803:
117:
868:, who is credited with formulating the concept of reflex action and explaining it scientifically. He introduced the term to describe involuntary movements triggered by external stimuli, which are mediated by the spinal cord and the nervous system, distinct from voluntary movements controlled by the brain. Hall's significant work on reflex function was detailed in his 1833 paper, "On the Reflex Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Medulla Spinalis," published in the
44:
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818:. When a muscle is stretched at rest, the stretch reflex leads to contraction of the muscle, thereby opposing stretch (resistance reflex). This helps to stabilize posture. During voluntary movements, however, the intensity (gain) of the reflex is reduced or its sign is even reversed. This prevents resistance reflexes from impeding movements.
155:, which reorients a cat's body when falling to ensure safe landing. The simplest type of reflex, a short-latency reflex, has a single synapse, or junction, in the signaling pathway. Long-latency reflexes produce nerve signals that are transduced across multiple synapses before generating the reflex response.
861:", published posthumously in 1664. He described how the body could perform actions automatically in response to external stimuli without conscious thought. Descartes used the analogy of a mechanical statue to explain how sensory input could trigger motor responses in a deterministic and automatic manner.
725:
will typically grade the activity of a reflex on a scale from 0 to 4. While 2+ is considered normal, some healthy individuals are hypo-reflexive and register all reflexes at 1+, while others are hyper-reflexive and register all reflexes at 3+.
1974:
810:
Some might imagine that reflexes are immutable. In reality, however, most reflexes are flexible and can be substantially modified to match the requirements of the behavior in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
211:. Generally, decreased reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a central one. A stretch reflex is the contraction of a muscle in response to its lengthwise stretch.
144:, which evokes a target response. These neural signals do not always travel to the brain, so many reflexes are an automatic response to a stimulus that does not receive or need conscious thought.
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The underlying sites and mechanisms of reflex modulation are not fully understood. There is evidence that the output of sensory neurons is directly modulated during behavior—for example, through
183:
are, similarly, anatomical terms that refer to a type of nervous system that is more recent in terms of evolutionary development. There are autonomic reflexes and skeletal, somatic reflexes.
171:
is an anatomical concept and it refers to a loop consisting, in its simplest form, of a sensory nerve, the input, and a motor nerve, the output. Autonomic does not mean automatic. The term
872:, where he provided a clear account of how reflex actions were mediated by the spinal cord, independent of the brain's conscious control, distinguishing them from other neural activities.
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869:
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The simplest reflex is initiated by a stimulus, which activates an afferent nerve. The signal is then passed to a response neuron, which generates a response.
1840:
806:
An example of reflex reversal is depicted. Activating the same spinal reflex pathway can cause limb flexion while standing, and extension while walking.
1687:"Interaction between descending input and thoracic reflexes for joint coordination in cockroach: I. descending influence on thoracic sensory reflexes"
2087:
619:
Many of these reflexes are quite complex, requiring a number of synapses in a number of different nuclei in the central nervous system (e.g., the
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483:. These automatic reactions to stimuli enable infants to respond to the environment before any learning has taken place. They include:
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1646:"Role of presynaptic inputs to proprioceptive afferents in tuning sensorimotor pathways of an insect joint control network"
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Many reflexes are fine-tuned to increase organism survival and self-defense. This is observed in reflexes such as the
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is an anatomical term and it refers to a type of nervous system in animals and humans that is very primitive.
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Depending on where you are, another way of grading is from –4 (absent) to +4 (clonus), where 0 is "normal".
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1785:"Supraspinal control of spinal reflex responses to body bending during different behaviours in lampreys"
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1595:"Proprioceptive sensory neurons of a locust leg receive rhythmic presynpatic inhibition during walking"
1175:"Quantification of patellar tendon reflex using portable mechanomyography and electromyography devices"
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Breathing can also be considered both involuntary and voluntary, since breath can be held through
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825:. The effect of sensory input upon motor neurons is also influenced by interneurons in the
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1074:"Free will versus survival: Brain systems that underlie intrinsic constraints on behavior"
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109:, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a
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The
Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord: Its Role in Motor Control and Movement Disorders
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1489:"Amplitude modulation of the soleus H-reflex in the human during walking and standing"
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2001:
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1440:"Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinal locomotion"
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1391:"Reversal of a reflex to a single motoneuron in the stick insect Çarausius morosus"
1173:
Tsuji H, Misawa H, Takigawa T, Tetsunaga T, Yamane K, Oda Y, Ozaki T (2021-01-27).
639:
can also be regarded as reflex actions, according to some definitions of the term.
576:
560:
396:
141:
1901:
Park HD, Barnoud C, Trang H, Kannape OA, Schaller K, Blanke O (February 6, 2020).
1903:"Breathing is coupled with voluntary action and the cortical readiness potential"
864:
The term "reflex" was introduced in the 19th century by the
English physiologist
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938:"Reflex action | Definition, Types and Mechanism and Important solved questions"
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999:"Spinal reflexes, mechanisms and concepts: From Eccles to Lundberg and beyond"
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623:). Others of these involve just a couple of synapses to function (e.g., the
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have a number of other reflexes which are not seen in adults, referred to as
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151:, which provides an automatic response to an unexpected stimulus, and the
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2027:"Human nervous system - Reflex Actions, Motor Pathways, Sensory Pathways"
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Reflexes are found with varying levels of complexity in organisms with a
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199704)32:4<359::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-5
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1736:"Central-complex control of movement in the freely walking cockroach"
1242:"Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates"
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1283:"Sensory pathways and their modulation in the control of locomotion"
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Martin JP, Guo P, Mu L, Harley CM, Ritzmann RE (November 2015).
1153:
Nikoletseas
Michael M. (2010) Behavioral and Neural Plasticity.
2337:
2076:
2051:
1783:
Hsu LJ, Zelenin PV, Orlovsky GN, Deliagina TG (February 2017).
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While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term
646:
136:. A stimulus initiates a neural signal, which is carried to a
37:
853:
The concept of reflexes dates back to the 17th century with
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Other reflexes found in the central nervous system include:
292:
refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and
2333:
308:
is the contraction of a muscle in response to striking its
1543:"Central control components of a 'simple' stretch reflex"
140:. The signal is then transferred across the synapse to a
62:
717:, reflexes are often used to assess the health of the
1438:
Forssberg H, Grillner S, Rossignol S (August 1977).
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1886:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
28:"Reflectory" redirects here. For the album, see
870:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
458:Reflexes usually only observed in human infants
199:) provide information on the integrity of the
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2088:
857:. Descartes introduced the idea in his work "
16:Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
8:
1644:Sauer AE, BĂĽschges A, Stein W (April 1997).
1541:Clarac F, Cattaert D, Le Ray D (May 2000).
814:A good example of reflex modulation is the
681:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1841:The American Review of Respiratory Disease
962:. Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
833:and by descending signals from the brain.
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701:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:. This information can be detected using
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
1834:Mitchell RA, Berger AJ (February 1975).
774:, with spread to adjacent muscle groups
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323:
115:
1685:Mu L, Ritzmann RE (December 20, 2007).
1281:BĂĽschges A, Manira AE (December 1998).
928:
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1536:
1534:
7:
1975:"21.10B: Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)"
1168:
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1078:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
679:adding citations to reliable sources
316:is the inverse of a stretch reflex.
1692:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1260:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001405
296:for those stimulated to vibration.
1836:"Neural regulation of respiration"
1612:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-08-05623.1995
1506:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.06-05-01308.1986
500:, also known as the startle reflex
63:improve coverage for other species
14:
1593:Wolf H, Burrows M (August 1995).
1330:Tuthill JC, Azim E (March 2018).
320:Reflexes involving cranial nerves
2136:Lateralization of brain function
1487:Capaday C, Stein RB (May 1986).
651:
42:
2207:Somatosensory evoked potentials
1288:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1015:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.04.001
1133:. Cambridge University Press.
1129:Pierrot-Deseilligny E (2005).
488:Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
164:Autonomic vs skeletal reflexes
65:and discuss this issue on the
1:
2672:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
1563:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01535-0
1301:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80115-3
1247:Annual Review of Neuroscience
984:Dictionary by Merriam-Webster
936:parveen (November 11, 2020).
635:, and the maintenance of the
519:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
132:in the nervous system called
1458:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90710-7
843:internal intercostal muscles
1858:10.1164/arrd.1975.111.2.206
1599:The Journal of Neuroscience
1493:The Journal of Neuroscience
960:Neuroscience: Third Edition
2714:
1934:10.1038/s41467-019-13967-9
1200:10.1038/s41598-021-81874-5
902:Jumping Frenchmen of Maine
461:
27:
20:
2202:Auditory evoked potential
1850:American Thoracic Society
1789:The Journal of Physiology
1761:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.044
1705:10.1007/s00359-007-0307-x
1359:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.064
997:Hultborn H (2006-02-01).
524:Tonic labyrinthine reflex
240:Extensor digitorum reflex
205:peripheral nervous system
57:excessively human-centric
1389:Bässler U (March 1976).
1003:Progress in Neurobiology
2665:Crossed extensor reflex
2414:Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
2405:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
2212:Visual evoked potential
1860:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1650:Journal of Neurobiology
1550:Trends in Neurosciences
1072:Price JL (2005-12-05).
612:Crossed extensor reflex
530:Other kinds of reflexes
417:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
191:The myotatic or muscle
159:Types of human reflexes
23:Reflex (disambiguation)
2440:Brachioradialis reflex
2381:Pupillary light reflex
2296:Long-term potentiation
2248:Postsynaptic potential
2192:Bereitschaftspotential
1396:Biological Cybernetics
980:"Definition of reflex"
823:presynaptic inhibition
807:
473:
339:Pupillary light reflex
294:tonic vibration reflex
230:Brachioradialis reflex
209:electromyography (EMG)
201:central nervous system
153:feline righting reflex
128:. A reflex occurs via
121:
2612:Churchill–Cope reflex
2567:Bezold–Jarisch reflex
2131:Intracranial pressure
1908:Nature Communications
805:
627:). Processes such as
471:
258:or knee-jerk reflex (
119:
2534:Superficial reflexes
2409:Oculocephalic reflex
2386:Accommodation reflex
2301:Long-term depression
2276:Axoplasmic transport
675:improve this section
587:Photic sneeze reflex
386:, also known as the
356:Accommodation reflex
197:deep tendon reflexes
195:(sometimes known as
21:For other uses, see
2645:Golgi tendon reflex
2587:Oculocardiac reflex
2401:Caloric reflex test
2291:Synaptic plasticity
2283:/Nerve regeneration
1980:Medicine LibreTexts
1925:2020NatCo..11..289P
1752:2015CBio...25.2795M
1350:2018CBio...28.R194T
1240:Pearson KG (1993).
1191:2021NatSR..11.2284T
1058:The Free Dictionary
986:. 25 December 2023.
940:. Crack Your Target
550:Anocutaneous reflex
504:Palmar grasp reflex
314:Golgi tendon reflex
276:(Achilles reflex) (
51:This article about
2602:Reflex tachycardia
2597:Reflex bradycardia
2546:Cremasteric reflex
2477:Primitive reflexes
2238:Membrane potential
2103:Physiology of the
1409:10.1007/BF00365594
1179:Scientific Reports
892:Conditioned reflex
887:Automatic behavior
831:ventral nerve cord
808:
566:Cremasteric reflex
545:Gastrocolic reflex
539:Abdominal reflexes
493:Palmomental reflex
481:primitive reflexes
474:
464:Primitive reflexes
122:
2698:Animal physiology
2680:
2679:
2660:Withdrawal reflex
2562:Bainbridge reflex
2460:Ankle jerk reflex
2331:
2330:
2327:
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2281:Neuroregeneration
2228:Neurotransmission
1746:(21): 2795–2803.
1159:978-1-4537-8945-2
1140:978-0-511-54504-7
1091:10.1002/cne.20750
798:Reflex modulation
792:
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625:withdrawal reflex
607:Withdrawal reflex
455:
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274:Ankle jerk reflex
187:Myotatic reflexes
95:
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2705:
2655:Startle response
2630:List of reflexes
2541:Abdominal reflex
2424:Stretch reflexes
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2243:Action potential
2221:Other short term
2184:Evoked potential
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917:Voluntary action
907:List of reflexes
743:Absent ("mute")
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602:Startle response
582:Muscular defense
404:Glabellar reflex
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2635:Acoustic reflex
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2572:Coronary reflex
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2455:Patellar reflex
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2391:Jaw jerk reflex
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2287:Neuroplasticity
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2052:"Marshall Hall"
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1053:"tendon reflex"
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958:Purves (2004).
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882:All-or-none law
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859:Treatise on Man
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369:Jaw jerk reflex
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256:Patellar reflex
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130:neural pathways
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2577:Cushing reflex
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2555:Cardiovascular
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2465:Plantar reflex
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2445:Triceps reflex
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2396:Corneal reflex
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2321:
2319:Myelinogenesis
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:nervous system
2102:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2043:
2018:
1993:
1966:
1893:
1826:
1795:(3): 883–900.
1775:
1726:
1677:
1636:
1605:(8): 5623–36.
1585:
1556:(5): 199–208.
1530:
1499:(5): 1308–13.
1479:
1445:Brain Research
1430:
1381:
1322:
1273:
1232:
1162:
1146:
1139:
1121:
1084:(1): 132–139.
1064:
1044:
989:
971:
951:
927:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
877:
874:
855:René Descartes
850:
847:
838:
837:Other reflexes
835:
816:stretch reflex
799:
796:
790:
789:
780:
776:
775:
765:
761:
760:
757:
753:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
719:nervous system
709:
708:
659:
657:
650:
644:
641:
617:
616:
615:
614:
604:
599:
594:
592:Scratch reflex
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
558:
553:
547:
542:
531:
528:
527:
526:
521:
516:
514:Sucking reflex
511:
509:Rooting reflex
506:
501:
495:
490:
477:Newborn babies
462:Main article:
459:
456:
453:
452:
447:
442:
436:
435:
424:
419:
413:
412:
409:
406:
400:
399:
394:
391:
384:Corneal reflex
380:
379:
376:
371:
365:
364:
361:
358:
352:
351:
346:
341:
335:
334:
331:
328:
321:
318:
301:
298:
286:
285:
271:
253:
246:Triceps reflex
243:
237:
227:
188:
185:
165:
162:
160:
157:
149:startle reflex
126:nervous system
93:
92:
75:September 2022
50:
48:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Diving reflex
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Biceps reflex
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:Cranial nerve
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:Primarily PNS
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:Primarily CNS
2110:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:(3): 283–98.
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:(4): 359–76.
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(1): 121–39.
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
981:
975:
972:
969:
968:0-87893-725-0
965:
961:
955:
952:
939:
932:
929:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
871:
867:
866:Marshall Hall
862:
860:
856:
848:
846:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
812:
804:
797:
795:
788:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
754:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
720:
716:
705:
702:
694:
684:
680:
676:
670:
669:
665:
660:This section
658:
654:
649:
648:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:escape reflex
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Diving reflex
570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
548:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
535:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
482:
478:
470:
465:
457:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
433:
429:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
325:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:tendon reflex
300:Tendon reflex
299:
297:
295:
291:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
217:
216:Biceps reflex
214:
213:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
163:
158:
156:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
118:
114:
112:
108:
107:reflex action
104:
100:
89:
86:
78:
68:
64:
58:
54:
49:
40:
39:
34:
32:
24:
19:
2608:Respiratory
2364:
2161:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1983:. 2018-07-22
1978:
1969:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1882:cite journal
1845:
1839:
1829:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1696:
1690:
1680:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1553:
1549:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1403:(1): 47–49.
1400:
1394:
1384:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1295:(6): 733–9.
1292:
1286:
1276:
1251:
1245:
1235:
1182:
1178:
1149:
1130:
1124:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1056:
1047:
1006:
1002:
992:
983:
974:
959:
954:
942:. Retrieved
931:
863:
852:
840:
820:
813:
809:
793:
783:
782:Hyperactive
768:
767:Hyperactive
735:Description
712:
697:
688:
673:Please help
661:
618:
577:Lazarus sign
561:Cough reflex
533:
480:
475:
472:Grasp reflex
303:
287:
196:
190:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:
146:
142:motor neuron
123:
106:
102:
96:
81:
72:
56:
30:
18:
2650:Optokinetic
2490:Gastrocolic
2124:Wakefulness
1852:: 206–224.
1185:(1): 2284.
827:spinal cord
751:Hypoactive
498:Moro reflex
134:reflex arcs
2687:Categories
2592:Baroreflex
2520:Tonic neck
2258:Inhibitory
2253:Excitatory
2031:Britannica
2006:Britannica
1987:2022-09-10
1254:: 265–97.
923:References
779:4+ or ++++
691:April 2023
556:Baroreflex
440:Gag reflex
31:Reflectory
2525:Parachute
2269:Long term
2233:Chronaxie
2167:Sensation
1943:2041-1723
1866:0003-0805
1417:1432-0770
1376:235330764
1209:2045-2322
1100:0021-9967
1023:0301-0082
912:Preflexes
764:3+ or +++
759:"Normal"
662:does not
637:heartbeat
633:digestion
629:breathing
248:(C6, C7,
232:(C5, C6,
173:autonomic
67:talk page
2693:Reflexes
2640:H-reflex
2510:Stepping
2365:Reflexes
1961:32029711
1821:27589479
1770:26592340
1721:25167774
1713:18094976
1580:10113723
1572:10782125
1474:32578292
1425:12007820
1368:29510103
1317:18521928
1227:33504836
1116:18455906
1108:16255003
1039:25904937
1031:16716488
897:Instinct
876:See also
756:2+ or ++
715:medicine
290:H-reflex
242:(C6, C7)
177:Skeletal
111:stimulus
2515:Sucking
2505:Rooting
2119:Arousal
2061:15 June
2036:15 June
2011:15 June
1952:7005287
1921:Bibcode
1919:: 289.
1874:1089375
1812:5285725
1748:Bibcode
1672:9087889
1631:7643206
1622:6577635
1525:3711981
1516:6568550
1346:Bibcode
1309:9914236
1268:8460894
1218:7840930
1187:Bibcode
944:3 April
849:History
769:without
748:1+ or +
723:Doctors
683:removed
668:sources
643:Grading
568:(L1-L2)
552:(S2-S4)
541:(T6-L1)
330:Sensory
181:somatic
138:synapse
99:biology
61:Please
55:may be
53:biology
33:(album)
2485:Galant
2162:Reflex
2146:Memory
1959:
1949:
1941:
1872:
1864:
1819:
1809:
1768:
1719:
1711:
1670:
1629:
1619:
1578:
1570:
1523:
1513:
1472:
1466:890471
1464:
1423:
1415:
1374:
1366:
1315:
1307:
1266:
1225:
1215:
1207:
1157:
1137:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1037:
1029:
1021:
966:
787:clonus
772:clonus
597:Sneeze
390:reflex
333:Motor
312:. The
310:tendon
169:Reflex
103:reflex
2623:Other
2495:Grasp
2312:Other
2141:Sleep
1915:(1).
1848:(2).
1717:S2CID
1576:S2CID
1546:(PDF)
1470:S2CID
1421:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1313:S2CID
1112:S2CID
1035:S2CID
732:Grade
426:III,
388:blink
105:, or
2500:Moro
2451:Leg
2431:Arm
2197:P300
2176:Both
2063:2024
2038:2024
2013:2024
1957:PMID
1939:ISSN
1888:link
1870:PMID
1862:ISSN
1817:PMID
1766:PMID
1709:PMID
1668:PMID
1627:PMID
1568:PMID
1521:PMID
1462:PMID
1413:ISSN
1364:PMID
1305:PMID
1264:PMID
1223:PMID
1205:ISSN
1155:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1104:PMID
1096:ISSN
1027:PMID
1019:ISSN
964:ISBN
946:2021
784:with
666:any
664:cite
422:VIII
411:VII
363:III
327:Name
203:and
101:, a
1947:PMC
1929:doi
1854:doi
1846:111
1807:PMC
1797:doi
1793:595
1756:doi
1701:doi
1697:194
1658:doi
1617:PMC
1607:doi
1558:doi
1511:PMC
1501:doi
1454:doi
1450:132
1405:doi
1354:doi
1297:doi
1256:doi
1213:PMC
1195:doi
1086:doi
1082:493
1011:doi
829:or
721:.
713:In
677:by
397:VII
349:III
179:or
97:In
2689::
2054:.
2029:.
2004:.
1977:.
1955:.
1945:.
1937:.
1927:.
1913:11
1911:.
1905:.
1884:}}
1880:{{
1868:.
1844:.
1838:.
1815:.
1805:.
1791:.
1787:.
1764:.
1754:.
1744:25
1742:.
1738:.
1715:.
1707:.
1695:.
1689:.
1666:.
1654:32
1652:.
1648:.
1625:.
1615:.
1603:15
1601:.
1597:.
1574:.
1566:.
1554:23
1552:.
1548:.
1533:^
1519:.
1509:.
1495:.
1491:.
1468:.
1460:.
1448:.
1442:.
1419:.
1411:.
1401:24
1399:.
1393:.
1370:.
1362:.
1352:.
1342:28
1340:.
1334:.
1311:.
1303:.
1291:.
1285:.
1262:.
1252:16
1250:.
1244:.
1221:.
1211:.
1203:.
1193:.
1183:11
1181:.
1177:.
1165:^
1110:.
1102:.
1094:.
1080:.
1076:.
1055:.
1033:.
1025:.
1017:.
1007:78
1005:.
1001:.
982:.
845:.
631:,
445:IX
434:+
432:VI
430:,
428:IV
378:V
360:II
344:II
304:A
282:S2
280:,
278:S1
268:L4
266:,
264:L3
262:,
260:L2
250:C8
234:C7
224:C6
222:,
220:C5
113:.
2407:/
2403:/
2357:e
2350:t
2343:v
2289:/
2096:e
2089:t
2082:v
2065:.
2040:.
2015:.
1990:.
1963:.
1931::
1923::
1890:)
1876:.
1856::
1823:.
1799::
1772:.
1758::
1750::
1723:.
1703::
1674:.
1660::
1633:.
1609::
1582:.
1560::
1527:.
1503::
1497:6
1476:.
1456::
1427:.
1407::
1378:.
1356::
1348::
1319:.
1299::
1293:8
1270:.
1258::
1229:.
1197::
1189::
1143:.
1118:.
1088::
1061:.
1041:.
1013::
948:.
740:0
704:)
698:(
693:)
689:(
685:.
671:.
450:X
408:V
393:V
374:V
284:)
270:)
252:)
236:)
226:)
218:(
88:)
82:(
77:)
73:(
69:.
59:.
35:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
