627:
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to be replaced or unplugged quickly in the event of a fire. Modern container vessels stow the reefer containers in cellguides with adjacent inspection walkways that enable reefer containers to be carried in the holds as well as on the deck. Modern refrigerated container vessels are designed to incorporate a water-cooling system for containers stowed under deck. This does not replace the refrigeration system but facilitates cooling down of the external machinery. Containers stowed on the exposed upper deck are air-cooled, while those under deck are water-cooled. The water cooling design allows additional refrigerated containers under deck, as water can be used to dissipate the high amount of heat they generate. This system draws fresh water from the ship's water supply, which in turn transfers the heat through heat exchangers to the abundantly available sea water.
325:
144:
360:. A vessel of 3,060 gross tons bought by James Nelson and Sons in 1889 and fitted with a somewhat primitive refrigerating plant operating on the cold air system became one of the pioneer vessels in the trade of refrigerated meat and other perishable commodities. They hauled beef carcasses from Argentina to Britain. Their regularly scheduled shipments and ships developed into the Nelson Line that was formed in 1880 for the meat trade from Argentina to UK. Refrigeration made it possible to import meat from the United States, New Zealand, Argentina and Australia.
277:, owned by the New Zealand and Australian Land Company (NZALC), was refitted in 1881 with a Bell-Coleman compression refrigeration machine. This freezer unit worked by compressing air, then releasing it into the hold of the ship. The expanding air absorbed heat as it expanded, cooling the cargo in the hold. Burning three tons of coal a day in the steam engine that ran the compressor, it could lower the temperature of the hold by 40 °F (22 °C) compared to the surrounding air temperature, which froze the cargo in the temperate climate of southern
1330:
164:) that ties into the ship's power generation. Refrigerated container ships are not limited by the number of refrigeration containers they can carry, unlike other container ships which may be limited in their number of refrigeration outlets or have insufficient generator capacity. Each reefer container unit is typically designed with a stand-alone electrical circuit and has its own breaker switch that allows it to be connected and disconnected as required. In principle each individual unit could be repaired while the ship was still underway.
251:
813:
172:
827:
38:
762:
49:
841:
135:. These ships differ from conventional container ships in their design, power generation, and electrical distribution equipment. They need provisions made for powering each container's cooling system. Because of their ease of loading and unloading cargo many container ships are now being built or redesigned to carry
167:
Refrigerated cargo is a key part of the income for some shipping companies. On multi-purpose ships, refrigerated containers are mostly carried above deck, as they have to be checked for proper operation. Also, a major part of the refrigeration system (such as a compressor) may fail, which would have
186:
There are also refrigeration systems that have two compressors for very precise and low-temperature operations, such as transporting a container of blood to a war zone. Cargoes of shrimp, asparagus, caviar and blood are considered among the most expensive refrigerated items. Bananas, fruit and meat
207:
had already begun, which developed into an annual tonnage of around 10,000 short tons (8,900 long tons; 9,100 t). The insulated cargo space was cooled by ice, which was loaded on departure. The success of this method was limited by insulation, loading techniques, ice block size, distance and
300:
New
Zealand with 4,331 mutton, 598 lamb and 22 pig carcasses, 246 kegs of butter, and hare, pheasant, turkey, chicken and 2,226 sheep tongues and arrived in London after sailing 98 days with its cargo still frozen. After meeting all costs, the NZALC company made a ÂŁ4,700 profit from the voyage.
159:
A major use of refrigerated cargo hold type ships was for the transportation of bananas and frozen meat, but most of these ships have been partly replaced by refrigerated containers that have a refrigeration system attached to the rear end of the container. While on a ship these containers are
529:
to pay for more of their operating expenses. After about 1910, they called these combination cruise and cargo ships the "Great White Fleet" based on their heat-reducing white paint. To avoid US shipping regulations and taxes they are registered in about six other countries, with very few now
130:
are specifically designed to carry containerised unit loads where each container has its individual refrigerated unit. These containers are nearly always twenty-foot equivalent units (often called TEU) that are the size of "standard" cargo containers that are loaded and unloaded at container
453:
In 1900, Great
Britain imported over 360,000 metric tons of refrigerated meat: 220,000 tons from Argentina, 95,000 tons from New Zealand and 45,000 tons from Australia. There were weekly sailings on refrigerated "banana boats" from the UK to Central America by
789:, there are many more ships than those designed for only refrigerated cargo that are also carrying some refrigerated cargo. As of 2010, the countries with the largest numbers of reefer ships in their registries are the world's two most prominent
525:, they were nicknamed the "Banana Fleet". Since bananas are relatively light and the normal shipping route was to Central America and then back to various US ports, these ships were often built as combination cargo ships and what are now called
752:
In addition, the US Maritime
Commission ordered 41 new refrigerated ships for the Navy. Because of the difficulty of building refrigerated ships only two were delivered in 1944. 26 were delivered in 1945 and the remainder in 1946–1948.
572:
in World War I and used to take troops and refrigerated supplies to and from Europe. After hostilities ceased they were returned to United Fruit
Company in 1919. They were requisitioned again on 2 June 1941 from United Fruit for use in
316:
and
Northern England shipyards for this trade. Within 5 years, 172 shipments of frozen meat were sent from New Zealand to the United Kingdom. Refrigerated shipping also led to a broader meat and dairy boom in Australia, New Zealand and
507:
By 1935, refrigerated imports into
Britain totaled 1,000,000 metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) of meat, 500,000 tons of butter, 130,000 tons of cheese, 430,000 tons of apples and pears, and 20 million stems of
348:, England. They successfully expanded their beef business until their imports from Ireland were insufficient to supply their rapidly growing business and Nelson decided to investigate the possibility of importing meat from
785:, there were about 38,000 registered merchant ships in the world in 2010, of which about 920 were designed as refrigerated cargo ships. Because of the proliferation of self-contained refrigerated container systems on
546:
and refrigerated cargo ship. The United Fruit
Company's fleet of about 85 ships was one of the largest civilian fleets in the world. These ships normally carried up to 95 cruise ship passengers and a crew to ports in
311:
s successful voyage, an extensive frozen meat trade from New
Zealand and Australia to the UK was developed with over 16 different refrigerated and passenger refrigerated ships built or refitted by 1900 in
121:. On such ships, when facing wet weather, the hatches need to be closed to prevent heavy rain from flooding the holds. Both above ship types are well suited for the handling of palletized and loose cargo.
106:
bring the cargo to the respective decks. This special design makes the vessels particularly well suited for inclement weather operations as the tops of the cargo holds are always closed against rain and
594:, the US Navy contracted for 18 refrigerated ships for hauling provisions to the troops in Europe. They were launched 1918 and 1919 as the war was ending and were nearly all scrapped by 1933 in the
626:
3352:
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with Haslam refrigeration compressors. He bought the Bell–Coleman dense-air patents in 1878 and eventually equipped four hundred plants and ships with Bell-Coleman machines.
288:
s most visible sign of being an unusual ship was the funnel for the refrigeration plant placed between her fore and main masts (sometimes leading her to be mistaken for a
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in excellent condition despite a collision that delayed the delivery for several months, thus proving the concept of refrigerated ships, if not the economics. In 1879,
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and successfully imported a cargo of refrigerated meat from
Argentina. However the machinery could be improved and in 1877 another refrigerated ship called
774:
487:
started having refrigerated banana boats built in the UK to add to their fleet which hauled passengers and bananas between ports in the United States and
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from the United Fruit Co. After US navy officers boarded the ship and took possession as it approached the Golden Gate Bridge, the ship became the
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maintaining US registry. European associates with their own ships were often employed to ship fruit to Europe. United Brands was taken over by
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has used some type of reefers, often combined with cruise ship passenger accommodations, since about 1889. Because of their cargo was mostly
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International in the 1980s and owns the largest fleet of banana boats in the world, but none of them now sails under the US flag. SS
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equipped with a Carré compression machine completed the first successful travel with its shipment of 5500 frozen muttons from
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2704:
2489:
1915:
1246:
1167:"Under the Southern Cross: A Petty Officer's Chronicle of the USS Octans"; Author: Kenneth G. Oliver; McFarland & Co.;
446:
In 1900, a worldwide survey found 356 refrigerated ships, 37% of which had air machines, 37% ammonia compressors and 25% CO
410:, equipped with a Bell–Coleman air machine and loaded with successfully shipped beef, mutton, butter and kegs, sailed from
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2711:
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and then would return to the United States with passengers and a cargo of refrigerated bananas and miscellaneous cargo.
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have water-tight ports on the ship's hull, which open into a cargo hold. Elevators or ramps leading from the
30:"Refrigerated shipping" redirects here. For the most commonly used modern form of refrigerated shipping, see
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203:, to be served in hospitals, hotels, and restaurants. In 1874, shipping of frozen beef from America to
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458:, which had been importing bananas since 1888 to the UK in their own ships. Round trips took 28 days.
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707:, although requisitioned, was never commissioned into the Navy. United States Maritime Commission
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By 1913, the UK fleet included 230 refrigerated ships with a total cargo capacity of 440,000 tons.
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were six United Fruit passenger and refrigerated cargo liners built in 1931–1933 that the
615:
577:. After hostilities ceased they were then returned again to United Fruit Company in 1946.
548:
531:
488:
370:
114:
399:(1838–1888) of Scotland completed the Bell–Coleman dense-air machine on the Anchor liner
321:. Frozen meat and dairy exports continue to form the backbone of New Zealand's economy.
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1908:
1609:
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902:
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272:
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132:
126:
875:
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy § Provisions Store Ships (AF, T-AF)
3649:
3623:
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were built in
Ireland in 1912 and 1913 for the United Fruit Company as a combination
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and then maintained it below freezing (32 °F, 0 °C) through the tropics.
377:
and fitted a Methyl-ether refrigerating plant of his design. The ship was renamed
223:
machinery broke down en route and the cargo was lost. In 1877, the french steamer
211:
The first attempt to ship refrigerated meat across the Pacific was made when the
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2012:
1995:
1989:
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455:
424:
By 1899, refrigerated fruit ship traffic to the US reached 90,000 tons per year.
414:, Australia to London—a nine-week voyage of about 15,000 miles (24,000 km).
278:
195:
In 1869, reefers were shipping beef carcasses frozen in a salt-ice mixture from
72:
handling, such as fruits, meat, vegetables, dairy products, and similar items.
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65:
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machine and carried 23,000 stems of bananas at a controlled temperature from
102:. Inside these access ports or side doors, pallet lifts or another series of
17:
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349:
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1221:– a news and information service for the global refrigerated shipping trade
403:, which successfully brought a cargo of chilled beef from the US to London.
48:
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In 1879, Henry Bell (1848–1931) and John Bell (1850–1929) of Scotland and
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103:
99:
95:
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1945:
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1048:
Under the Southern Cross: A Petty Officer's Chronicle of the USS Octans
798:
470:
417:
In 1881, Alfred Seale Haslam (1844–1927) of England equipped the liner
341:
268:
260:
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522:
244:
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204:
1207:
494:
By 1910, UK refrigerated meat imports rose to 760,000 tons per year.
239:, equipped with compression refrigeration, sailed successfully from
427:
By 1890, after acquiring the patent rights of Franz Windhausen's CO
1948:
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323:
249:
170:
142:
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By 1910, the British company J & E Hall had installed 1800 CO
1284:
396:
113:
have a traditional cargo operation with top opening hatches and
91:
3470:
3334:
2051:
1705:
1242:
1218:
728:
Other reefers converted for US Navy use were the Danish ships
725:. It was the last of the UFC 'reefer' ships to be taken over.
187:
have historically been the main cargo of refrigerated ships.
68:
typically used to transport perishable cargo, which require
928:"New Zealand Shipping Co & Federal Steam Navigating Co"
263:
ship to complete a successful shipment of refrigerated meat
292:
which had been common since the 1840s). In February 1882,
1235:
illustrated description and survey of refrigerated ships.
1022:. Shipbuilding History. 12 February 2008. Archived from
1010:
1008:
344:, started shipping extensive live beef shipments to
3194:
3080:
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2933:
2878:
2795:
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2743:
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2549:
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2310:
2220:
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2083:
2005:
1958:
1861:
1829:
1806:
1737:
1663:
1582:
1526:
1468:
1425:
1337:
1277:
332:with frozen meat for England. Archives New Zealand
83:Reefer ships may be categorised into three types:
1440:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
1141:"Floating Island Ship to Make Ice in the Tropics"
373:bought the ex-Elder-Dempster 690 tons cargo ship
160:plugged into an electrical outlet (typically 440
2078:United States naval ship classes of World War II
94:serve as loading and discharging access for the
389:was put into service on the South American run.
714:In April 1943, the Navy also requisitioned SS
352:. The first refrigerated ship they bought was
3637:List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
3482:
3458:List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
3346:
2063:
1732:World War II Maritime Commission ship designs
1717:
1254:
1183:. Christchurch, NZ: Willsonscott Publishing.
480:recorded 460 ships with refrigerating plants.
461:In 1901, the first refrigerated banana ship,
8:
1077:"Country Comparison :: Merchant Marine"
1020:Merchant Ship Construction in U.S. Shipyards
439:refrigerator system on the Nelson Line ship
775:List of merchant marine capacity by country
3489:
3475:
3467:
3353:
3339:
3331:
2070:
2056:
2048:
1724:
1710:
1702:
1261:
1247:
1239:
243:to the UK with 40 tons of frozen beef and
1691:List of merchant navy capacity by country
952:Swiggum, S; Kohli, M (23 November 2006).
901:. CrossTree Techno-visors. Archived from
760:
625:
47:
36:
886:
598:as an economy move. Most were built in
431:-compression refrigeration system, the
385:with a refrigerating plant improved by
661:requisitioned in 1941–1942. They were
435:company installed the first marine CO
7:
1051:. McFarland & Company. pp.
1212:Reefer Ships – Maritime Information
1225:Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1937),
1181:Reefer Ships: The Ocean Princesses
896:"Reefer Vessels – An Introduction"
25:
1686:International Chamber of Shipping
1534:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
1155:"Ship Keeps Cool When Heat Is On"
1016:"R-Type Refrigerated Cargo Ships"
659:United States Maritime Commission
513:United Fruit Company reefer ships
336:The Nelson brothers, butchers in
1328:
839:
825:
811:
501:refrigeration machines in ships.
147:Unloading frozen pork from the
356:which they renamed in 1890 SS
247:as a small part of her cargo.
1:
1231:Shipping Wonders of the World
1214:. Reefership Marine Services.
894:Kohli, Pawanexh (July 2000).
191:History of ship refrigeration
932:New Zealand Shipping Vessels
1087:Central Intelligence Agency
1045:Oliver, Kenneth G. (1995).
3707:
1175:; (originally the SS Ulua)
772:
581:Reefers in US Navy service
29:
3634:
3507:
3455:
3371:
3302:
3264:Motor torpedo boat tender
2022:
1326:
1117:Weightman, Gavin (2001).
614:, and Standard SB Co. in
369:In 1876, French engineer
179:unloading bananas in the
1206:Kohli, Pawanexh (2007).
465:, was equipped with a CO
3309:Completed after the war
2140:Light aircraft carriers
1513:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
1412:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
1179:Tolerton, Nick (2008).
779:According to the CIA's
568:were taken over by the
219:to the UK in 1876. The
155:in the mid-20th century
137:refrigerated containers
27:Refrigerated cargo ship
3294:Underway replenishment
1554:Platform supply vessel
1367:Coastal trading vessel
954:"United Fruit Company"
770:
644:
608:Moore Dry Dock Company
333:
264:
201:New Orleans, Louisiana
183:
156:
70:temperature-controlled
57:
45:
32:Refrigerated container
1539:Diving support vessel
764:
629:
456:Elders and Fyffes Ltd
327:
259:, first refrigerated
253:
174:
146:
131:terminals and aboard
51:
40:
3315:Single ship of class
3244:High-speed transport
1544:Emergency tow vessel
1227:"Refrigerated Ships"
1119:The Frozen Ice Trade
791:flags of convenience
519:United Fruit Company
485:United Fruit Company
394:Joseph James Coleman
111:Conventional vessels
3671:Port infrastructure
3656:Cargo ships by type
3501:-class stores ships
3365:-class stores ships
1959:Miscellaneous-cargo
1671:Nautical operations
1615:Floating restaurant
1397:Lighter aboard ship
711:were Reefer ships.
612:Oakland, California
604:Baltimore, Maryland
3681:Maritime transport
3661:Cooling technology
1927:Type S4-SE2-BE1 ("
1914:Type S4-SE2-BD1 ("
1896:-class cable layer
1883:Landing Ship, Tank
1625:Merchant submarine
1300:Maritime transport
1233:, pp. 553–556
1082:The World Factbook
870:Refrigerator truck
833:Agriculture portal
782:The World Factbook
771:
645:
600:Baltimore Dry Dock
570:United States Navy
334:
265:
184:
157:
64:is a refrigerated
58:
46:
3666:Food preservation
3643:
3642:
3464:
3463:
3328:
3327:
2690:Destroyer escorts
2085:Aircraft carriers
2045:
2044:
1974:("Coastal Cargo")
1935:attack cargo ship
1901:Type S4-S2-BB3 ("
1699:
1698:
1402:Livestock carrier
1305:Freight transport
1146:Popular Mechanics
1132:978-0-00-710285-3
964:on 2 January 2012
757:Worldwide service
181:Port of San Diego
88:Side-door vessels
81:Types of reefers:
16:(Redirected from
3698:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3289:Submarine tender
3234:Destroyer tender
3209:Floating drydock
2211:Commencement Bay
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
1992:("Refrigerated")
1922:attack transport
1881:Type S3-S2-BP ("
1726:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1650:Semi-submersible
1635:Pipe-laying ship
1332:
1315:Maritime history
1263:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1215:
1194:
1164:
1150:
1136:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:on June 13, 2007
1089:. Archived from
1073:
1067:
1066:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1012:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
988:(AF-16) and USS
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
960:. Archived from
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
907:
900:
891:
865:Refrigerator car
849:
844:
843:
835:
830:
829:
828:
821:
819:Transport portal
816:
815:
596:Great Depression
478:Lloyd's Register
310:
287:
197:Indianola, Texas
175:The reefer ship
21:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3630:
3503:
3495:
3465:
3460:
3451:
3367:
3359:
3329:
3324:
3298:
3284:Seaplane tender
3254:Ice cream barge
3196:Auxiliary ships
3190:
3076:
3048:
2929:
2874:
2791:
2766:
2745:Patrol frigates
2739:
2684:
2672:Robert H. Smith
2665:Allen M. Sumner
2545:
2462:
2395:
2326:
2306:
2216:
2167:Escort carriers
2161:
2134:
2079:
2076:
2046:
2041:
2018:
2001:
1954:
1862:Special-purpose
1857:
1825:
1807:Emergency cargo
1802:
1733:
1730:
1700:
1695:
1659:
1640:Research vessel
1630:Narco-submarine
1578:
1522:
1464:
1450:Hydrogen tanker
1435:Chemical tanker
1421:
1382:Heavy-lift ship
1333:
1324:
1310:Merchant marine
1273:
1267:
1224:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1178:
1160:Popular Science
1153:
1149:. January 1935.
1139:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1110:Further reading
1107:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1006:
996:
994:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
926:Shaw, Jeffrey.
925:
924:
920:
911:
909:
905:
898:
893:
892:
888:
883:
845:
838:
831:
826:
824:
817:
810:
807:
787:container ships
777:
759:
638:United Fruit Co
636:, formerly the
624:
616:Shooters Island
588:
583:
549:Central America
532:Chiquita Brands
515:
500:
489:Central America
468:
449:
438:
430:
387:Ferdinand Carré
379:Le Frigorifique
371:Charles Tellier
366:
308:
285:
193:
153:Clan MacDougall
133:container ships
127:container ships
78:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2734:John C. Butler
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2401:Light cruisers
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2332:Heavy cruisers
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2312:Large cruisers
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2280:North Carolina
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1909:escort carrier
1899:
1889:Type S3-S2-BP1
1886:
1879:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:("Z-ET1-S-C3")
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Fishing vessel
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Lake freighter
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Container ship
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:merchant ships
1268:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1216:
1201:
1200:External links
1198:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1165:
1151:
1137:
1131:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1068:
1062:978-0899509990
1061:
1037:
1004:
975:
944:
918:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
851:
850:
836:
822:
806:
803:
767:Baltic Jasmine
758:
755:
623:
620:
587:
584:
582:
579:
514:
511:
510:
509:
505:
502:
498:
495:
492:
481:
474:
466:
459:
451:
447:
444:
441:Highland Chief
436:
433:J & E Hall
428:
425:
422:
415:
404:
390:
365:
362:
330:Clan McDougall
192:
189:
141:
140:
122:
108:
77:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3703:
3692:
3691:Refrigerators
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Combat stores
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:St. Augustine
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:("Passenger")
1985:
1982:
1980:("Passenger")
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:("VC2-S-AP1")
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:Cargo designs
1736:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Admiralty law
1679:
1677:
1676:Affreightment
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1320:Shipping line
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:9781877427251
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1173:0-89950-999-1
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1123:HarperCollins
1120:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1026:on 9 May 2012
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
993:
991:
987:
979:
976:
963:
959:
955:
948:
945:
933:
929:
922:
919:
908:on 2009-03-26
904:
897:
890:
887:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:Refrigeration
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
842:
837:
834:
823:
820:
814:
809:
804:
802:
800:
797:with 212 and
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:
776:
768:
763:
756:
754:
750:
748:
747:
741:
740:
734:
733:
726:
724:
723:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:
695:
694:
688:
687:
681:
680:
674:
673:
667:
666:
660:
656:
653:
651:
643:
639:
635:
634:
628:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
580:
578:
576:
571:
567:
566:
560:
559:
552:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
512:
506:
503:
496:
493:
490:
486:
483:By 1902, the
482:
479:
475:
472:
464:
460:
457:
452:
445:
442:
434:
426:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
363:
361:
359:
358:Highland Scot
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
326:
322:
320:
315:
307:
302:
299:
298:Port Chalmers
295:
291:
284:
280:
276:
275:
271:sailing ship
270:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:refrigeration
218:
214:
209:
206:
202:
198:
190:
188:
182:
178:
177:Dole Honduras
173:
169:
165:
163:
154:
150:
145:
138:
134:
129:
128:
125:Refrigerated
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
85:
84:
82:
75:
73:
71:
67:
63:
55:
54:Lombok Strait
50:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Reefer (ship)
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3498:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3405:Golden Eagle
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3362:
3268:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:Minesweepers
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2780:
2772:Patrol boats
2760:
2752:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2505:Williamsburg
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2320:
2300:
2293:
2287:South Dakota
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2252:Pennsylvania
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2155:
2149:Independence
2148:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
1942:Crane vessel
1929:
1916:
1903:
1893:
1870:
1852:Liberty ship
1820:Victory ship
1816:("EC2-S-C1")
1814:Liberty ship
1595:Crane vessel
1406:
1387:Hopper barge
1352:Bulk carrier
1230:
1219:ReeferTrends
1211:
1180:
1163:. June 1949.
1158:
1144:
1125:Publishers.
1118:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1080:
1071:
1047:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1019:
995:. Retrieved
989:
985:
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
957:
947:
935:. Retrieved
931:
921:
910:. Retrieved
903:the original
889:
780:
778:
769:at Rotterdam
766:
751:
745:
738:
731:
727:
721:
715:
713:
704:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
655:stores ships
649:
646:
641:
632:
622:World War II
618:, New York.
589:
575:World War II
564:
557:
554:The renamed
553:
539:
535:
527:cruise ships
516:
462:
450:compressors.
440:
418:
407:
400:
382:
378:
374:
357:
353:
338:County Meath
335:
329:
305:
303:
296:sailed from
293:
282:
273:
266:
255:
236:
231:arriving to
224:
215:sailed from
212:
210:
194:
185:
176:
166:
158:
152:
124:
110:
87:
80:
79:
61:
59:
53:
43:Salica Frigo
42:
3398:Blue Jacket
3214:Repair dock
3082:Cargo ships
2827:Miantonomah
2383:Oregon City
2362:New Orleans
2348:Northampton
2222:Battleships
2176:Long Island
2026:Empire ship
2024:See also:-
1590:Cable layer
1583:Other types
1564:Salvage tug
1518:Train ferry
1508:Ocean liner
1493:Cruiseferry
1488:Cruise ship
1483:Cargo liner
1478:Cable ferry
1455:LNG carrier
1445:Gas carrier
1417:Train ferry
1407:Reefer ship
1097:17 February
1030:12 February
997:12 February
968:12 February
937:12 February
847:Food portal
709:Type R ship
592:World War I
586:World War I
544:cruise ship
463:Port Morant
408:Strathleven
304:Soon after
279:New Zealand
237:Strathleven
76:Description
62:reefer ship
56:of SeaTrade
3676:Ship types
3650:Categories
3391:Bald Eagle
3259:Net laying
3204:Ammunition
2935:Submarines
2797:Minelayers
2551:Destroyers
2484:Sacramento
2390:Des Moines
2259:New Mexico
2204:Casablanca
2038:Ocean ship
1968:("Lakers")
1904:Casablanca
1868:Type S2 ("
1620:Icebreaker
1503:Narrowboat
1460:Oil tanker
1362:Chain boat
1290:Cargo ship
958:The Fleets
912:2009-03-22
881:References
855:Cold chain
801:with 109.
773:See also:
473:to the UK.
66:cargo ship
3686:Ice trade
3625:Valentine
3604:Laurentia
3583:Athanasia
3446:Bellatrix
3321:Cancelled
3143:Aldebaran
3108:Andromeda
3072:T3 tanker
3067:T2 tanker
3062:T1 tanker
2959:Barracuda
2924:Admirable
2855:Weehawken
2820:Monadnock
2754:Asheville
2491:Asheville
2452:Worcester
2431:Cleveland
2376:Baltimore
2341:Pensacola
2266:Tennessee
2094:Lexington
2034:Park ship
2030:Fort ship
1998:("Barge")
1847:T3 tanker
1842:T2 tanker
1837:T1 tanker
1645:Riverboat
1605:Drillship
1470:Passenger
1357:Car float
1339:Dry cargo
1278:Overviews
1208:"Reefers"
990:Calamares
744:USS
737:USS
730:USS
720:USS
698:USS
693:Talamanca
691:USS
684:USS
677:USS
670:USS
631:USS
565:Calamares
563:USS
556:USS
540:Calamares
476:In 1902,
412:Melbourne
406:In 1880,
401:Circassia
354:Spindrift
350:Argentina
346:Liverpool
319:Argentina
290:steamship
229:Argentina
217:Australia
208:climate.
149:Clan Line
104:conveyors
100:conveyors
96:forklifts
3597:Gordonia
3576:Palisana
3520:Arequipa
3411:Arcturus
3249:Hospital
3219:Barracks
3171:Denebola
3115:Arcturus
3022:Mackerel
2994:Porpoise
2987:Cachalot
2966:Argonaut
2862:Camanche
2727:Rudderow
2658:Fletcher
2588:Farragut
2567:Caldwell
2498:Plymouth
2468:Gunboats
2417:Brooklyn
2355:Portland
2273:Colorado
2238:New York
2197:Sangamon
2108:Yorktown
2015:("Tugs")
1655:Snagboat
1549:Fireboat
992:(AF-18)"
986:Pastores
805:See also
642:Quirigua
558:Pastores
536:Pastores
508:bananas.
383:Paraguay
364:Timeline
328:Loading
314:Scotland
225:Paraguay
119:derricks
3618:Octavia
3611:Lucidor
3562:Malabar
3541:Kerstin
3527:Corduba
3439:Procyon
3377:Alstede
3363:Alstede
3224:Collier
3157:Acubens
3136:Alstede
3129:Tolland
3122:Artemis
3101:Haskell
3095:Victory
3090:Liberty
3054:Tankers
2980:Dolphin
2973:Narwhal
2889:Lapwing
2787:PT boat
2706:Buckley
2679:Gearing
2651:Gleaves
2609:Gridley
2581:Clemson
2560:Sampson
2477:Dubuque
2424:Atlanta
2369:Wichita
2301:Montana
2231:Wyoming
2183:Charger
1984:Type P2
1978:Type P1
1966:Type L6
1946:Derrick
1930:Artemis
1917:Gilliam
1894:Neptune
1876:frigate
1798:Type N3
1792:Type C9
1785:Type C8
1778:Type C7
1771:Type C6
1765:Type C5
1760:Type C4
1755:Type C3
1750:Type C2
1745:Type C1
1664:Related
1600:Dredger
1574:Tugboat
1527:Support
1427:Tankers
1372:Collier
1269:Modern
799:Liberia
765:Reefer
732:Pontiac
705:Antigua
700:Tarazed
665:Antigua
538:and SS
523:bananas
471:Jamaica
342:Ireland
306:Dunedin
294:Dunedin
283:Dunedin
274:Dunedin
269:clipper
261:clipper
256:Dunedin
213:Northam
52:Reefer
41:Reefer
3590:Bondia
3569:Merapi
3548:Latona
3432:Sirius
3425:Aludra
3418:Pictor
3384:Zelima
3279:Repair
3269:Reefer
3178:Hyades
3164:Arctic
3015:Tambor
3001:Salmon
2841:Keokuk
2834:Terror
2813:Wassuc
2806:Oglala
2781:Action
2761:Tacoma
2720:Edsall
2713:Cannon
2699:Evarts
2644:Benson
2630:Benham
2623:Somers
2616:Bagley
2595:Porter
2574:Wickes
2458:CL-154
2445:Juneau
2321:Alaska
2245:Nevada
2156:Saipan
2129:Midway
2101:Ranger
2013:Type V
1996:Type B
1990:Type R
1972:Type N
1932:-class
1919:-class
1906:-class
1873:-class
1871:Tacoma
1830:Tanker
1569:Tender
1559:Pusher
1187:
1171:
1129:
1059:
795:Panama
746:Uranus
739:Roamer
722:Octans
652:-class
640:'s SS
419:Orient
245:mutton
241:Sydney
233:France
205:London
115:cranes
3555:Lioba
3534:Karin
3513:Adria
3499:Adria
3274:Oiler
3239:Depot
3185:Mizar
3150:Adria
3043:Tench
3036:Balao
3008:Sargo
2910:Eagle
2896:Raven
2869:Chimo
2848:Salem
2602:Mahan
2540:PGM-9
2533:PGM-1
2519:Vixen
2438:Fargo
2410:Omaha
2190:Bogue
2122:Essex
1949:Barge
1498:Ferry
1347:Barge
1295:Cargo
1053:20–21
984:"USS
906:(PDF)
899:(PDF)
686:Mizar
679:Merak
672:Ariel
650:Mizar
633:Mizar
309:'
286:'
199:, to
151:ship
3029:Gato
2917:Hawk
2637:Sims
2526:Erie
2294:Iowa
2115:Wasp
2006:Tugs
1285:Ship
1185:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1099:2012
1057:ISBN
1032:2012
999:2012
970:2012
939:2012
742:and
716:Ulua
696:and
663:USS
647:The
561:and
517:The
397:FRSE
375:Eboe
267:The
107:sun.
92:quay
2903:Auk
610:in
602:in
590:In
162:VAC
98:or
3652::
3408:/
2036:,
2032:,
2028:,
1937:")
1924:")
1911:")
1898:")
1891:("
1885:")
1878:")
1229:,
1210:.
1157:.
1143:.
1121:.
1085:.
1079:.
1055:.
1018:.
1007:^
956:.
930:.
793::
749:.
735:,
703:.
689:,
682:,
675:,
668:,
606:,
340:,
60:A
3490:e
3483:t
3476:v
3354:e
3347:t
3340:v
3318:X
3312:S
3306:C
2953:S
2948:R
2943:O
2071:e
2064:t
2057:v
2040:.
1951:"
1944:-
1940:"
1794:)
1790:(
1787:)
1783:(
1780:)
1776:(
1773:)
1769:(
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1193:.
1135:.
1101:.
1065:.
1034:.
1001:.
972:.
941:.
915:.
499:2
491:.
467:2
448:2
443:.
437:2
429:2
139:.
117:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
