1035:
100:
789:
987:
1023:
258:
75:
1011:
999:
781:
906:. However it is now becoming one of the more popular hardwood alternatives as it is economically priced compared to many other hardwoods. In the world of musical instrument construction, red alder is valued by some electric guitar / electric bass builders for its balanced tonality. Alder is frequently used by Native Americans for making masks, bowls, tool handles, and other small goods.
51:
947:
1363:
446:
to 6 in) long, with bluntly serrated edges and a distinct point at the end; the leaf margin is revolute, the very edge being curled under, a diagnostic character which distinguishes it from all other alders. Rather than turning yellow in autumn, its leaves darken in colour and wither before they
958:
As an 'aggressive pioneer' that was freely able to rapidly colonise areas to the detriment of the more valuable conifer species, it was regarded for a long time as a weed and was neglected for its timber potential, however breeding programmes to improve stem form and timber quality are now underway.
966:
annually in Oregon alone to control red alder and other competing hardwood species. Red alder's rapid early growth can interfere with establishment of conifer plantations. Herbicide spraying of red alder over large areas of coastal Oregon and
Washington has resulted in a number of lawsuits claiming
637:
in nodules on roots. This association allows alder to grow in nitrogen-poor soils, and makes the species an important early colonizer of disturbed forests and riparian areas. This self-fertilizing trait allows red alder to grow rapidly, and makes it effective in covering disturbed and/or degraded
974:
In addition to adding soil nitrogen, rotations of red alder are used to reduce laminated root rot in
Douglas-fir forests. Nurse stands of red alder may also reduce spruce weevil damage in Sitka spruce stands on the Olympic Peninsula. Alder continues to attract interest as log values approach and
954:
With a current inventory of about 7.4 billion cubic feet (210 million cubic metres), red alder comprises 60% of the total hardwood volume in the
Pacific Northwest, and is by far the most valuable hardwood in term of diversity of products, commercial value, and manufacturing employment.
744:), which is a tree of similar stature, but which differs in the leaf margins not being rolled under, lack of distinct lobes, and lack of membranous wings on seed margins. In the high mountains it is replaced by the smaller and more shrub-like
889:
Alder lumber is not considered to be a durable option for outdoor applications, but due to its workability and ease of finishing it is increasingly used for furniture and cabinetry. Because it is softer than other popular hardwoods such as
589:, and so skid trails and other areas disturbed by logging or fire are ideal seedbeds. Such areas may host several hundred thousand to several million seedlings per hectare in the first year after landscape disturbance.
455:
10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) long in early spring. Female flowers occur in clusters of (3) 4–6 (8). Female catkins are erect during anthesis, but otherwise pendant. They develop into small, woody, superficially
825:, insect bites, and skin irritations. Blackfeet Indians used an infusion made from the bark of red alder to treat lymphatic disorders and tuberculosis. Recent clinical studies have verified that red alder contains
1629:. Pacific Northwest Research Station (Technical report). Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-669 – via Department of Forestry, Province of British Columbia, Canada.
909:
The appearance of alder lumber ranges from white through pinkish to light brown, has a relatively soft texture, minimal grain, and has medium luster. It is easily worked, glues well, and takes a good finish.
642:
spoils. Imported Red Alder has been found to be able to make successful associations with
Frankia strains present in the UK. Alder leaves, shed in the fall, decay readily to form a nitrogen-enriched
877:
areas, or on stream banks, in light-textured soils that drain well. Red alder does not thrive in heavy, wet clay soils. If planted domestically, alders should be planted well away from drainpipes,
398:
in North
America and one of the largest in the world, reaching heights of 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 ft). The official tallest red alder (as of 1979) stands 32 m (105 ft) tall in
558:
of the United States, red alder grows on cool and moist slopes; inland and at the southern end of its range (California) it grows mostly along the margins of watercourses and wetlands. It is
955:
Increasing value of alder logs, combined with a better understanding of the species' ecological role, has led some land managers to tolerate and, in some cases, manage for alder.
2155:
975:
often exceed those of
Douglas-fir. This interest is limited by red alder's total stand productivity, which is significantly lower than that of Douglas-fir and western hemlock.
492:
develop between the woody bracts of the 'cones' and are shed in late autumn and winter. Red alder seeds have a membranous winged margin that allows long-distance dispersal.
1641:
1955:
2130:
1569:
1851:
1138:
1903:
1864:
1364:"Frankia symbiosis as a source of nitrogen in forestry: a case study of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation in a mixed Alnus-Picea plantation in Scotland"
1068:
2030:
962:
Since most forest land in the
Northwest is managed for conifer production, over 200,000 acres (80,000 hectares) of timberland are sprayed with
1255:
1180:
2150:
1698:
810:
248:
2140:
1410:
986:
1541:
Haeussler, S.T.J. (1995). "Germination, survival and early growth of red alder seedlings in the central Coast Range of Oregon".
1503:"Ten-year results from red alder ( Alnus rubra Bong.) provenance-progeny testing and their implications for genetic improvement"
1890:
1446:
1648:
99:
1908:
1942:
938:
pollution, as the leaves react to the presence of high ozone levels by developing red to brown or purple discolorations.
2056:
1022:
429:
1594:
1129:
2043:
1960:
1034:
2160:
2048:
1620:"The value of red alder as an integrated pest management tool for controlling weevil damage to sitka spruce"
1843:
1279:
1838:
1709:
399:
1768:
1869:
232:
788:
1688:
581:. It is a prolific seed producer, but the small, wind-dispersed seeds require an open area of mineral
1970:
1802:
1328:
1301:
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555:
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2004:
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64:
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94:
1991:
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1383:
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1251:
1010:
757:
737:
710:
655:
205:
2084:
1747:
1213:
Furlow, J. (1979). The systematics of the
American species of Alnus. Rhodora, v81-825: 1-248.
998:
1996:
1921:
1550:
1514:
1375:
1336:
1081:
870:
851:
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519:
360:
31:
1187:. Plants of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia. Archived from
507:
The name derives from the bright rusty red color that develops in bruised or scraped bark.
416: in) in diameter. The bark is mottled, ashy-gray and smooth, often colonized by white
1978:
866:
667:
628:
570:
559:
137:
2009:
1675:
1488:
United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook 654
1332:
2135:
2017:
1319:
Zavitkovski, J.; Stevens, R.D. (1972). "Primary productivity of red alder ecosystems".
1168:
609:
344:
124:
1103:
257:
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1916:
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683:
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348:
84:
79:
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1483:
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574:
457:
1781:
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1947:
1929:
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845:
In addition to its use as a nitrogen fixer, red alder is occasionally used as a
780:
745:
613:
586:
495:
Specimens can live to about 60 years of age before being seriously afflicted by
2061:
1732:
50:
1518:
1379:
1265:
761:
718:
617:
542:. It can be found from sea level to elevations of 900 m (3,000 ft).
523:
372:
183:
1387:
1368:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences
805:
A russet dye can be made from a decoction of the bark, apparently due to the
1815:
1694:
963:
496:
341:
946:
2074:
1983:
1758:
1243:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
2069:
1726:
899:
874:
604:
occasionally eat the bark, though it is not a preferred species. Several
597:
150:
17:
1482:
Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H.; Coordinators, Technical (1990).
1856:
1789:
1348:
826:
633:
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often feed on the leaves, but the trees usually recover within a year.
578:
539:
530:
coast, except for an extension 600 km (370 mi) inland across
527:
380:
173:
600:
browse the twigs in fall and twigs and buds in the winter and spring.
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903:
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878:
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417:
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163:
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pipes, and water lines, as the roots may invade and clog the lines.
1661:– via Oregon State University Agricultural Extension Service.
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526:, nearly always within about 200 kilometres (120 mi) of the
1807:
1077:
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to dye fishing nets so as to make them less visible underwater.
593:
582:
489:
421:
1707:
592:
Twigs and buds of alder are only fair browse for wildlife, but
30:"Red alder" redirects here. For the Southern African tree, see
1362:
Malcolm, D. C.; Hooker, J. E.; Wheeler, C. T. (January 1985).
1570:"In Oregon, Residents Struggle to Solve a Pesticide Mystery"
1169:
Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
902:, alder has historically been considered of low value for
402:(US). The trunks range from 25 to 50 centimetres (10 to
1308:. Jepson Flora. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
833:, compounds shown to be effective against a variety of
1647:(Report). Tree School. Oregon City, OR. Archived from
950:
Red alder, western hemlock, and bigleaf maple forest
1716:
701:Along stream banks, it is commonly associated with
1467:Hibbs, D.E.; DeBell, D.S.; Tarrant, R.F. (1995).
736:To the southeast of its range it is replaced by
646:making the nitrogen available to other species.
1642:Red alder management: Silviculture to marketing
1484:"Silvics of North America: Volume 2. Hardwoods"
1471:. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
1240:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
1104:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1087:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194598A2351803.en
821:Native Americans used red alder bark to treat
1209:
1207:
1205:
8:
2156:Trees of the West Coast of the United States
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
992:Male catkins with tiny female catkins above
930:Red alder is often used by scientists as a
1704:
1625:. In Deal, R.L.; Harrington, C.A. (eds.).
922:is the wood of choice for smoking salmon.
256:
73:
49:
38:
1085:
967:it has caused health problems, including
1139:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
849:to discourage the conifer root pathogen
784:Broken branch showing red weathered bark
577:, often preventing the establishment of
1469:The Biology and Management of Red Alder
1430:. Portland, OR: Alaska Northwest Books.
1403:Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West
1164:
1162:
1069:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1050:
982:
1099:
1097:
792:Typical leaf discoloration caused by
7:
1971:22850287-9e42-439c-a7ac-22c9bc7d77da
1401:Tilford, Gregory L. (15 June 1997).
2131:IUCN Red List least concern species
1640:Bluhm, Andrew A. (25 March 2017) .
1543:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1699:University of California, Berkeley
934:organism to locate areas prone to
25:
1246:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
2049:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:294986-1
1568:Lobet, Ingrid (14 August 2012).
1428:The Great Alaska Nature Factbook
1405:(1st ed.). Mountain Press.
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
971:and other human health effects.
98:
1627:Red Alder: A State of Knowledge
1449:from the original on 2008-10-20
1:
1595:"Basal Spraying of Red Alder"
926:As an environmental indicator
809:it contains, and was used by
654:Red alder is associated with
1531:Oregon Dept of Forestry 2014
1443:"Watching Our Ozone Weather"
1441:Jeannie Allen (2003-08-22).
865:are occasionally planted as
550:In southern Alaska, western
1028:Habitat in British Columbia
918:Because of its oily smoke,
2177:
1445:. NASA Earth Observatory.
394:is the largest species of
29:
2151:Trees of Northern America
1519:10.1007/s11056-008-9098-3
1380:10.1017/S0269727000004061
1290:. Flora of North America.
608:eat alder seeds, notably
279:
272:
264:
255:
238:
231:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
57:
48:
41:
2141:Plants described in 1833
565:In moist forest areas,
432:, 7 to 15 centimetres (
951:
797:
785:
400:Clatsop County, Oregon
1618:Almond, Lyle (2006).
1426:Ewing, Susan (1996).
1114:USDA Plants Profile:
1080:. e.T194598A2351803.
949:
791:
783:
660:Pseudotsuga menziesii
554:and the northwestern
451:are dangling reddish
1250:. pp. 208–215.
1058:Stritch, L. (2014).
869:and will do well in
823:poison oak reactions
556:Pacific Coast Ranges
488: in) long. The
1681:Plants for a Future
1501:Xie, C. Y. (2008).
1333:1972Ecol...53..235Z
756:), and east of the
627:The tree hosts the
522:to central coastal
447:are shed. The male
65:Conservation status
1248:Mountaineers Books
952:
857:laminated root rot
798:
786:
723:Fraxinus latifolia
715:Cornus stolonifera
672:Tsuga heterophylla
538:into northernmost
347:native to western
2118:
2117:
1992:Open Tree of Life
1710:Taxon identifiers
1549:(10): 1639–1651.
1257:978-1-68051-329-5
758:Cascade Mountains
742:Alnus rhombifolia
731:Acer macrophyllum
711:red osier dogwood
656:coast Douglas-fir
650:Common associates
622:Tent caterpillars
573:a former burn or
329:
328:
323:
311:
299:
291:
265:Natural range of
88:
58:Red alder leaves
16:(Redirected from
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1200:
1199:
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1141:. Archived from
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1112:
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1092:
1091:
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1037:
1025:
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867:ornamental trees
852:Phellinus weirii
811:Native Americans
696:Picea sitchensis
684:western redcedar
560:shade intolerant
552:British Columbia
520:Southeast Alaska
487:
486:
482:
479:
473:
472:
468:
464:2 to 3 cm (
445:
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414:
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361:British Columbia
322:(Starker) Rehder
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103:
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39:
32:Cunonia capensis
21:
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2161:Flora of Oregon
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1979:Observation.org
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1555:10.1139/x95-178
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1341:10.2307/1934076
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819:
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668:western hemlock
652:
629:nitrogen-fixing
548:
513:
505:
484:
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477:
475:
470:
466:
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460:-like oval dry
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251:
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28:
27:Species of tree
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2108:wfo-0000947467
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1669:External links
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1513:(3): 273–284.
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1327:(2): 235–242.
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1131:BSBI List 2007
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610:common redpoll
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295:Alnus oregana
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233:Binomial name
230:
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1635:
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1574:The Atlantic
1573:
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766:Alnus incana
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319:pinnatisecta
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36:
2010:Alnus rubra
1930:NatureServe
1878:iNaturalist
1748:Alnus rubra
1742:Wikispecies
1718:Alnus rubra
1690:Alnus rubra
1507:New Forests
1304:Alnus rubra
1288:efloras.org
1282:Alnus rubra
1183:Alnus rubra
1117:Alnus rubra
1062:Alnus rubra
1040:In luthiery
885:Woodworking
863:Alnus rubra
841:Restoration
746:Sitka alder
738:white alder
698:) forests.
614:pine siskin
567:Alnus rubra
518:grows from
516:Alnus rubra
392:Alnus rubra
387:Description
333:Alnus rubra
315:Alnus rubra
303:Alnus rubra
267:Alnus rubra
242:Alnus rubra
138:Angiosperms
43:Alnus rubra
2146:Plant dyes
2125:Categories
2018:Plant List
1766:Calflora:
1658:2017-12-07
1603:2 February
1579:2 February
1453:2008-10-11
1266:1141235469
1195:2007-11-25
1152:2014-10-17
1046:References
964:herbicides
770:tenuifolia
719:Oregon ash
532:Washington
524:California
373:California
365:Washington
202:Subgenus:
184:Betulaceae
1844:233500039
1695:CalPhotos
1388:2053-5910
855:(causing
796:pollution
676:grand fir
664:menziesii
618:deer mice
587:germinate
497:heart rot
342:deciduous
338:red alder
218:Species:
108:Kingdom:
18:Red Alder
2092:VASCAN:
2070:Tropicos
2023:kew-6584
1935:2.136265
1896:294986-1
1756:BioLib:
1733:Q1818806
1727:Wikidata
1447:Archived
942:Forestry
920:A. rubra
875:riparian
817:Medicine
579:conifers
575:clearcut
503:Taxonomy
274:Synonyms
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
2085:7568877
2075:3600058
1857:2876176
1808:1145612
1790:Ecocrop
1693:in the
1349:1934076
1329:Bibcode
1321:Ecology
979:Gallery
827:betulin
768:subsp.
754:sinuata
752:subsp.
725:), and
709:spp.),
703:willows
690:), and
662:subsp.
634:Frankia
606:finches
546:Ecology
540:Montana
528:Pacific
483:⁄
469:⁄
453:catkins
449:flowers
441:⁄
411:⁄
381:Montana
340:, is a
310:Starker
190:Genus:
174:Fagales
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
2082:uBio:
2031:PLANTS
1997:639117
1984:141823
1968:NZOR:
1961:109069
1922:194598
1870:105118
1831:alnrub
1828:FEIS:
1759:195134
1409:
1386:
1347:
1264:
1254:
904:timber
896:walnut
879:sewage
871:Swales
835:tumors
831:lupeol
807:tannin
801:As dye
602:Beaver
536:Oregon
426:leaves
424:. The
418:lichen
369:Oregon
353:Alaska
336:, the
209:subg.
164:Rosids
2136:Alnus
2036:ALRU2
1909:19474
1883:56034
1821:ALURB
1652:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1598:(PDF)
1345:JSTOR
1146:(xls)
1135:(xls)
1016:Seeds
1004:Stump
936:ozone
892:maple
794:ozone
707:Salix
644:humus
569:will
490:seeds
462:fruit
430:ovate
396:alder
377:Idaho
357:Yukon
305:var.
298:Nutt.
287:rubra
285:var.
249:Bong.
211:Alnus
207:Alnus
195:Alnus
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
2095:3679
2044:POWO
2005:PfaF
1956:NCBI
1917:IUCN
1904:ITIS
1891:IPNI
1865:GRIN
1852:GBIF
1816:EPPO
1795:3025
1782:C2SR
1605:2021
1581:2021
1407:ISBN
1384:ISSN
1262:OCLC
1252:ISBN
1078:IUCN
898:and
829:and
776:Uses
640:mine
612:and
596:and
594:deer
583:soil
534:and
458:cone
428:are
422:moss
420:and
379:and
2103:WFO
2062:908
2057:RHS
1943:NBN
1839:FNA
1803:EoL
1777:CoL
1769:253
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