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characters, usually by means of round-tipped pins raised through holes in a flat surface. Visually impaired computer users who cannot use a standard computer monitor can use it to read text output. Deafblind computer users may also use refreshable braille displays.
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Screen readers for graphical operating systems are especially complex, because graphical elements like windows or slidebars have to be interpreted and described in text form. Modern operating systems usually have an
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that sets the braille characters. As a result, manufacturing complexity is greatly reduced and rotating-wheel braille displays, when in actual production, should be less expensive than traditional braille displays.
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of some crystals, whereby they expand when a voltage is applied to them. Such a crystal is connected to a lever, which in turn raises the dot. There has to be a crystal for each dot of the display (
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Because of the complexity of producing a reliable display that will cope with daily wear and tear, these displays are expensive. Usually, only 40 or 80
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are also commonly used for the same task, and a blind user may switch between the two systems or use both at the same time depending on circumstances.
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372:"Flemish researcher (Tiene Nobels) develops braille computer mouse / Vlaamse onderzoekster (Tiene Nobels) ontwikkelt braillecomputermuis"
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is represented by vibrating the dots, and some models have a switch associated with each cell to move the cursor to that cell directly.
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A Baum David System 90 special-purpose computer for the blind, with a braille "screen" and special keyboard
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The base of a refreshable braille display often integrates a pure braille keyboard. Similar to the
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keyboard for input and braille pins for output, as well as input-only and output-only devices.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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are displayed. Models with between 18 and 40 cells exist in some notetaker devices.
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Information on Bi-directional
Refreshable Tactile Display US Patent 6,692,255
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in
Belgium. In these units, braille dots are put on the edge of a spinning
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A rotating-wheel
Braille display was developed in 2000 by the
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to help screen readers obtain this information, such as
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The software gathers the content of the screen from the
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397:NIST: Converting Digital Information to Braille
184:is an electro-mechanical device for displaying
306:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2210:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
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27:Device for displaying braille characters
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1345:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
997:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
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2215:List of pioneers in computer science
58:adding citations to reliable sources
244:On some models the position of the
382:Pictures of the experimental setup
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403: (archived December 31, 2009)
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45:needs additional citations for
300:Rotation-wheel Braille display
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2205:History of computing hardware
1337:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
1293:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
69:"Refreshable braille display"
2073:Network interface controller
1548:National Braille Association
1527:Braille Institute of America
1245:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
1870:Refreshable braille display
1812:Refreshable braille display
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1407:Optical braille recognition
1004:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
536:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
178:refreshable braille display
172:Refreshable braille display
18:Refreshable Braille display
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1495:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
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308:(NIST) and another at the
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145:This article needs to be
1218:Chinese semi-syllabaries
481:Unicode braille patterns
467:International uniformity
234:, eight per character).
1979:Central processing unit
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1352:Nemeth braille code
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663:(extended to 8-dot)
342:GNOME accessibility
193:Speech synthesizers
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474:ASCII braille
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270:UI Automation
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239:braille cells
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2061:Power MOSFET
2044:Power supply
2013:Data storage
1949:Flash memory
1927:Optical disc
1909:data storage
1869:
1811:
1427:
1151:Thai and Lao
828:Scandinavian
460:1829 braille
452:Braille cell
375:
366:
303:
262:
255:
243:
236:
231:
228:piezo effect
225:
210:
191:
181:
177:
175:
154:
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2160:Serial port
2151:(IEEE 1394)
2128:DisplayPort
2118:Thunderbolt
1991:Motherboard
1954:Memory card
1922:Floppy disk
1764:Touchscreen
1650:RoboBraille
1474:Róża Czacka
1414:Perforation
1211:Independent
1109:(Bhutanese)
844:Greenlandic
515:Azerbaijani
2230:Categories
1907:Removable
1892:Sound card
1822:Sound chip
1817:Sound card
1807:Microphone
1697:components
1202:(obsolete)
1183:(obsolete)
975:(Pakistan)
886:Belarusian
768:Vietnamese
711:Portuguese
697:Philippine
654:Lithuanian
358:References
272:(UIA) for
80:newspapers
2170:PS/2 port
2165:Game port
2078:Fax modem
1917:Disk pack
1769:Trackball
1732:Light pen
1618:Vibratese
1597:Moon type
1590:Decapoint
1271:Eight-dot
1224:Cantonese
1173:Reordered
1136:Inuktitut
1025:Malayalam
935:Ukrainian
914:Mongolian
893:Bulgarian
856:Norwegian
821:Icelandic
612:Hungarian
570:Esperanto
522:Cantonese
347:VoiceOver
278:VoiceOver
2149:FireWire
2142:Obsolete
2108:Ethernet
1887:Speakers
1785:Keyboard
1759:Touchpad
1694:computer
1254:Japanese
1115:Georgian
1107:Dzongkha
1093:Armenian
1011:Gujarati
876:Cyrillic
807:Estonian
782:Yugoslav
718:Romanian
690:Nigerian
605:Hawaiian
591:Ghanaian
508:Albanian
336:See also
318:actuator
252:Software
2198:Related
2101:Current
1942:Blu-ray
1880:Plotter
1875:Printer
1858:Monitor
1834:Softcam
1742:Optical
1159:Tibetan
1100:Burmese
1086:Amharic
1069:(India)
1046:Sinhala
1039:Punjabi
1018:Kannada
966:Persian
921:Russian
861:Swedish
839:Finnish
814:Faroese
789:Zambian
761:Turkish
746:Spanish
669:Maltese
647:Latvian
640:Italian
619:Iñupiaq
598:Guarani
558:English
529:Catalan
446:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
441:Braille
399:at the
186:braille
147:updated
94:scholar
2056:MOSFET
1996:Memory
1863:Screen
1829:Webcam
1692:Basic
1579:Other
1452:People
1442:Braigo
1261:Korean
1129:Hebrew
1060:Telugu
959:Arabic
949:Arabic
907:Kyrgyz
900:Kazakh
834:Danish
732:Slovak
725:Samoan
704:Polish
683:Navajo
584:German
577:French
444:
290:AT-SPI
288:, and
246:cursor
221:QWERTY
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2175:eSATA
2093:Ports
1778:Other
1737:Mouse
1295:(GS8)
1286:Kanji
1144:Khmer
1122:Greek
1053:Tamil
986:i.e.
947:i.e.
928:Tatar
874:i.e.
775:Welsh
676:Māori
633:Irish
551:Dutch
544:Czech
376:ZDNet
314:wheel
294:GNOME
282:macOS
101:JSTOR
87:books
2133:HDMI
2049:SMPS
2037:SSHD
2031:NVMe
2027:SATA
2006:BIOS
1067:Urdu
1032:Odia
973:Urdu
292:for
284:and
280:for
232:i.e.
73:news
2185:VGA
2180:DVI
2113:USB
2066:VRM
2023:SSD
2018:HDD
2001:RAM
1937:DVD
1800:GPU
626:IPA
286:iOS
266:API
180:or
56:by
2232::
2029:/
1932:CD
374:.
296:.
276:,
176:A
2033:)
2025:(
1685:e
1678:t
1671:v
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560:(
433:e
426:t
419:v
378:.
159:)
155:(
149:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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