 893:Chelonoidis 631:Description 597:carbonarius 590:Chelonoidis 577:Chelonoidis 573:Chelonoidis 562:Indotestudo 550:Astrochelys 532:Chelonoidis 393:Chelonoidis 358:jaguarundis 144:Chelonoidis 5601:Categories 5343:Caririemys 5256:Podocnemis 5242:Latentemys 5203:Carbonemys 5143:Pelomedusa 4980:Ummulisani 4900:Kurmademys 4868:Inaechelys 4852:Galianemys 4820:Chedighaii 4758:Araripemys 4731:Pleurodira 4712:Toxochelys 4629:Protostega 4434:Chelydrops 4354:Pelodiscus 4347:Pelochelys 4295:Gilmoremys 4272:Cycloderma 4182:Trionychia 4049:Geochelone 4042:Floridemys 3908:Notochelys 3796:Wilburemys 3767:Malaclemys 3621:Dermatemys 3588:Puppigerus 3521:Eosphargis 3438:Miocaretta 3430:Mexichelys 3324:Cryptodira 3264:Testudines 3225:Testudines 2655:Geochelone 2583:Chersobius 2219:Agrionemys 2164:Cryptodira 2162:Suborder: 2158:Testudines 2150:Subclass: 1953:Biotropica 1626:Geochelone 1478:14 October 1415:References 1346:Salmonella 1196:bromeliads 1170:), pehen ( 1080:species), 1064:species), 1041:Tupinambis 1019:Dasyprocta 939:Geochelone 891:The genus 855:Gran Chaco 586:Geochelone 581:Geochelone 539:Geochelone 523:Geochelone 512:(named by 389:carbonaria 364:, certain 338:crocodiles 290:omnivorous 113:Cryptodira 109:Suborder: 103:Testudines 5383:See also 5335:Caribemys 5195:Caninemys 5179:Bauruemys 5108:Rheodytes 5072:Myuchelys 5015:Chelodina 4940:Puentemys 4916:Nigeremys 4860:Ilatardia 4804:Bothremys 4511:Basilemys 4325:Nilssonia 4303:Hutchemys 4251:Axestemys 4209:Anosteira 4064:Hadrianus 3922:Pangshura 3880:Malayemys 3845:Geoclemys 3788:Trachemys 3781:Terrapene 3774:Pseudemys 3760:Graptemys 3753:Glyptemys 3746:Emydoidea 3739:Actinemys 3711:Chrysemys 3556:Euclastes 3384:Eochelone 3235:Kingdom: 2722:Hadrianus 2132:Kingdom: 1890:Oecologia 1816:pp. 7-10. 1690:, p. 204. 1580:p. 27-29. 1229:Lifecycle 1164:), figs ( 1090:peccaries 1034:Predators 1007:armadillo 762:Argentina 625:Rio Negro 460:Argentina 458:(Brazil, 440:Venezuela 314:aestivate 300:or other 298:earthworm 273:) of the 255:carapaces 151:Species: 69:Kingdom: 63:Eukaryota 5579:Species+ 5506:10873939 5419:Wikidata 5150:Pelusios 5115:Rhinemys 5086:Platemys 5079:Phrynops 4999:Chelidae 4988:Zolhafah 4884:Jainemys 4549:Archelon 4426:Chelydra 4318:Lissemys 4160:Stylemys 4145:Solitudo 4107:Manouria 4056:Gopherus 4019:Chersina 3887:Mauremys 3866:Heosemys 3859:Hardella 3852:Geoemyda 3838:Cyclemys 3694:Emydidae 3641:Claudius 3490:Arabemys 3469:Tasbacka 3461:Syllomus 3376:Chelonia 3274:Suborder 3258:Diapsida 3249:Reptilia 3243:Chordata 3241:Phylum: 3237:Animalia 3040:Stylemys 2909:Manouria 2678:Gopherus 2565:Chersina 2196:tortoise 2174:Family: 2152:Anapsida 2146:Reptilia 2140:Chordata 2138:Phylum: 2134:Animalia 2121:Tortoise 1992:: 30–38. 1918:28312576 1777:28894541 1735:p. 41-42 1498:Reptilia 1220:Movement 1179:Spondias 1138:Gopherus 1130:Manouria 1082:opossums 1061:Penelope 988:termites 979:dormancy 958:Gondwana 934:Gopherus 925:C. niger 899:and the 784:Barbados 738:Suriname 677:tympanum 654:plastron 605:holotype 568:Manouria 499:Taxonomy 450:such as 444:Colombia 436:morrocoy 432:wayapopi 428:Paraguay 350:bushdogs 330:bushmeat 282:savannah 263:plastron 247:tortoise 215:, 1830:3 192:Synonyms 129:Family: 93:Reptilia 83:Chordata 79:Phylum: 73:Animalia 59:Domain: 5480:9533689 5454:2948494 5425:Q277794 5294:Sokatra 5043:Emydura 4948:Rosasia 4844:Foxemys 4788:Arenila 4368:Trionyx 4361:Rafetus 4287:Dogania 4243:Apalone 4167:Testudo 4093:Kinixys 4079:Homopus 3936:Sacalia 3915:Orlitia 3901:Morenia 3816:Batagur 3718:Clemmys 3445:Natator 3361:Caretta 3262:Order: 3247:Class: 3143:Testudo 2848:Kinixys 2797:Homopus 2156:Order: 2144:Class: 1926:2667016 1898:Bibcode 1650:1563715 1354:Housing 1205:, live 1161:Opuntia 1142:Testudo 1134:Kinixys 1097:jaguars 1078:Felidae 1074:falcons 1070:cuckoos 966:Miocene 954:Kinixys 881:hectare 758:Bolivia 750:Ecuador 509:Testudo 424:karumbe 420:carumbe 370:ocelots 366:monkeys 362:margays 354:jaguars 334:caimans 310:brumate 306:carrion 185:, 1824) 139:Genus: 99:Order: 89:Class: 5558:242701 5545:560352 5519:173854 5493:539039 5467:794307 5326: 5319: 5312: 5036:Elusor 5029:Elseya 5022:Chelus 4739: 4672:Adocus 4663: 4409: 4378: 4258:Chitra 3960: 3547: 3292:Family 2199:family 2185:Genera 2123:family 2081:gov.vi 2026: 1924: 1916: 1844:p. 82. 1836: 1808: 1775: 1682: 1648: 1572: 1469: 1253:Genipa 1185:Annona 1154:fruits 1132:, and 1072:, and 1046:coatis 1015:agouti 919:) and 836:Peru. 756:, and 742:Guiana 740:, and 734:Guyana 673:sclera 638:areole 621:Manaus 613:Munich 571:, and 493:Kiriri 470:jaboti 465:jabuti 452:japuta 448:jabuti 378:tayras 224:Wagler 5584:68360 5532:50047 5501:IRMNG 4332:Palea 4236:Amyda 4137:Pyxis 3831:Cuora 3303:Genus 3254:Clade 2998:Pyxis 2471:Diego 1922:S2CID 1784:(PDF) 1773:S2CID 1753:(PDF) 1646:JSTOR 1451:(PDF) 1302:CITES 1281:penis 1203:fungi 1167:Ficus 1086:foxes 1066:rails 746:Andes 520:used 505:genus 489:sambó 414:Names 374:pumas 294:fungi 259:scute 5527:NCBI 5514:ITIS 5475:GBIF 3732:Emys 2024:ISBN 1945:and 1914:PMID 1884:and 1834:ISBN 1806:ISBN 1725:and 1680:ISBN 1570:ISBN 1480:2017 1467:ISBN 1319:Lent 1140:and 1112:Diet 1055:Crax 754:Peru 669:iris 652:The 487:and 485:Natú 481:kati 454:and 376:and 340:and 321:pets 235:The 213:Gray 183:Spix 5462:EoL 5449:BHL 1984:". 1961:doi 1906:doi 1888:". 1765:doi 1638:doi 1459:doi 1381:UVB 1176:), 611:in 491:in 483:in 434:or 430:), 422:or 284:to 277:. 5603:: 5581:: 5568:: 5566:RD 5555:: 5542:: 5529:: 5516:: 5503:: 5490:: 5477:: 5464:: 5451:: 5436:: 5421:: 3256:: 2485:†( 1998:^ 1988:. 1957:38 1955:. 1951:. 1920:. 1912:. 1904:. 1894:78 1892:. 1872:^ 1864:12 1862:. 1792:^ 1771:. 1761:10 1759:. 1755:. 1740:^ 1695:^ 1658:^ 1644:. 1634:16 1632:. 1514:^ 1494:In 1465:. 1431:^ 1309:. 1194:, 1188:, 1182:, 1128:, 1124:, 1088:, 1084:, 1068:, 752:, 736:, 575:. 565:, 559:, 553:, 547:, 495:. 476:. 442:, 372:, 368:, 360:, 356:, 352:, 348:, 336:, 5348:† 5340:† 5332:† 5291:† 5283:† 5274:† 5261:† 5239:† 5231:† 5216:† 5208:† 5200:† 5192:† 5184:† 5176:† 5168:† 5120:† 5091:† 5055:† 4985:† 4977:† 4969:† 4961:† 4953:† 4945:† 4937:† 4929:† 4921:† 4913:† 4905:† 4897:† 4889:† 4881:† 4873:† 4865:† 4857:† 4849:† 4841:† 4833:† 4825:† 4817:† 4809:† 4801:† 4793:† 4785:† 4777:† 4768:† 4755:† 4746:† 4709:† 4701:† 4693:† 4685:† 4677:† 4669:† 4650:† 4642:† 4634:† 4626:† 4618:† 4610:† 4602:† 4594:† 4586:† 4578:† 4570:† 4562:† 4554:† 4546:† 4538:† 4529:† 4516:† 4508:† 4500:† 4491:† 4478:† 4470:† 4455:† 4447:† 4439:† 4431:† 4392:† 4384:† 4337:† 4308:† 4300:† 4292:† 4277:† 4248:† 4206:† 4198:† 4157:† 4142:† 4120:† 4112:† 4069:† 4061:† 4039:† 4031:† 3821:† 3793:† 3701:† 3646:† 3585:† 3577:† 3569:† 3561:† 3553:† 3534:† 3526:† 3518:† 3503:† 3495:† 3487:† 3466:† 3458:† 3450:† 3435:† 3427:† 3412:† 3404:† 3396:† 3381:† 3366:† 3351:† 3217:e 3210:t 3203:v 3170:† 3131:† 3125:† 3119:† 3113:† 3107:† 3101:† 3095:† 3089:† 3083:† 3077:† 3071:† 3065:† 3059:† 3053:† 3047:† 3038:† 2958:† 2952:† 2946:† 2940:† 2931:† 2785:† 2776:† 2765:† 2759:† 2753:† 2747:† 2741:† 2735:† 2729:† 2720:† 2643:† 2637:† 2631:† 2625:† 2619:† 2610:† 2553:† 2547:† 2541:† 2532:† 2489:) 2481:† 2473:) 2469:( 2460:† 2414:† 2408:† 2402:† 2396:† 2390:† 2384:† 2350:† 2344:† 2338:† 2312:† 2281:† 2273:† 2270:) 2257:† 2113:e 2106:t 2099:v 2032:. 1990:2 1969:. 1963:: 1928:. 1908:: 1900:: 1842:. 1814:. 1767:: 1688:. 1652:. 1640:: 1613:. 1578:. 1482:. 1461:: 1099:( 1048:( 1017:( 1009:( 952:( 923:( 915:( 688:( 468:( 438:( 269:( 239:( 181:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index