Reduplication - Knowledge (XXG)

4629:(long long) meaning "very long or many things long". This type is used also in formal Turkish, especially in literature. There are a lot of reduplications in this category which do not, if used as one word, have a place in the Turkish language's vocabulary but is used solely in this way. These words are called mimetic in linguistics. An example is 'şırıl şırıl' (used for the sound of a waterfall). They try to give sounds to not only audible but also non-audible phenomena. For example, 'mışıl mışıl' is used for sleeping soundly. 5468:. In the Mortlockese language, reduplication is used to show a habitual or imperfective aspect. For example, /jææjæ/ means "to use something" while the word /jæjjææjæ/ means "to use something habitually or repeatedly". Reduplication is also used in the Mortlockese Language to show extremity or extreme measures. One example of this can be seen in /ŋiimw alɛɛtɛj/ which means "hate him, her, or it". To mean "really hate him, her, or it," the phrase changes to /ŋii~mw al~mw alɛɛtɛj/. 3582:

leri-leri, nap-buf, ning-nang, ning-ning, non-non, nyam-nyam, nyau-nyau, nyec-nyec, nyeu-nyeu, nyic-nyic, nyigo-nyigo, nyigui-nyogui, passa-passa, pengim-penjam, pif-paf, ping-pong, piu-piu, poti-poti, rau-rau, ringo-rango, rum-rum, taf-taf, tam-tam, tau-tau, tic-tac, tol·le-tol·le, tric-trac, trip-trap, tris-tras, viu-viu, xano-xano, xau-xau, xerric-xerrac, xim-xim, xino-xano, xip-xap, xiu-xiu, xup-xup, zig-zag, ziga-zaga, zim-zam, zing-zing, zub-zub, zum-zum

6048: 2086: 2046: 5523:. In terms of reduplication, the indigenous language known as Old Rapa uses reduplication consistent to other Polynesian languages. Reduplication of Old Rapa occurs in four ways: full, rightward, leftward, and medial. Full and rightward are generally more frequently used as opposed to the leftward and medial. Leftward and medial only occur as CV reduplication and partial leftward and medial usually denote emphasis. 2661:. It appears as a progression of language development as infants experiment with their vocal apparatus and home in on the sounds used in their native language. Canonical/reduplicated babbling also appears at a time when general rhythmic behavior, such as rhythmic hand movements and rhythmic kicking, appear. Canonical babbling is distinguished from earlier syllabic and vocal play, which has less structure. 3191:

the reduplicated comparative with "and". This construction is common in speech and is used even in formal speech settings, but it is less common in formal written texts. Although English has simple constructs with similar meanings, such as "John's apple looked ever redder," these simpler constructs are rarely used in comparison with the reduplicative form. Comparative reduplication is fully

153: 3427:. Further examples of this include: "koes" (to dodge) being reduplicated in the sentence "Piet hardloop koes-koes weg" (Piet is running away while constantly dodging / cringing); "sukkel" (to struggle) becoming "sukkel-sukkel" (making slow progress; struggling on); and "kierang" (to cheat) becoming "kierang-kierang" to indicate being cheated on repeatedly. 2372:"I ate ice cream and candy, and of course food-food". Here, "food-food" is contrasted to "junk-food". One may say, "En ollut eilen koulussa, koska olin kipeä. Siis kipeäkipeä" ("I wasn't at school yesterday because I was sick. Sick-sick, that is"); that means that one was actually suffering from an illness instead of making up excuses, as usual. 9301: 5507:

Few languages employ triplication in their language. In Micronesia, Pingelapese is one of only two languages that uses triplication, the other being Mokilese. Reduplication and triplication are not to be confused with tense however. In order to make a phrase past, present, or future tense, a temporal

3239:

are instances of intensificatory reduplication. This type of reduplication is used to intensify the meaning of the original word. It's a way of expressing that something is not just big or long, but very big or very long. This type of reduplication is typically used only with a narrow range of words,

3195:

and clearly changes the meaning of any comparative to a temporal one, despite the absence of any time-related words in the construction. For example, the temporal meaning of "The frug seemed wuggier and wuggier" is clear: despite not knowing what a frug is or what wugginess is, it is easy to grasp

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mean that John's apple is redder than some other apple, which would be a possible interpretation in the absence of reduplication, e.g. in "John's apple looked redder." With reduplication, the comparison is of the object being compared to itself over time. Comparative reduplication always combines

3581:

així així, aixina aixana, balandrim-balandram, baliga-balaga, banzim-banzam, barliqui-barloqui, barrija-barreja, bitllo-bitllo, bub-bub, bum-bum, but-but, catric-catrac, cloc-cloc, cloc-piu, corre-corrents, de nyigui-nyogui, farrigo-farrago, flist-flast, fru-fru, gara-gara, gloc-gloc, gori-gori,

5247:

In the Malay language, reduplication is a semi-productive process. It is used for expression of various grammatical functions (such as verbal aspect) and it is part in a number of complex morphological models. Simple reduplication of nouns and pronouns can express at least three meanings:

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is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands, called the high island of Pohnpei. Pingelapese utilizes both duplication and triplication of a verb or part of a verb to express that something is happening for certain duration of time. No

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means tea, while this phrase means tea or any other supplementary drink or tea along with snacks). Quite common in casual conversations are a few more examples like shopping-wopping, khana-wana. South Asian Indo Aryan languages are also rich in other forms of reduplication: morphological

4559:: A word can be reduplicated partially, such that an emphatic stem is created to be attached to the adjective. This is done by taking the first syllable of the adjective, dropping the syllable-final phoneme, and adding one of four interpolated consonants (p, s, m, r). For example, 5861:

Adjectives and adverbs employ morphological reduplication for many different reasons such as number agreement when the adjective modifies a plural noun, intensification of the adjective or adverb, and sometimes because the prefix forces the adjective to have a reduplicated stem".

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frequently reduplicate consonants, though often not the vowels that appear next to the consonants in some verb form. This can take the shape of reduplicating the antepenultimate consonant (usually the second of three), the last of two consonants, or the last two consonants.

2368:. Finnish colloquial speech uses the process; nouns can be reduplicated to indicate genuinity, completeness, originality and being uncomplicated, as opposed to being fake, incomplete, complicated or fussy. It can be thought as compound word formation. For example, 3220:

cake?". This is similar to the Finnish use mentioned above. Furthermore, it is used to contrast "real" or "pure" things against imitations or less pure forms. For example, at a coffee shop one may be asked, "Do you want soy milk?" and respond, "No, I want

5850:

They can further be divided into "non-significant" (where its significance is not apparent) and "significant" reduplication. 1, 2, and 3 are always non-significant; while 5 and 6 are always significant. 4 can be non-significant when used for nouns (e.g.

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McCarthy, John J. and Alan S. Prince. (1986 ). Prosodic morphology 1986. Technical report #32. Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science. (Unpublished revised version of the 1986 paper available online on McCarthy's website:

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For the Rapa Language the implementation of reduplication has specific implications. The most evident of these are known as iterative, intensification, specification, diminutive, metaphorical, nominalizing, and adjectival.

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Verb roots can undergo whole or partial reduplication to mark aspect. Actions that are continuous are indicated by a reduplicated initial syllable. A whole reduplication can also be used to indicate imperfective aspect.

3104:, pitter-patter, riffraff, sing-song, slipslop, splish-splash, tick-tock, ticky-tacky, tip-top, whiff-whaff, wibble-wobble, wishy-washy, zig-zag. Three-part ablaut sequences are less numerous, but are attested, e.g. 191:: "generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuance." Reduplication is used in 4513:, reduplication follows the same classification as in Turkish (see below), namely emphatic reduplication, echo reduplication, and doubling. Many appear as lexical entries in Armenian lexicographical sources. 5903:. In "Mag- verbs" reduplication of the root after the prefix "mag-" or "nag-" changes the verb from the infinitive form, or perfective aspect, respectively, to the contemplated or imperfective aspect. Thus: 3414:

means "to scratch one's self vigorously", whereas "dit het plek-plek gereën" means "it rained here and there". Reduplication in Afrikaans has been described extensively in the literature – see for example

3028:: Ack ack, aye-aye, back-to-back, blah-blah, boo-boo, bye-bye, chin-chin, choo-choo, chow-chow, dik-dik, doo-doo, fifty-fifty, gogo, ha ha, half-and-half, honk-honk, housey-housey, juju, klop-klop, mama, 6432:

One of the puzzles of Basque is the large number of words that begin with vowels in which the initial and second vowels are the same. Joseba Lakarra proposes that in Pre-Proto-Basque there was extensive

5858:

Full or partial reduplication among nouns and pronouns can indicate emphasis, intensity, plurality, or causation; as well as a diminutive, superlative, iterative, restrictive, or distributive force.

5205:, but collectives that refer to a large, given set of the same object; for example, the formal English equivalent of 人々 would be "people" (collective), rather than "persons" (plural individuals). 5805:

Reduplication of the final syllable of a disyllabic word, where the added syllable is created from the first consonant of the first syllable and the last consonant of the second syllable; e.g.

3395:

as an auxiliary verb with itself is considered incorrect, but is commonly used in Flanders. Numerous examples of reduplication in Dutch (and other languages) are discussed by Daniëls (2000).

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English has several types of reduplication, ranging from informal expressive vocabulary (the first four forms below) to grammatically meaningful forms (the last two below). See also the

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Internal reduplication can also involve copying the beginning or end of the base. In Quileute, the first consonant of the base is copied and inserted after the first vowel of the base.

4910:‎ "cow", and literally means "cow by cow", referring to "one thing at a time". This is possibly a folk etymology, and a derivation from Spanish "para" meaning "stop" is possible. 7442:

Inkelas, Sharon and Downing, Laura (2015). What is Reduplication? Typology and Analysis Part 1/2: The Typology of Reduplication. Language and Linguistics Compass 9/12 (2015), p. 510

5220:(sparkling or shining). By one count, approximately 43% of Japanese mimetic words are formed by full reduplication, and many others are formed by partial reduplication, as in がささ〜 3186:

indicates that the comparative is becoming more true over time, meaning roughly "John's apple looked progressively redder as time went on." In particular, this construction does

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Affeu fangani 'join together': A morphophonemic analysis of possessive suffix paradigms and a discourse-based ethnography of the elicitation session in Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese

3785:

There are a number of constructions in Hindi and Urdu that are constructed by reduplication. Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, all have possibility of reduplications.

5375:

Notice that in the first case, the nasalisation of the initial consonant (whereby /p/ becomes /m/) is repeated, while in the second case, it only applies in the repeated word.

2353:("I beget, I begat") and Greek τίθημι, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα (I place, I placed, I have placed). Other Indo-European verbs used reduplication as a derivational process: compare Latin 392:

In reduplication, the reduplicant is most often repeated only once. However, in some languages, reduplication can occur more than once, resulting in a tripled form, and not a

1882:

a new '-ish' adjective form is derived from other words by suffixing the reduplicated first consonant of the base followed by the segment . This can be written succinctly as

5480:

reduplication means that something happens. A reduplicated verb means that something IS happening, and a triplication means that something is STILL happening. For example,

9235:(1973). The phonology of reduplication. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois. (Also published by Indiana University Linguistics Club in 1973, republished 1997.) 8617:

Van Huyssteen, Gerhard B & Wissing, Daan P. (2007). "Datagebaseerde Aspekte van Afrikaanse Reduplikasies" [Data-based Aspects of Afrikaans Reduplications].

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Haugen, Jason D. (forthcoming). Reduplicative allomorphy and language prehistory in Uto-Aztecan. (Paper presented at Graz Reduplication Conference 2002, November 3–6).

7407: 1739:(an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia). "Expressive minor reduplication" is formed with an initial reduplicant that copies the first and last segment of the base: 5149:'pile stones into a wall', since the second radical is not fully specified, what some call "hollow", the antepenultimate reduplication process reduplicates the 202:

to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively,

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Van Huyssteen, Gerhard B. (2004). "Motivating the composition of Afrikaans reduplications: a cognitive grammar analysis". In Radden, G.; Panther, K-U. (eds.).

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Oller, D. Kimbrough. 1980. The emergence of the sounds of speech in infancy, in Child Phonology Vol. I, edited by G. H. Yeni-Komshian, J. F. Kavanaugh, and

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McCarthy, John J.; and Prince, Alan S. (1999). Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology. In R. Kager, H. van der Hulst, and W. Zonneveld (Eds.),

4591:("spotless"). The added consonant is unpredictable grammatically speaking, however phonological studies, such as Wedel (1999) shed light on the subject. 3406:

makes use of reduplication to emphasize the meaning of the word repeated and to denote a plural or event happening in more than one place. For example,

1863:

All of the examples above consist of only reduplication. However, reduplication often occurs with other phonological and morphological process, such as

8238: 9275: 3466:("The Spaniards came, cannonaded, and left. The English came, cannonaded heavily, and left. The French came, trumpeted on bugles, and captured it.") 2836:. Ancient Greek preserves this reduplication in the present tense of some verbs. Usually, but not always, this is reduplication of a consonant and 2653:(Stark 198, Oller, 1980). Canonical babbling is characterized by repetition of identical or nearly identical consonant-vowel combinations, such as 8364: 8196:

Ghomeshi, Jila; Jackendoff, Ray; Rosen, Nicole & Russell, Kevin (2004). "Contrastive focus reduplication in English (the Salad-Salad paper)".

2625:, reduplication can mark both diminution and plurality, with one process being applied to each end of the word, as in the following example from 9033:

McCarthy, John J.; and Prince, Alan S. (1995). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In J. Beckman, S. Urbanczyk, and L. W. Dickey (Eds.),

8906: 8607: 8461: 8295: 7233: 6019:

The onomatopoeia in Wuvulu language also uses reduplication to describe the sound. These onomatopoeic words can be used as alienable nouns.

5123:, verb roots can be reduplicated three different ways. These can result in verbs, nouns, or adjectives (which are often derived from verbs). 3605: 3240:

and the meaning can often be inferred even if the specific combination is not a standard idiomatic expression. The more common items include

8385:

A New Century of Phonology and Phonological Theory: A Festschrift for Professor Shosuke Haraguchi on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday

9037:(pp. 249–384). Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistics Students Association. (Available online on the Rutgers Optimality Archive website: 8502: 5865:

Number agreement for adjectives is entirely optional in Tagalog (e.g., a plural noun does not have to have a plural article marking it):

8494: 8237:[Morpho(no)logy: Introduction to Morphology (in relation to Phonology)] (in Dutch). Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen. 1172:

copying). There is a tendency for prefixing reduplicants to copy left-to-right and for suffixing reduplicants to copy right-to-left:

9226: 8970: 8928: 8844: 8060: 7597: 7589: 5465: 139: 9164:

Shaw, Patricia A. (2004). Reduplicant order and identity: Never trust a Salish CVC either?. In D. Gerdts and L. Matthewson (Eds.),

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to indicate reduplication, although in Chinese the iteration mark is no longer used in standard writing and is often found only in

8582: 6922: 6102:('beautiful' ), which consist of two syllables (when reduplicated, each syllable is reduplicated separately), when reduplicated ( 3782:, "he gives". Even though the general idea is to reduplicate the verb root as a prefix, several sandhi rules change the outcome. 3196:

that the apparent wugginess of the frug was increasing over time, as indicated by the reduplication of the comparative "wuggier".

5410:"people". Biggs calls this "infixed reduplication". It occurs in a small subset of "people" words in most Polynesian languages. 2123:

backcopying – A putative phenomenon of over-application in the reduplicant of a process triggered by the reduplicant in the base

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Malxaseancʿ, Stepʿan (1944–1945), Hayerēn bacʿatrakan baṙaran (in Armenian), Volume 4, p. 575, Yerevan: State Publishing House

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Malxaseancʿ, Stepʿan (1944–1945), Hayerēn bacʿatrakan baṙaran (in Armenian), Volume 3, p. 198, Yerevan: State Publishing House

7422: 6902: 3200: 2630: 2365: 302: 284: 8813:

Cooper, William E. & Ross, "Háj" John R. (1975). "World order". In Grossman, R. E.; San, L. J. & Vance, T. J. (eds.).

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Tamamura, Fumio (1979). "Nihongo to chuugokugo ni okeru onshoochoogo" [Sound-symbolic words in Japanese and Chinese].

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Malxaseancʿ, Stepʿan (1944–1945), Hayerēn bacʿatrakan baṙaran (in Armenian), Volume 2, p. 396 Yerevan: State Publishing House

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along with the consonant as a place holder for the hollow consonant, which is by some criteria antepenultimate, and produces

2361:("I remain"). All of those Indo-European inherited reduplicating forms are subject to reduction by other phonological laws. 4621:

Doubling: A word can be reduplicated totally, giving a related but different meaning or used for emphasizing. For example,

8342: 4618:

meaning "green, greenish, whatever". Although not used in formal written Turkish, it is a standard accepted construction.

3052:. While in many forms of English, exact reduplications can also be used to emphasise the strength of a word ("He wants it 366:). As a result, reduplication is interesting theoretically as it involves the interface between phonology and morphology. 8781: 5974:

as it is in other Austronesian languages. Some nouns exhibit reduplication, though they are considered to be fossilized.

9048:(pp. 218–309). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Available online on the Rutgers Optimality Archive website: 8434: 2680: 8725:

Alderete, John; Benua, Laura; Gnanadesikan, Amalia E.; Beckman, Jill N.; McCarthy, John J.; Urbanczyk, Suzanne (1999).

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Reduplication can be used to refer to the most prototypical instance of a word's meaning. In such a case, it is called

236:

is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Other terms that are occasionally used include

8101: 6880: 3459: 9049: 9038: 8726: 6896: 1184: 9252: 6096:, reduplication is used in verbs and adjectives to form adverbs. Many Burmese words, especially adjectives such as 5198: 5111:

There are also numerous examples in the Torah, for example "אם שמוע תשמעו" which means "if you listen diligently".

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in some form or the other. It is usually used to sound casual, or in a suggestive manner. It is often used to mean

3192: 3169: 3022:, itsy-bitsy, namby-pamby, raggle-taggle, ragtag, razzle-dazzle, super-duper, teenie-weenie, willy-nilly, wingding. 207: 7859: 9261: 9003: 6860: 6334:

Other than verbs and adjectives, some nouns can be reduplicated to express plurality or a collection in Chinese.

3464:

Spagnoli venir...boum boum...andar; Inglis venir...boum boum bezef...andar; Francés venir...tru tru tru...chapar.

2641:'plural small knives' (Haeberlin 1918:159). Reduplication has been found to be a major part of Salish languages. 351: 2188:"people". This orthography has resurfaced widely in text messaging and other forms of electronic communication. 9288: 6917: 5209: 2910: 2833: 2688: 347: 199: 169: 3532:, reduplication is not uncommon and it has been used for both the creation of new words (including many from 9211:

Reduplicative words in English: A study of formations of the types tick-tock, hurly-burly, and shilly-shally

8234: 7215: 6865: 6089: 5945:

The complete superlative prefix pagka- demands reduplication of the first syllable of the adjective's stem:

5061: 2269: 8936: 9316: 8738: 8393: 8265: 5236: 5201:

and is limited to a small set of nouns. Similarly to Standard Chinese, the meaning is not that of a true

2022: 1965: 1955: 1945: 1913: 1903: 1893: 1884: 1831: 1796: 1761: 1712: 1678: 1634:

In Temiar, the last consonant of the root is copied and inserted before the medial consonant of the root.

1522: 1513: 1500: 1418: 1384: 1011: 901: 661: 635: 587: 561: 464: 456: 448: 438: 430: 422: 298: 294: 280: 8828:

Diffloth, Gérald. (1973). Expressives in Semai. In P. N. Jenner, L. C. Thompson, and S. Starsota (Eds.),

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At 25–50 weeks after birth, typically developing infants go through a stage of reduplicated or canonical

206:

in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of

9168:. University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (Vol. 17). Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 6927: 6038: 5484:

means 'to cry' in Pingelapese. When reduplicated and triplicated, the duration of this verb is changed:

3161: 3117: 2985: 2394: 333: 132: 8572:

Unseth, Peter (2003). "Surveying bi-consonantal reduplication in Semitic". In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.).

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stem, rather than the perfect stem, often with a different vowel from that used for the perfect: Latin

1879: 6875: 5928:(frequently referred to as "object focus" verbs) reduplication of part the infix and the stem occur: 5772: 5476: 5461: 3285: 3281: 3241: 3205: 3068: 2906: 844: 680: 9246: 8743: 9154: 9074: 8721:

Albright, Adam. (2002). A restricted model of UR discovery: Evidence from Lakhota. (Draft version).

5971: 4638: 2934: 2165: 6437:

and that later, certain initial consonants were deleted, leaving the VCV pattern of Proto-Basque:

5917:

nagluluto actor trigger-reduplication-cook "cook" (as in "I cook all the time) or "is/was cooking"

3172:, meaning that examples of the first three are fixed forms and new forms are not easily accepted. 509:(i.e. the doubling of consonants or vowels) is considered to be a form of reduplication. The term 9331: 9296: 9197: 9143: 9135: 9106: 9098: 8986: 8883: 8875: 8801: 8764: 8756: 8671: 8663: 8634: 8221: 8213: 8163: 8088: 7835: 7795: 7581: 7196: 6885: 5900: 4915:

To create a diminutive: by reduplicating the last two consonants (bi-consonantal reduplication):

4814: 4598:

in other languages, a word can be reduplicated while replacing the initial consonants (not being

2622: 2342: 2169: 1356: 607: 363: 359: 355: 343: 259: 177: 173: 9069:. Chicago Linguistics Society, April 2003. Chicago Linguistics Society – via ling.auf.net. 7131:

Donka Minkova, "Ablaut reduplication in English: the criss-crossing of prosody and verbal art",

8407: 373:

is the word (or part of the word) that is to be copied. The reduplicated element is called the

9222: 9189: 8966: 8924: 8902: 8840: 8603: 8506: 8457: 8291: 8056: 8050: 7710: 7593: 7585: 7401: 7229: 7188: 6907: 5780: 5384: 5216:, but also words intended to invoke non-auditory senses or psychological states, such as きらきら 5174: 5170: 4835: 4510: 3661: 3617: 3525: 3312:

is in some cases a type of reduplication, which may be regarded as non-standard or incorrect.

3209: 3128: 3109: 2281: 2232: 2143: 2127: 1989: 1864: 1553: 533: 487: 211: 9064: 8451: 7168: 7107: 7091: 9321: 9181: 9127: 9090: 9035:

University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics 18: Papers in optimality theory

8948: 8867: 8793: 8748: 8655: 8626: 8527: 8352:(2). Department of Oriental and African Languages, Göteborg University: 4–26. Archived from 8305:

Kiparsky, Paul (2010). "Reduplication in stratal OT". In Linda Uyechi; Lian-Hee Wee (eds.).

8205: 8184: 8155: 8028: 7827: 7785: 7221: 7180: 7139: 7032: 6454: 6093: 5776: 5120: 5068:

lexical item נודיען nídyen / núdzhen "to bore, bother" - also "to bother, pest, nag, annoy".

4752: 4549: 3754: 3665: 3657: 3529: 3436: 3204:: Exact reduplication can be used with contrastive focus (generally where the first noun is 3149: 3145: 2626: 2210: 1446: 479: 125: 8137:. Typology of African Prosodic Systems Workshop. Bielefeld University, Germany – via 6192:

Reduplication is sometimes employed in verbs and adjectives to enhance the effect of them.

3208:) to indicate a literal, as opposed to figurative, example of a noun, or perhaps a sort of 9292: 9265: 8574:

Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff

6449: 5908: 4848: 4741: 4729: 4642: 4556: 3490: 3470: 3041: 2696: 2334: 1929: 1642: 1034: 952: 404:

has both forms. In this article, English translations of words are shown in apostrophes:

8209: 8016: 8377: 8488: 6482: 5194: 4786: 4614:

then means "plates, dishes and such". This can be applied to all kinds of words, as in

3762: 3629: 3608:

serves for various kinds of intensifying of the meaning and exists in several forms: a

3113: 3060: 3037: 2966: 2948: 2308: 2254: 2150: 1736: 499: 8590: 7973: 6047: 2085: 2045: 346:). In addition to phonological description, reduplication often needs to be described 9310: 9232: 9147: 8977:

Key, Harold (1965). "Some semantic functions of reduplication in various languages".

8916:. Manila: The Institute of National Language and The Summer Institute of Linguistics. 8887: 8805: 8675: 8638: 8327:. International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics. Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 8225: 8132: 7200: 6755: 5925: 5899:

In verbs, reduplication of the root, prefix or infix is employed to convey different

5516: 4851:, reduplication is used in nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs for various reasons: 4819: 4804: 3309: 3157: 3153: 3045: 3007: 2692: 2346: 2192: 1646: 774: 529: 113: 9201: 9110: 8768: 5775:

are characterized as having the most productive use of reduplication, especially in

3182:: In the sentence "John's apple looked redder and redder," the reduplication of the 184:(or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. 8453:

A Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, with English and Samoan vocabulary

8138: 7364: 6285:

Similar to other Sino-Tibetan languages, adjectives form adverbs by reduplication.

6118:. This is also true of many Burmese verbs, which become adverbs when reduplicated. 5213: 3533: 3478: 3474: 2959: 2442: 870: 483: 475: 195:

to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in

188: 9050:

https://web.archive.org/web/20050525032431/http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=562

9039:

https://web.archive.org/web/20090423020041/http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=568

9027: 5783:). Reduplication in Tagalog is complex. It can be roughly divided into six types: 9055:

Moravcsik, Edith. (1978). Reduplicative constructions. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.),

2633:, but the reduplication of both initial and final portions of the root is clear: 8554:

Tamamura, Fumio (1989). "Gokei" [Word forms]. In Tamamura, Fumio (ed.).

8532: 8515: 8383:. In Honma, Takeru; Okazaki, Masao; Tabata, Toshiyuki; Tanaka, Shinichi (eds.). 8325:

Nominal reduplication in Indonesian challenging the theory of grammatical change

7600: 5388: 4809: 4745: 3183: 3177: 3105: 3019: 3011: 2263: 401: 264: 161: 9172:

Stark, Rachel E. (1978). "Features of infant sounds: The emergence of cooing".

8953: 8353: 7384:"Reduplication Reduplication in Hindi (Matthew Miller's Morphological Musings)" 7184: 7037: 7020: 5884:

The entire adjective is repeated for intensification of adjectives or adverbs:

5008:

To create secondary derivative verbs: by reduplicating the root or part of it:

3588:

In colloquial Mexican Spanish it is common to use reduplicated adverbs such as

9185: 8659: 8630: 8175:

Gates, J. P. (2016). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau (Mazi Dialect)".

7790: 7777: 7143: 6812: 4824: 3609: 3335:

While not common in Dutch, reduplication does exist. Most, but not all (e.g.,

3093: 3077: 1993: 1872: 1261: 603: 506: 324: 215: 192: 9280: 9221:. Cambridge grammatical descriptions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8797: 8426: 8307:

Reality exploration and discovery: pattern interaction in language & life

7338: 7192: 6154:

A few measure words can also be reduplicated to indicate "one or the other":

3092:). Examples include: bric-a-brac, chit-chat, clip-clop, ding-dong, flimflam, 1156:

Internal reduplication is much less common than the initial and final types.

17: 9094: 8752: 8188: 7423:"Introduction to Morphology, Syntax and Lexical Semantics of Hindi and Urdu" 6890: 6855: 5239:

are known for their extensive use of reduplication in both nouns and verbs.

4595: 3669: 3403: 3101: 3081: 3015: 2921:

Reduplication in nouns was rare, the best example being Proto-Indo-European

2712: 2708: 2277: 2146:

family, reduplication is used to form plurals (among many other functions):

1981:

This combination of reduplication and affixation is commonly referred to as

1188: 316: 203: 57: 8694: 8105: 3120:" achieves comic effect by varying the ordering of vowels in such triples: 2014:'dig out of ground (unitative)' → 'dig out of ground (repetitive)' ( 1996:

of the first consonant in the distributive plural and in repetitive verbs:

517:) to refer to different types of reduplication that have the same meaning. 152: 8965:. Cambridge studies in linguistics (No. 106). Cambridge University Press. 8772: 8235:"Morfo(no)logie: Inleiding in de Morfologie (in relatie tot de Fonologie)" 8115:

Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives

7225: 6439: 2253:"sometimes, from time to time". Both languages can use a special written 9193: 8923:. Empirical approaches to language typology (No. 28). Mouton de Gruyter. 8079:

Butts, Aaron Michael (2011). "Reduplicated Nominal Patterns in Semitic".

6870: 6727: 5731:

Metaphorical (typically comparing an animal action with a human action):

5520: 4517:

Emphatic reduplication, one of two interpolated consonants (փ, ս), as in

3462:, particularly but not exclusively for onomatopoeic action descriptions: 3348: 2941: 2704: 2650: 2345:. Many verbs in the Indo-European languages exhibit reduplication in the 1650: 339: 290: 254: 92: 87: 82: 77: 9118:

Reichard, Gladys A. (1959). "A comparison of five Salish languages: V".

8990: 8667: 8646:

Voinov, Vitaly (2012). "Rhyming reduplication in Russian paired words".

8092: 7945:"Adjacency in Burmese Reduplication: An Optimality Theoretical Analysis" 7799: 5938:

niluluto object trigger infix-reduplication-cook "cook"/"is/was cooking"

773:

Many languages often use both full and partial reduplication, as in the

9139: 9102: 8879: 8858:

Haeberlin, Herman (1918). "Types of Reduplication in Salish Dialects".

8760: 8217: 8146:

Emeneau, M. B. (1971). "Onomatopoetics in the Indian linguistic area".

5178: 5065: 4765: 3097: 3033: 2341:

Those forms do not survive in Modern English but existed in its parent

1932:

has a similar suffix that is used in forming the plural of some nouns:

1868: 495: 491: 196: 9270: 9258: 8167: 8072:

Form and meaning in word formation: a study of Afrikaans reduplication

7839: 6121:

Some nouns are also reduplicated to indicate plurality. For instance,

4867:‎ "slowly" is duplicated to mean "very slowly". In the slangism 3439:

reduplication was used both to create new words or word associations (

3387:) can be used as an auxiliary verb, which can lead to a triplication: 2426:"home of your parents", as opposed to one's current place of residence 8999: 6699: 6115: 5212:

formed by reduplication of a syllable. These words include not only

5202: 4298: 3371:). Another example is a former safe sex campaign slogan in Flanders: 3073: 3029: 2320: 1180: 852: 328: 97: 72: 51: 46: 9285: 9066:

Metalinguistic, shmetalinguistic: The phonology of shm-reduplication

9059:(Vol. 3, pp. 297–334). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 8937:"Vowel alternation in disyllabic reduplicatives: An areal dimension" 8033: 7021:"Vowel alternation in disyllabic reduplicatives: An areal dimension" 3056:

now"), in South African English, 'now-now' means 'relatively soon'.

9131: 8871: 8159: 7831: 6895:

For an example of a language with many types of reduplication see:

2077:

Phonological processes, environment, and reduplicant-base relations

1348:

Copying from the other direction is possible although less common:

6565: 5432:

Reduplication can also extend the meaning of a word; for instance

4425: 3894: 3653: 3049: 2930: 2700: 2296: 2284:. In the older Indo-European languages, many such verbs survive: 860: 151: 67: 42: 33: 5920:

magluluto inf/actor trigger-rdplc-cook (contemplated) "will cook"

4469: 4465: 4321: 4195: 4180: 4150: 4068: 4023: 3993: 3959: 3836: 3681:(expressives), lexical (distributives), and phrasal (aspectual). 2038:

Sometimes gemination can be analyzed as a type of reduplication.

8456:(3rd and revised ed.). Papakura, New Zealand: R. McMillan. 6970:, edited by Roger D. Woodard, 19-59. Cambridge University Press. 6841: 6783: 6511: 4480: 3616:(either exact or inflected reduplication), and forms similar to 3613: 2273: 2196: 679:

involves a reduplication of only part of the word. For example,

181: 8343:"Verbal extensions in Bantu (the case of Swahili and Nyamwezi)" 5394:

Reduplication can convey a simple plural meaning, for instance

4429: 4349: 4317: 4256: 4146: 4094: 3963: 3883: 3872: 3817: 8589:. University of Pretoria Faculty for Education. Archived from 7154: 6671: 6042: 4606:. The meaning of the original word is broadened. For example, 4364: 4360: 4252: 4090: 4027: 2434:("away, on vacation, on leave"), where the adessive morpheme - 2080: 2040: 8837:

A comparative survey of reduplication in Australian languages

8685:

The Language of Rapa Iti: Description of a Language In Change

8052:

Let's learn Maori: a guide to the study of the Maori language

5970:

Reduplication is not a productive noun derivation process in

5413:

Reduplication can convey emphasis or repetition, for example

4012: 3928: 3806: 2897: 2888: 2876: 2867: 2855: 2844: 2729: 2720: 2473:"begin" reduplicate when they are combined with other verbs. 2314: 2302: 187:

The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is

8516:"Second radical reduplication in Amharic: Optimality theory" 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 5304:

Reduplication of an adjective can express different things:

5134:'it was shattered' and biconsonantal reduplication produces 4406: 4294: 4079: 3108:, bing-bang-boom, bish-bash-bosh, splish-splash-splosh and " 2476: 1164:

A reduplicant can copy from either the left edge of a word (

210:

varies. Examples of it can be found at least as far back as

8839:. LINCOM Studies in Australian Languages (No. 03). Lincom. 6968:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages

4272:

green grass that way/over there. (emphasis on the quantity)

3596:(almost almost) which intensifies the meaning of 'almost'. 3059:

lexical reduplication: 'Each-each boy take one-one chair.'

2430:

Words can be reduplicated with their case morphemes, as in

2691:

verb forms. The perfect or preterite (past) tense of some

683:

forms words meaning 'to wear X' by reduplicating the last

528:

involves a reduplication of the entire word. For example,

9166:

Studies in Salish linguistics in honor of M. Dale Kinkade

8619:

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies

7578:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

7075: 6023:"baʔa" or "baʔabaʔa" is a word for the sound of knocking. 5258:= "All those birds are also exported out of the country". 4461: 4421: 4410: 4368: 4199: 4191: 3955: 3898: 2986:

alliteration section of the irreversible binomial article

5816:

Reduplication of the initial syllable of the root; e.g.

3080:(typically ɪ as in hit) and the reduplicated vowel is a 2777: 2771: 2176:

was shorthand for the reduplication that forms plurals:

8852:

Reduplication in indigenous languages of South America.

8113:

Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa & Kinkade, M. Dale (1998).

7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7220:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 561. 6059: 5735:

kapa 'mime with hands' → kapakapa 'flap wings (a bird)'

4879:‎ "man" is duplicated to mean a "very manly man". 3972:

child-child.DAT fifty-fifty toffees received.PRF.FEM.PL

2629:. Note that the transcription is not comparable to the 2097: 2057: 7369:

Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics

7214:

Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002-04-15).

3225:

milk." This gives the idea that they want "real" milk.

400:

is the term for this phenomenon of copying two times.

9159:

Theoretical Issues in Dakota Phonology and Morphology

7721: 7719: 6408: 6387: 6364: 6343: 6315: 6294: 6266: 6245: 6222: 6201: 5935:

niluto object trigger infix-cook (perf-cook) "cooked"

5907:

magluto inf/actor trigger-cook "to cook" or "cook!" (

5351:

prefixation, depending on the position of the prefix

2840:, and contrasts with e-reduplication in the perfect: 2319:(Greek, "I see, I saw"; these Greek examples exhibit 8378:"Reduplicants and Prefixes in Japanese Onomatopoeia" 7818:

Blake, Frank R. (1917). "Reduplication in Tagalog".

7296: 5752:

Panga'a 'divide' → panaga'anga'a 'a break, a divide'

5331:

Reduplication of a verb can express various things:

5197:"々" to indicate duplication. This formation is not 3424: 2923: 2832:

Proto-Indo-European also used reduplication for the

2645:

Reduplicative babbling in child language acquisition

2406:"phone for talking", as opposed to a pocket computer 2370:

Söin jäätelöä ja karkkia, sekä tietysti ruokaruokaa.

289:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 9276:

List of contrastive focus reduplications in English

8309:. Center for the Study of Language and Information. 8104:. University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. Archived from 6978: 6976: 5738:

mākuru 'detach oneself' → mākurukuru 'shed or molt'

5519:is the French Polynesian language of the island of 3315:More can be learned about English reduplication in 3100:, jibber-jabber, kitty-cat, knick-knack, mishmash, 3076:reduplications, the first vowel is almost always a 8850:Gomez, Gale Goodwin, and Hein van der Voort, eds. 8687:(Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. 8558:. Vol. 6. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin. pp. 23–51. 8401:(Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. 8134:Tone (Non-) Transfer in Bantu Verbal Reduplication 5464:is a Micronesian language spoken primarily on the 156:Occurrence of reduplication across world languages 6955:Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. 6145:, which means "kinds," but the reduplicated form 5842:("turning around continually", "tumbling"), from 4896:‎ "day", and means "every day, day by day". 4212:shall we have a cup of tea? (emphasis on meeting 3122:There's a Nong Nang Ning/Where the trees go Ping! 9302:La réduplication à m dans l’arabe parlé à Mardin 8505:. Taal.vrt.be. December 10, 1999. Archived from 8017:"A Galilean Analysis of Afrikaans Reduplication" 5130:'break', antepenultimate reduplication produces 2272:formerly used reduplication to form a number of 303:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 9028:http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/pub/papers/pm86all.pdf 8832:(pp. 249–264). University Press of Hawaii. 8825:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 8718:. London, England: University of London Press. 8602:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 269–292. 7974:"Aitzineuskara berreraikiaz: zergatik ezkerra?" 6966:p. 31, Michalowski, Piotr. 2004. "Sumerian" in 5691:naku 'come, go' → nakunaku 'pass by frequently' 5421:"die in numbers"; and de-emphasis, for example 5177:forms produced by reduplication (possibly with 1859:Reduplication and other morphological processes 319:in one of two ways: either (1) as reduplicated 9081:Raimy, Eric (2000). "Remarks on backcopying". 8817:. Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 63–111. 8520:Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 7363:Montaut, Annie (2009). Singh, Rajendra (ed.). 5838:Combined partial and full reduplication; e.g. 5256:Burung-burung itu juga diekspor ke luar negeri 4800:Popular names that have reduplication include 3168:Of the above types, only shm-reduplication is 3032:, night-night, no-no, papa, pee-pee, pip-pip, 2810: 2801: 2683:used partial reduplication of a consonant and 2257: 2248: 2236: 2195:uses reduplication to increase the force of a 2021:'hit (unitative)' → 'hit (repetitive)' 225: 219: 9120:International Journal of American Linguistics 8961:Inkelas, Sharon; & Zoll, Cheryl. (2005). 8860:International Journal of American Linguistics 7889: 7217:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 6403: 6382: 6359: 6338: 6310: 6289: 6261: 6240: 6217: 6196: 6178: 6172: 6164: 6158: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6109: 6103: 6097: 5941:lulutuin rdp-cook-object trigger "will cook". 5932:lutuin cook-inf/object trigger-cook "to cook" 3420: 3264:), along with intensificatory adverbs (e.g., 3228:Intensificatory reduplication: Examples like 2223: 2214: 474:Triplication occurs in other languages, e.g. 133: 8: 9281:List of English reduplications in Wiktionary 9271:Exhaustive list of reduplications in English 9077:. Academic Press, New York. pp. 93–112. 9057:Universals of human language: Word structure 8815:Papers from the parasession on functionalism 7782:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 7365:"Reduplication and echo words in Hindi/Urdu" 7272: 6834: 6804: 6776: 6748: 6720: 6692: 6664: 6638: 6612: 6586: 6558: 6532: 6503: 6475: 6127:, means "country," but when reduplicated to 4265:{tither/that way} green-green grass be.3.PRS 1114:(Moravcsik 1978, Broselow and McCarthy 1984) 9002:[Come] (in Marathi). Maayboli.com. 8780:Broselow, Ellen; McCarthy, John J. (1984). 8567:(Thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. 8482:. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. 8254:Göksel, Asli & Kerslake, Celia (2005). 7569: 7567: 7565: 7406:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7260: 3969:{bacce-bacce ko} pacās-pacās tɔfiyā̃ milī̃. 3347:(gingerbread)) reduplications in Dutch are 2762: 2756: 8576:. Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 257–273. 8415:Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society 8367:. Mount Allison University. Archived from 6039:Vietnamese morphology § Reduplication 5959:and there are none more beautiful anywhere 5869:"Ang magandang puno" "the beautiful tree". 5794:Reduplication of the final syllable; e.g. 5702:mare 'cough' → maremare 'cough forcefully' 5391:) uses reduplication in a number of ways. 5358:Repetition or continuation of the action: 4552:, there are three kinds of reduplication. 4036:who-who.NOM will-come them.DAT say.IMP.FUT 3845:children.DAT one-one.REDUP toffee give.IMP 3324: 3320: 1727:(Broselow and McCarthy 1984, Walther 2000) 140: 126: 29: 9018:Marantz, Alec. (1982). Re reduplication. 8952: 8742: 8699:Working Papers in Phonology at Santa Cruz 8531: 8316:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic 8032: 7789: 7036: 5362:: "That man continuously beat his child"; 5208:Japanese also contains a large number of 5193:is rendaku) – these are written with the 4385:tomorrow-tomorrow.LOC happen.3.FUT.PRF {} 3652:Typically all Indo-Aryan languages, like 2972:'ball'), itself likely a deverbative of * 1735:A rare type of reduplication is found in 9063:Nevins, Andrew & Vaux, Bert (2003). 8941:Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri 8198:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 8177:Transactions of the Philological Society 8081:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7813: 7811: 7809: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7758: 7670: 7658: 7350: 7051: 7025:Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri 5694:ipuni 'hide' → ipunipuni 'hide and seek' 5528: 5369:= "Those two men would beat each other". 4740:Reduplication is a common phenomenon in 3787: 3753:'Yearning desire floods into my heart.' 3391:(we are going to get going). The use of 1954:'lump of meat' → 'lumps of meat' 1022:(Shaw 1980, Marantz 1982, Albright 2002) 779: 406: 9161:. Garland Publ: New York. pp. ix + 396. 7925: 7913: 7901: 7737: 7532: 7496: 7248: 7119: 6946: 6139:, "international"). Another example is 5763:pake 'sun' → pakepake 'shining, bright' 5741:taŋi 'Yell' → taŋitaŋi 'chirp (a bird)' 5716:kini 'to pinch' → kinikini 'pinch skin' 5252:Diversity or non-exhaustive plurality: 3766:(verb class) of the Sanskrit language: 3010:, okey-dokey, easy-peasy, hanky-panky, 2532:Si chunt üse Chrischtboum cho schmücke. 2007:'rock' → 'rock (distributive)' ( 105: 32: 8565:Biconsonantal reduplication in Amharic 8421:(2): 9–13. Issue later designated J11. 8387:. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. pp. 210–221. 8008:Reduplication in South Asian languages 7853: 7851: 7849: 7725: 7634: 7622: 7610: 7556: 7399: 7332: 7320: 6957:New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 5749:para 'finished' → parapara 'leftovers' 3592:(then then) meaning "immediately", or 3280:). This is only possible for pre-head 3040:, so-so, ta-ta, there-there, tut-tut, 2542:She comes to adorn our Christmas tree. 8963:Reduplication: Doubling in morphology 8727:"Reduplication with fixed segmentism" 8122:Domigpe, J. & Nenita, D. (2012). 7938: 7936: 7934: 7706: 7694: 7544: 7520: 7308: 7284: 7103: 7087: 7076:Czaykowska-Higgins & Kinkade 1998 7006: 6982: 5760:repo 'dirt, earth' → reporepo 'dirty' 5319:Plurality of the corresponding noun: 4728:'The child fell down while walking.' 4722:pillavāḍu naḍustū naḍustū paḍi pōyāḍu 3908:you.ERG what-what.REDUP saw.MASC.PRF? 3760:Reduplication also occurs in the 3rd 3628:Reduplication is a common feature of 3606:reduplication in the Russian language 3416: 3410:means "to scratch one's self," while 3132:can be used with most any word; e.g. 7: 9286:graz database on reduplication (gdr) 8782:"A theory of internal reduplication" 8493:. American Book Company – via 7682: 7508: 7063: 6994: 5891:ng maganda ang kabayo "the horse is 4719:పిల్లవాడు నడుస్తూ నడుస్తూ పడి పోయాడు 4625:(time time) meaning "occasionally"; 4555:Emphatic reduplication, also called 4438:sleep-sleep.PTCP.PRF die.PRF.MASC.PL 4104:child-child.NOM know.PTCP be.3.PRES? 3676:. For example, in Hindi, chai-shai ( 3316: 1992:initial reduplication also involves 1940:is the last consonant of the base): 1875:of non-reduplicating material, etc. 293:. For the distinction between , 214:, where it was used in forming some 9006:from the original on March 14, 2016 8495:Christian Classics Ethereal Library 8437:from the original on March 22, 2018 7646: 6897:St'at'imcets language#Reduplication 6133:, it means "many countries" (as in 5914:nagluto actor trigger-cook "cooked" 5798:("separate meat from bones"), from 5224:(rustling) – compare English " 4783:) 'to strike repeatedly, to batter' 3212:of the noun, as in "Is that carrot 2954:(kýklos) 'circle'), which doubled * 2715:verbs preserve this reduplication: 2383:"proper food", as opposed to snacks 2000:'ox' → 'ox (distributive)' ( 1793:'appearance of nodding constantly' 8998:Kulkarni, Angha (August 5, 2013). 8323:Lande, Yury A. (27–29 June 2003). 8288:Preverbal Particles in Pingelapese 8210:10.1023/B:NALA.0000015789.98638.f9 8021:Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics 7421:Sharma, Dipti Misra (2012-12-08). 6828: 6819: 6798: 6789: 6770: 6761: 6742: 6733: 6714: 6705: 6686: 6677: 6658: 6649: 6632: 6623: 6606: 6597: 6580: 6571: 6552: 6543: 6526: 6517: 6497: 6488: 6469: 6460: 5724:paki 'slap, strike'pakipaki 'clap' 5138:'it was shattered repeatedly' and 3497:; and in many nursery words, like 3425:Van Huyssteen & Wissing (2007) 25: 8241:from the original on July 8, 2013 7952:UST Working Papers in Linguistics 7820:The American Journal of Philology 6833: 6803: 6775: 6747: 6719: 6691: 6663: 6637: 6611: 6585: 6557: 6531: 6502: 6474: 5876:gandang puno" "the beautiful tree 5708:maki 'sick'makimaki 'really sick' 5367:Kedua-dua orang itu pukul-memukul 5340:Kenapa orang tidak datang-datang? 5060:‎) "to swing" and - due to 5034:‎) "to impoverish, weaken". 4796:to stretch one's legs repeatedly' 4489:shouted.PRF.SG.FEM loud-loud.INST 3469:Common uses for reduplication in 2905:"I sit down" (present; from sd-, 2393:"complete game", as opposed to a 1168:copying) or from the right edge ( 602:Another example is from Musqueam 350:as a reduplication of linguistic 315:Reduplication is often described 9046:The prosody morphology interface 8899:Māori: a linguistic introduction 8695:"Turkish Emphatic Reduplication" 8600:Studies in Linguistic Motivation 8556:Kooza nihongo to nihongo kyooiku 8256:Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar 7860:"Reduplication in Tagalog verbs" 7133:English Language and Linguistics 6923:List of reduplicated place names 6840: 6810: 6782: 6754: 6726: 6698: 6670: 6644: 6618: 6592: 6564: 6538: 6509: 6481: 6046: 5526:Example of reduplication forms: 5243:Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian) 4330:eat-eat.PTCP.IPFV not talk.2.IMP 4056:(4) Reduplication of adjectives 3536:) and expressions, for example, 3451:) and to intensify the meaning ( 2821:A rare modern English reflex is 2084: 2044: 1741: 1655: 1558: 1451: 1361: 1266: 1193: 1042: 960: 878: 701: 612: 538: 9259:Echo-Word Reduplication Lexicon 8919:Hurch, Bernhard (Ed.). (2005). 8126:. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. 8010:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 7784:. Deel 106 (2de Afl): 151–311. 7382:matthewjmiller07 (2015-02-11). 6903:Contrastive focus reduplication 5727:kati 'bite' → katikati 'nibble' 5652:kume 'large, flat leaf seaweed' 5360:Orang itu memukul-mukul anaknya 5026:‎) "to dilute", and also 4725:child walking walking fall went 4594:Echo reduplication: similar to 4209:tea-tea.NOM happen.PRF.SG.SUBJ? 3381:First blah-blah, then boom-boom 3201:Contrastive focus reduplication 3144:. This process is a feature of 2535:she comes our {Christmas tree} 2366:contrastive focus reduplication 1578:'he put it on (frequentative)' 285:International Phonetic Alphabet 8581:van der Walt, Elmarie (2002). 8392:Odango, Emerson Lopez (2015). 7943:Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam (2017). 7173:Journal of English Linguistics 6913:Repetition (rhetorical device) 5705:roa 'much' → roroa 'very much' 5279:= "spoke; bar; radius; etc." ( 5142:'a shard, a shattered piece'. 5052:‎) "to wander" but also 4744:and is usually used to form a 4637:Reduplication is also used in 3794:(2) Reduplication of pronouns 2818:"he has written" or "he wrote" 1902:'yellow' → 'yellowish' 536:forms by total reduplication: 532:derives reciprocal forms from 521:Full and partial reduplication 1: 8267:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 8102:"A Glossary of Lingua Franca" 8074:. Cambridge University Press. 8055:. Auckland University Press. 5342:= "Why aren't people coming?" 5323:= "The houses here are big" ( 5294:"I am not a child anymore!" ( 5044:‎) "to move, nod" > 4602:, and possibly missing) with 4282:(6) Reduplication of adverbs 3791:(1) Reduplication of numbers 3750:mind-in longing choking comes 3640:both meaning 'commotion' and 3383:). In Dutch the verb "gaan" ( 2130:terminology: BR-faithfulness) 2126:base-reduplicant "identity" ( 8901:Cambridge University Press. 8830:Austroasiatic studies part I 8490:A Greek Grammar for Colleges 8487:Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). 8341:Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. (2002). 8334:Reference Grammar of Amharic 8117:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 7478:Göksel & Kerslake (2005) 6953:p. 76. Sapir, Edward. 1921. 6309:) is a reduplicated form of 6216:) is a reduplicated form of 6177:(measure word for things) → 6163:(measure word for people) → 4496:. (emphasis on the loudness) 4159:this hot-hot tea drink.2.IMP 3747:manaa-t hur-hur daaT.un yete 3373:Eerst bla-bla, dan boem-boem 3014:, hoity-toity, hokey-pokey, 2681:Proto-Indo-European language 1626:(Broselow and McCarthy 1984) 803: 'to sleep constantly' 8979:Anthropological Linguistics 8912:Healey, Phyllis M. (1960). 8835:Fabricius, Anne H. (2006). 8533:10.17959/sppm.2016.22.1.121 8408:"The Malay Spelling Reform" 6881:Siamese twins (linguistics) 6409: 6388: 6365: 6344: 6316: 6295: 6267: 6246: 6223: 6202: 5675:taki 'excellent; very well' 5269:= "ceiling; palate; etc." ( 4279:(5) Reduplication of verbs 4053:(3) Reduplication of nouns 3164:and then the whole country. 2133:tonal transfer/non-transfer 1983:fixed-segment reduplication 1944:'ditch' → 'ditches' 1888:. Below are some examples: 691:) sequence of a base, i.e. 9348: 9295:Institute of Linguistics, 9217:Watters, David E. (2002). 8954:10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.12 8683:Walworth, Mary E. (2015). 8480:Ponapean reference grammar 8336:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 8131:Downing, Laura J. (2001). 8015:Botha, Rudolph P. (1984). 7778:"Reduplication in Tagalog" 7185:10.1177/007542426800200109 7038:10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.12 6036: 5310:Jangan bicara keras-keras! 5292:Saya bukan anak-anak lagi! 5161:'pile stones repeatedly'. 4528:Echo Reduplication, as in 4382:kal-kal mẽ {hī ho jāyegā.} 4166:tea. (emphasis on hotness) 4045:(to all and every visitor) 3632:and includes the examples 2924: 2898: 2889: 2877: 2868: 2856: 2845: 2730: 2721: 2609:She doesn't let him sleep. 2315: 2303: 2207:"examine with attention". 1912:'water' → 'watery' 1709:'to marry (continuative)' 1675:'to shoot (continuative)' 1340:(McCarthy and Prince 1996) 1091:'he/she loves' (singular) 1057:'he/she walks' (singular) 809: 'to sleep (plural)' 396:as in most reduplication. 9186:10.1017/S0305000900002051 9174:Journal of Child Language 8716:Somali-English dictionary 8660:10.1007/s11185-012-9091-5 8631:10.2989/16073610709486472 8478:Rehg, Kenneth L. (1981). 8406:Omar, Asmah Haji (1989). 8365:"Morphological Exercises" 8264:Hafford, James A (2015). 7890:Domigpe & Nenita 2012 7791:10.1163/22134379-90002477 7144:10.1017/S1360674302001077 6861:Augment (Bantu languages) 6404: 6383: 6360: 6339: 6311: 6290: 6262: 6241: 6218: 6197: 6179: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6110: 6104: 6098: 5827:Full reduplication; e.g. 5321:Rumah di sini besar-besar 5312:= "Don't speak loudly!" ( 5169:A small number of native 5083: 5078:‎) "to laugh" > 5075: 5057: 5049: 5041: 5031: 5023: 5015: 4994: 4984: 4972: 4962: 4950: 4940: 4928: 4918: 4907: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4792:'to stretch one's legs'; 4262:udhar harī-harī ghās hai. 3842:{baccõ ko} ek-ek tɔfī do. 3744:मनात {हूर हूर} दाटून येते 3377:First talk, then have sex 3276:) and determiners (e.g., 2811: 2802: 2599:Si lat ne nid la schlafe. 2416:"unquestionably far away" 2323:as well as reduplication) 2276:forms, especially in the 2258: 2249: 2237: 2224: 2215: 2213:also uses reduplication: 1892:'red' → 'reddish' 928:'a long time (in years)' 685:consonant-vowel-consonant 331:) or (2) as reduplicated 9249:(Lexicon of Linguistics) 8921:Studies on reduplication 8798:10.1515/tlir.1983.3.1.25 7972:Lakarra, Joseba (2009). 7297:Mount Allison University 7110:: initial consonant + i. 6918:Redundancy (linguistics) 6151:means "multiple kinds." 5575:Rightward reduplication 5440:"slap or clap once" and 5338:Pragmatic accentuation: 5288:Pragmatic accentuation: 5105:"to make noise, rustle". 5098:"to make noise, rustle". 3389:we gaan (eens) gaan gaan 3325:Nevins & Vaux (2003) 3321:Cooper & Ross (1975) 3302:*I want it really really 2863:"I have given" (perfect) 2637:'knife' reduplicated as 1701:'to marry (perfective)' 1667:'to shoot (perfective)' 9095:10.1162/002438900554433 8821:Dayley, Jon P. (1985). 8753:10.1162/002438999554101 8543:Ootani Joshidai Kokubun 8514:Tak, Jin-young (2016). 8450:Pratt, George (1984) . 8286:Hattori, Ryoko (2012). 8189:10.1111/1467-968X.12083 8100:Corré, Alan D. (2005). 8070:Botha, Rudi P. (1988). 7776:Lopez, Cecilio (1950). 7169:"English Reduplication" 7138::1:133–169 (May 2002), 7094:: simple consonant + e. 6866:Augment (Indo-European) 6114:'beautifully' ) become 6090:Tibeto-Burman languages 5628:Leftward reduplication 5614:'splash (of raindrops)' 5263:Conceptual similarity: 5062:phono-semantic matching 3644:meaning 'intertwined'. 3298:I really really want it 2778: 2772: 2270:Indo-European languages 468: 'still sleeping' 379:, often abbreviated as 281:phonetic transcriptions 272:Typological description 226: 220: 208:linguistic productivity 9253:What is reduplication? 8714:Abraham, Roy. (1964). 8693:Wedel, Andrew (1999). 8563:Unseth, Peter (2002). 8314:Kroonen, Guus (2013). 6835: 6811: 6805: 6777: 6749: 6721: 6693: 6665: 6639: 6613: 6587: 6559: 6533: 6504: 6476: 5583:taka'uri 'go backward' 5335:Simple reduplication: 5237:Austronesian languages 5086:‎) "to chuckle". 4882:To mean "one by one": 4762:'to strike repeatedly' 4748:verb or for emphasis. 4645:for the same purpose. 4610:means "plate(s)", and 4156:ye garm-garm cāy piyo. 4101:baccā-baccā jāntā hai. 4033:jo-jo āẽge unhẽ kɛhnā. 3363:) or imitative (e.g., 3296:is ungrammatical, and 3036:, poo-poo, pooh-pooh, 2763: 2757: 1964:'boy' → 'boys' 1610:'snow here and there' 789:Partial reduplication 442: 'still singing' 278:This article contains 157: 9327:Linguistic morphology 8786:The Linguistic Review 8359:on December 11, 2009. 8332:Leslau, Wolf (1995). 8049:Biggs, Bruce (1998). 8006:Abbi, Anvita (1992). 7226:10.1017/9781316423530 6928:Proto-Basque language 6296:piào piào liàng liàng 5820:("will write"), from 5659:Medial reduplication 5607:'roll back and forth' 5508:phrase must be used. 5018:‎) "poor" > 4521:(red), which becomes 4486:cillāyī {zor-zor se.} 4435:soye-soye {mar gaye.} 4327:khāte-khāte mat bolo. 3294:*the way is long long 3284:, and not with other 3152:, starting among the 3118:On the Ning Nang Nong 3069:Ablaut reduplications 3004:Rhyming reduplication 2767:"I ran" or "have run" 2337:, "to name, I named") 1179:copying in Oykangand 1132:'the man' (singular) 1102:'they love' (plural) 1068:'they walk' (plural) 839:Reduplication may be 677:Partial reduplication 513:has been used (after 260:biological taxonomies 172:process in which the 155: 27:Linguistic phenomenon 8935:Ido, Shinji (2011). 8897:Harlow, Ray. (2007) 8371:on January 16, 2013. 8258:. London: Routledge. 8108:on February 3, 2009. 7167:Watt, W. C. (1968). 7155:Ghomeshi et al. 2004 7019:Ido, Shinji (2011). 6876:Language acquisition 5831:("every day"), from 5773:Philippine languages 5664:maitaki 'good; well' 5462:Mortlockese language 5452:"close eyes firmly" 5153:inserting the vowel 4390:before tomorrow ends 3976:each and every child 3905:tumne kyā-kyā dekhā? 3858:one toffee per child 3670:echoic reduplication 3473:are the creation of 3421:Van Huyssteen (2004) 3026:Exact reduplications 2311:, "I leave, I left") 2138:Function and meaning 2032:(Haugen forthcoming) 1519:'gopher (abs. sg.)' 1477:'ground (abs. sg.)' 835:Reduplicant position 632:'likely to capsize' 9209:Thun, Nils (1963). 8648:Russian Linguistics 8509:on August 30, 2011. 8503:"We gaan gaan gaan" 8376:Nasu, Akio (2003). 7574:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 7122:, pp. 264–265. 7054:, pp. 125–142. 6015:"talked" (durative) 6003:"good" (continuous) 5953:gandang puno" "The 5901:grammatical aspects 5787:Monosyllabic; e.g. 5600:'pour continuously' 5542:Full reduplication 5347:Reduplication with 4863:, where the adverb 4794:tambalalá-tambalalá 4639:Dravidian languages 3286:syntactic functions 3237:very very difficult 3230:a big, big problem, 3084:(typically æ as in 2834:imperfective aspect 2675:Proto-Indo-European 2299:, "I vow, I vowed") 786:Full reduplication 258:when it is used in 9297:University of Graz 9291:2012-03-13 at the 9264:2005-04-02 at the 9083:Linguistic Inquiry 9020:Linguistic Inquiry 8731:Linguistic Inquiry 8593:on August 4, 2013. 8124:Elementary Tagalog 7582:Palgrave Macmillan 7430:verbs.colorado.edu 7388:Morphology 440 640 6886:Syntactic doubling 6402:) is derived from 6358:) is derived from 6058:. You can help by 5779:(the basis of the 5537:Reduplicated form 5308:Adverbialisation: 5091:For onomatopoeia: 4815:Eric Djemba-Djemba 4583:(very green), and 4348:tomorrow-tomorrow. 4206:cāy-śāy {ho jāye?} 3359:, (ik hoorde het) 3244:adjectives (e.g., 2913:in *sed-os → ἕδος 2852:"I give" (present) 2639:ṣuk!ṣuk!Emen'’me’n 2623:Salishan languages 2343:Germanic languages 2096:. You can help by 2056:. You can help by 1000:'good (singular)' 972:'tall (singular)' 526:Full reduplication 385:or sometimes just 158: 9233:Wilbur, Ronnie B. 9219:A grammar of Kham 9155:Shaw, Patricia A. 8907:978-0-521-80861-3 8609:978-3-11-018245-3 8585:Bitter berry dawn 8463:978-0-908712-09-0 8350:Africa & Asia 8297:978-1-267-81721-1 8233:Gilbers (2009) . 7740:, pp. 34–35. 7273:van der Walt 2002 7235:978-0-521-43146-0 6908:Shm-reduplication 6847: 6846: 6443:Pre-Proto-Basque 6076: 6075: 5809:(" scale"), from 5781:Filipino language 5698:Intensification: 5681: 5680: 5646:komo 'deep sleep' 5503:– is still crying 5501:saeng-saeng-saeng 4855:For emphasis: in 4836:Semitic languages 4539:(little little) 4532:(table schmable). 4502: 4501: 3912:what (all things) 3618:shm-reduplication 3431:Romance languages 3129:Shm-reduplication 3110:Live, Laugh, Love 2884:"I set" (present) 2618: 2617: 2602:she lets him not 2316:δέρκομαι, δέδορκα 2231:for "everybody". 2144:Malayo-Polynesian 2114: 2113: 2074: 2073: 2034: 1977: 1925: 1878:For instance, in 1865:vowel alternation 1856: 1855: 1852: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1254: 1253: 1160:Copying direction 1154: 1153: 1116: 1033:reduplication in 1028: 1027: 1024: 951:reduplication in 946: 945: 942: 898:'late afternoon' 869:reduplication in 832: 831: 797: 'to sleep' 771: 770: 767: 727:'to wear a belt' 674: 673: 670: 600: 599: 596: 584:'they (to) them' 472: 471: 460: 'sleeping' 452: 'to sleep' 383: 150: 149: 16:(Redirected from 9339: 9214: 9205: 9151: 9114: 9070: 9015: 9013: 9011: 8994: 8958: 8956: 8891: 8823:Tzutujil grammar 8818: 8809: 8776: 8775:on May 25, 2005. 8771:. Archived from 8746: 8702: 8688: 8679: 8642: 8621:(in Afrikaans). 8613: 8594: 8577: 8568: 8559: 8550: 8537: 8535: 8510: 8498: 8483: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8422: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8388: 8382: 8372: 8360: 8358: 8347: 8337: 8328: 8319: 8318:. Leiden: Brill. 8310: 8301: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8272: 8259: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8229: 8192: 8171: 8142: 8127: 8118: 8109: 8096: 8075: 8066: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8036: 8011: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7940: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7864: 7855: 7844: 7843: 7815: 7804: 7803: 7793: 7773: 7762: 7756: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7714: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7571: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7427: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7405: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7261:Taal.vrt.be 1999 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7101: 7095: 7085: 7079: 7078:, pp. 18ff. 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6971: 6964: 6958: 6951: 6838: 6808: 6780: 6752: 6724: 6696: 6668: 6642: 6619:can, to be able 6616: 6590: 6562: 6536: 6507: 6479: 6440: 6428:Old Proto-Basque 6422: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6161: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136:အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ 6132: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6071: 6068: 6050: 6043: 5957:beautiful tree ( 5835:("day" or "sun") 5529: 5466:Mortlock Islands 5448:"blink" becomes 5283:= "finger" etc.) 5085: 5077: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5033: 5025: 5017: 4996: 4986: 4974: 4964: 4952: 4942: 4930: 4920: 4909: 4901: 4895: 4887: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4587:(clean) becomes 4579:(green) becomes 4535:Doubling, as in 4482: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4412: 4408: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4351: 4323: 4319: 4300: 4296: 4258: 4254: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4182: 4152: 4148: 4108:(each and) every 4096: 4092: 4081: 4070: 4029: 4025: 4014: 3995: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3930: 3900: 3896: 3885: 3874: 3838: 3819: 3808: 3788: 3624:Celtic languages 3600:Slavic languages 3455:"very softly"). 3233:a long, long way 3162:New York dialect 3146:American English 3006:: Artsy-fartsy, 2927: 2926: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2847: 2814: 2813: 2809:'he writes' vs. 2805: 2804: 2781: 2776:"it breaks" vs. 2775: 2766: 2760: 2733: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2477: 2357:("I stand") and 2318: 2317: 2306: 2305: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2240: 2239: 2227: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2120:underapplication 2109: 2106: 2088: 2081: 2069: 2066: 2048: 2041: 2033: 2030: 2028: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1961: 1951: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1909: 1899: 1886: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1810: 1775: 1742: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1688: 1656: 1627: 1624: 1559: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1515: 1502: 1452: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1394: 1362: 1341: 1338: 1324:'to come apart' 1267: 1194: 1115: 1112: 1043: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1008:'good (plural)' 980:'tall (plural)' 961: 941: 938: 907: 879: 780: 766: 763: 757:'to wear socks' 702: 669: 666: 663: 637: 613: 606:"dispositional" 595: 592: 589: 563: 539: 466: 458: 450: 440: 434: 'singing' 432: 426: 'to sing' 424: 407: 381: 300: 296: 229: 223: 142: 135: 128: 30: 21: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9307: 9306: 9293:Wayback Machine 9266:Wayback Machine 9243: 9238: 9208: 9171: 9117: 9080: 9062: 9009: 9007: 8997: 8976: 8934: 8914:An Agta grammar 8857: 8812: 8779: 8744:10.1.1.387.3969 8724: 8710: 8705: 8692: 8682: 8645: 8616: 8610: 8597: 8580: 8571: 8562: 8553: 8540: 8513: 8501: 8486: 8477: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8449: 8440: 8438: 8425: 8410: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8380: 8375: 8363: 8356: 8345: 8340: 8331: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8298: 8285: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8263: 8253: 8244: 8242: 8232: 8195: 8174: 8145: 8130: 8121: 8112: 8099: 8078: 8069: 8063: 8048: 8039: 8037: 8034:10.5774/13-0-99 8014: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7986: 7984: 7976: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7857: 7856: 7847: 7817: 7816: 7807: 7775: 7774: 7765: 7757: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7724: 7717: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7637:, p. 1035. 7633: 7629: 7621: 7617: 7613:, p. 1029. 7609: 7605: 7572: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7102: 7098: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6974: 6965: 6961: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6852: 6430: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6190: 6086: 6081: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6056:needs expansion 6041: 6035: 6030: 5968: 5770: 5712:Specification: 5514: 5474: 5458: 5381: 5245: 5234: 5167: 5117: 4845: 4833: 4775:) 'to strike'; 4742:Bantu languages 4738: 4733: 4717: 4707: 4696: 4685: 4674: 4663: 4635: 4571:(blue) becomes 4557:intensification 4546: 4507: 4498: 4484: 4473: 4451: 4433: 4414: 4394: 4380: 4372: 4353: 4339: 4325: 4310: 4302: 4274: 4260: 4245: 4237: 4229: 4227:tither/that way 4218: 4204: 4184: 4168: 4154: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4112: 4099: 4083: 4072: 4048: 4031: 4016: 4005: 3997: 3983: 3980:50 toffees each 3967: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3916: 3903: 3887: 3876: 3862: 3840: 3829: 3821: 3810: 3758: 3742: 3732: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3668:use partial or 3650: 3638:ruaille buaille 3626: 3602: 3562:terchea-berchea 3491:Zinedine Zidane 3433: 3401: 3333: 3290:a long long way 3288:. For example, 3216:cake or carrot 3138:cancer-shmancer 2994:dribs and drabs 2988:for cases like 2982: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2647: 2619: 2611: 2597: 2589: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2544: 2530: 2522: 2512: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2438:appears twice. 2432:lomalla lomalla 2140: 2117:overapplication 2110: 2104: 2101: 2094:needs expansion 2079: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2054:needs expansion 2031: 1974: 1922: 1861: 1849: 1828:'monsoon rain' 1726: 1625: 1570:'he put it on' 1536: 1433:(Reichard 1959) 1432: 1339: 1162: 1143:'men' (plural) 1113: 1021: 939: 837: 777:example below: 765:(Moravsik 1978) 764: 667: 593: 523: 348:morphologically 313: 308: 307: 306: 274: 146: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9345: 9343: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9256: 9250: 9242: 9241:External links 9239: 9237: 9236: 9230: 9215: 9206: 9180:(3): 379–390. 9169: 9162: 9152: 9132:10.1086/464538 9126:(4): 239–253. 9115: 9089:(3): 541–552. 9078: 9075:C. A. Ferguson 9071: 9060: 9053: 9042: 9031: 9023: 9016: 8995: 8974: 8959: 8947:(1): 185–193. 8932: 8917: 8910: 8895: 8892: 8872:10.1086/463719 8866:(2): 154–174. 8855: 8848: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8810: 8777: 8737:(3): 327–364. 8722: 8719: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8690: 8680: 8654:(2): 175–191. 8643: 8625:(3): 419–439. 8614: 8608: 8595: 8587:Ingrid Jonker" 8578: 8569: 8560: 8551: 8538: 8526:(1): 121–145. 8511: 8499: 8484: 8475: 8462: 8447: 8423: 8403: 8389: 8373: 8361: 8338: 8329: 8320: 8311: 8302: 8296: 8283: 8261: 8251: 8230: 8204:(2): 307–357. 8193: 8172: 8160:10.2307/411660 8154:(2): 274–299. 8143: 8128: 8119: 8110: 8097: 8076: 8067: 8061: 8046: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7961: 7930: 7918: 7916:, p. 100. 7906: 7894: 7875: 7845: 7832:10.2307/288967 7826:(4): 425–431. 7805: 7763: 7742: 7730: 7715: 7699: 7687: 7675: 7663: 7651: 7639: 7627: 7615: 7603: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7413: 7374: 7355: 7343: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7234: 7206: 7159: 7147: 7124: 7112: 7096: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6972: 6959: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6530: 6525: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6486: 6485: 6483:horn (anatomy) 6480: 6473: 6468: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6444: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6380: 6332: 6331: 6283: 6282: 6238: 6203:bāng bāng máng 6189: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6170: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6053: 6051: 6037:Main article: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6017: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5926:ergative verbs 5922: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5897: 5896: 5882: 5881: 5870: 5848: 5847: 5840:babalibaligtad 5836: 5825: 5814: 5803: 5802:(same meaning) 5792: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5745:Nominalizing: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5718: 5717: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5580:māringi 'pour' 5576: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5473: 5470: 5457: 5454: 5436:"pat" becomes 5385:Māori language 5380: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5329: 5328: 5317: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5274: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5244: 5241: 5233: 5230: 5195:iteration mark 5181:), such as 人々 5166: 5163: 5145:From the root 5126:From the root 5116: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5069: 5035: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4897: 4880: 4844: 4841: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4784: 4763: 4737: 4734: 4708: 4697: 4686: 4675: 4664: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4634: 4631: 4563:(red) becomes 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4474: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4443:while sleeping 4415: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4388:It'll be done 4373: 4354: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4311: 4303: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4185: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4084: 4073: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4017: 4006: 3998: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3949: 3941: 3933: 3924:bacce-bacce ko 3922: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3888: 3877: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3830: 3822: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3733: 3722: 3711: 3700: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3685:morphological: 3649: 3646: 3625: 3622: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3574:hodoronc-tronc 3552:, expressions 3509:'auntie' (vs. 3501:'horsie' (vs. 3432: 3429: 3412:krap-krap-krap 3400: 3397: 3332: 3329: 3306: 3305: 3226: 3210:Platonic ideal 3197: 3189: 3166: 3165: 3125: 3114:Spike Milligan 3065: 3064: 3063: 3061:Indian English 3023: 2981: 2978: 2919: 2918: 2917:"seat, abode") 2885: 2864: 2853: 2830: 2829: 2819: 2798: 2783: 2768: 2753: 2738: 2737:"I have freed" 2719:Ancient Greek 2689:stative aspect 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2646: 2643: 2616: 2615: 2590: 2580: 2572: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2523: 2513: 2510:Christmas tree 2505: 2497: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2428: 2427: 2417: 2407: 2404:puhelinpuhelin 2397: 2384: 2339: 2338: 2324: 2312: 2304:λείπω, λέλοιπα 2300: 2255:iteration mark 2222:for "person", 2162: 2161: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2091: 2089: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2051: 2049: 2036: 2035: 2019: 2012: 2005: 1990:Tohono O'odham 1979: 1978: 1975:(Abraham 1964) 1962: 1952: 1927: 1926: 1910: 1900: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1541: 1540: 1537:(Marantz 1982) 1533: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1252: 1251: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 989: 988: 981: 978: 976: 973: 970: 968: 965: 944: 943: 936: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920:'a long time' 918: 916: 913: 909: 908: 899: 896: 894: 891: 888: 886: 883: 836: 833: 830: 829: 822: 815: 811: 810: 804: 798: 791: 790: 787: 784: 769: 768: 761: 758: 755: 750: 747: 744: 739: 736: 732: 731: 728: 725: 720: 717: 714: 709: 706: 672: 671: 664: 659: 656: 654: 651: 648: 646: 643: 639: 638: 636:(kʼʷə́ɬ-kʼʷəɬ) 633: 630: 628: 625: 622: 620: 617: 598: 597: 594:(Watters 2002) 590: 585: 582: 580: 577: 574: 572: 569: 565: 564: 559: 556: 554: 551: 548: 546: 543: 522: 519: 470: 469: 461: 453: 444: 443: 435: 427: 418: 417: 414: 413:Reduplication 411: 323:(sequences of 317:phonologically 312: 309: 301:⟩, see 277: 276: 275: 273: 270: 189:Edward Sapir's 148: 147: 145: 144: 137: 130: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 108: 107: 103: 102: 101: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 49: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9344: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9317:Reduplication 9315: 9314: 9312: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9247:Reduplication 9245: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9227:0-521-81245-3 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9067: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8985:(3): 88–102. 8984: 8980: 8975: 8972: 8971:0-521-80649-6 8968: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8930: 8929:3-11-018119-3 8926: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8845:3-89586-531-1 8842: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8579: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8465: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8448: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8427:"fite fuaite" 8424: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8290:. Ann Arbor. 8289: 8284: 8269: 8268: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8087:(1): 83–108. 8086: 8082: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8062:9781869401863 8058: 8054: 8053: 8047: 8035: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7982: 7975: 7965: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7928:, p. 46. 7927: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7907: 7904:, p. 47. 7903: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7861: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7759:Walworth 2015 7755: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7671:Tamamura 1989 7667: 7664: 7660: 7659:Tamamura 1979 7655: 7652: 7648: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7598:9781403938695 7595: 7591: 7590:9781403917232 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7514: 7511:, p. 37. 7510: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7466: 7463: 7457: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7375: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7351:Kulkarni 2013 7347: 7344: 7340: 7339:"fite fuaite" 7336: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7245: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7210: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7179:(1): 96–122. 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7052:Kiparsky 2010 7048: 7045: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6941: 6936: 6934: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6506: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Modern Basque 6448: 6446:Proto-Basque 6445: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6435:reduplication 6427: 6411: 6390: 6381: 6367: 6346: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6318: 6297: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6269: 6248: 6239: 6225: 6204: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6187: 6171: 6166:တစ်ယောက်ယောက် 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6119: 6117: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6078: 6070: 6061: 6057: 6054:This section 6052: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028:Austroasiatic 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5813:("to scrape") 5812: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5586:pātī 'bounce' 5585: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5509: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5376: 5368: 5365:Reciprocity: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5267:langit-langit 5265: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5210:mimetic words 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5081: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4874: 4862: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Lomana LuaLua 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4805:Bafana Bafana 4803: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781:oku-kuba-kuba 4778: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758:'to strike'; 4757: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575:(very blue); 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4472: 4458: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4375:hī ho jāyegā. 4371: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4301: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778:"he offers", 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558:harcea-parcea 3555: 3554:talmeș-balmeș 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3517:'unkie' (vs. 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475:hypocoristics 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3460:Lingua Franca 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3310:double copula 3303: 3299: 3295: 3292:is fine, but 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180:reduplication 3179: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3158:New York City 3155: 3154:American Jews 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142:fancy-shmancy 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008:boogie-woogie 3005: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2862: 2854: 2851: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2752:) "I/he held" 2751: 2747: 2744:"I hold" vs. 2743: 2739: 2736: 2728:'I free' vs. 2727: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693:Ancient Greek 2690: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670:Indo-European 2669: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2313: 2310: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2235:does it too: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:Nama language 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172:orthography, 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2105:December 2009 2099: 2095: 2092:This section 2090: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2052:This section 2050: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1923:(Dayley 1985) 1917: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1850:Diffloth 1973 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647:Austroasiatic 1644: 1640: 1635: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415:'they break' 1414: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:ñimbuchaochao 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1170:right-to-left 1167: 1166:left-to-right 1159: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 991: 990: 986: 982: 979: 977: 974: 971: 969: 966: 963: 962: 959: 957: 956:(-CCV suffix) 954: 950: 940:(Healey 1960) 937: 934: 930: 927: 925: 922: 919: 917: 914: 911: 910: 905: 900: 897: 895: 892: 889: 887: 884: 881: 880: 877: 875: 872: 868: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 834: 827: 823: 820: 819:mahuta-mahuta 816: 813: 812: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 792: 788: 785: 782: 781: 778: 776: 762: 759: 756: 754: 751: 748: 745: 743: 740: 737: 734: 733: 729: 726: 724: 721: 718: 715: 713: 710: 707: 704: 703: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 665: 660: 657: 655: 652: 649: 647: 644: 641: 640: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624:'to capsize' 623: 621: 618: 615: 614: 611: 609: 605: 591: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576:'themselves' 575: 573: 570: 567: 566: 560: 558:'we (to) us' 557: 555: 552: 549: 547: 544: 541: 540: 537: 535: 531: 527: 520: 518: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 467: 462: 459: 454: 451: 446: 445: 441: 436: 433: 428: 425: 420: 419: 416:Triplication 415: 412: 409: 408: 405: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 378: 377: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 310: 304: 292: 288: 286: 282: 271: 269: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234:Reduplication 231: 228: 222: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 170:morphological 167: 166:reduplication 163: 154: 143: 138: 136: 131: 129: 124: 123: 121: 120: 115: 114:Null morpheme 112: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 53: 50: 48: 44: 41: 40: 39: 38: 35: 31: 19: 18:Reduplicating 9218: 9210: 9177: 9173: 9165: 9158: 9123: 9119: 9086: 9082: 9065: 9056: 9045: 9034: 9022:13: 435–482. 9019: 9008:. Retrieved 8982: 8978: 8962: 8944: 8940: 8920: 8913: 8898: 8863: 8859: 8854:Brill, 2014. 8851: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8814: 8792:(1): 25–88. 8789: 8785: 8773:the original 8734: 8730: 8715: 8708:Bibliography 8698: 8684: 8651: 8647: 8622: 8618: 8599: 8591:the original 8584: 8573: 8564: 8555: 8546: 8542: 8523: 8519: 8507:the original 8489: 8479: 8467:. Retrieved 8452: 8439:. Retrieved 8430: 8418: 8414: 8394: 8384: 8369:the original 8354:the original 8349: 8333: 8324: 8315: 8306: 8287: 8275:. Retrieved 8266: 8255: 8243:. Retrieved 8201: 8197: 8183:(1): 14–26. 8180: 8176: 8151: 8147: 8139:ResearchGate 8133: 8123: 8114: 8106:the original 8084: 8080: 8071: 8051: 8038:. Retrieved 8024: 8020: 8007: 7985:. Retrieved 7980: 7964: 7955: 7951: 7926:Hafford 2015 7921: 7914:Hafford 2015 7909: 7902:Hafford 2015 7897: 7866:. Retrieved 7823: 7819: 7781: 7738:Hattori 2012 7733: 7702: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7630: 7618: 7606: 7552: 7540: 7533:Downing 2001 7528: 7516: 7504: 7497:Emeneau 1971 7492: 7487:Wedel (1999) 7483: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7416: 7391:. Retrieved 7387: 7377: 7368: 7358: 7346: 7333: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7256: 7249:Gilbers 2009 7244: 7216: 7209: 7176: 7172: 7162: 7150: 7135: 7132: 7127: 7120:Kroonen 2013 7115: 7099: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7047: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6967: 6962: 6954: 6949: 6932: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6434: 6431: 6333: 6284: 6247:pàng pàng de 6211:Please help! 6191: 6153: 6120: 6087: 6079:Sino-Tibetan 6064: 6060:adding to it 6055: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5969: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5923: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5828: 5824:("to write") 5821: 5817: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5771: 5756:Adjectival: 5755: 5744: 5730: 5720:Diminutive: 5719: 5711: 5697: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5649: 5643: 5633:komo 'sleep' 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5589:ngaru 'wave' 5565: 5561:'pinch skin' 5558: 5547:kini 'pinch' 5525: 5515: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5459: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5255: 5246: 5235: 5232:Austronesian 5228:-ha-ha-ha". 5225: 5221: 5217: 5214:onomatopoeia 5207: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5168: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5136:täsbäräbbärä 5135: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5102: 5095: 5079: 5071: 5053: 5045: 5037: 5027: 5019: 5011: 4998: 4988: 4976: 4966: 4954: 4944: 4932: 4922: 4906:is based on 4903: 4892:is based on 4889: 4872: 4860: 4846: 4834: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4777:okukubaakuba 4776: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4755: 4739: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4636: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4567:(very red); 4564: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4493: 4492:she shouted 4491: 4488: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4459: 4456: 4447:in his sleep 4446: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4419: 4416: 4405:sleep-sleep. 4404: 4401: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4358: 4355: 4347: 4344: 4335:while eating 4334: 4333:do not talk 4332: 4329: 4326: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4292: 4289: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4189: 4186: 4178: 4175: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4110:child knows. 4107: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4088: 4085: 4077: 4074: 4067:child-child. 4066: 4063: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4021: 4018: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3991: 3988: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3927:child-child. 3926: 3923: 3914:did you see? 3911: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3892: 3889: 3881: 3878: 3870: 3867: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3815: 3812: 3804: 3801: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3774:"he bears", 3771: 3770:"he fears", 3767: 3761: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3651: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3612:or repeated 3603: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534:onomatopoeia 3523: 3518: 3514: 3513:'aunt'), or 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3417:Botha (1988) 3411: 3407: 3402: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3199: 3176: 3167: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3089: 3085: 3067: 3053: 3025: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2960:Old Prussian 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2922: 2920: 2914: 2902: 2893: 2881: 2872: 2860: 2849: 2837: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2806: 2794: 2790: 2789:"I row" vs. 2786: 2761:"I run" vs. 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2725: 2684: 2678: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2638: 2634: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2507:Chrischtboum 2506: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:, the verbs 2443:Swiss German 2440: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2412:"far away", 2409: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2351:gigno, genui 2350: 2340: 2330: 2326: 2292: 2288: 2268: 2245: 2241: 2228: 2219: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2164:In pre-1972 2163: 2157: 2153: 2141: 2102: 2098:adding to it 2093: 2062: 2058:adding to it 2053: 2037: 2024: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1967: 1957: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1915: 1905: 1895: 1883: 1877: 1862: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1734: 1718: 1714: 1684: 1680: 1649:language of 1638: 1636: 1633: 1618: 1614: 1586: 1582: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1528: 1524: 1512: 1499: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1461: 1442: 1440: 1424: 1420: 1390: 1386: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1311: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1276: 1257: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1218: 1214: 1187:language of 1185:Pama–Nyungan 1176: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1155: 1147: 1138: 1127: 1106: 1097: 1086: 1072: 1063: 1052: 1038:(-CV- infix) 1037: 1030: 1029: 1013: 984: 955: 948: 947: 932: 903: 890:'afternoon' 874:(CV- prefix) 873: 866: 865: 856: 848: 840: 838: 825: 818: 806: 801:mahutamahuta 800: 794: 772: 760:(takin-kin) 752: 741: 730:(kagir-gir) 722: 711: 696: 692: 688: 684: 676: 675: 658:'talkative' 601: 550:'ourselves' 525: 524: 514: 510: 504: 473: 463: 455: 447: 437: 429: 421: 398:Triplication 397: 393: 391: 386: 380: 375: 374: 370: 368: 352:constituents 332: 320: 314: 297:and ⟨ 279: 263: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232: 186: 165: 159: 62: 8277:10 February 7983:(54, 1): 52 7969:(in Basque) 7726:Odango 2015 7635:Leslau 1995 7623:Unseth 2002 7611:Leslau 1995 7557:Unseth 2003 7321:Voinov 2012 7031:: 185–194. 6183:(something) 6148:အမျိုးမျိုး 6088:As in many 5846:("reverse") 5687:Iterative: 5636:kume 'drag' 5550:kati 'bite' 5497:– is crying 5495:saeng-saeng 5477:Pingelapese 5472:Pingelapese 5456:Mortlockese 5444:"applaud"; 5389:New Zealand 5173:nouns have 5132:täsäbabbärä 4875:, the noun 4873:gever gever 4861:le'at le'at 4810:Chipolopolo 4746:frequentive 4623:zaman zaman 4616:yeşil meşil 4612:tabak mabak 4530:սեղան-մեղան 4525:(very red). 4476:zor-zor se. 4290:khāte-khāte 4235:green-green 4162:drink this 4064:baccā-baccā 3938:fifty-fifty 3935:pacās-pacās 3642:fite fuaite 3590:luego luego 3570:calea-valea 3453:piano piano 3317:Thun (1963) 3184:comparative 3178:Comparative 3160:, then the 3134:baby-shmaby 3106:tic-tac-toe 3088:or ɒ as in 3048:, wee-wee, 3020:hurdy-gurdy 3012:hocus-pocus 2976:'to turn'. 2925:*kʷé-kʷl-os 2797:) "I rowed" 2264:calligraphy 2203:, "look;", 2182:orang-orang 2158:rumah-rumah 1758:'to vomit' 1641:copying in 1552:copying in 1445:copying in 1355:copying in 1260:copying in 1239:'straight' 681:Marshallese 668:(Shaw 2004) 662:(qʷél-qʷel) 650:'to speak' 610:formation: 410:Basic verb 402:Pingelapese 376:reduplicant 265:Bison bison 246:duplication 216:color terms 193:inflections 162:linguistics 9311:Categories 9213:. Uppsala. 8549:: 208–216. 8431:Pota Focal 7999:References 7858:Wan, Jin. 7709:, p. 7707:Biggs 1998 7695:Lande 2003 7545:Butts 2011 7521:Lodhi 2002 7393:2020-10-23 7334:Pota Focal 7309:Corré 2005 7285:Botha 1984 7104:Smyth 1920 7088:Smyth 1920 7007:Pratt 1984 6983:Gates 2016 6645:to forget 6539:beautiful 6033:Vietnamese 5991:"hurrying" 5985:"to hurry" 5972:Wuvulu-Aua 5966:Wuvulu-Aua 5949:"Ang pagka 5909:imperative 5855:, "man"). 5621:'sea sick' 5534:Base form 5425:"hot" and 5406:"person", 5298:= "child") 5199:productive 5185:"people" ( 5175:collective 4825:Ngorongoro 4565:kıpkırmızı 4479:loud-loud. 4445:/ he died 4043:will come 3882:what-what. 3648:Indo-Aryan 3610:hyphenated 3540:Romanian: 3521:'uncle'). 3505:'horse'), 3481:, whereby 3458:Common in 3449:leccalecca 3341:blauwblauw 3193:productive 3170:productive 3078:high vowel 2935:Lithuanian 2907:zero-grade 2785:Old Norse 2782:"it broke" 2770:Old Irish 2635:ṣōk!Emē'’n 2465:"let" and 2414:kauaskauas 2381:ruokaruoka 2180:"person", 2166:Indonesian 1994:gemination 1873:affixation 1285:achisiasia 1128:le tamaloa 783:Base verb 604:Halkomelem 507:gemination 505:Sometimes 465:mejmejmejr 439:kɔukɔukɔul 325:consonants 262:, such as 250:repetition 200:derivation 9332:Phonology 9148:224808110 8909:. 127–129 8888:144246419 8806:170488926 8739:CiteSeerX 8676:169134304 8639:147086852 8245:April 22, 8226:170949456 7683:Nasu 2003 7509:Abbi 1992 7201:220752157 7193:0075-4242 7064:Omar 1989 6995:Rehg 1981 6942:Citations 6891:Motherese 6856:Ideophone 6397:every day 6389:tiān tiān 6317:piàoliàng 6255:quite fat 6169:(someone) 6130:အပြည်ပြည် 6067:July 2022 5829:araw-araw 5402:"women", 5398:"woman", 5327:= "big"). 5277:jari-jari 5222:ga-sa-sa- 5140:səbərbari 4979:"whitish" 4955:khataltul 4904:para para 4790:tambalalá 4658:pillavāḍu 4655:పిల్లవాడు 4633:Dravidian 4627:uzun uzun 4596:echo word 4523:կասկարմիր 4417:mar gaye. 4402:soye-soye 4270:(so much) 4268:there is 4232:harī-harī 4126:garm-garm 4003:will-come 3978:received 3954:received. 3805:children. 3594:casi casi 3579:Catalan: 3507:tati/tata 3441:tran-tran 3404:Afrikaans 3399:Afrikaans 3349:loanwords 3343:(laten), 3282:modifiers 3116:'s poem " 3102:ping-pong 3094:flip-flop 3082:low vowel 3038:putt putt 3016:holy moly 2990:flip-flop 2965:'wheel', 2947:'wheel', 2800:Sanskrit 2713:Old Norse 2709:Old Irish 2525:schmücke. 2402:"phone", 2278:preterite 2170:Malaysian 2160:"houses". 2156:"house", 2011:-h-hodai) 2004:-n-nowiu) 1880:Tz'utujil 1637:Internal 1621:-ko:jo’) 1548:Internal 1506:'gopher' 1466:'ground' 1357:Tillamook 1312:ñimbuchao 1189:Australia 1139:tamaloloa 826:ma-mahuta 588:(jaː-jaː) 562:(ɡin-ɡin) 534:reflexive 340:syllables 230:"black". 224:"white", 106:See also: 58:Circumfix 9289:Archived 9262:Archived 9202:39093455 9157:(1980). 9111:57569184 9004:Archived 8991:30022538 8769:53539427 8668:41679424 8441:21 March 8435:Archived 8273:(Thesis) 8239:Archived 8148:Language 8093:23044728 8040:April 6, 7987:22 April 7800:27859677 7647:Tak 2016 7576:(2003), 7402:cite web 6871:Amredita 6850:See also 6728:hazelnut 6660:*inin-tz 6634:*anan-tz 6494:*da-dats 6353:everyone 6304:prettily 6224:bāngmáng 6013:wareware 6001:rarawani 5844:baligtad 5807:kaliskis 5796:himaymay 5603:taka'uri 5568:'nibble' 5521:Rapa Iti 5442:pakipaki 5429:"warm". 5427:werawera 5419:matemate 5408:taangata 5273:= "sky") 5218:kirakira 5183:hitobito 5171:Japanese 5165:Japanese 5103:rishrésh 5096:shikshék 5080:tzikhkek 4997:‎ 4991:"small" 4987:‎ 4977:levanban 4975:‎ 4969:"white" 4965:‎ 4957:"kitten" 4953:‎ 4943:‎ 4931:‎ 4921:‎ 4902:‎ 4888:‎ 4871:‎ 4859:‎ 4773:oku-kuba 4760:pigapiga 4649:phrasal: 4589:tertemiz 4581:yemyeşil 4511:Armenian 4505:Armenian 4460:shouted. 4441:he died 4293:eat-eat. 4214:over tea 4187:ho jāye? 4179:tea-tea. 3992:who-who. 3816:one-one. 3802:baccõ ko 3772:bibharti 3674:etcetera 3662:Gujarati 3526:Romanian 3493:becomes 3485:becomes 3353:koeskoes 3345:taaitaai 3300:but not 3242:gradable 3206:stressed 2942:Sanskrit 2940:'neck', 2894:sésdomai 2890:σέσδομαι 2705:Sanskrit 2687:in many 2665:Examples 2651:babbling 2621:In some 2592:schlafe. 2457:"come", 2424:kotikoti 2422:"home", 2391:pelipeli 2389:"game", 2379:"food", 2293:spopondi 2246:tokidoki 2244:"time", 2233:Japanese 2065:May 2008 1966:(wɪːl-a- 1869:deletion 1651:Malaysia 1554:Quileute 1514:jilʔejil 1407:'break' 1351:Initial 1289:'I cut' 1175:Initial 1064:savavali 1031:Internal 935:-ŋaŋaj) 863:), e.g. 857:internal 853:suffixal 845:prefixal 807:mamahuta 753:takinkin 723:kagirgir 515:morpheme 488:Mokilese 334:prosodic 321:segments 295:/ / 291:Help:IPA 255:tautonym 242:doubling 212:Sumerian 93:Suprafix 88:Simulfix 83:Transfix 78:Interfix 63:Duplifix 9322:Grammar 9140:1263673 9103:4179117 9010:June 4, 8880:1262824 8761:4179068 8218:4048061 7981:Euskera 7868:21 July 6825:*ra-ran 6795:*te-ten 6767:*ze-zen 6739:*za-zal 6711:*nu-nur 6683:*no-nol 6655:*ni-nin 6629:*na-nan 6603:*na-nal 6577:*go-gor 6549:*do-dol 6523:*de-der 6466:*da-dar 6455:English 6345:rén rén 6260:) from 6232:to help 6188:Chinese 6180:တစ်ခုခု 6116:adverbs 6094:Burmese 6084:Burmese 5895:pretty" 5889:Maganda 5872:"Ang ma 5818:susulat 5791:("mad") 5777:Tagalog 5768:Tagalog 5596:māringi 5491:– cries 5417:"die", 5404:tangata 5400:waahine 5316:= hard) 5179:rendaku 5159:akakabä 5121:Amharic 5115:Amharic 5072:tzakhak 5066:Yiddish 5064:of the 4999:ktantan 4935:"puppy" 4933:klavlav 4900:פרה פרה 4890:yom yom 4886:יום יום 4869:גבר גבר 4857:לאט לאט 4831:Semitic 4769:okukuba 4753:Swahili 4683:walking 4680:naḍustū 4677:నడుస్తూ 4672:walking 4669:naḍustū 4666:నడుస్తూ 4573:masmavi 4561:kırmızı 4550:Turkish 4544:Turkish 4537:քիչ-քիչ 4457:cillāyī 4359:happen. 4345:kal-kal 4190:happen. 4176:cāy-śāy 4129:hot-hot 4041:whoever 4039:say to 3946:toffees 3943:tɔfiyā̃ 3879:kyā-kyā 3856:child, 3854:to each 3852:toffee 3768:bibheti 3755:Marathi 3719:choking 3716:daaT.un 3708:longing 3705:hur-hur 3702:हूर हूर 3697:mind-in 3694:manaa-t 3666:Bengali 3658:Punjabi 3566:țac-pac 3530:Catalan 3445:via via 3437:Italian 3379:; lit. 3361:via via 3351:(e.g., 3150:Yiddish 3098:hip-hop 3046:wah-wah 3034:pom-pom 2980:English 2974:kʷelh₁- 2956:kʷel-o- 2933:' (cf. 2903:hézomai 2816:lilekha 2807:likhati 2764:cucurrī 2746:haíhald 2740:Gothic 2659:idididi 2627:Shuswap 2400:puhelin 2347:present 2331:haíháit 2289:spondeo 2282:perfect 2211:Chinese 2142:In the 2029: 2027:-ɡ-ɡɨw) 2018:-k-kow) 1972: 1956:(ʕad-a- 1946:(toɡ-a- 1936:(where 1920: 1818: 1815: 1783: 1780: 1748: 1745: 1696: 1693: 1662: 1659: 1602:'snow' 1597: 1594: 1565: 1562: 1496: 1493: 1473:nutenut 1458: 1455: 1447:Chukchi 1402: 1399: 1381:'eyes' 1368: 1365: 1308: 1305: 1277:achisia 1273: 1270: 1262:Sirionó 1229: 1226: 1210:'rain' 1200: 1197: 1124: 1121: 1109:-lofa) 1098:alolofa 1083: 1080: 1075:-vali) 1049: 1046: 1012:(waʃte- 995: 992: 983:(hãska- 967: 964: 915: 912: 906:-ɸuɾab) 885: 882: 867:Initial 861:infixal 841:initial 814: 746:'sock' 738: 735: 716:'belt' 708: 705: 645: 642: 619: 616: 571: 568: 545: 542: 511:dupleme 496:Hokkien 492:Min Nan 480:Shipibo 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