Knowledge (XXG)

Reduced homology

Source 📝

706: 393: 506: 194: 701:{\displaystyle \dotsb {\overset {\partial _{n+1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n}{\overset {\partial _{n}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n-1}{\overset {\partial _{n-1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}\dotsb {\overset {\partial _{2}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{1}{\overset {\partial _{1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{0}{\overset {\epsilon }{\longrightarrow \,}}\mathbb {Z} \to 0} 388:{\displaystyle \dotsb {\overset {\partial _{n+1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n}{\overset {\partial _{n}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{n-1}{\overset {\partial _{n-1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}\dotsb {\overset {\partial _{2}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{1}{\overset {\partial _{1}}{\longrightarrow \,}}C_{0}{\overset {\partial _{0}}{\longrightarrow \,}}0} 903: 999: 791: 492: 1078: 1145: 96: 43:, motivated by the intuition that all of the homology groups of a single point should be equal to zero. This modification allows more concise statements to be made (as in 803: 912: 713: 401: 1008: 1196: 1083: 1212: 1199:. Detailed discussion of homology theories for simplicial complexes and manifolds, singular homology, etc. 181: 48: 1154:
Armed with this modified complex, the standard ways to obtain homology with coefficients by applying the
99: 79: 150: 131: 40: 1192: 44: 1162: 1187: 1166: 177:
of connected components, but as such a formal sum where the coefficients add up to zero.
154: 36: 1155: 898:{\displaystyle {\tilde {H}}_{n}(X)=\ker(\partial _{n})/\mathrm {im} (\partial _{n+1})} 1206: 1182: 58:
is a single-point space, then with the usual definitions the integral homology group
17: 1170: 994:{\displaystyle {\tilde {H}}_{0}(X)=\ker(\epsilon )/\mathrm {im} (\partial _{1})} 28: 786:{\displaystyle \epsilon \left(\sum _{i}n_{i}\sigma _{i}\right)=\sum _{i}n_{i}} 174: 135: 487:{\displaystyle H_{n}(X)=\ker(\partial _{n})/\mathrm {im} (\partial _{n+1})} 161:
as generators. The reduced homology should replace this group, of rank
169:− 1. Otherwise the homology groups should remain unchanged. An 1073:{\displaystyle H_{0}(X)={\tilde {H}}_{0}(X)\oplus \mathbb {Z} } 173:
way to do this is to think of a 0-th homology class not as a
1086: 1011: 915: 806: 716: 509: 404: 197: 82: 1139: 1072: 993: 897: 785: 700: 486: 387: 90: 47:) and eliminates many exceptional cases (as in 497:To define reduced homology, we start with the 8: 1140:{\displaystyle H_{n}(X)={\tilde {H}}_{n}(X)} 1122: 1111: 1110: 1091: 1085: 1066: 1065: 1047: 1036: 1035: 1016: 1010: 982: 967: 962: 929: 918: 917: 914: 880: 865: 860: 851: 820: 809: 808: 805: 777: 767: 749: 739: 729: 715: 688: 687: 680: 674: 668: 656: 650: 644: 638: 626: 620: 614: 597: 591: 585: 573: 561: 555: 549: 543: 525: 519: 513: 508: 469: 454: 449: 440: 409: 403: 374: 368: 362: 356: 344: 338: 332: 326: 314: 308: 302: 285: 279: 273: 261: 249: 243: 237: 231: 213: 207: 201: 196: 84: 83: 81: 7: 979: 971: 968: 877: 869: 866: 848: 653: 623: 594: 558: 522: 466: 458: 455: 437: 398:and define the homology groups by 371: 341: 311: 282: 246: 210: 25: 188:, we consider the chain complex 35:is a minor modification made to 1134: 1128: 1116: 1103: 1097: 1059: 1053: 1041: 1028: 1022: 988: 975: 959: 953: 941: 935: 923: 892: 873: 857: 844: 832: 826: 814: 692: 677: 647: 617: 588: 552: 516: 481: 462: 446: 433: 421: 415: 365: 335: 305: 276: 240: 204: 49:the homology groups of spheres 1: 1191:Cambridge University Press, 91:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } 180:In the usual definition of 1229: 1141: 1074: 995: 899: 787: 702: 488: 389: 92: 1142: 1075: 996: 900: 788: 703: 489: 390: 100:infinite cyclic group 93: 1084: 1009: 913: 804: 797:homology groups by 793:. Now we define the 714: 507: 402: 195: 165:say, by one of rank 155:connected components 80: 1188:Algebraic Topology 1173:, can be applied. 1137: 1070: 1005:One can show that 991: 895: 783: 772: 734: 698: 484: 385: 151:free abelian group 138:, then the group 132:simplicial complex 126:More generally if 88: 41:algebraic topology 18:Reduced cohomology 1163:cohomology groups 1147:for all positive 1119: 1044: 926: 817: 763: 725: 685: 662: 632: 609: 567: 537: 380: 350: 320: 297: 255: 225: 76:is isomorphic to 45:Alexander duality 16:(Redirected from 1220: 1169:made by using a 1146: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1096: 1095: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1021: 1020: 1000: 998: 997: 992: 987: 986: 974: 966: 934: 933: 928: 927: 919: 904: 902: 901: 896: 891: 890: 872: 864: 856: 855: 825: 824: 819: 818: 810: 792: 790: 789: 784: 782: 781: 771: 759: 755: 754: 753: 744: 743: 733: 707: 705: 704: 699: 691: 686: 681: 675: 673: 672: 663: 661: 660: 651: 645: 643: 642: 633: 631: 630: 621: 615: 610: 608: 607: 592: 586: 584: 583: 568: 566: 565: 556: 550: 548: 547: 538: 536: 535: 520: 514: 493: 491: 490: 485: 480: 479: 461: 453: 445: 444: 414: 413: 394: 392: 391: 386: 381: 379: 378: 369: 363: 361: 360: 351: 349: 348: 339: 333: 331: 330: 321: 319: 318: 309: 303: 298: 296: 295: 280: 274: 272: 271: 256: 254: 253: 244: 238: 236: 235: 226: 224: 223: 208: 202: 97: 95: 94: 89: 87: 33:reduced homology 21: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1213:Homology theory 1203: 1202: 1179: 1167:cochain complex 1109: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1034: 1012: 1007: 1006: 978: 916: 911: 910: 876: 847: 807: 802: 801: 773: 745: 735: 724: 720: 712: 711: 676: 664: 652: 646: 634: 622: 616: 593: 587: 569: 557: 551: 539: 521: 515: 505: 504: 465: 436: 405: 400: 399: 370: 364: 352: 340: 334: 322: 310: 304: 281: 275: 257: 245: 239: 227: 209: 203: 193: 192: 144: 117: 78: 77: 67: 37:homology theory 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1226: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1178: 1175: 1156:tensor product 1136: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1115: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1003: 1002: 990: 985: 981: 977: 973: 970: 965: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 932: 925: 922: 894: 889: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868: 863: 859: 854: 850: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 823: 816: 813: 780: 776: 770: 766: 762: 758: 752: 748: 742: 738: 732: 728: 723: 719: 697: 694: 690: 684: 679: 671: 667: 659: 655: 649: 641: 637: 629: 625: 619: 613: 606: 603: 600: 596: 590: 582: 579: 576: 572: 564: 560: 554: 546: 542: 534: 531: 528: 524: 518: 512: 501:chain complex 483: 478: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 452: 448: 443: 439: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 412: 408: 396: 395: 384: 377: 373: 367: 359: 355: 347: 343: 337: 329: 325: 317: 313: 307: 301: 294: 291: 288: 284: 278: 270: 267: 264: 260: 252: 248: 242: 234: 230: 222: 219: 216: 212: 206: 200: 142: 124: 123: 113: 86: 74: 73: 65: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1225: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1198: 1197:0-521-79540-0 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1131: 1123: 1113: 1106: 1100: 1092: 1088: 1062: 1056: 1048: 1038: 1031: 1025: 1017: 1013: 983: 963: 956: 950: 947: 944: 938: 930: 920: 908: 905:for positive 887: 884: 881: 861: 852: 841: 838: 835: 829: 821: 811: 800: 799: 798: 796: 778: 774: 768: 764: 760: 756: 750: 746: 740: 736: 730: 726: 721: 717: 708: 695: 682: 669: 665: 657: 639: 635: 627: 611: 604: 601: 598: 580: 577: 574: 570: 562: 544: 540: 532: 529: 526: 510: 502: 500: 495: 476: 473: 470: 450: 441: 430: 427: 424: 418: 410: 406: 382: 375: 357: 353: 345: 327: 323: 315: 299: 292: 289: 286: 268: 265: 262: 258: 250: 232: 228: 220: 217: 214: 198: 191: 190: 189: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 141: 137: 133: 129: 121: 116: 112: 109: 108: 107: 105: 102:), while for 101: 71: 64: 61: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 1186: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1080:; evidently 1004: 906: 794: 709: 503: 498: 496: 397: 185: 179: 170: 166: 162: 158: 146: 139: 127: 125: 119: 114: 110: 106:≥ 1 we have 103: 75: 69: 62: 55: 53: 32: 26: 1183:Hatcher, A. 1171:Hom functor 184:of a space 29:mathematics 1177:References 175:formal sum 136:CW complex 134:or finite 1185:, (2002) 1165:from the 1117:~ 1063:⊕ 1042:~ 980:∂ 957:ϵ 951:⁡ 924:~ 878:∂ 849:∂ 842:⁡ 815:~ 765:∑ 747:σ 727:∑ 718:ϵ 693:→ 683:ϵ 678:⟶ 654:∂ 648:⟶ 624:∂ 618:⟶ 612:⋯ 602:− 595:∂ 589:⟶ 578:− 559:∂ 553:⟶ 523:∂ 517:⟶ 511:⋯ 499:augmented 467:∂ 438:∂ 431:⁡ 372:∂ 366:⟶ 342:∂ 336:⟶ 312:∂ 306:⟶ 300:⋯ 290:− 283:∂ 277:⟶ 266:− 247:∂ 241:⟶ 211:∂ 205:⟶ 199:⋯ 153:with the 149:) is the 1207:Category 182:homology 122:) = {0}. 1160:reduced 795:reduced 1195:  710:where 171:ad hoc 1158:, or 130:is a 1193:ISBN 909:and 98:(an 948:ker 839:ker 428:ker 157:of 54:If 51:). 39:in 27:In 1209:: 1151:. 494:. 31:, 1149:n 1135:) 1132:X 1129:( 1124:n 1114:H 1107:= 1104:) 1101:X 1098:( 1093:n 1089:H 1067:Z 1060:) 1057:X 1054:( 1049:0 1039:H 1032:= 1029:) 1026:X 1023:( 1018:0 1014:H 1001:. 989:) 984:1 976:( 972:m 969:i 964:/ 960:) 954:( 945:= 942:) 939:X 936:( 931:0 921:H 907:n 893:) 888:1 885:+ 882:n 874:( 870:m 867:i 862:/ 858:) 853:n 845:( 836:= 833:) 830:X 827:( 822:n 812:H 779:i 775:n 769:i 761:= 757:) 751:i 741:i 737:n 731:i 722:( 696:0 689:Z 670:0 666:C 658:1 640:1 636:C 628:2 605:1 599:n 581:1 575:n 571:C 563:n 545:n 541:C 533:1 530:+ 527:n 482:) 477:1 474:+ 471:n 463:( 459:m 456:i 451:/ 447:) 442:n 434:( 425:= 422:) 419:X 416:( 411:n 407:H 383:0 376:0 358:0 354:C 346:1 328:1 324:C 316:2 293:1 287:n 269:1 263:n 259:C 251:n 233:n 229:C 221:1 218:+ 215:n 186:X 167:r 163:r 159:X 147:X 145:( 143:0 140:H 128:X 120:P 118:( 115:i 111:H 104:i 85:Z 72:) 70:P 68:( 66:0 63:H 56:P 20:)

Index

Reduced cohomology
mathematics
homology theory
algebraic topology
Alexander duality
the homology groups of spheres
infinite cyclic group
simplicial complex
CW complex
free abelian group
connected components
formal sum
homology
tensor product
cohomology groups
cochain complex
Hom functor
Hatcher, A.
Algebraic Topology
ISBN
0-521-79540-0
Category
Homology theory

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.