42:
375:
679:
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To give a mandatory preference to members of either sex over members of the other, merely to accomplish the elimination of hearings on the merits, is to make the very kind of arbitrary legislative choice forbidden by the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; and whatever may be said as
370:
created a basis to analyze sex-based discrimination, "so when we see people concluding in policy or in law that there needs to be a line between the treatment of men and the treatment of women because men are a certain way or women like certain things, or don't like certain things, that's the thing
281:
After a series of appeals by both Sally and Cecil Reed, the
Supreme Court considered the case and delivered a unanimous decision that held the Idaho Code's preference in favor of males was arbitrary and unconstitutional. In doing so, the Supreme Court ruled for the first time that the Equal
348:
ruling. "Congress went through all of the provisions of the U.S. Code and changed almost all that classified overtly on the basis of gender. So
Congress and the Court were in sync." This court case created the opportunity to analyze laws that dealt with sex-based classifications.
266:, asking to be named. Idaho Code specified that "males must be preferred to females" in appointing administrators of estates and the court appointed Cecil as administrator of the estate, valued at less than $ 1,000. Sally Reed was represented at the Supreme Court by
332:
Those who brought the case had hoped for a broader decision that would have deemed all classifications based on sex "suspect", a category the
Supreme Court reserved for race. A suspect classification would be held to a more exacting standard of scrutiny known as
3053:
285:
Because the Idaho Code made a distinction based on sex, the court reasoned that "it thus establishes a classification subject to scrutiny under the Equal
Protection Clause" and using the generic standard of scrutiny—ordinary or
2297:
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as co-authors of the brief, giving them credit even though they did not help on it because
Ginsburg wanted to acknowledge the debt she owed them for their feminist arguments that had created a basis for her arguments.
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A plaque serves as a memorial to the case at the site of Sally Reed's former home (now the location of an Idaho Angler store) at the intersection of S. Vista Ave. and W. Dorian St. in Boise, Idaho.
258:
Sally and Cecil Reed were a separated married couple who were in conflict over which of them would be designated as administrator of the estate of their deceased son. Each filed a petition with the
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was the first major
Supreme Court case that addressed that discrimination based on gender was unconstitutional because it denies equal protection. The director for the ACLU,
3205:
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2009:
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Before the
Supreme Court decided the case, Idaho amended its statutes to eliminate the mandatory preference for males, effective July 1, 1972.
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to the positive values of avoiding intrafamily controversy, the choice in this context may not lawfully be mandated solely on the basis of sex.
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established its Women's Rights
Project under Ginsburg to develop cases to persuade the court to treat sex-based distinctions that way.
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reached the
Supreme Court as the first case about Title VII gender discrimination in 1971, the same year
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Ruth Bader Ginsburg; Emily J Martin; Earl M Maltz; Jacqueline A Berrien; Nina Pillard (2012).
577:
572:
Ruth Bader Ginsburg; Emily J Martin; Earl M Maltz; Jacqueline A Berrien; Nina Pillard (2012).
554:
549:
Ruth Bader Ginsburg; Emily J Martin; Earl M Maltz; Jacqueline A Berrien; Nina Pillard (2012).
529:
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Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited differential treatment based on sex.
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461:"Derr's work advanced gender equality – Idaho lawyer who won landmark case dies at 85"
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No constitutional right to be ladies : women and the obligations of citizenship
140:
Administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes.
2968:
1518:
873:
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235:
2218:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
78:
1842:
1119:
1034:
906:
313:
183:
2388:
678:
271:
3054:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
604:
581:
558:
508:
90:
17:
525:
Women's Rights in the U.S.A.: Policy Debates and Gender Roles, 2nd edition
2298:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
752:
2266:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
2122:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1184:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
373:
267:
371:
that raises the constitutional red flag under equal protection."
338:
111:
3128:
2999:
1789:
1390:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
892:
803:
764:
65:
Sally M. Reed, Appellant, v. Cecil R. Reed, Administrator, etc.
41:
1444:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
238:
cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes. In
651:. Boise City Department of Arts & History. Archived from
597:
Reed v. Reed at 40 : equal protection and women's rights
574:
Reed v. Reed at 40 : equal protection and women's rights
551:
Reed v. Reed at 40 : equal protection and women's rights
3078:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
982:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1875:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
1288:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1970:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
248:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
3216:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2034:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
1176:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
2865:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
1930:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1256:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
242:
the Supreme Court ruled for the first time that the
2753:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
2736:
2701:
2522:
2487:
2308:
1802:
1494:
1314:
1101:
1000:
905:
208:
203:
144:
134:
126:
103:
98:
70:
60:
53:
34:
2413:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
2282:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
1136:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
2050:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
1727:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
2929:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
2138:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
250:prohibited differential treatment based on sex.
2010:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1535:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
299:
3181:History of women's rights in the United States
3086:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
2437:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
2194:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2042:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
1835:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
776:
130:On remand, 94 Idaho 542, 493 P.2d 701 (1972).
8:
3211:United States gender discrimination case law
1304:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1208:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1091:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2889:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
2801:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
1428:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
3125:
2996:
2154:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
1799:
1786:
1687:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
902:
889:
800:
783:
769:
761:
493:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 199.
320:wrote Sally Reed's brief. They recognized
31:
3206:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
2913:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
2445:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
1460:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
114:635 (1970); probable jurisdiction noted,
2146:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
344:Hundreds of laws were changed after the
3176:United States equal protection case law
2857:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
2726:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
1591:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
1192:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1059:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
419:
2098:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1452:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
278:forbids discrimination based on sex.
29:1971 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2178:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
1319:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
599:. American University. p. 331.
576:. American University. p. 329.
553:. American University. p. 325.
2945:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
2761:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
2186:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1296:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
1272:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1083:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
234:holding that the administrators of
2718:Arlington County Board v. Richards
2643:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
2421:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
1907:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
792:United States Fourteenth Amendment
232:Supreme Court of the United States
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
3186:United States Supreme Court cases
3062:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
2603:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
522:Stetson, Dorothy McBride (1997).
2881:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
2290:Fisher v. University of Texas II
1751:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
703:71 (1971) is available from:
677:
40:
2595:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
2274:Fisher v. University of Texas I
1631:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
1476:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
990:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
3196:1971 in United States case law
2461:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
459:Miller, John (June 11, 2013).
1:
2130:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
1335:McNeese v. Board of Education
842:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1859:Hirabayashi v. United States
1711:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
1663:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
1404:Owen v. City of Independence
1019:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
226:, 404 U.S. 71 (1971), was a
2745:United States v. Cruikshank
1915:Brown v. Board of Education
1216:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1067:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
353:Phillips v. Martin Marietta
3237:
1867:Korematsu v. United States
753:Oyez (oral argument audio)
3135:
3124:
3070:United States v. Morrison
3008:
2995:
2477:United States v. Skrmetti
2469:United States v. Virginia
2082:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
1798:
1785:
1503:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
1436:Gonzaga University v. Doe
901:
888:
812:
799:
528:. Routledge. p. 34.
489:Kerber, Linda K. (2013).
149:
139:
56:Decided November 22, 1971
39:
3102:United States v. Georgia
3046:City of Boerne v. Flores
2210:United States v. Fordice
1767:Williams v. Pennsylvania
1735:Washington v. Glucksberg
619:"Sally Reed – Boise, ID"
3221:Discrimination in Idaho
3110:Shelby County v. Holder
2675:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
2531:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
1792:Equal Protection Clause
1719:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
1112:United States v. Vuitch
1027:Griswold v. Connecticut
645:"Sally Reed Lived Here"
400:Frontiero v. Richardson
378:The Sally Reed Memorial
244:Equal Protection Clause
54:Argued October 19, 1971
3191:Legal history of Idaho
2977:Armour v. Indianapolis
2341:Moritz v. Commissioner
1397:Procunier v. Navarette
1315:Civil rights liability
1103:Abortion jurisprudence
649:Boise Sesquicentennial
623:Civil Rights Memorials
407:Moritz v. Commissioner
379:
304:
274:, who argued that the
172:William J. Brennan Jr.
3030:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
2873:Richardson v. Ramirez
2841:Boddie v. Connecticut
2429:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
2258:Johnson v. California
1978:McLaughlin v. Florida
1366:O'Connor v. Donaldson
926:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
818:Slaughter-House Cases
655:on September 17, 2013
377:
288:rational basis review
3022:Katzenbach v. Morgan
2769:Breedlove v. Suttles
2619:Graham v. Richardson
2512:Obergefell v. Hodges
2317:Breedlove v. Suttles
2250:Grutter v. Bollinger
2090:Jefferson v. Hackney
1759:Obergefell v. Hodges
1695:Edwards v. Aguillard
1575:Epperson v. Arkansas
1412:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
1347:Jenkins v. McKeithen
1240:Mazurek v. Armstrong
1200:Hodgson v. Minnesota
1160:Bellotti v. Baird II
1152:Colautti v. Franklin
907:Economic substantive
276:Fourteenth Amendment
2953:Gregory v. Ashcroft
2921:Mills v. Habluetzel
2905:Zablocki v. Redhail
2849:Eisenstadt v. Baird
2785:Oyama v. California
2777:Skinner v. Oklahoma
2710:Shapiro v. Thompson
2627:Sugarman v. Dougall
2571:Porterfield v. Webb
2563:Terrace v. Thompson
2226:Missouri v. Jenkins
2170:Hunter v. Underwood
2114:Milliken v. Bradley
2106:Norwood v. Harrison
2058:McDaniel v. Barresi
1743:Troxel v. Granville
1623:Mathews v. Eldridge
1607:Taylor v. Louisiana
1484:Connick v. Thompson
1264:Gonzales v. Carhart
1248:Stenberg v. Carhart
1232:Lambert v. Wicklund
1144:Bellotti v. Baird I
942:Lochner v. New York
826:Minor v. Happersett
744:Library of Congress
318:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3014:Civil Rights Cases
3002:Enforcement Clause
2833:Oregon v. Mitchell
2825:Williams v. Rhodes
2651:Nyquist v. Mauclet
2611:Hernandez v. Texas
2496:Bowers v. Hardwick
2488:Sexual orientation
2365:Stanton v. Stanton
2357:Geduldig v. Aiello
2325:Goesaert v. Cleary
2242:Gratz v. Bollinger
2066:Palmer v. Thompson
2018:Hunter v. Erickson
1994:Loving v. Virginia
1962:Anderson v. Martin
1883:Shelley v. Kraemer
1827:Plessy v. Ferguson
1819:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1671:Kolender v. Lawson
1567:Loving v. Virginia
1382:Imbler v. Pachtman
1359:Wood v. Strickland
1224:Leavitt v. Jane L.
1051:Bowers v. Hardwick
966:Buchanan v. Warley
895:Due Process Clause
806:Citizenship Clause
380:
212:Burger, joined by
164:William O. Douglas
160:Associate Justices
89:92 S. Ct. 251; 30
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3149:Trump v. Anderson
3141:Gold Clause Cases
3120:
3119:
3094:Tennessee v. Lane
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2897:Trimble v. Gordon
2817:Levy v. Louisiana
2809:Rinaldi v. Yeager
2691:Bernal v. Fainter
2667:Ambach v. Norwick
2659:Foley v. Connelie
2555:Crane v. New York
2453:Lehr v. Robertson
2405:Caban v. Mohammed
2162:Palmore v. Sidoti
2002:Lee v. Washington
1986:Reitman v. Mulkey
1937:Gebhart v. Belton
1923:Briggs v. Elliott
1899:Sweatt v. Painter
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1655:Parratt v. Taylor
1639:Duren v. Missouri
1599:Arnett v. Kennedy
1527:Powell v. Alabama
1468:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
1353:Scheuer v. Rhodes
1168:H. L. v. Matheson
1075:Lawrence v. Texas
1011:Meyer v. Nebraska
958:Coppage v. Kansas
884:
883:
850:Perez v. Brownell
682:Works related to
297:'s opinion said:
264:Ada County, Idaho
228:landmark decision
219:
218:
188:Thurgood Marshall
16:(Redirected from
3228:
3126:
3038:Dellmuth v. Muth
2997:
2397:Parham v. Hughes
2373:Edwards v. Healy
2202:Freeman v. Pitts
1957:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
1954:Browder v. Gayle
1800:
1787:
1703:Turner v. Safley
1679:Hudson v. Palmer
1543:NAACP v. Alabama
1002:Right to privacy
950:Muller v. Oregon
918:Mugler v. Kansas
903:
890:
866:Rogers v. Bellei
801:
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771:
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469:Associated Press
465:Spokesman-Review
456:
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156:Warren E. Burger
145:Court membership
44:
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2983:
2732:
2697:
2635:In re Griffiths
2579:Webb v. O'Brien
2518:
2483:
2304:
2234:Texas v. Lesage
2026:Hadnott v. Amos
1811:Pace v. Alabama
1794:
1773:
1551:Hoyt v. Florida
1490:
1420:Felder v. Casey
1316:
1310:
1097:
996:
974:Adams v. Tanner
934:Holden v. Hardy
908:
897:
880:
858:Afroyim v. Rusk
808:
795:
789:
755:
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746:
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719:
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335:strict scrutiny
256:
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122:934 (1971).
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3006:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2961:Vacco v. Quill
2957:
2949:
2941:
2937:Clark v. Jeter
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2793:Oyler v. Boles
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2703:
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1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
948:
940:
932:
924:
916:
874:Saenz v. Roe
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
693:Reed v. Reed
692:
685:Reed v. Reed
684:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
648:
639:
627:. Retrieved
622:
613:
596:
590:
573:
567:
550:
544:
524:
517:
490:
484:
472:. Retrieved
454:
449: (1971).
436:Reed v. Reed
435:
405:
398:
391:
381:
367:
364:Nina Pillard
362:As noted by
361:
357:Reed v. Reed
356:
352:
351:
346:Reed v. Reed
345:
343:
331:
322:Pauli Murray
310:Reed v. Reed
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257:
240:Reed v. Reed
239:
223:Reed v. Reed
222:
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204:Case opinion
191:
179:
167:
108:93 Idaho 511
99:Case history
82:
64:
35:Reed v. Reed
26:
1894:(Cal. 1948)
1843:Lum v. Rice
1120:Roe v. Wade
1035:Roe v. Wade
909:due process
184:Byron White
18:Reed v Reed
3170:Categories
2389:Orr v. Orr
414:References
272:Allen Derr
127:Subsequent
2702:Residency
605:801984789
582:801984789
559:801984789
509:872599744
214:unanimous
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
2523:Alienage
794:case law
691:Text of
386:See also
314:Mel Wulf
254:The case
209:Majority
1918:(1954)
726:Findlaw
708:Cornell
659:May 22,
629:May 22,
474:July 9,
270:lawyer
246:of the
236:estates
230:of the
135:Holding
3152:(2024)
3144:(1935)
3113:(2013)
3105:(2006)
3097:(2004)
3089:(2003)
3081:(2001)
3073:(2000)
3065:(2000)
3057:(1999)
3049:(1997)
3041:(1989)
3033:(1976)
3025:(1966)
3017:(1883)
2980:(2012)
2972:(2000)
2964:(1997)
2956:(1991)
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2916:(1979)
2908:(1978)
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2788:(1948)
2780:(1942)
2772:(1937)
2764:(1928)
2756:(1886)
2748:(1876)
2729:(1985)
2721:(1977)
2713:(1969)
2694:(1984)
2686:(1982)
2678:(1982)
2670:(1979)
2662:(1978)
2654:(1977)
2646:(1976)
2638:(1973)
2630:(1973)
2622:(1971)
2614:(1954)
2606:(1948)
2598:(1927)
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2515:(2015)
2507:(1996)
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2328:(1948)
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2197:(1991)
2189:(1989)
2181:(1986)
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2165:(1984)
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2149:(1982)
2141:(1978)
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2125:(1977)
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2037:(1969)
2029:(1969)
2021:(1969)
2013:(1968)
2005:(1968)
1997:(1967)
1989:(1967)
1981:(1964)
1973:(1964)
1965:(1964)
1949:(1955)
1910:(1950)
1902:(1950)
1886:(1948)
1878:(1948)
1870:(1944)
1862:(1943)
1854:(1940)
1846:(1927)
1838:(1899)
1830:(1896)
1822:(1886)
1814:(1883)
1770:(2016)
1762:(2015)
1754:(2009)
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1546:(1958)
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1487:(2011)
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1369:(1975)
1361:(1975)
1355:(1974)
1349:(1969)
1343:(1967)
1337:(1963)
1331:(1961)
1317:under
1307:(2022)
1299:(2020)
1291:(2019)
1283:(2018)
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1235:(1997)
1227:(1996)
1219:(1992)
1211:(1990)
1203:(1990)
1195:(1989)
1187:(1986)
1179:(1983)
1171:(1981)
1163:(1979)
1155:(1979)
1147:(1976)
1139:(1976)
1131:(1973)
1123:(1973)
1115:(1971)
1094:(2022)
1086:(2016)
1078:(2003)
1070:(1992)
1062:(1989)
1054:(1986)
1046:(1973)
1038:(1973)
1030:(1965)
1022:(1925)
1014:(1923)
993:(1937)
985:(1931)
977:(1917)
969:(1917)
961:(1915)
953:(1908)
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937:(1898)
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921:(1887)
877:(1999)
869:(1971)
861:(1967)
853:(1958)
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837:(1884)
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821:(1873)
756:
750:
747:
741:
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735:Justia
732:
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723:
720:
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711:
705:
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316:, and
295:Burger
194:
192:·
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180:·
178:
170:
168:·
166:
110:, 465
3130:Other
2737:Other
1495:Other
699:
442:
268:Idaho
118:
104:Prior
1803:Race
701:U.S.
661:2013
631:2013
601:OCLC
578:OCLC
555:OCLC
530:ISBN
505:OCLC
495:ISBN
476:2013
444:U.S.
368:Reed
339:ACLU
324:and
120:U.S.
112:P.2d
84:more
76:U.S.
74:404
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