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and causing effects far beyond the directly overfished population. Tourism such as careless boating, diving, snorkeling, and fishing, with people touching reefs, stirring up sediment, collecting coral, and dropping anchors on reefs, can destroy the reefs. Some tourist resorts and infrastructure have
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The upper segment of this slope is known as the reef crest. This crest enjoys an optimal balance of sunlight exposure and wave action, fostering the fastest coral growth in this area. Conversely, the base of the slope receives the least amount of sunlight and consequently exhibits the slowest growth
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The reef slope is positioned at the outer edge of the fringing reef, bordering the open ocean. Usually characterized by a steep inclination, this part of the reef either descends to a relatively shallow sandy base or extends to depths too significant to facilitate the growth of coral. The diminished
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Reefs can develop vertically as far as the space below the surface allows. The reef generally grows upward from a starting point towards the surface. Once the reef crest reaches sea level the reef may begin growing seaward. Growth begins after flooding, mostly from parts of the reef that have died.
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There are few differences between fringing reefs and barrier reefs. Distinguishing between these two reef types involves assessing the depth of the lagoon behind the back reef. Barrier reefs feature deeper sections within the lagoon, while fringing reefs lack such depths. Additionally, a notable
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Reefs can form in a gradual, sporadic manner, with alternate vertical and horizontal growth episodes. In this type of fringing reef formation there are multiple separate reefs that are found parallel to the shore and the original fringing reef. These reefs become a single, large reef when reef
162:. This area of the reef is only slightly sloped towards the open ocean. Since the reef flat is adjacent or nearly adjacent to land, it sustains the most damage from runoff and sediments. Typically, few of the flat's corals are alive. Seagrasses, seaweeds, and soft corals are often found there.
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Reefs can grow atop muddy sediments which can predate the reef or accrete along with the reef's growth. These reefs also grow seaward from the shore. Older sediments are closest to shore and are not buried. Coral, seagrass and algae filter sediment before it is placed on the reef
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forests, which normally trap large amounts of sediment, is exacerbating the problem. Mining of live coral is used as bricks, road fill, or cement for new buildings. Corals are also sold as souvenirs to tourists and to exporters and harvested for the live rock trade.
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are dumped directly into the ocean or carried by river systems from sources upstream. Some pollutants, such as sewage and runoff from farming, increase the level of nitrogen in seawater, causing an overgrowth of algae, which cuts off sunlight from the reefs.
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that are present above the coral reef. The increase in phytoplankton has led to reduced light reaching the coral species and has also led to a greater number of larger invertebrates. The sediments that are present within the environment cause increased
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caused by construction (both along coasts and inland), mining, logging, and farming is leading to increased sediment in rivers. This ends up in the ocean, where it can smother corals by depriving them of the light needed to survive. The destruction of
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from increased nutrients, sediments and toxicity from domestic and industrial wastes. More macrophytes live on the bottom because of the increase in nutrients. This increase in nutrients has caused an increase in the number of
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Fringing reefs are located near shore in the tropics in many areas and are the most common reef type. Coral reefs are found in the tropics in which the water is between 18 and 30 °C (64 and 86 °F). Many of the
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Because the reef grows upward, the oldest sediments are found lower in the reef. The reef flat's age indicates when the reef reached sea level. Catch-up reefs have younger surfaces than keep-up reefs of this type.
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and may smother some organisms. The corals present on the fringing reefs use four processes to get rid of sediments which include polyp distension, tentacular movement, ciliary action and mucus production.
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moved 80% of its fringing reef permanently above sea level. Northern reefs became elevated 1m above the high tide water height, whereas on the south side reefs moved 2 to 3m above the water height.
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Reefs can develop when an offshore reef grows to sea level, forming a barrier. When the crest grows faster than the flat, a lagoon forms. The lagoon then fills with inshore sediments.
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Tomascik, T. and Sander, F. 1987. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals: II. Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies.
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believed that fringing reefs are the first kind of reefs to form around a landmass in a long-term reef growth process. The largest fringing coral reef in the world is the
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218:'s components are actually fringing reefs. Of the close to 3,400 individual reefs, 760 are fringing reefs. Fringing reefs are the most common type of reef found in the
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Offshore reefs can form their barrier using storms to move coral and other debris inwards. The recurring storms continually reshape the seaward side of such reefs.
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Reefs can expand seaward from the shore. This requires a fairly constant sea level. If the sea level drops, the reef flat in more seaward areas slopes downward.
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In the area of the reef closest to the shore there is generally a lot of fleshy algae which forms on sand and coral rubble. These types of algae include
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sp. Over recent years the dominant species in the reef flat have been affected by environmental changes. On fringing reefs in
Barbados, species such as
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disperses pollutants while transporting nutrients to this specific area. A prevalent characteristic found on the fore reef involves the creation of
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contrast lies in their proximity to the shore: barrier reefs are typically located much farther away from the coastline compared to fringing reefs.
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The backreef area has the least species diversity, which increases seaward towards the reef crest. Some of this difference is the result of
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The reef flat is the shoreward, flat, broadest area of the reef. The reef flat is found in fairly shallow water and can be uncovered during
376:(banging on the reef with sticks), may have detrimental effects. Bottom-trawling is one of the greatest threats to cold-water coral reefs.
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reefs are not able to grow fast enough and are "drowned out". There are six different major ways in which fringing reefs grow and develop.
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presence of runoff and sediments on this slope contributes to a higher abundance of coral and a broader variety of coral species. Greater
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been built directly on top of reefs, and some resorts empty their sewage or other wastes directly into water surrounding coral reefs.
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Albert, U., Udy, J., Baines, G. and McDougall, D. 2007. Dramatic tectonic uplift of fringing reefs on
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As with other types of reefs, there are many reasons of fringing reef destruction. Destructive fishing practices, such as
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Kennedy, D.M. and
Woodroffe, C.D. 2002.Fringing reef growth and morphology: a review.
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Woodroffe, C.D. 2002.Fringing reef growth and morphology: a review.
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Palaces Under the Sea: A Guide to
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Burke, Lauretta; Reytar, Kathleen; Spalding, Mark; Perry, Allison (2012).
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affects the ecological balance of coral reef communities, disrupting the
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Corals cannot survive if the water temperature is too high.
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sediments fill in the spaces between the different reefs.
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146:Diagram of a fringing coral reef
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1311:Symbiodinium
1309:
1302:
1213:Conservation
1128:Pulley Ridge
987:
967:
895:Octocorallia
814:Hexacorallia
732:
708:
703:
695:
690:
681:
677:
664:
651:
638:
612:
583:
551:
529:. Retrieved
526:Coral Digest
525:
480:
478:
476:are found.
471:
467:
461:
457:
453:
451:
433:
405:
388:Toxins from
387:
359:
309:
305:
301:
300:
281:
248:
212:
181:
169:
157:
149:
132:
129:Barrier reef
62:
60:
1391:Coral reefs
1304:Amphidinium
1093:Lakshadweep
1028:Amazon Reef
933:Coral reefs
806:coral reefs
709:Coral Reefs
458:Oscilatoria
378:Overfishing
240:East Africa
228:Timor-Leste
220:Philippines
173:wave action
107:East Africa
95:Timor-Leste
87:Philippines
83:the Bahamas
56:Philippines
1370:Fire coral
1355:Coral sand
1278:Reef Check
1258:Green Fins
973:Microatoll
913:Organ pipe
837:Hermatypic
735:. 94:53-75
684:(1): 1–13.
501:References
382:food chain
276:See also:
67:coral reef
1350:Coral rag
1273:Reef Ball
1043:Baa Atoll
456:sp. and
446:turbidity
428:Tumon Bay
284:Sea level
236:Caribbean
232:Australia
224:Indonesia
138:Structure
103:Caribbean
99:Australia
91:Indonesia
18:Reef flat
1385:Category
1098:Maldives
1088:Kiribati
1038:Apo Reef
968:Fringing
923:Sea pens
918:Sea fans
876:Tabulate
862:Staghorn
832:Elegance
752:Archived
531:17 April
489:See also
400:mangrove
374:muro-ami
306:Catch-up
292:Ranongga
266:Maldives
160:low tide
48:low tide
38:, Israel
1138:Red Sea
1083:Jamaica
857:Elkhorn
842:Chalice
711:26:983.
454:Lyngbia
395:Erosion
339:Ecology
310:Give-up
302:Keep-up
294:in the
244:Red Sea
111:Red Sea
1163:Yabiji
903:Bamboo
870:Rugose
847:Pillar
802:Corals
590:
562:
470:, and
430:, Guam
372:, and
324:crest.
242:, and
234:, the
205:UNESCO
109:, and
101:, the
79:lagoon
75:atolls
1323:Other
1078:India
951:Coral
941:Atoll
852:Table
827:Brain
822:Black
674:(PDF)
556:(PDF)
36:Eilat
908:Blue
804:and
588:ISBN
560:ISBN
533:2021
355:Guam
73:and
946:Cay
257:.
199:in
1387::
716:^
680:.
676:.
620:^
602:^
574:^
541:^
524:.
509:^
466:,
368:,
364:,
246:.
238:,
226:,
222:,
125:.
113:.
105:,
93:,
89:,
61:A
54:,
874:†
868:†
794:e
787:t
780:v
682:2
596:.
568:.
535:.
20:)
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