920:. This law incorporated the International Convention's definitions of a refugee into U.S. law. In doing so, it codified into U.S. law that a refugee was an individual with a "well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion." Furthermore, ratifying this Convention meant the elimination of previous "ideological and geographical discriminations" against refugee and asylum seekers. These discriminations were a result of previous U.S. refugee law, which had served mainly as a tool for foreign policy agendas. The law also created the legal basis for the admission of refugees into the U.S. The Refugee Act of 1980 was the first time the United States created an objective decision-making process for asylum and refugee status. This included a joint system between Congress and the Presidency, in which both branches would collaborate to establish annual quotas and determine which national groups would receive prioritized consideration for refugee status. In doing so, the U.S. shifted away from a relatively reactionary system, in which refugee laws were only passed in response to political changes in the international community, primarily the spread of Communism. Instead, under the Refugee Act of 1980, the U.S. established a comprehensive framework for addressing refugee crises preemptively. This framework was built on emerging ideals of "humanitarianism". An important aspect of this law is how an individual goes about applying for status. A person may meet the definition of refugee but may not be granted refugee status. If the individual is inside of the U.S. with a different status or no status, they are granted the status of asylee but not refugee.
952:
humanitarian concern to the United States. Since ratifying the 1980 Refugee Act, the United States has admitted over 3.1 million refugees from around the world, many of who were permanently resettled in the United States. Prior to the Trump
Administration, the United States was the global leader in admitting refugees and offered refugee status to more individuals than the rest of the world altogether. Under the Trump administration, refugee immigration laws faced many challenges and setbacks, as administration officials sought to rollback immigration laws and decrease the annual number of refugees admitted. Challenges to refugee law included contesting practices of non-refoulement, which has been a long-standing principle of the U.S. immigration system. Attempts to reverse Trump-era policies have been a focus of the subsequent Biden presidential administration. In 2021, it was announced that Biden administration would raise the refugee cap from 15,000 individuals to 62,500 individuals.
494:(CRC), which defined the rights of children and bound its signatories to upholding those rights by international law. Although the CRC was not specific to the rights of refugee minors, it was used as the legal blueprint for handling refugee minor cases, where a minor was defined as any person under the age of 18. In particular, it extends the protection of refugee children by allowing participating nations the capacity to recognize children who do not fall under the strict guidelines of the Convention definition but still should not be sent back to their countries of origin. It also extends the
944:
Citizenship and
Immigration Services officer located abroad will conduct an interview to determine refugee resettlement eligibility inside the United States. If the person is approved as a refugee, they will then be provided with many forms of assistance. These include a loan for travel, advice for travel, a medical exam, and a culture orientation. After the refugee is resettled, they are eligible for medical and cash assistance. The
51:
1025:(or the expulsion or return of a refugee), which is the basic idea that a country cannot send back a person to their country of origin if they will face endangerment upon return. In this case, a certain level of sovereignty is taken away from a country. This basic right of non-refoulement conflicts with the basic right of sovereign state to expel any undocumented aliens.
518:. Both the Convention and the Protocol are open to states, but each may be signed separately. 145 states have ratified the Convention, and 146 have ratified the Protocol. These instruments only apply in the countries that have ratified an instrument, and some countries have ratified these instruments subject to various reservations.
912:
Refugee status first emerged as a legal category in the United States in the 1940s, responding to an influx of
Eastern Europeans fleeing Communism. In response to this influx, Congress established refugee migration as "distinct and separate from general immigration admissions" upon the recommendation
349:
The discussion forms part of a larger debate on the fragmentation of international law. While some scholars conceive each branch as a self-contained regime distinct from other branches, others regard the three branches as forming a larger normative system that seeks to protect the rights of all human
1506:
Directive 2011/95/EU of 13 December 2011 of the
European Parliament and of the Council on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection,
388:
The 1967 Protocol removed the temporal restrictions that restricted refugee status to those whose circumstances had come about "as a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951," and the geographic restrictions that gave participating states of the
Convention the option of interpreting this as
366:
There is a variety of definitions as to who is regarded as a refugee, usually defined for the purpose of a particular instrument. The variation of definitions regarding refugees has made it difficult to create a concrete and single vision of what constitutes a refugee following the original refugee
943:
The first step of being granted this status is to receive a referral to the U.S. Refugee
Admissions Program (USRAP). The person is allowed to include their spouse, child, or other family members (only in specific circumstances) when applying for refugee status. After the person is referred, a U.S.
449:
must meet the definition of a refugee, as outlined in the 1951 Convention and be of "special humanitarian concern to the United States." Refugee status can only be obtained from outside the United States. If an individual who meets the definition of a refugee, and is seeking admission in a port of
383:
A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of
951:
In the United States, refugees are subject to annual quotas, which are determined by a joint collaboration between the incumbent
Presidential administration and Congress. In addition to establishing the annual quota, Congress and the President determine which national groups are of special
350:
beings at all time. The proponents of the latter conception view this holistic regime as including norms only applicable to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (refugee law), children (the
389:"events occurring in Europe" or "events occurring in Europe or elsewhere". However, it also gave those states that had previously ratified the 1951 Convention and chose to use the geographically-restricted definition the option to retain that restriction.
425:
Persons who flee their countries because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public
948:(ORR) has a program called the Cash and Medical Assistance Program which completely reimburses the assistance in which states provide refugees. The refugee is eligible for this cash and medical assistance up to eight months after their arrival date.
682:
974:
assumes responsibility. In 2013, the UNHCR managed RSD in over 50 countries and worked in parallel with national governments in 20 countries. In the period from 1997 to 2001, the number of RSD applications submitted to the UNHCR nearly doubled.
901:
Various regions and countries have different variations of refugee law. They all stem from the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol which relates to refugee status. The United States became a party to this protocol in 1968.
664:
397:
828:
408:
Any person compelled to leave his/her country owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or
1016:
Refugee law and international human rights law are closely connected in content but differ in their function. The main difference of their function is the way in which international refugee law considers
1124:
Yun, Seira (2014). "Breaking
Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law â The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child".
384:
that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.
896:
1435:"Brazil Declaration: A Framework for Cooperation and Regional Solidarity to Strengthen the International Protection of Refugees, Displaced and Stateless Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean"
561:
459:
has come to be synonymous with refugees due to a substantial amount of overlap in their legal definitions. However, they are legally distinct, and convey subtle differences. In general, a
487:(UNHCR) Guidelines on Refugee Children were published, specifically designed to address the needs of refugee children, officially granting them internationally recognized human rights.
1533:
1820:
1283:
620:
933:
be able to validate previous persecution or feared approaching persecution based on the individual's race, religion, nationality, social class, or political outlook
913:
from the House
Committee on Postwar Immigration. The Committee argued that the right to seek asylum be made "an explicit part of United States immigration policy."
971:
845:
511:
484:
417:, which, like the OAU Convention, added more objectivity based on significant consideration to the 1951 Convention. The Cartagena Declaration determine that a
916:
Although the aftermath of World War II brought forth a refugee crisis, the large influx and resettlement of
Indochinese refugees led to the passage of the
632:
515:
476:
372:
1341:
498:
to prohibit the return of a child to their country "where there are grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm to the child."
970:
The burden of refugee status determination (RSD) falls primarily on the state. However, in cases where states are either unwilling or unable, the
785:
637:
566:
1918:
1059:
906:
780:
578:
544:
491:
351:
311:
1537:
993:
are the rights that a person is guaranteed by way of birth. The following are universal human rights that are most relevant to refugees:
800:
1831:
1198:
715:
510:, and international legal instruments. The only international instruments directly applying to refugees are the 1951 United Nations
414:
1290:
264:
1420:
1354:
880:
687:
652:
549:
1746:
945:
343:
339:
1667:
1021:
while international human rights law do not. One of the core principles of international refugee law is the prohibition on
909:, the United States has yet to ratify the treaty, making it the only nation in the United Nations that is not party to it.
1912:
669:
393:
249:
1721:
1039:
116:
1474:
2001 Declaration by States Parties to the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1860:
1967:
1957:
338:. There are differences of opinion among international law scholars as to the relationship between refugee law and
121:
1930:
1770:
813:
Declaration by States Parties to the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
304:
259:
1962:
1414:"Mexico Declaration and Plan of Action to Strengthen the International Protection of Refugees in Latin America"
1907:
1398:
International Colloquium in Commemoration of the Tenth Anniversary of the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees.
1385:
869:
as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and content of the protection granted.
1049:
472:
368:
355:
1159:
463:
refers to "one who has not crossed a national border and thus does not qualify for formal refugee status."
1413:
862:
65:
172:
1505:
1248:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1995). "Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things".
797:
Conclusion on International Protection by the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme
50:
1450:
834:
297:
34:
1334:
218:
126:
75:
1089:
Koskenniemi, Martti (September 2002). "Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties".
1590:
1434:
1265:
1106:
1064:
254:
167:
70:
1796:
1879:
1875:
1639:
1582:
1358:
1224:
1194:
1145:
1141:
1018:
866:
858:
702:
328:
208:
181:
1519:
1257:
1133:
1098:
1044:
480:
455:
280:
228:
223:
192:
151:
1458:
1069:
1054:
979:
507:
495:
233:
213:
136:
131:
111:
91:
1924:
1261:
1861:"The Curse of the Nation-State: Refugees, Migration, and Security in International Law"
1373:
851:
1951:
1269:
1185:
1110:
965:
450:
entry is already in the United States, they are eligible to apply for asylum status.
177:
1374:
The 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
1942:
990:
683:
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
101:
1320:, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, p. 3, available at:
1937:
1675:
1321:
1034:
1022:
917:
744:
187:
146:
106:
96:
42:
1399:
400:
adopted a regional treaty based on the Convention, adding to the definition of
1137:
1102:
923:
In order to be considered a refugee in the United States, an individual must:
740:
17:
1586:
1486:
1697:
768:
760:
748:
588:
1771:"Biden raises US refugee admissions cap to 62,500 after delay sparks anger"
752:
736:
600:
1623:
1594:
1570:
1904:
Ugandan organisation producing research and analysis on refugee issues.
961:
665:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
596:
592:
398:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
335:
141:
1921:
Documents and other resources related to refugee and human rights law.
1473:
764:
756:
732:
441:
356:
Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
609:
Signed on 4 August 1939 and entered into force on 29 December 1954.
1901:
1896:
1491:
604:
483:
were legally indistinguishable from adult refugees. In 1988, the
1674:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from
699:
Recommendation 773 (1976) on the Situation of de facto Refugees
584:
1386:
Recommendation 773 (1976) on the Situation of de facto Refugee
897:
U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
435:
Additionally, U.S. Law draws an important distinction between
285:
1335:"Bangkok Principles on the Status and Treatment of Refugees"
562:
United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1938:
The Collective Responsibility of States to Protect Refugees
1162:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 28 July 1951
413:
In 1984, a group of Latin-American governments adopted the
490:
In 1989, however, the UN signed an additional treaty, the
1003:
The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
861:
on minimum standards for the qualification and status of
1925:
Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law
1400:"San José Declaration on Refugees and Displaced Persons"
1187:
Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law
997:
The right to freedom from torture or degrading treatment
1747:"Non-Refoulement under the Trump Administration | ASIL"
978:
RSD provides protection for refugees through promoting
617:
Bangkok Principles on Status and Treatment of Refugees
905:
Despite playing an active role in the drafting of the
1284:"Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care"
930:
be of specific humanitarian apprehension for the U.S.
1931:
Human Rights: The Rights of Refugees (online course)
1126:
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
966:
Asylum seeker § Status determination processes
331:which deals with the rights and duties states have
1821:"What Are Refugee Rights Under International Law?"
982:, resettlement assistance, and direct assistance.
1913:U.S. settles lawsuit by rejected refugee claimant
1622:, Volume 13, Issue 4, October 2001, pp. 533â558,
516:1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1795:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
1160:"Convention relating to the Status of Refugees"
877:New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants
837:was decided to be of central concern of UNHCR.
431:Difference from 'asylee' and 'displaced person'
1000:The right to freedom of opinion and expression
1571:"The Development of U.S. Refugee Legislation"
1507:and for the content of the protection granted
1322:https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html
1225:"Learn About the Refugee Application Process"
1179:
1177:
846:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
829:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
512:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
485:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
305:
8:
1919:Refugees and International Law Forum: Papers
1722:"An Overview of U.S. Refugee Law and Policy"
506:Refugee law encompasses both customary law,
430:
962:Refugee § Refugee status determination
936:not be currently settled in another country
633:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1342:Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee
621:Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee
520:
312:
298:
29:
1644:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
1854:
1852:
1828:Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service
1634:
1632:
1184:Jastram, Kate; Achiron, Marilyn (2001).
1006:The right to life, liberty, and security
1662:
1660:
1081:
786:Secretary-General of the United Nations
638:Secretary-General of the United Nations
567:Secretary-General of the United Nations
272:
241:
200:
159:
83:
57:
41:
1908:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
1859:Goldenziel, Jill (September 1, 2016).
1460:Conclusion on International Protection
1060:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
1668:"About Cash & Medical Assistance"
1624:https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/13.4.533
1606:
1604:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1318:Convention on the Rights of the Child
907:Convention on the Rights of the Child
781:Convention on the Rights of the Child
579:Treaty on Political Asylum and Refuge
545:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
533:Organization / Depositary / Adoptees
492:Convention on the Rights of the Child
352:Convention on the Rights of the Child
7:
1620:International Journal of Refugee Law
1312:
1310:
1219:
1217:
1262:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.002431
1091:Leiden Journal of International Law
801:United Nations Human Rights Council
1534:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1520:"United Nations Official Document"
939:be admissible to the United States
649:Declaration on Territorial Asylum
25:
1702:United States Department of State
1360:Declaration on Territorial Asylum
716:Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
415:Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
720:The 1994 Declaration of San José
265:White genocide conspiracy theory
49:
1421:Organization of American States
1355:United Nations General Assembly
881:United Nations General Assembly
688:United Nations General Assembly
653:United Nations General Assembly
550:United Nations General Assembly
1797:"Refugee Status Determination"
1672:Office of Refugee Resettlement
946:Office of Refugee Resettlement
927:be located outside of the U.S.
340:international human rights law
1:
1250:Annual Review of Anthropology
731:10 Latin-American countries:
670:Organisation of African Unity
394:Organisation of African Unity
367:convention. Article 1 of the
354:), and prisoners of war (the
250:Criticism of multiculturalism
1726:American Immigration Council
1440:. Brasilia. 3 December 2014.
1040:Refugee identity certificate
986:Human rights and refugee law
956:Refugee status determination
583:6 Latin-American countries:
496:principle of non-refoulement
1357: Session 22
1009:Freedom from discrimination
726:The 2014 Brazil Declaration
723:The 2004 Mexico Declaration
530:Law / Treaty / Declaration
522:International Refugee Laws
1984:
959:
894:
471:According to the original
122:Indefinite leave to remain
1902:Refugee Law Project (RLP)
1868:Arizona State Law Journal
1138:10.1163/18781527-00501008
1103:10.1017/S0922156502000262
260:Opposition to immigration
1575:In Defense of the Alien
1569:ANKER, DEBORAH (1983).
1364: 14 December 1967.
1050:Refugee travel document
863:third-country nationals
473:1951 Refugee Convention
369:1951 Refugee Convention
362:Definition of 'refugee'
428:
411:
386:
361:
173:Immigrant assimilation
66:Immigration by country
1453: Session 53
1362: A/RES/2312(XXII)
1316:UN General Assembly,
960:Further information:
502:International sources
423:
406:
381:
242:Opposition and reform
1698:"Refugee Admissions"
1451:Human Rights Council
835:Refugee resettlement
371:, as amended by the
1423:. 16 November 2004.
1344:. 31 December 1966.
1012:The right to asylum
918:Refugee Act of 1980
523:
127:Migration diplomacy
76:Illegal immigration
1935:AgnĂšs G. Hurwitz.
1897:Refugee Law Reader
1464: pages 6â10..
1462: A/53/12/Add.1
1065:Refugee employment
521:
255:Immigration reform
201:Political theories
168:Social integration
71:Immigration policy
1968:Migration studies
1958:International law
1610:Jean Allain, The
1487:"Convention Plus"
1019:state sovereignty
888:
887:
867:stateless persons
859:Council Directive
703:Council of Europe
329:international law
327:is the branch of
322:
321:
273:Causes topics
209:Civic nationalism
182:Acculturation Gap
27:International law
16:(Redirected from
1975:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1830:. Archived from
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1627:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1536:. Archived from
1530:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1289:. Archived from
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1132:(1â2): 213â257.
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1045:Refugee roulette
891:U.S. refugee law
825:Convention Plus
524:
508:peremptory norms
481:refugee children
467:Refugee children
461:displaced person
456:displaced person
344:humanitarian law
314:
307:
300:
281:Economic migrant
229:Plurinationalism
224:Multiculturalism
193:Social exclusion
160:Social processes
152:Voluntary return
53:
30:
21:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1963:Right of asylum
1948:
1947:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1837:on 4 April 2017
1834:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1678:on 3 April 2017
1666:
1665:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1616:nonârefoulement
1609:
1602:
1568:
1567:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:. Mexico City:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1070:Non-refoulement
1055:Right of asylum
1031:
988:
980:non-refoulement
968:
958:
899:
893:
504:
469:
433:
364:
318:
234:Ethnocentricism
214:Social cohesion
137:Right of asylum
132:Non-refoulement
117:Externalization
112:Immigration law
92:Border security
84:History and law
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1891:External links
1889:
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1600:
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1466:
1443:
1426:
1405:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1347:
1326:
1306:
1275:
1256:(1): 495â523.
1240:
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1097:(3): 553â579.
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852:European Union
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26:
24:
18:Refugee rights
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1540:on 2014-02-11
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1296:on 2018-04-28
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477:1967 Protocol
474:
466:
464:
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458:
457:
451:
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438:
427:
422:
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416:
410:
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385:
380:
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373:1967 Protocol
370:
359:
357:
353:
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345:
341:
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334:
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315:
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308:
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189:
186:
183:
179:
178:Acculturation
176:
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171:
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63:
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1943:Google Books
1936:
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1867:
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1832:the original
1827:
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1804:. Retrieved
1800:
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1779:. Retrieved
1777:. 2021-05-03
1775:The Guardian
1774:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1751:www.asil.org
1750:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1728:. 2015-11-18
1725:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
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1680:. Retrieved
1676:the original
1671:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1619:
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1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
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1481:
1469:
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1429:
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1228:
1204:. Retrieved
1186:
1164:. Retrieved
1154:
1129:
1125:
1119:
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1090:
1084:
1015:
991:Human rights
989:
977:
969:
950:
942:
922:
915:
911:
904:
900:
505:
489:
470:
460:
454:
452:
446:
440:
436:
434:
424:
418:
412:
409:nationality.
407:
401:
391:
387:
382:
376:
375:, defines a
365:
348:
332:
324:
323:
102:Repatriation
1581:: 159â166.
1035:Extradition
1023:refoulement
848:2002/95/EC
745:El Salvador
325:Refugee law
188:Persecution
107:Deportation
97:Citizenship
43:Immigration
1952:Categories
1806:2018-03-16
1781:2021-12-18
1756:2021-12-18
1732:2021-12-18
1707:2021-12-18
1640:"Refugees"
1614:Nature of
1612:jus cogens
1544:2018-05-10
1455:Resolution
1300:2018-04-27
1234:2018-03-15
1076:References
895:See also:
741:Costa Rica
421:includes:
1915:CBC news.
1587:0275-634X
1270:146314135
1193:. UNHCR.
1111:146783448
769:Venezuela
761:Nicaragua
749:Guatemala
589:Argentina
453:The term
333:vis-a-vis
1595:23141064
1166:26 April
1029:See also
831:(UNHCR)
803:(UNHRC)
753:Honduras
737:Colombia
601:Paraguay
514:and the
437:refugees
336:refugees
219:Nativism
35:a series
33:Part of
1880:2684903
1841:2 April
1682:2 April
1649:2 April
1206:15 July
1146:2556825
597:Bolivia
593:Uruguay
447:refugee
442:asylees
419:refugee
402:refugee
377:refugee
142:Refugee
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767:, and
765:Panama
757:Mexico
733:Belize
705:(CoE)
672:(OAU)
603:, and
536:Notes
426:order.
396:(OAU)
1874:: 8.
1864:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1801:UNHCR
1591:JSTOR
1492:UNCHR
1438:(PDF)
1417:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
1294:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1229:USCIS
1191:(PDF)
1107:S2CID
972:UNHCR
874:2016
854:(EU)
842:2004
822:2003
810:2001
794:1998
777:1989
712:1984
696:1976
679:1974
661:1969
646:1967
629:1967
614:1966
605:Chile
575:1954
558:1951
541:1948
527:Year
1876:SSRN
1843:2017
1684:2017
1651:2017
1583:ISSN
1208:2010
1195:ISBN
1168:2018
1142:SSRN
865:and
585:Peru
475:and
445:. A
439:and
404:as:
392:The
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147:Visa
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342:or
286:War
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