Red Terror (Spain)

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city of the necessity of dealing with alleged fifth columns, which had been blamed for prior Republican defeats. Infrequent Nationalist bombing raids also created further fear, as Republicans became convinced fascists within the society were directing rebel aircraft to their targets. In reality, during the terror of 1936 there was no fifth column in place as Nationalist sympathisers within the city were convinced Mola's northern armies and Franco's southern ones, led by professional officers, would easily crush the militia defending the city, negating any need for risky subversive activity. It was only after the failure of Franco's onslaught in the winter of 1936–37, when it became clear the war would last longer and the front lines had stabilised, that a fifth column did emerge, though it was never as powerful or extensive as the Republicans feared; it largely focused on mutual assistance, espionage and undermining Republican morale, eschewing terrorist activities such as bombings and assassinations. While fifth columnists did contribute to the Nationalist war effort, the fall of Madrid was not caused by internal subversion but defeat in battle. The largest and most efficient of these groups was about 6000 strong and was a Falangist women's welfare network known as

2989:, later recalled, "From 1936 to 1939 there were two life-and-death struggles in Spain, both of them civil wars. One pitted nationalist forces let by Francisco Franco, aided by Hitler, against the Spanish Republicans, aided by Communists. The other was a separate war among Communists themselves. Stalin in the Soviet Union and Trotsky in exile each hoped to be the savior and the sponsor of the Republicans and thereby become the vanguard for the world Communist revolution. We sent our young inexperienced intelligence operatives as well as our experienced instructors. Spain proved to be a kindergarten for our future intelligence operations. Our subsequent intelligence initiatives all stemmed from contacts that we made and lessons that we learned in Spain. The Spanish Republicans lost, but Stalin's men and women won. When the Spanish Civil War ended, there was no room left in the world for Trotsky." 2261:

centre-left bourgeois Republicans conflated the new democracy with the heterogeneous political coalition that brought it into being after the departure of King Alonso XIII: the Republic's future rested on the right being permanently excluded from power. The victory of the centre-right in the November 1933 elections, the failed Socialist-led insurrection of October 1934 and its subsequent repression promoted a common antifascist discourse based on the dichotomy of the virtuous productive 'people' ('pueblo') (i.e. the left) and a parasitical inhuman 'fascist' enemy (i.e. the right). While the Popular Front's narrow electoral victory in February 1936 was interpreted as the definitive triumph of the antifascist 'pueblo', the struggle against the Republic's right-wing enemies had to continue.

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revolution, and the move towards extremism that took place in the first months of the civil war. According to historian Antony Beevor, "In republican territory the worst of the violence was mainly a sudden and quickly spent reaction of suppressed fear, exacerbated by desires of revenge for the past" in contrast with "the relentless purging of 'reds and atheists' in nationalist territory". After the coup, the remaining days in July saw 861 priests and religious murdered, 95 of them on 25 July, feast day of St James, patron saint of Spain. August saw a further 2,077 clerical victims. After just two months of civil war, 3,400 priests, monks and nuns had been murdered. The same day of the fatal injury of

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people and letting some of the more dangerous go free. Moreover, one of the main targets of the Red terror was the clergy, most of whom were not engaged in overt opposition". Describing specifically the Red Terror, Payne states that it "began with the murder of some of the rebels as they attempted to surrender after their revolt had failed in several of the key cities. From there it broadened out to wholesale arrests, and sometimes wholesale executions, of landowners and industrialists, people associated with right-wing groups or the Catholic Church".

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in the Popular Front zone; that was something which both areas had in common. But the main difference was that in the Republican zone the crimes were carried out by the populace in moments of passion, not by the authorities. The latter always tried to stop them. The assistance that I received from the Spanish Republican authorities in order to flee to safety, is only one of the many examples. But this was not the case in the Nationalist zone"

169: 2300: 1354: 1723:, "The Spanish Civil War was the culmination of long-standing tensions and social strife that no government had been able to address satisfactorily. The divide between rich and poor in Spain was immense, and the powerful Catholic hierarchy did little to ameliorate conditions. The result was that destitute peasants and dissatisfied workers supported either radical 5282: 2344:

vanquished left. The White Terror could have slain 50,000, perhaps fewer, during the war. The Franco government now gives the names of 61,000 victims of the Red Terror, but this is not subject to objective verification. The number of victims of the Nationalist repression, during and after the war, was undoubtedly greater than that". In

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Figures for the Red Terror range from 38,000 to 72,344. Historian Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. The 'red terror' had already killed 38,000." According to Julio de la Cueva, the toll of the Red Terror was 72,344 lives. Hugh Thomas and Paul Preston said that the

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However, Ruiz also notes that the idea of a homicidal, dehumanised enemy within was further reinforced by news of Nationalist atrocities; it convinced Republicans of the need for total victory. When Mola's army appeared in the mountains north of Madrid, this heightened the sense of urgency within the

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and the Republican Union Party), Communists, and various regional nationalist groups won the extremely tight election. The results gave 34 percent of the popular vote to the Popular Front and 33 percent to the incumbent government of the CEDA. This result, when coupled with the Socialists' refusal to

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The attitudes of the Catholic side towards the government and the ensuing Civil War were expressed in a joint episcopal letter from July 1, 1937, addressed by the Spanish bishops to all other Catholic bishops. Spain was said to be divided into two hostile camps, one side expresses anti-religious and

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Estimates of the number of religious men killed vary greatly. One estimate is that of the 30,000 priests and monks in Spain in 1936, 13% of the secular priests and 23% of the monks were killed, amounting to 6800 religious personnel altogether. Some 283 religious women were killed, some of them badly

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to the issues of church and state was a substantial cause of the breakdown of democracy and in the onset of the civil war. One legal commentator has stated plainly "the gravest mistake of the Constitution of 1931—Spain's last democratic Constitution prior to 1978—was its hostile attitude towards the

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I had the opportunity of being a witness to the repression in both areas. In the Nationalist side it was planned, methodical, cold. As they did not trust the people the authorities imposed their will by means of terror, committing atrocities in order to achieve their aim. Atrocities also took place

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s regular reports extolling the work of the Atadell brigade", a group of Republican agents who engaged in detentions and frequently murders of (in the end) up to 800 alleged Nationalists. "On 27 September 1936", Ruiz continues, "an editorial on the brigade stressed that its 'work, more than useful,

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were among the first volunteers to present themselves to the military authorities.... The tragedy of the Second Republic was that it abetted its own destruction; the tragedy of the Church was that it became so closely allied with its self-styled defenders". During the war, the Nationalists claimed

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According to Payne, "During the first months of the fighting most of the deaths did not come from combat on the battlefield but from political executions in the rear—the 'Red' and 'White' terrors. The terror consisted of semi-organised actions perpetrated by almost all of the leftist groups,

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While the violence long preceded the failed coup of July 1936, the immediate aftermath let loose a violent onslaught on everyone that the revolutionaries in the Republican zone identified as enemies; "where the rebellion failed, for several months afterwards, merely to be identified as a priest, a

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nationalists, largely Catholic but still mostly aligned with the Republicans, being an exception". Payne also contends that unlike the repression by the right, which "was concentrated against the most dangerous opposition elements", the Republican attacks were more irrational, "murdering innocent

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The greatest anticlerical bloodletting was at the beginning of the civil war when large areas of the country fell under the control of pro-government militias. A large part of the terror consisted of a perceived revenge against bosses and clergy, as they lost their powerful position in the social

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These anti-fascists acted on the assumption that terror was integral to the anti-fascist war effort. The fear of a dehumanised and homicidal 'fifth column' was rooted in the exclusionist political culture of the left. After the proclamation of the Second Republic on 14 April 1931, Socialists and

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Previously, Payne had suggested, "The toll taken by the respective terrors may never be known exactly. The left slaughtered more in the first months, but the Nationalist repression probably reached its height only after the war had ended, when punishment was exacted and vengeance wreaked on the

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As early as 11 May 1931, when mob violence against the Republic's perceived enemies had led to the burning of churches, convents, and religious schools, the Church had sometimes been seen as the ally of the authoritarian right. The academic Mary Vincent has written: "There was no doubt that the

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told the Spanish Parliament in April 1936 that in the six weeks since the government, from mid-February 15 to April 2, 1936, had been in power, some 199 attacks were carried out, 36 of them in churches. He listed 136 fires and fire bombings, which included 106 burned churches and 56 churches

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Historian Julio de la Cueva wrote that "despite the fact that the Church... suffer appalling persecution," the events have so far met not only with "the embarrassing partiality of ecclesiastical scholars, but also with the embarrassed silence or attempts at justification of a large number of

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have stated that the mass executions behind the Nationalist lines were organised and approved by the Nationalist authorities, and the executions behind the Republican lines were the result of the breakdown of the Republican state and the anarchy. That is given backing by Francisco Partaloa,

1525:, alleging that it was the failed rightist coup that allowed the culture of brutal violence to flourish: "its original act of violence was that it killed off the possibility of other forms of peaceful political evolution." Other historians allege that they have found evidence of systematic 1848:, the primate of Spain, urged Catholics to vote in future elections against the government parties, whom the Cardinal alleged wanted to completely destroy religion. Those who sought to lead the 'ordinary faithful' had insisted that Catholics had only one political choice, the 1739:

tended to be more extreme than in most of Europe. Yet the wealthy landowners and certain areas of the country, especially the North, maintained a staunchly conservative outlook that precluded any serious reconsideration of the nation's social ills. Many Spaniards in fact had

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anti-Spanish, the other side upholding the respect for the religious and national order. The Church was pastorally oriented and not willing to sell its freedom to politics but had to side with those who started out defending its freedom and right to exist.

1998:

to become Prime Minister at the head of a coalition which did include CEDA. Hostility between the left and the right increased after the formation of the government. Spain experienced general strikes and street conflicts. Noted among the strikes was

1768:, and as deserving of more autonomy or even outright independence from the central government... As a result, political instability prevailed throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This period was characterized by numerous 2126:, "The price the Republicans paid for Soviet aid was the very factor that led to the Republic's eventual demise. In exchange for military aid, Stalin demanded the transformation of the Republic into a prototype for the so-called 1894:

was limited by certain legal guarantees. But now we have something worse: a police force which is grounded only on a general sense of panic and on the invention of non-existent dangers to cover up this over-stepping of the law."

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The relationship between the new, secular Republic and the Catholic Church was fraught from the start. Between 10 and 13 May 1931, in retaliation for left-wing demonstrators allegedly hearing a vinyl recording of the former

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Although rare, it was reported that some nuns were raped by militiamen before they were shot. However, according to Antony Beevor, the 1946 nationalist indictment of Republican atrocities contained no evidence for any such

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De la Cueva Merino, Julio (1998). «El anticlericalismo en la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil». Emilio La Parra López y Manuel Suárez Cortina, ed. El anticlericalismo español contemporáneo. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.

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he sent to Spain, and Stalin's Spanish followers. The Stalinist Red Terror against fellow Republicans and the decision to immediately transform Spain into a prototype for "the people's democracies" of the

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On the night of July 19, 1936, alone, 50 churches were burned. In Barcelona, out of the 58 churches, only the cathedral was spared, and similar events occurred almost everywhere in Republican

2805:, people who are totally committed to the poor. There was a rumor that nuns were giving poisoned sweets to children. Some nuns were grabbed by the hair in the streets. One had her hair pulled out...". 2217:

The Red Terror was "not an irrepressible outpouring of hatred by the man in the street for his 'oppressors,' but a semi-organised activity carried out by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".

2904:, but to also exercise leniency and generosity against the many others who were on the other side. He also asked for their full participation in society and entrusted them to the compassion of the 2682:

believed that the Red Terror was the result of a plan, "a program of systematic persecution of the Church was planned to the last detail". Before he was himself abducted and shot without trial by

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of the Constitution's ban on religious education. On October 5, 1934, the agents of the local rebel government invaded the brothers' residence on the pretext of a search for concealed weapons. A

2146:) to Spain. There the GRU established secret prisons, carried out assassinations and kidnappings, and functioned under its own laws and guidelines, independent of the Republican Government." 2702:

The attitudes of people in the Nationalist zones were characterized by hope and religious revival. Victories were celebrated with religious services, anticlerical laws were abolished, and

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Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 26, p. 650 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (Library of Iberian Resources Online, Accessed May 15, 2007)

1958:, won a majority in Parliament. In the months that followed, street confrontations between pro-government and conservative demonstrators became commonplace. On 17 July, the armed forces 2996:

for both real and imagined anti-Stalinists, however, had deadly serious political consequences. They horrified numerous formerly pro-Soviet Westerners who had been witnesses, including

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on the Madrid radio on 9 August 1936 pleading Republican militiamen not to "imitate" the murderous actions of the military rebels and the public condemnation of arbitrary "justice" by

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that 20,000 priests had been killed; the figure is now put at 4,184 priests, 2,365 members of other religious institutes and 283 nuns, the vast majority during the summer of 1936.

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made the well-publicised comment that all of the convents in Madrid were not worth one Republican life. Yet equally commonly cited, for example, is the speech by Socialist leader

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provides approximate figures: about 50,000 victims of the Republican repression; about 100,000 victims of the Francoist repression during the war with some 40,000 after the war.

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to thank God for the outcome. Numerous left-wing personalities were tried for the Red Terror, not all of whom were guilty. Franco's victory was followed by thousands of

834: 2947:'s, prevalent among the Republic's supporters. NKVD agents sent to Spain were therefore keener on abducting and murdering anti-Stalinists among Republican leaders and 1019: 994: 209: 3119: 5363: 5247: 3996:

Ruiz, Julius. "Seventy years on: Historians and Repression during and after the Spanish Civil War." Journal of Contemporary History 44, no. 3 (2009): 449-472, p.464

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With the total victory of the Nationalists over the Republicans in 1939, the Red Terror ended in the country. Throughout the country, the Catholic Church held

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sent a radio message of congratulation to the Spanish government, clerics and people on April 16, 1939. He referred to the denunciation of his predecessor,

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Cueva, Julio de la (1998), "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War",

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Payne has called the terror the "most extensive and violent persecution of Catholicism in Western History, in some way even more intense than that of the

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against Church property throughout Spain and the determination of the Republican Government to never compromise upon and strictly enforce its ban against

5448: 5325: 2036:, one of the locales of anticlerical violence, a coal-mining town in the Asturias Province, was a hub of anti-government and anticlerical agitation. The 5498: 3070:

during the civil war. Relatives of Catholics who were killed by the Nationalists have requested similar recognition, criticizing the unequal treatment.

2892:, who had described past horrors and the need to defend and restore the rights of God and religion. The pope stated that the victims of terror died for 1825:

overruled those who wished to intervene by stating, "All the convents of Spain are not worth the life of a single Republican". Among the many works of

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The constitution respected civil liberties and representation, but placed some restrictions on the church's use of its own property and stripped the

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hundreds of the victims of the Red Terror (498 in one 2007 ceremony, the largest single number of beatifications in the Catholic Church's history).

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by a Republican firing squad is an example of "an assault on the public presence of Catholicism". The image was originally published in the London

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Manuel Basulto y Jiménez and his sister were murdered in front of two thousand celebrating spectators by a special executioner, a woman nicknamed

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was strongly anticlerical and involved violence against priests and religious and the destruction of 58 churches, which had been rare until then.

2006:

Lerroux, though himself a liberal Republican, became increasingly politically tainted by his ultraconsevative partners. This, combined with the

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and all other Republican factions, including en masse arrests, interrogation under torture, and mass executions. In contrast to the Stalinist

5508: 5186: 5040: 4338: 4260: 3215: 3173: 2514:. Aware of the dangers, they all decided to remain in their cities: "I cannot go, only here is my responsibility, whatever may happen," said 1443: 1152: 5210: 5174: 1335: 989: 2056:, had arrived the previous evening and was about to say Mass for the brothers. He and the brothers were arrested, held without trial, and 3623:, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, p. 632 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 30, 2007) 3415: 1458:, small business owners, industrialists, conservative politicians, and known or suspected supporters of the right-leaning parties or the 5190: 5169: 5094: 2073: 2053: 1947: 1807: 1415: 625: 5313: 4935: 4290: 3012: 2000: 1119: 1814:

that began in Madrid and then spread to cities and towns throughout the Second Spanish Republic. While some cabinet ministers in the

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there. This enraged the far-left politicians who ran Turón, because of the brothers' refusal to cease religious practice and their

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and even within its constitution. These attitudes and policies attracted harsh criticism at the time, even from fellow Republicans

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Following the outbreak of full-scale civil war there was an explosion of atrocities in both the Nationalist and Republican zones.

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Julius Rutiz The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence In Madrid, Publisher: Cambridge University Press

3255: 3099: 2599: 2461: 1506: 568: 35: 814: 5368: 5063: 3048: 2955:. The defeat of the Republic, in Stalin's eyes, was caused not by the NKVD's diversionary efforts, but by the treachery of the 2801:

An eyewitness to some of the persecution, Cristina de Arteaga, who was soon to become a nun, commented that they "attacked the

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comes to a nationwide total of 110,965 victims of Republican repression; 11,705 people being killed in Madrid alone. Historian

2310: 2286:", leaving Catholics with little alternative, and driving them to the Nationalists even more than it would have been expected. 1922:

believes, "the Republic as a democratic constitutional regime was doomed from the outset", and it has been posited that such a

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with fighting bulls where he was gored into unconsciousness. Afterwards one of his ears was cut off to imitate the feat of a

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All the Catholic churches in the Republican zone were closed, but the attacks were not limited to Catholic churches, as

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Since the left considered reform of the anti-clerical passages of the constitution absolutely unacceptable, Historian

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Ruiz, Julius. "2 Fighting the Fifth Column: The Terror in Republican Madrid during the Spanish Civil War.", pp57-58

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Ruiz, Julius. "2 Fighting the Fifth Column: The Terror in Republican Madrid during the Spanish Civil War.", pp56-57

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In Madrid, a nun was killed because she refused a proposition of marriage from a militiaman who helped storm her

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were reintroduced and attitudes to the Church immediately changed from hostility to respect and even admiration.

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death toll was 55,000, and Spanish historian Julian Casanova said that the death toll was fewer than 60,000.

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is based on recent searches conducted with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain. See, for example,

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and riots in Madrid. Nearly all rebellions were crushed by the government, and political arrests followed.

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The Red Terror also included politicidal infighting within the Republican faction, particularly after the

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are two sides of the same coin. Other formerly pro-Soviet Westerners who witnessed the Purges, including

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into the international community. In later years, Fraser compared both the Red Terror and the Stalinist

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wanted to intervene and restore order, others opposed the idea. According to the canonical narrative,

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as part of the POUM, would describe the Soviet-decreed Purge of the Republican faction in his memoirs

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long preceding the military uprising and have pointed to a "radical and antidemocratic" opposition to

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Rob Stradling, 'English-speaking Units of the International Brigades: War, Politics and Discipline',

4711: 3114: 3089: 2691: 2131: 2104: 1903: 1837:("Instruction on How to Lead a Virtuous Life Based on the Examples of Saints") that once belonged to 1795: 1674: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1024: 954: 905: 885: 688: 667: 520: 484: 454: 134: 5385: 4047: 3660: 3109: 3104: 2974: 2956: 2720: 2613: 2515: 2316: 2256:

Julius Ruiz argues that Republican killings were partially rooted in the left's political culture:

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participate in the new government, led to a general fear of revolution. The fear was worsened when

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Ruiz, Julius Ruiz (2007), "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936",

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La Jornada - Beatifican a 498 religiosos asesinados por republicanos en la guerra civil española

1886:, angrily denounced the increasingly repressive and illegal domestic policies of Prime Minister 3793: 2670:

carried numerous articles on the activities of the Atadell brigade during the summer of 1936".

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was seen as a sign of partisan loyalty. Electorally, the Church had identified itself with the

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of Post-War Eastern and Central Europe. In addition to generals and supplies, Stalin sent the

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May 1931: 100 church buildings are burned while firefighters refuse to extinguish the flames.

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Church would line up with the rebels against the Republic. The Jesuit priests of the city of

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Montero Moreno, Antonio (1961), "Historia de la persecución religiosa en España 1936-1939",

4644: 3950: 3545: 3124: 3060: 3028: 2970: 2966: 2952: 2683: 2647: 2518:. In addition 4,172 diocesan priests, 2,364 monks and friars, among them 259 1919: 1875: 1830: 1659: 1649: 1636: 1616: 1455: 1439: 1399: 915: 910: 879: 751: 585: 434: 334: 282: 185: 122: 56: 1966:, at which point Republican activists had the justification of suppressing pro-Nationalist 5270: 4160: 3020: 3001: 2997: 2940: 2920: 2794:

There are accounts of the people connected to the Catholic Church being forced to swallow

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otherwise destroyed. He claimed they there were 74 persons dead, and 345 persons injured.

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1932: 3,000 Jesuits are expelled. Church buildings are burned with impunity in 7 cities.

1852:(CEDA): "Voting for the CEDA was presented as a simple duty; good Catholics would go to 1446:. The violence consisted of the killing of tens of thousands of people, including 6,832 168: 3308: 3264:

Komuniści i ich lewaccy sojusznicy wymordowali 72 344 ludzi i zagłodzili ponad 100 tys.

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Juliá, Santos; Casanova, Julián (2005), "Apéndice. Las cifras. Estado de la cuestión (

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were killed. In some dioceses, the number of secular priests killed was overwhelming:

5437: 5294: 4973: 4774: 4714:, "'Organization is Death': John Dos Passos," and "Visions of Order: Dos Passos," in 3195: 3153: 3056: 3024: 3016: 2912: 2885: 2858: 2820: 2788: 2595: 2572: 2475: 2229: 2162: 2123: 1769: 1749: 1720: 1708: 1655: 1632: 1628: 1098: 959: 925: 31: 3955: 1603:, accordingly unleashed a revolutionary terror almost identical to the simultaneous 4845: 4686: 4164: 3094: 2986: 2893: 2889: 2866: 2761: 2535: 2225: 2178: 2170: 2158: 2154: 2115: 2111: 2061: 1967: 1938:, a broad left-of-centre coalition whose members ranged from the constitutionalist 1899: 1811: 1792: 1620: 1608: 1550: 1490: 1215: 1164: 964: 774: 698: 683: 527: 514: 347: 302: 237: 130: 17: 2625:

August 1936: 2,077 clergymen are murdered, more than 70 a day, 10 of them bishops.

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were also pillaged and closed, though some small Protestant churches were spared.

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1936: one day before July 18, the day the war started, 17 clergymen are murdered.

1970:(a term originally coined to refer to Nationalists behind the Republican lines). 5048: 4409: 3943:"Cuadernos de historia (Santiago) - LA REPRESIÓN: EL ADN DEL FRANQUISMO ESPAÑOL" 2916: 2854: 2795: 2780: 2491: 2468: 2186: 2150: 2127: 1803: 1680: 1645: 1604: 1486: 1463: 1258: 1208: 1159: 1012: 920: 708: 678: 673: 638: 459: 4432: 2911:

Many Soviet participants in the Spanish Civil War were later to fall victim to

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September 14: 3,400 clergymen are murdered during the first stages of the war.

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marks what some see as the beginning of the Red Terror. In October 1934, the

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of their previous role in the public education system. Even advocates of the

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The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence in Madrid

4859:

Privilege, Persecution, and Prophecy. The Catholic Church in Spain 1875-1975

4640:

Fosas Comunes - Los desaparecidos de Franco. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado

2813: 2784: 2773: 2666:

is necessary. Indispensable.' Similarly, the Prieto-controlled Madrid daily

2551: 2511: 2503: 2479: 2275: 2007: 1757: 1724: 1592: 1566: 1494: 1078: 3465:"498 Spanish Civil War martyrs beatified at Vatican City - Catholic Online" 2579: 1779:

To add to past instability, the revolution of 14 April 1931 that overthrew

4622: 4141: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3618: 3297: 2935:

mistrusted Soviet participants in the Spanish war. Military advisors like

2169:, from 1957 through 1989. In a 1991 interview with intelligence historian 1844:

In response to this and other similar attacks by the Government, Cardinal

5318: 5228: 2802: 2182: 2023: 1704: 1641: 1498: 1225: 4965: 1513:." Some estimates of the Red Terror range from 38,000 to ~72,344 lives. 3709:

Freedom of religion in the case law of the Spanish Constitutional court

3672: 3410: 3408: 2944: 2827: 2769: 2739: 2642:

Attitudes to the "red terror" varied on the Republican side. President

2587: 2583: 2565: 2527: 2495: 2483: 1728: 1685: 1102: 1062: 787: 654: 4809: 4079: 3550: 3534:"La ira anticlerical de mayo de 1931. Religión, política y propaganda" 4700:

Special Tasts: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness: A Soviet Spymaster

4429:"Tucson priests one step away from sainthood Arizona Star 06.12.2007" 4153: 3278:, Julian Casanova, pp. 105-106, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010 2924: 2900:

and appealed to them to justly punish Republicans who were guilty of

2765: 2731: 2558: 2543: 2507: 2499: 2471: 2087: 1765: 1318: 1298: 1278: 1238: 827: 507: 472: 4672:, Primo Anno di Pontificato, Tipografia Poliglotta, Roma 1940, p. 54 3051:, in which he had been a perpetrator, with what happened throughout 1902:

also condemned the Spanish Republican Government's refusal to grant

1760:

encouraged these people to think of themselves as distinct from the

3414:

Redzioch, Wlodzimierz (interviewing historian Vicente Carcel Orti)

1744:

leanings and believed that their country's salvation lay in native

2932: 2204: 2166: 2107:

52 prisoners were executed by anarchists militiamen as reprisals.

2022:

The murder of 37 priests, brothers and seminarians by leftists in

982: 721: 561: 427: 387: 367: 2819:

The Bishop of Almeria was murdered while working on a history of

5164: 2962: 2135: 2119: 1983: 1955: 1596: 1573: 5052: 4683:

Stalin and his Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him

2622:

From July 18 – August 1: 861 clergymen are murdered in 2 weeks.

1867:

had serious problems with the Constitution; one such advocate,

1652:

were nothing short of catastrophic for the Republican faction.

4985:(in German), Munich: Verlag Josef Kösel & Friedrich Pustet 4893:(in German), Munich: Verlag Josef Kösel & Friedrich Pustet 2881:, was one of the most notable cases of this early repression. 2293: 2181:

recalled, "While I was fighting at the front, shooting at the

2661:

Julius Ruiz goes on to note, however, that "not cited... are

1829:

that were lost during the 1931 arson attacks was the copy of

1806:

being played through the windows of a nearby flat, more than

4983:

Papstgeschichte der neuesten Zeit Vol IV, Pius XI, 1922–1939

3256:"Francisco Franco - jedyny przywódca, który pokonał Stalina" 3007:

Furthermore, in a public break from his past service in the

2091:, announced that the country was on the cusp of revolution. 3004:, and caused them to permanently turn against the U.S.S.R. 2467:

tortured. 13 bishops were killed from the dioceses of

1776:, and monarchies with varying amounts of political power." 4850:

History of the Church: The Church in the Twentieth Century

4111:

The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.

3890:

The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.

3227:

Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War

3185:

Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War

2149:

The most infamous NKVD agent who served in the Republican

93:

with a caption noting the "Spanish Reds' war on religion".

3807:

Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War

3490:

Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War

3066:

In 2007, the Vatican beatified 498 priests killed by the

2873:

monument, etc. The 1940 shooting of the president of the

2734:

of Christ's Crucifixion. At the end of his suffering the

2532:

Christian Brothers (also called the De La Salle Brothers)

480:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

2861:, building railways, drying out swamps, digging canals ( 315:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

2992:

Both the Spanish Red Terror and the NKVD and the SIM's

2014:

scandals, destroyed his and the Radicals' popularity;

4228:

Sowieci: Opowieści niepoprawne politycznie - Część. II

3722:

Uncommon faith: the early years of Opus Dei, 1928-1943

2072:

In the 1936 elections, a new coalition of socialists (

4852:, vol. X, London & New York: Burn& Oates 4779:

The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

4733:

Skeff: The Life of Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, 1909-1970

4722:, then Harper & Row, pp. 74–117, and pp. 233–268. 3903:

The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

3380:

The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

3239:

The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

2742:

him or just shoot him. They finished with a shooting.

2110:

According to recent research, some of the Republican

1816:

Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic

5346: 5246: 5209: 5135: 5128: 5087: 5017:(Revised and enlarged ed.), Harper & Row, 4891:

Papstgeschichte, von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart

3732: 3730: 2943:were open to infection by the heresies, especially 2849:(the remains of 35,000 people are estimated by the 2719:Murder of 6,832 members of the Catholic clergy and 1982:to the Cortes Generales, the clerical conservative 1115:

List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

152: 144: 116: 108: 98: 48: 4129:Cambridge University Press. 2010. New York. p. 181 3918:Princeton University Press. 1967. Princeton. p.305 2253:'s friend, who observed repression in both zones. 1874:In a speech delivered on 28 November 1932, at the 1835:De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum 662:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany 4636:Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory 4573: 4571: 3916:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939 3877:The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction. 2851:Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory 835:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 4508: 4506: 3650:Brigham Young University Law Review June 1, 2001 3614: 3612: 3202:, p. 80, 168, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 3160:, p. 80, 168, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 2018:1934 murder of priests and religious in Asturias 1576:, the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (an 995:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 3538:Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine 2723:as well as the killing thousands of lay people. 2658:, the Socialist Party newspaper, on 23 August. 2245:prosecutor of the Madrid High Court of Justice 2157:, who later became the widely detested head of 1341:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions 4417:28 November 2001, p. 3(Weekly English Edition) 4331:Zagrabiona pamięć. Wojna w Hiszpanii 1936-1939 3665:The United States and Spain. An Interpretation 3132:- Similar Anti-Catholic persecutions in Mexico 1619:blaming the defeat of the Spanish Republic on 1497:parties, which had set themselves against the 5064: 4848:; Repgen, Konrad; Dolan, John, eds. (1999) , 4451: 4449: 4282:Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939 4070:Cueva, Julio de la, "Religious Persecution", 2686:'s bodyguards just 5 days prior to the coup, 2313:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 1850:Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right 1517:historians and memoirists." Analysts such as 1376: 245:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 8: 4546: 4544: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4033:Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World 3492:, Yale University Press. Pages xxvii-xxviii. 2602:and beatified 498 more on October 28, 2007. 2561:, 270 of 410 priests were killed, about 66%. 2554:, 123 of 140 priests were killed, about 88%. 1856:on Sunday and support the political right". 3929:The Assassination of Federico García Lorca. 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3120:Republican repression in Madrid (1936–1939) 1631:have instead laid the blame at the door of 415:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State 225:Persecution of Christians in the modern era 27:Assassinations during the Spanish Civil War 5132: 5071: 5057: 5049: 4880:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4826:Franzen, August; Bäumer, Remigius (1991), 4816:Franzen, August; Bäumer, Remigius (1988), 4466: 4464: 4211:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4007:Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic 3817: 3815: 3809:, Yale University Press. Pages xvii-xviii. 3648:Perspectives on religious freedom in Spain 3604:Catholicism in the Spanish Second Republic 2896:. He wished peace and prosperity upon the 2857:) and imprisonments, and many were put to 2323:this issue before removing this message. 1752:. Meanwhile, nationalist movements in the 1438:-controlled region escaped systematic and 1383: 1369: 163: 45: 4930:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4889:Seppelt, Franz; Löffler, Klemens (1933), 4702:, Little, Brown and Company. Pages 30-31. 3954: 3796:line publication date: June 2014 page 284 3549: 2568:, 44% of the secular priests were killed. 1960:staged a partially successful coup d'etat 1442:violence, although it was minimal in the 215:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism 5035:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 4610: 4598: 4455: 3711:Brigham Young University Law Review 2001 3429:"1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia" 3031:and expressed support for granting both 2919:. This was because, according to author 2690:politician and leader of the opposition 2590:, about half of the priests were killed. 2370: 2068:1936 Popular Front victory and aftermath 1986:won a plurality of seats, but President 1808:100 religious buildings were burned down 845:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 4789:The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875-1998 4670:Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di sua Santita 4253:Mity wojny domowej. Hiszpania 1936-1939 4182:Appendix. The figures. State-of-the-art 4066: 4064: 3905:. Penguin Books. 2006. London. pp.86-87 3637:, p. 195, Rowman & Littlefield 2008 3578:The Slavic and Eastern European Journal 3146: 3027:converted to Catholicism following the 2114:were heavily staffed by members of the 1450:, the vast majority in the wake of the 184: 5033:The Spanish Republic and the civil war 4873: 4586: 4562: 4550: 4535: 4397: 4204: 4192:(in Spanish), Barcelona, p. 411, 3892:Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p. 307 3759: 3747: 2530:, 176 Brothers of Mary, 165 2185:, Mielke served in the rear, shooting 1110:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom 210:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 4304: 4302: 4274: 4272: 4175: 4173: 4137: 4135: 4121: 4119: 4113:Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p.233 4105: 4103: 4089: 4087: 4043: 4041: 3941:Arnabat Mata, Ramón (December 2013). 3344: 3293: 3291: 2977:for his Spanish Civil War colleagues 2612:1934: 33 priests are murdered in the 1882:, one of the founding fathers of the 1700:, were left similarly disillusioned. 7: 4470: 4154:International justice begins at home 3382:. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87 3249: 3247: 3241:. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87 2823:. His card index file was destroyed. 2001:the miners' revolt in northern Spain 1336:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union 990:Violence against Christians in India 205:Historical persecution of Christians 5494:War crimes of the Spanish Civil War 4838:El Cardinal Goma, Primado de Espana 4781:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 4127:The Spanish republic and civil war. 4097:Penguin Books. 2001. London. p. 900 4035:, p. 13, 2008 Yale University Press 3879:Oxford University Press. 2005. p.30 3574:St Francis Xavier and Marko Marulić 2317:create a more balanced presentation 2085:, hailed as "the Spanish Lenin" by 1452:rightist military coup in July 1936 626:Burning of convents in Spain (1931) 4840:(in Spanish), Madrid: Espasa Calpe 4828:Kirchengeschichte (Church history) 4748:, October 2010, Vol.45(4), p. 765. 4411:New Evangelization with the Saints 4353:Wojna domowa w Hiszpanii 1936-1939 4285:. Princeton U.P. pp. 530–31. 3931:Penguin Books. London. 1983. p.168 3394:, University of Notre Dame Press, 1791:also brought to power a left-wing 1120:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 739:Persecution of Christians in China 25: 5449:Anti-Christian sentiment in Spain 4731:Andrée Sheehy-Skeffington (1991), 3821:John Koehler, "The Stasi", p. 48. 3698:, p. 221, Oxford University Press 3667:. Sheed & Ward; 1ST edition. 3532:Núñez Díaz-Balart, Mirta (2017). 3453:. Penguin Books. 2001. p. 6. 2575:, 286 of 600 priests were killed. 2268:Hermanidad Auxilio Azul María Paz 4329:Jan Chodakiewicz, Marek (2010). 3947:Cuadernos de Historia (Santiago) 3416:The Martyrs of Spain's Civil War 3100:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 2600:martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 2462:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 2298: 2220:By contrast, historians such as 2074:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 2060:in the middle of the night by a 1962:which heralded the onset of the 1352: 569:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 167: 77: 4946:Journal of Contemporary History 4818:Papstgeschichte (Papal history) 4798:Journal of Contemporary History 4746:Journal of Contemporary History 4072:Journal of Contemporary History 3956:10.4067/S0719-12432013000200002 3621:A History of Spain and Portugal 3254:Zychowicz, Piotr (2015-03-20). 3049:Spanish Republican Armed Forces 3013:Servicio de Información Militar 2985:'s during the assassination of 1591:. The Stalinists, aided by the 1470:against monasteries, convents, 1177:Oregon Compulsory Education Act 1140:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 4787:Callahan, William J. (2012) , 4634:The estimate of 35,000 by the 3830:Koehler (1999), pages 416–417. 3635:Historical Dictionary of Spain 3504:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 1865:separation of church and state 1623:and his followers, historians 1481:had already characterized the 1410:by sections of nearly all the 1266:Catholic Church in North Korea 1130:Dissolution of the Monasteries 270:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem 1: 5469:Political and cultural purges 5459:Political repression in Spain 4186:Víctimas de la guerra civil ( 4020:La Iglesia catolica en Espana 3260:Wp.Opinie/ Historia do Rzeczy 2706:became legal again. Catholic 2594:In 2001, the Catholic Church 1306:2021 Canadian church burnings 1068:Religious violence in Nigeria 601:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate 220:Eastern Catholic persecutions 5509:Human rights abuses in Spain 5499:Soviet Union–Spain relations 4911:, New York: Franklin Watts, 4836:Granados, Anastasio (1969), 4312:. Warszawa: Fronda. p. 198. 4163:by Carlos Alberto Montaner, 3696:Arguing Comparative Politics 2951:commanders than on fighting 2738:debated whether actually to 2356:), journalist and historian 2247:(Tribunal Supremo de Madrid) 1789:Spanish Constitution of 1931 1420:classical Catholic education 1183:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 355:Christianity in Saudi Arabia 4308:Carroll, Warren H. (2007). 3431:. BBC News. 8 February 2013 2366:Víctimas de la guerra civil 1974:1933 election and aftermath 1684:to make the case that both 1648:instead of first defeating 1331:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy 1191:Philadelphia nativist riots 5530: 4351:Zubiński, Tadeusz (2015). 3949:(in Spanish) (39): 33–59. 3580:", Spring 1961, pp. 12-18. 3392:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 3276:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 2459: 2095:Early outbreak of violence 1286:Anti-Catholicism in Norway 855:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs 544:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 5381:Government during the war 5031:Casanova, Julian (2010), 4981:Schmidlin, Josef (1939), 4720:Columbia University Press 4698:Pavel Sudoplatov (1994), 4279:Gabriel Jackson (2012) . 4226:Zychowicz, Piotr (2016). 4050:. Rev. of Antony Beevor, 3055:after it was assigned to 3035:and the reintegration of 2937:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko 2122:. According to historian 1861:Catholic religious orders 1783:and established both the 1731:, buttressed by a bitter 448:European wars of religion 76: 64: 5479:Persecution of Catholics 4995:, ???: Touchstone, 4958:10.1177/0022009407071625 4907:Mitchell, David (1983), 4857:Lannon, Frances (1987), 4500:Thomas 1976, p. 206–208. 4188:Victims of the civil war 3781:The Splintering of Spain 3707:Martinez-Torron, Javier 3646:Paz, Jose Antonio Souto 3322:The Splintering of Spain 3200:The Splintering of Spain 3158:The Splintering of Spain 2906:Catholic Church in Spain 2680:Catholic Church in Spain 1992:Radical Republican Party 1804:Royalist national anthem 1570:Communist Party of Spain 1537:among supporters of the 1521:have linked the Red and 1432:Catholic Church in Spain 1422:were the beginning of a 1246:Murder of Andrea Santoro 759:Ad Apostolorum principis 495:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 250:Diocletianic Persecution 5129:Political organizations 4355:. Fronda. p. 423. 4255:. Fronda. p. 207. 4074:, 3, 198, pp. 355-369. 3085:Spanish Republic at War 3068:Spanish Republican Army 3009:Spanish Republican Army 2973:who was later the main 2869:), construction of the 1884:Second Spanish Republic 1785:Second Spanish Republic 1719:According to historian 1690:authoritarian socialism 1539:Second Spanish Republic 1483:Second Spanish Republic 1050:1989 murders of Jesuits 148:38,000 to ~72,344 lives 103:Second Spanish Republic 36:Infobox civilian attack 5364:Evacuation of children 5261:International Brigades 4095:The Spanish Civil War. 3805:Ronald Radosh (2001), 3724:, p. 148, Scepter 2002 3488:Ronald Radosh (2001), 3198:and Michael Richards, 3156:and Michael Richards, 3033:diplomatic recognition 2439:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 2433:Ramón Salas Larrazabal 2263: 2214: 2175:International Brigades 2118:'s secret police, the 1750:centralized government 1662:who fought during the 1613:International Brigades 1549:, and ultimately from 1511:executed without trial 1479:political polarisation 1448:Roman Catholic priests 1416:May 1931 arson attacks 1403: 1359:Catholicism portal 1196:Ursuline Convent riots 1125:Irish Catholic Martyrs 1020:Four U.S. missionaries 729:Martyr Saints of China 395:Maspero demonstrations 290:Massacre of the Latins 131:Antireligious violence 41:considered for merging 5015:The Spanish Civil War 4993:The Spanish Civil War 4991:Thomas, Hugh (1961), 4926:Ruiz, Julius (2015), 4909:The Spanish Civil War 4901:La Editorial Católica 4832:(cit Franzen II 1991) 4712:Diggins, John Patrick 4230:. Rebis. p. 88. 3685:Dilectissima Nobis, 2 3358:Gunpowder and Incense 2949:International Brigade 2791:stuffed in his mouth. 2726:The parish priest of 2678:The hierarchy of the 2510:and the auxiliary of 2258: 2208: 2140:military intelligence 1932:1936 general election 1703:In recent years, the 1672:, as well as writing 1527:religious persecution 1428:religious persecution 1414:groups involved. The 866:In Poloniae annalibus 815:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn 765:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei 375:Christianity in Sudan 123:Anticlerical violence 5454:Communist repression 4689:, 2004. pp. 362–363. 4415:L'Osservatore Romano 4052:The Battle for Spain 3720:Coverdale, John F., 3115:Paracuellos massacre 3090:White Terror (Spain) 2721:religious institutes 2516:the Bishop of Cuenca 2209:Martyrs Cemetery of 2132:Soviet secret police 2128:People's Democracies 2105:Buenaventura Durruti 2038:De La Salle Brothers 1988:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora 1950:to the more extreme 1906:to Catholics in the 1904:religious toleration 1869:José Ortega y Gasset 1846:Pedro Segura y Sáenz 1796:coalition government 1774:short-lived Republic 1675:Nineteen Eighty-Four 1547:José Ortega y Gasset 1535:religious toleration 1531:revolutionary terror 689:Bernhard Lichtenberg 668:Mit brennender Sorge 606:José María of Manila 539:José Sánchez del Río 521:Iniquis afflictisque 490:Martyrs of Compiègne 135:Political repression 5504:Communist terrorism 5359:Concentration camps 5248:Foreign involvement 3110:498 Spanish Martyrs 3105:233 Spanish Martyrs 2939:, journalists like 2871:Valle de los Caídos 2865:, the Canal of the 2772:after a successful 2753:, the freckled one. 2652:Julián Zugazagoitia 2614:Asturias Revolution 2578:In the dioceses of 2076:, PSOE), liberals ( 2028:Asturian Revolution 1737:liberalism in Spain 1669:Homage to Catalonia 1578:anti-Stalinist Left 1460:anti-Stalinist Left 1326:Martyrs of Pratulin 1035:Ignacio Martín-Baró 734:Auguste Chapdelaine 621:522 Spanish Martyrs 616:498 Spanish Martyrs 611:233 Spanish Martyrs 83:"Execution" of the 18:Red Terror in Spain 5514:Red Terror (Spain) 5489:Terrorism in Spain 5391:Spanish Revolution 4830:, Freiburg: Herder 4822:(cit Franzen 1988) 4820:, Freiburg: Herder 4791:(reprint ed.) 4159:2020-01-16 at the 4125:Casanova, Julian. 4048:"Men of La Mancha" 3914:Jackson, Gabriel. 3619:Payne, Stanley G. 3418:, Catholic Culture 3037:Spain under Franco 2875:Catalan government 2847:summary executions 2764:was thrown into a 2730:was put through a 2708:military chaplains 2441:Julio de la Cueva 2215: 2058:summarily executed 2046:civil disobedience 1927:Catholic Church". 1924:"hostile" approach 1912:Dilectissima Nobis 1746:Spanish traditions 1559:Dilectissima Nobis 1000:Devasahayam Pillai 795:Vietnamese Martyrs 591:Martyrs of Daimiel 580:Dilectissima Nobis 263:Neo-Persian Empire 157:Republican faction 139:Political violence 5484:Spanish Civil War 5474:Politics of Spain 5431: 5430: 5242: 5241: 5080:Spanish Civil War 5042:978-0-521-73780-7 4716:Up From Communism 4681:Donald Rayfield, 4339:978-83-62268-08-5 4310:Ostatnia Krucjata 4262:978-83-603-3561-1 4251:Pio, Moa (2007). 3551:10.4000/ccec.6666 3216:978-0-521-82178-0 3174:978-0-521-82178-0 3080:Spanish Civil War 2867:Bajo Guadalquivir 2853:(ARMH) to lie in 2692:José Calvo Sotelo 2453: 2452: 2436:Warren H. Carroll 2337: 2336: 2315:. Please help to 2307:This section may 2284:French Revolution 2064:in the cemetery. 1996:Alejandro Lerroux 1964:Spanish Civil War 1880:Miguel de Unamuno 1839:St Francis Xavier 1827:cultural heritage 1781:King Alfonso XIII 1664:Spanish Civil War 1637:military advisors 1543:Miguel de Unamuno 1408:Spanish Civil War 1393: 1392: 1025:Ignacio Ellacuría 936:Aloysius Stepinac 906:József Mindszenty 886:Jerzy Popiełuszko 873:Gloriosam Reginam 840:Maksymilian Kolbe 800:Andrew of Phú Yên 745:Ad Sinarum gentem 694:Max Josef Metzger 485:War in the Vendée 455:Thirty Years' War 408:Islamic terrorism 325:Assyrian genocide 320:Armenian genocide 162: 161: 67:Spanish Civil War 60: 16:(Redirected from 5521: 5444:Anti-Catholicism 5339: 5286: 5266:Non-intervention 5133: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5050: 5045: 5027: 5005: 4986: 4976: 4940: 4921: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4879: 4871: 4853: 4841: 4831: 4821: 4812: 4792: 4782: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4539: 4533: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4431:. Archived from 4425: 4419: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4367: 4366: 4348: 4342: 4327: 4321: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4202: 4177: 4168: 4167:, August 4, 2003 4151: 4145: 4139: 4130: 4123: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4091: 4082: 4068: 4059: 4058:(June 22, 2006). 4045: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3901:Beevor, Antony. 3899: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3750:, pp. 83–86 3745: 3739: 3737:Martyrs of Turon 3734: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3694:Stepan, Alfred, 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3591:Battle for Spain 3587: 3581: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3553: 3529: 3523: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3467:. Archived from 3461: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3389: 3383: 3378:Beevor, Antony. 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3295: 3286: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3251: 3242: 3237:Beevor, Antony. 3235: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3151: 3125:Political terror 3061:Yalta Conference 3029:Second World War 2971:ethnic Ukrainian 2967:Pavel Sudoplatov 2953:Francisco Franco 2714:Reported murders 2704:Catholic schools 2684:Indalecio Prieto 2674:Nationalist side 2654:, the editor of 2648:Indalecio Prieto 2413:Julian Casanova 2371: 2346:Checas de Madrid 2332: 2329: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2171:John. O. Koehler 2054:Padre Innocencio 1994:and its leader, 1968:fifth columnists 1940:Republican Union 1920:Stanley G. Payne 1754:Basque provinces 1650:Francisco Franco 1617:official history 1474:, and churches. 1472:Catholic schools 1456:Spanish nobility 1385: 1378: 1371: 1357: 1356: 916:Severian Baranyk 911:Eugene Bossilkov 880:Invicti athletae 850:Stefan Wyszyński 805:Nguyễn Văn Thuận 752:Cupimus Imprimis 596:Bartolomé Blanco 586:Martyrs of Turon 435:Martyrs of Japan 335:Kosheh massacres 310:Muslim conquests 283:Byzantine Empire 171: 164: 81: 54: 46: 21: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5342: 5333: 5280: 5271:Nyon Conference 5238: 5205: 5124: 5120:List of battles 5083: 5077: 5043: 5030: 5025: 5009: 5003: 4990: 4987:(Papal history) 4980: 4943: 4938: 4925: 4919: 4906: 4898: 4895:(Papal history) 4888: 4872: 4869: 4856: 4844: 4835: 4825: 4815: 4795: 4786: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4577:Thomas, p. 173. 4576: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4370: 4363: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4328: 4324: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4278: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4203: 4200: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4161:Wayback Machine 4152: 4148: 4140: 4133: 4124: 4117: 4109:Preston, Paul. 4108: 4101: 4092: 4085: 4069: 4062: 4046: 4039: 4031:Payne, Stanley 4030: 4026: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3961: 3959: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3888:Preston, Paul. 3887: 3883: 3875:Graham, Helen. 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3512: 3508: 3502:Anticlericalism 3500: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3451:Orwell in Spain 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3356:Hilari Raguer, 3355: 3351: 3343: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3274: 3270: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3076: 3047:and within the 3002:Arthur Koestler 2998:John Dos Passos 2921:Donald Rayfield 2837: 2783:, a priest was 2716: 2676: 2640: 2638:Republican side 2635: 2542:, and 114 2464: 2458: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2421:Paweł Skibiński 2404: 2394: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2251:Queipo de Llano 2234:Gabriel Jackson 2097: 2083:Largo Caballero 2078:Republican Left 2070: 2042:Catholic school 2040:ran an illegal 2020: 1976: 1944:Republican Left 1892:the Inquisition 1733:anticlericalism 1717: 1698:Arthur Koestler 1694:John Dos Passos 1660:social democrat 1625:Donald Rayfield 1585:political party 1389: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1321: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1271: 1270: 1261: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1231: 1230: 1221:Pedro Calungsod 1211: 1201: 1200: 1155: 1145: 1144: 1105: 1091: 1090: 1081: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1055: 1054: 1015: 1005: 1004: 985: 975: 974: 970:Theodore Romzha 942:Meminisse iuvat 931:Zynoviy Kovalyk 901: 891: 890: 830: 820: 819: 810:Trương Bửu Diệp 790: 780: 779: 724: 714: 713: 704:Erich Klausener 657: 647: 646: 641: 631: 630: 564: 554: 553: 510: 500: 499: 475: 465: 464: 450: 440: 439: 430: 420: 419: 410: 400: 399: 390: 380: 379: 370: 360: 359: 350: 340: 339: 305: 295: 294: 285: 275: 274: 265: 255: 254: 240: 230: 229: 200: 191:Catholic Church 188: 119: 94: 71:Interwar period 50: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5354:Army of Africa 5350: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5028: 5023: 5007: 5001: 4988: 4978: 4941: 4937:978-1107682931 4936: 4923: 4917: 4904: 4896: 4886: 4867: 4854: 4842: 4833: 4823: 4813: 4804:(3): 355–369, 4793: 4784: 4775:Beevor, Antony 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4752: 4737: 4735:, pp. 153-154. 4724: 4704: 4691: 4674: 4662: 4660:Schmidlin, 222 4653: 4648:, 7 July 2002 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4540: 4523: 4514: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4460: 4445: 4420: 4402: 4400:, pp. ??? 4390: 4368: 4361: 4343: 4322: 4298: 4292:978-1400820184 4291: 4268: 4261: 4243: 4236: 4218: 4198: 4169: 4146: 4131: 4115: 4099: 4093:Thomas, Hugh. 4083: 4060: 4037: 4024: 4011: 4009:, pp. 248, 258 4005:Mary Vincent, 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3933: 3920: 3907: 3894: 3881: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3823: 3811: 3798: 3785: 3773: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3726: 3713: 3700: 3687: 3678: 3661:Hayes, Carlton 3652: 3639: 3633:Smith, Angel, 3626: 3608: 3602:Mary Vincent, 3595: 3582: 3565: 3524: 3506: 3494: 3481: 3456: 3442: 3420: 3404: 3384: 3371: 3369:Raguer, p. 126 3362: 3349: 3326: 3320:Mary Vincent, 3313: 3309:Beevor, Antony 3301: 3287: 3268: 3243: 3230: 3219: 3188: 3177: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3053:Eastern Europe 3045:Spanish people 2983:Ramón Mercader 2979:Nahum Eitingon 2898:Spanish people 2879:Lluís Companys 2836: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2777: 2760:The priest of 2758: 2754: 2747:Bishop of Jaén 2743: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2675: 2672: 2663:El Socialista' 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2592: 2591: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2457: 2456:Toll on clergy 2454: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2385:Antony Beevor 2383: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2364:, in the work 2335: 2334: 2319:. Discuss and 2306: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2096: 2093: 2069: 2066: 2019: 2016: 1980:1933 elections 1975: 1972: 1820:Prime Minister 1770:military coups 1716: 1713: 1444:Basque Country 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086:Stanley Rother 1082: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040:Segundo Montes 1037: 1032: 1030:Rutilio Grande 1027: 1022: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 986: 981: 980: 977: 976: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 955:Sára Salkaházi 952: 945: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 902: 899:Eastern Europe 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 883: 876: 869: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 826: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 791: 786: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 755: 748: 741: 736: 731: 725: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 664: 658: 653: 652: 649: 648: 644:Titus Brandsma 642: 637: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 576: 571: 565: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 524: 517: 511: 506: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 492: 487: 482: 476: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 451: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 431: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 411: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 391: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 351: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 332: 330:Greek genocide 327: 322: 317: 312: 306: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 286: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 266: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 247: 241: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 182: 181: 173: 172: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 82: 74: 73: 62: 61: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5526: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295:Condor Legion 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5145:Popular Front 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5024:0-06-014278-2 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5002:0-671-75876-4 4998: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4952:(1): 97–115, 4951: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4918:9780531098967 4914: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4868:0-19-821923-7 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4846:Jedin, Hubert 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4611:Mitchell 1983 4607: 4604: 4600: 4599:Mitchell 1983 4595: 4592: 4589:, p. 272 4588: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565:, pp. 83 4564: 4559: 4556: 4553:, p. 174 4552: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4538:, p. 173 4537: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4512:Granados, 348 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4473:, p. 100 4472: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456:Mitchell 1983 4452: 4450: 4446: 4435:on 2008-12-03 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4362:9788371779732 4358: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4318:9788360562093 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4237:9788380621022 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4199:84-8460-333-4 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4056:The Economist 4053: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3927:Gibson, Ian. 3924: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3771:Beevor, p. 91 3768: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3520:84-7030-532-8 3517: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3471:on 2007-11-17 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400:0-268-03268-8 3397: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3347:, p. 355 3346: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3284:0-268-03268-8 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208:0-521-82178-9 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196:Ealham, Chris 3192: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3166:0-521-82178-9 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154:Ealham, Chris 3150: 3147: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3057:Joseph Stalin 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025:Hamish Fraser 3022: 3018: 3017:secret police 3014: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:Joseph Stalin 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Pope Pius XII 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859:forced labour 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2789:sexual organs 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2668:Informaciones 2664: 2659: 2657: 2656:El Socialista 2653: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405:Paul Preston 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395:Santos Juliá 2393:Stanley Payne 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:84-9793-168-8 2351: 2347: 2341: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:Antony Beevor 2227: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:secret police 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:Ronald Radosh 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936:Popular Front 1933: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876:Madrid Ateneo 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 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Beevor, 3324:, pp. 70-71 3041:witch hunts 2917:Great Purge 2855:mass graves 2781:Ciudad Real 2538:, 132 2534:, 155 2526:, 204 2524:Franciscans 2522:, 226 2492:Ciudad Real 2410:<60 000 2403:Hugh Thomas 2358:César Vidal 2328:August 2020 2238:Hugh Thomas 2211:Paracuellos 2187:Trotskyists 1878:, the poet 1681:Animal Farm 1646:Soviet Bloc 1487:Catholicism 1464:desecration 1424:politicidal 1404:Terror Rojo 1259:North Korea 1209:Philippines 1160:James Coyle 1013:El Salvador 921:Josef Beran 709:Kulturkampf 679:Alois Grimm 674:Alfred Delp 639:Netherlands 460:Reformation 118:Attack type 52:Terror Rojo 30:‹ The 5438:Categories 5399:Red Terror 5234:Alfonsists 5224:Falangists 5137:Republican 5095:Background 5088:Chronology 4861:, Oxford, 4439:2007-06-26 4333:. Fronda. 4018:Callahan, 3673:B0014JCVS0 3475:2016-09-23 3345:Cueva 1998 3137:References 3130:Calles Law 3043:among the 3023:Communist 2994:witch hunt 2902:war crimes 2814:synagogues 2736:militiamen 2728:Navalmoral 2688:Monarchist 2540:Dominicans 2520:Claretians 2460:See also: 2290:Death toll 2242:Ian Gibson 2191:Anarchists 2142:unit (the 2138:) and the 2050:Passionist 1952:Communists 1908:encyclical 1762:Castilians 1742:monarchist 1715:Background 1599:, and the 1589:anarchists 1582:Trotskyist 1555:encyclical 1462:, and the 1436:Republican 1396:Red Terror 1171:The Menace 1135:Penal Laws 949:Anni sacri 770:Beda Chang 574:Red Terror 549:Miguel Pro 127:Politicide 90:Daily Mail 49:Red Terror 5256:Comintern 5115:1938–1939 4974:159559553 4521:Jedin 618 4491:Jedin 616 4471:Ruiz 2007 4388:Jedin 617 3560:1957-7761 3015:(S.I.M.) 2835:Aftermath 2803:Salesians 2785:castrated 2774:bullfight 2757:incident. 2751:La Pecosa 2633:Attitudes 2596:beatified 2552:Barbastro 2512:Tarragona 2504:Barcelona 2480:Barbastro 2374:Estimate 2276:Salamanca 2213:in Madrid 2008:Straperlo 1898:In 1933, 1758:Catalonia 1729:socialism 1725:anarchism 1709:beatified 1593:Comintern 1572:declared 1567:Stalinist 1507:religious 1495:far-right 1079:Guatemala 112:1936–1939 39:is being 5395:Terrors 5375:Guernica 5319:Viriatos 5314:Portugal 5229:Carlists 5013:(1977), 4966:30036431 4876:citation 4777:(2006), 4718:, 1975, 4645:El Mundo 4207:citation 4157:Archived 4022:, p. 282 3663:(1951). 3360:, p. 115 3074:See also 3021:Scottish 3011:and its 2965:General 2957:heretics 2884:The new 2842:Te Deums 2787:and his 2528:Piarists 2469:Siguenza 2446:110,905 2425:Pio Moa 2377:Sources 2183:Fascists 2177:veteran 2052:priest, 2024:Asturias 1890:: "Even 1787:and the 1735:, while 1705:Holy See 1642:Cold War 1499:far-left 1226:Gomburza 860:Policies 199:Overview 178:a series 176:Part of 99:Location 65:Part of 43:. › 32:template 5421:sidebar 5331:Belarus 5326:Ireland 5290:Germany 4144:p. 650. 3866:p. 649. 3783:, p. 68 3435:27 July 3059:at the 3019:force, 2975:handler 2945:Trotsky 2941:Koltsov 2828:convent 2770:matador 2740:crucify 2588:Segorbe 2584:Menorca 2566:Tortosa 2544:Jesuits 2496:Almeria 2484:Segorbe 2430:72,344 2418:60,000 2400:55,000 2390:50,000 2382:38,000 2321:resolve 2012:Nombela 1978:In the 1930:In the 1686:fascism 1607:in the 1553:in the 1412:leftist 1400:Spanish 1103:Ireland 1063:Nigeria 788:Vietnam 655:Germany 189:of the 57:Spanish 5416:navbox 5039: 5021: 4999: 4972: 4964: 4934: 4915: 4865: 4810:261121 4808: 4802:XXXIII 4625:p. 215 4359: 4337: 4316: 4289: 4259: 4234: 4196: 4080:261121 4078: 3854:p. 649 3842:p. 650 3671: 3606:, p. 1 3558: 3544:(18). 3518: 3398: 3282: 3214: 3206: 3172: 3164: 3000:, and 2931:, and 2929:Yezhov 2925:Stalin 2821:Toledo 2809:Spain. 2766:corral 2732:parody 2580:Málaga 2573:Toledo 2559:Lleida 2508:Teruel 2500:Guadix 2476:Cuenca 2472:Lleida 2352: 2240:, and 2199:Basque 2165:, the 2088:Pravda 1934:, the 1766:Madrid 1635:, the 1595:, the 1454:, the 1319:Russia 1299:Canada 1279:Norway 1239:Turkey 828:Poland 534:Saints 508:Mexico 473:France 145:Deaths 5411:Women 5369:Films 5338:] 5302:Italy 5285:] 4970:S2CID 4962:JSTOR 4806:JSTOR 4623:Payne 4142:Payne 4076:JSTOR 3962:8 May 3864:Payne 3852:Payne 3840:Payne 3142:Notes 2969:, an 2933:Beria 2309:lend 2167:Stasi 2134:(the 2034:Turón 1644:-era 1434:. No 983:India 722:China 562:Spain 428:Japan 388:Egypt 368:Sudan 5278:USSR 5219:CEDA 5175:PSUC 5170:PSOE 5165:POUM 5110:1937 5105:1936 5100:Coup 5037:ISBN 5019:ISBN 4997:ISBN 4932:ISBN 4913:ISBN 4882:link 4863:ISBN 4357:ISBN 4335:ISBN 4314:ISBN 4287:ISBN 4257:ISBN 4232:ISBN 4213:link 4194:ISBN 4184:)", 3964:2015 3794:link 3669:ASIN 3593:p.23 3556:ISSN 3516:ISBN 3437:2021 3402:p. 7 3396:ISBN 3280:ISBN 3212:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3170:ISBN 3162:ISBN 2981:and 2963:NKVD 2959:". 2745:The 2586:and 2488:Jaén 2350:ISBN 2249:and 2189:and 2153:was 2136:NKVD 2120:NKVD 2010:and 1984:CEDA 1956:POUM 1954:and 1948:PSOE 1946:and 1854:Mass 1772:, a 1756:and 1707:has 1696:and 1688:and 1678:and 1627:and 1597:NKVD 1580:and 1574:POUM 1545:and 1529:and 1493:and 1466:and 1101:and 109:Date 5307:CTV 5201:PNV 5196:UGT 5191:FAI 5187:CNT 5160:PCE 5150:ERC 4954:doi 3951:doi 3576:, " 3546:doi 3063:. 2923:, " 2915:'s 2779:In 2571:In 2564:In 2557:In 2550:In 2193:." 2161:'s 2144:GRU 1833:'s 1798:. 1727:or 1601:GRU 5440:: 5336:be 5283:ru 5180:UR 5155:IR 4968:, 4960:, 4950:42 4948:, 4878:}} 4874:{{ 4800:, 4685:, 4642:, 4570:^ 4543:^ 4526:^ 4505:^ 4463:^ 4448:^ 4413:, 4371:^ 4301:^ 4271:^ 4209:}} 4205:{{ 4172:^ 4134:^ 4118:^ 4102:^ 4086:^ 4063:^ 4054:. 4040:^ 3945:. 3814:^ 3729:^ 3611:^ 3554:. 3542:18 3540:. 3536:. 3407:^ 3329:^ 3290:^ 3262:. 3258:. 3246:^ 3210:, 3168:, 2927:, 2908:. 2877:, 2582:, 2506:, 2502:, 2498:, 2494:, 2490:, 2486:, 2482:, 2478:, 2474:, 2270:. 2236:, 2232:, 2228:, 2224:, 2173:, 1942:, 1915:. 1841:. 1562:. 1501:. 1402:: 180:on 137:, 133:, 129:, 125:, 69:, 5189:/ 5072:e 5065:t 5058:v 5006:. 4977:. 4956:: 4922:. 4884:) 4783:. 4442:. 4365:. 4341:. 4320:. 4295:. 4265:. 4240:. 4215:) 4190:) 3966:. 3953:: 3675:. 3562:. 3548:: 3522:. 3478:. 3439:. 2830:. 2776:. 2616:. 2348:( 2330:) 2326:( 1398:( 1384:e 1377:t 1370:v 59:) 55:( 20:)

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Red Terror (Spain)

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